February 2025 – Page 65

Green synthesis process of 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane and its environmental performance evaluation

The green synthesis process of 4,4′-diaminodimethane and its environmental performance evaluation

Introduction

4,4′-diaminodimethane (MDA) is an important organic intermediate and is widely used in polyurethane, epoxy resin, dyes and medicine fields. Traditional synthesis methods usually involve high energy consumption, high pollution and complex post-treatment steps, resulting in increased environmental burden. With the global emphasis on sustainable development, the development of green synthesis processes has become an important topic in the chemical industry. This article will introduce the green synthesis process of 4,4′-diaminodimethane in detail and conduct a comprehensive evaluation of its environmental performance.

1. Basic properties and applications of MDA

4,4′-diaminodimethane (MDA) is an aromatic diamine with the chemical formula C13H14N2. It has two amino functional groups located at the 4th position of the two rings. The molecular structure of MDA makes it have excellent reactivity and can undergo various chemical reactions with other compounds to form a series of important derivatives. Here are some basic physical and chemical parameters of MDA:

parameters	value
Molecular Weight	198.26 g/mol
Melting point	53-55°C
Boiling point	305°C
Density	1.07 g/cm³
Solution	Slightly soluble in water, easily soluble in organic solvents

MDA is widely used in the industry and is mainly used as a curing agent for polyurethane and epoxy resins. Polyurethane materials are widely used in the manufacture of coatings, foam plastics, elastomers and adhesives due to their excellent mechanical properties, chemical resistance and wear resistance. Epoxy resins are often used in electronic packaging, composite materials and anticorrosion coatings. In addition, MDA is also used as a dye and pharmaceutical intermediate and has important applications in the textile and pharmaceutical industries.

2. Traditional synthesis technology and its problems

There are two main methods of traditional MDA synthesis: one is to produce 4,4′-diaminodimethane through the condensation reaction of amine and formaldehyde; the other is to obtain MDA through nitro reduction. Although these two methods can realize the industrial production of MDA, there are many problems.

2.1 Condensation method of amine and formaldehyde

This method is to condensate amine and formaldehyde under acidic conditions to produce MDA. A large number of by-products, such as polymers and water, will be produced during the reaction, resulting in a lower yield, usually only 60%-70%. In addition, the reaction needs to be carried out under high temperature and high pressure, with high energy consumption, and the generated wastewater contains a large amount of unreacted raw materials and harmful substances, which is difficult to deal with and easily lead to environmental pollution.

2.2 Nitro reduction method

Nitro reduction method is to convert nitro to MDA by catalytic hydrogenation or chemical reduction. Although this method can improve yield, the catalysts used in the reduction process (such as palladium, platinum and other precious metals) are expensive and the reaction conditions are harsh. High pressure hydrogen gas or strong reducing agents (such as iron powder and zinc powder) are required, which is safe. Hidden danger. At the same time, the waste slag and waste gas generated by the reduction reaction also put great pressure on the environment.

3. Development of green synthesis technology

In order to overcome the shortcomings of traditional synthesis methods, researchers have been committed to developing more environmentally friendly and efficient MDA green synthesis processes in recent years. The following introduces several representative green synthesis routes.

3.1 Enzyme catalytic synthesis

Enzyme catalytic synthesis is an emerging green chemical method that uses enzymes present in nature as catalysts to achieve efficient conversion under mild conditions. Regarding the synthesis of MDA, researchers discovered an enzyme called “amine monooxygenase”, which can oxidize the amine into the corresponding imine intermediate at room temperature and pressure, and then generate MDA through subsequent reduction reactions. This method not only avoids the harsh conditions of high temperature and high pressure, but also significantly reduces the generation of by-products, and the yield can reach more than 90%.

Pros	Disadvantages
Mutual reaction conditions and low energy consumption	The enzyme has poor stability and needs to be replaced regularly
Small by-products, less environmental pollution	The cost of enzymes is high and suitable for small-scale production
High yield, good product quality	Limited selectivity for substrate

3.2 Photocatalytic synthesis

Photocatalytic synthesis is another green chemical method that uses photoenergy to drive chemical reactions. Researchers found that certain metal oxides (such as TiO2, ZnO, etc.) can generate electron-hole pairs under ultraviolet light, thereby promoting the condensation reaction between amines and formaldehyde. The big advantage of this method is that there is no need for an external heating source, and the reaction can be carried out at room temperature, which greatly reduces energy consumption. In addition, the photocatalytic reaction has a high selectivity, fewer by-products, and the wastewater treatment is relatively simple.

Pros	Disadvantages
Mutual reaction conditions and low energy consumption	The lighting intensity requirements are high, and the equipment is complex
Small by-products, less environmental pollution	The reaction time is long, suitable for continuous production
Simple equipment, easy to operate	There are certain requirements for substrate concentration

3.3 Electrochemical Synthesis

Electrochemical synthesis is a chemical reaction method based on electrical energy driven, with high efficiency and clean characteristics. In the synthesis of MDA, the researchers used electrochemical reduction method to directly reduce the nitro group to MDA. Compared with traditional chemical reduction methods, electrochemical synthesis does not require the use of expensive catalysts and dangerous reducing agents, and the reaction process is safer and controllable. In addition, electrochemical reactions have higher selectivity, fewer by-products, and wastewater treatment is relatively simple.

Pros	Disadvantages
Mutual reaction conditions and low energy consumption	The current density requirements are high and the equipment costs are high.
Small by-products, less environmental pollution	The reaction time is long, suitable for large-scale production
Simple equipment, easy to operate	There are certain requirements for the selectivity of electrolytes

4. Environmental performance evaluation

In order to comprehensively evaluate the environmental performance of green synthesis processes, we conducted detailed analysis from multiple aspects, including energy consumption, waste emissions, water resource utilization and ecological impact. The following is a comparison of environmental performance of each process:

4.1 Energy Consumption

The traditional synthesis method usually needs to be carried out under high temperature and high pressure, and the energy consumption is high. In contrast, the green synthesis process can be completed at room temperature and pressure, and the energy consumption is significantly reduced. For example, the energy consumption of enzyme catalytic synthesis and photocatalytic synthesis is only about 1/3 of that of traditional methods, and the energy consumption of electrochemical synthesis is much lower than that of chemical reduction methods.

Process Type	Energy consumption (kWh/kg MDA)
Traditional Condensation Law	15-20
Traditional Reduction Method	10-15
Enzyme catalytic synthesis	3-5
Photocatalytic synthesis	4-6
Electrochemical synthesis	5-8

4.2 Waste emissions

The traditional synthesis method will produce a large number of by-products and waste during the reaction process, especially the emission of wastewater and waste gases, which causes serious pollution to the environment. The green synthesis process significantly reduces the generation of by-products by optimizing reaction conditions and selectivity, and the emissions of wastewater and waste gas are also greatly reduced. For example, enzyme-catalyzed synthesis and photocatalyzed synthesis produce little wastewater, and the wastewater treatment cost of electrochemical synthesis is much lower than that of traditional methods.

Process Type	Wastewater discharge (L/kg MDA)	Exhaust gas emissions (m³/kg MDA)
Traditional Condensation Law	10-15	2-3
Traditional Reduction Method	8-12	1.5-2.5
Enzyme catalytic synthesis	0.5-1	0.1-0.2
Photocatalytic synthesis	0.5-1	0.1-0.2
Electrochemical synthesis	1-2	0.2-0.5

4.3 Water Resource Utilization

Traditional synthesis methods usually require a large amount of water to cool the reaction system and wash the product, resulting in waste of water resources. The green synthesis process significantly reduces the amount of water used by optimizing reaction conditions and equipment design. For example, enzyme-catalyzed and photocatalyzed synthesis requires little water, and the amount of water used for electrochemical synthesis is much lower than that of traditional methods.

Process Type	Water consumption (L/kg MDA)
Traditional Condensation Law	15-20
Traditional Reduction Method	12-18
Enzyme catalytic synthesis	0.5-1
Photocatalytic synthesis	0.5-1
Electrochemical synthesis	1-2

4.4 Ecological impact

The traditional synthesis method has a great negative impact on the ecological environment due to the use of a large number of chemicals and energy. Green synthesis processes significantly reduce the pressure on the ecosystem by reducing chemical use and reducing energy consumption. For example, enzyme catalytic synthesis and photocatalytic synthesis use almost no harmful chemicals, and electrochemical synthesis also avoids the use of heavy metal catalysts, which greatly reduces the risk of pollution to soil and water.

Process Type	Ecological impact (rating, out of 10)
Traditional Condensation Law	7
Traditional Reduction Method	6
Enzyme catalytic synthesis	9
Photocatalytic synthesis	9
Electrochemical synthesis	8

5. Conclusion and Outlook

To sum up, the green synthesis process of 4,4′-diaminodimethane has shown significant advantages in energy consumption, waste emissions, water resource utilization and ecological impact. In particular, new methods such as enzyme catalytic synthesis, photocatalytic synthesis and electrochemical synthesis not only improve reaction efficiency, but also effectively reduce the negative impact on the environment and meet the requirements of sustainable development. In the future, with the continuous advancement of technology, green synthesis processes are expected to be widely used in industrial production, promoting the development of the chemical industry to a more environmentally friendly and efficient direction.

However, green synthesis processes still face some challenges in practical applications, such as the stability and cost of enzymes, the light intensity requirements of photocatalytic reactions, and the equipment costs of electrochemical synthesis. Therefore, future research should focus on the solution of these problems, further optimize the green synthesis process, reduce costs, and improve the feasibility of industrial production. At the same time, strengthen interdisciplinary cooperation, combine new achievements in the fields of biology, physics and engineering, and develop more innovative green synthesis methods, provide strong support for achieving green development of the chemical industry.

In short, the green synthesis process of 4,4′-diaminodimethane is not only an important breakthrough in the chemical industry, but also an important measure to promote global sustainable development. Through continuous innovation and technological progress, we are confident that we can achieve greener and more efficient chemical production in the future and create a better future for mankind.

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Key role of 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane in dye intermediate synthesis and process improvement

The chemical properties of 4,4′-diaminodimethane and its importance in the dye industry

4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane (MDA for short, English name is 4,4′-Diaminodiphenylmethane), is an important organic compound with the chemical formula C13H14N2. It is connected by two rings through a methylene group, and each ring has an amino (-NH2) substituent. The molecular structure of MDA imparts its unique chemical properties, making it widely used in a variety of fields, especially in the synthesis of dyes and pigments.

In terms of chemical properties, MDA has high reactivity, especially when reacting with reagents such as acids, halogens, acid chlorides, etc. Its two amino groups can be used as nucleophilic reagents and participate in various types of reactions such as addition and substitution. In addition, MDA has good thermal stability and solubility, and is able to remain stable at high temperatures, which makes it easy to handle and operate in industrial production. These properties make MDA an ideal starting material for many complex organic synthesis reactions.

In the dye industry, MDA has a particularly prominent role. It is a key intermediate for many high-performance dyes, especially some dyes that are highly light-resistant, heat-resistant and chemical-resistant for textiles, leather, plastics and other materials. The introduction of MDA can not only improve the color vibrancy of the dye, but also enhance the adhesion and durability of the dye. For example, in the synthesis of azo dyes, MDA can be used as a substitute for aromatic amine compounds, combined with different diazon salts to produce a series of azo dyes with excellent properties. In addition, MDA can also combine with other functional groups such as cyano groups, nitro groups, etc. to form a more complex dye structure and further expand its application range.

In addition to being a dye intermediate, MDA has a wide range of applications in other fields. For example, in the synthesis of polyurethanes, MDA is an important raw material for the preparation of isocyanates; in the field of electronic materials, MDA is used to prepare high-performance conductive polymers; in pharmaceutical and chemical industries, some derivatives of MDA have potential pharmacological activities, which can be used in the development of new drugs. However, the focus of this article will focus on the key role of MDA in dye intermediate synthesis and process improvement, and explore how to improve the synthesis efficiency and product quality of MDA by optimizing the production process.

Special application of MDA in dye intermediate synthesis

MDA, as an important organic intermediate, plays an indispensable role in dye synthesis. It can not only serve as a substitute for aromatic amine compounds, but also produce a series of dyes with excellent properties through combination with other functional groups. Next, we will introduce the specific application of MDA in the synthesis of different types of dyes in detail.

1. Synthesis of Azo dyes

Azo dye is a widely used class of dyes, and its molecular structure containsazo group (-N=N-). This type of dye is famous for its bright colors and good light resistance, and is widely used in textiles, leather, paper and other fields. MDA plays a crucial role in the synthesis of azo dyes. Generally, the synthesis process of azo dyes includes two steps: first, diazotization reaction, and second, coupling reaction.

In the diazotization reaction, aromatic amine compounds (such as parasulfonate) react with sodium nitrite under acidic conditions to form diazonium salts. Then, MDA is coupled with the diazon salt as a coupling agent to produce a final azo dye. Since MDA has two amino groups, it can react with multiple diazonium salt molecules to produce polyazo dyes, thus giving the dye a richer color and higher color saturation.

For example, the classic C.I. Direct Red 80 is produced by the reaction of MDA with diazotized p-sulfamic acid. This dye has excellent water solubility and dyeing fastness, and is especially suitable for dyeing cotton fabrics. In addition, MDA can also combine with other aromatic amine compounds (such as naphthalene, anthracene, etc.) to generate more complex polyazo dyes, further expanding its application range.

2. Synthesis of anthraquinone dye

Anthraquinone dye is a class of dyes with high light resistance and chemical resistance, and is widely used in the dyeing of high-end textiles, leather and plastic products. MDA also plays an important role in the synthesis of anthraquinone dyes. Generally, the synthesis process of anthraquinone dye involves reaction steps such as oxidation, reduction and condensation of aromatic hydrocarbons. MDA can produce anthraquinone dye with excellent properties by condensation reaction with anthraquinone compounds.

For example, C.I. Disperse Blue 60 is produced by the condensation reaction of MDA with anthraquinone compounds. This dye has extremely high light and heat resistance, and is especially suitable for dyeing polyester fibers. The introduction of MDA not only improves the color brightness of the dye, but also enhances the adhesion and durability of the dye, so that the dye can maintain good performance under high temperature and strong acid and alkali environments.

3. Synthesis of sulfonic acid dyes

Sulphonic acid dyes are a type of dye with excellent water solubility and dyeing fastness, and are widely used in the dyeing of textiles and papers. MDA also plays an important role in the synthesis of sulfonic acid dyes. Generally, the synthesis process of sulfonic acid dyes includes reaction steps such as sulfonation, ammonia decomposition and condensation of aromatic hydrocarbons. MDA can produce sulfonic acid dyes with excellent properties by condensation reaction with sulfonic acid compounds.

For example, C.I. Acid Blue 9 is produced by the condensation reaction of MDA with sulfonic acid compounds. This dye has excellent water solubility and dye fastness, and is especially suitable for dyeing wool and silk. The introduction of MDA not only improves the color brightness of the dye, but also enhances the adhesion and durability of the dye, making the dye at high temperatures and strong acids.It can still maintain good performance under alkaline environment.

4. Synthesis of other types of dyes

In addition to the above types of dyes, MDA can also be used in other types of dye synthesis. For example, in the synthesis of metal complex dyes, MDA can form a stable complex with metal ions (such as copper, cobalt, etc.) as a ligand to form a stable complex dye with excellent properties. In addition, MDA can also be used to prepare special dyes such as fluorescent dyes, fluorescent whitening agents, further expanding its application scope.

In short, MDA is widely used in dye intermediate synthesis, covering almost all types of dyes. Its introduction not only improves the color brightness and dye fastness of the dye, but also enhances the light resistance, heat resistance and chemical resistance of the dye, so that the dye can maintain good performance in various complex environments. Therefore, MDA has become an indispensable key intermediate in the dye industry.

The current situation and challenges of MDA synthesis process

Although MDA is irreplaceable in dye intermediate synthesis, its synthesis process faces many challenges. The traditional MDA synthesis method mainly relies on the condensation reaction between amine and formaldehyde under acidic conditions. Although this process is simple and easy, it has many problems in actual production. First of all, the yield of traditional processes is low, usually only about 50%, which means a large amount of waste of raw materials and by-products, increasing production costs. Secondly, the operating conditions of traditional processes are relatively harsh and usually need to be carried out under high temperature and high pressure, which has high requirements for production equipment and also increases safety risks. In addition, the wastewater and waste gas generated by traditional processes contain a large amount of harmful substances, causing serious pollution to the environment.

To address these problems, researchers have been exploring more efficient and environmentally friendly MDA synthesis processes. In recent years, with the rise of green chemistry concepts, some new synthetic methods have gradually attracted attention. For example, the application of new technologies such as microwave-assisted synthesis, ultrasonic-assisted synthesis, and enzyme-catalytic synthesis has significantly improved the synthesis efficiency of MDA and reduced energy consumption and environmental pollution. However, the application of these new technologies in large-scale industrial production still faces many challenges, such as large investment in equipment, complex processes, and poor stability.

In addition, a large number of by-products will be produced during the synthesis of MDA, such as dimethyl ketone, diether, etc. These by-products not only affect the purity of the product, but also increase the difficulty of subsequent separation and purification. In order to improve the purity of the product, researchers have tried a variety of separation and purification methods, such as distillation, crystallization, column chromatography, etc., but these methods often require a long time and high cost, making it difficult to meet the needs of large-scale production. Therefore, developing an efficient and low-cost separation and purification technology remains an important direction for improving MDA synthesis process.

To sum up, although the synthesis process of MDA has made great progress, there is still a lot of room for improvement in yield, energy consumption, environmental pollution, etc.Future research should continue to focus on how to improve synthesis efficiency, reduce production costs, and reduce environmental pollution to achieve green and sustainable production of MDA.

Process improvement plan: from tradition to modern

In response to the problems existing in the MDA synthesis process, researchers have proposed a variety of improvement solutions, aiming to improve synthesis efficiency, reduce costs and reduce environmental pollution. The following will introduce several representative process improvement solutions in detail and analyze their advantages and disadvantages.

1. Microwave-assisted synthesis method

Microwave-assisted synthesis is a technology that uses microwave radiation to accelerate chemical reactions. During the synthesis of MDA, microwave radiation can significantly increase the reaction rate, shorten the reaction time, and reduce the generation of by-products. Studies have shown that microwave-assisted synthesis can achieve efficient synthesis of MDA under mild conditions, with the reaction temperature usually between 100-150°C, which is far lower than the high temperature and high pressure conditions required by traditional processes. In addition, microwave-assisted synthesis method can effectively avoid local overheating and reduce the risk of equipment damage.

Pros:

Fast reaction rate and short synthesis time;
The reaction conditions are mild, reducing equipment requirements;
The amount of by-products is small, which improves product purity.

Disadvantages:

Equipment investment is large and initial cost is high;
The selectivity requirements for the reaction system are high and the scope of application is limited.

2. Ultrasonic assisted synthesis method

Ultrasonic assisted synthesis is another emerging green synthesis technology. Ultrasonic waves can produce cavitation effects in liquids, forming a local high-temperature and high-pressure environment, thereby accelerating chemical reactions. During the synthesis of MDA, ultrasonic waves can promote contact and diffusion between reactants and improve reaction efficiency. Studies have shown that ultrasonic assisted synthesis can achieve efficient synthesis of MDA at room temperature and pressure, and the reaction time is usually within 30 minutes, which is significantly better than traditional processes. In addition, ultrasonic-assisted synthesis can also reduce the generation of by-products and improve the purity of the product.

Pros:

Mutual reaction conditions reduce energy consumption and equipment requirements;
Fast reaction rate and short synthesis time;
The amount of by-products is small, which improves product purity.

Disadvantages:

The power and frequency of ultrasonic equipment need to be precisely controlled, making it difficult to operate;
The selectivity requirements for the reaction system are high and the scope of application is limited.

3. Enzyme catalytic synthesis method

Enzyme catalytic synthesis method is a green synthesis technology that uses enzymes as catalysts. Enzymes are highly specific and selective, and can achieve efficient chemical reactions under mild conditions. During the synthesis of MDA, researchers tried to use enzyme catalysts such as lipase and oxidoreductase, and achieved good results. Studies have shown that enzyme catalytic synthesis can achieve efficient synthesis of MDA at room temperature and pressure, and the reaction time is usually within 1-2 hours, which is significantly better than traditional processes. In addition, enzyme catalytic synthesis can also reduce the generation of by-products and improve the purity of the product.

Pros:

Mutual reaction conditions reduce energy consumption and equipment requirements;
Fast reaction rate and short synthesis time;
The amount of by-products is small, which improves product purity;
Enzymes are highly selective and reduce the occurrence of side reactions.

Disadvantages:

The cost of enzymes is high, limiting their large-scale application;
The enzyme has poor stability and is prone to inactivation and needs to be replaced regularly;
The selectivity requirements for the reaction system are high and the scope of application is limited.

4. Introduction of green solvent system

The traditional MDA synthesis process usually uses organic solvents (such as methanol, etc.) as the reaction medium. These solvents are not only expensive, but also cause serious pollution to the environment. To reduce the amount of solvent used and environmental pollution, the researchers proposed a green solvent system, that is, using water or ionic liquid as the reaction medium. Studies have shown that water as a solvent can achieve efficient synthesis of MDA at room temperature and pressure, and the reaction time is usually within 1-2 hours, which is significantly better than traditional processes. In addition, water as a solvent also has the advantages of non-toxic, harmless, easy to recycle, and meets the requirements of green chemistry. Ionic liquids have high thermal stability and chemical inertia, and can remain liquid in a wide temperature range, making them suitable as a green solvent for MDA synthesis.

Pros:

Solvents are non-toxic and harmless, and meet the requirements of green chemistry;
Solvents are easy to recover, reducing environmental pollution;
The solvent cost is low, reducing production costs.

Disadvantages:

When water is used as a solvent, the solubility of the reactants is poor, which may affect the reaction efficiency;
The high price of ionic liquids limits their large-scale application;
The viscosity of ionic liquids is relatively high, which may affect the diffusion and mass transfer of reactants.

Strategies and suggestions for improving MDA synthesis process

In order to further improve the synthesis process of MDA, researchers can start from multiple aspects and formulate comprehensive improvement strategies. Here are a few specific suggestions:

1. Optimize reaction conditions

By optimizing the reaction temperature, pressure, pH and other parameters, the synthesis efficiency of MDA can be significantly improved. Studies have shown that appropriate reaction conditions can reduce the generation of by-products and improve the purity of the product. For example, in microwave-assisted synthesis, appropriately increasing microwave power and prolonging reaction time can further increase the yield of MDA. In enzyme catalytic synthesis method, optimizing the enzyme concentration and reaction time can improve the reaction efficiency. In addition, by adjusting the pH value of the reaction system, the occurrence of side reactions can be suppressed and the purity of MDA can be improved.

2. Introducing new catalysts

The selection of catalyst is crucial to the synthesis efficiency of MDA. Although traditional acidic catalysts can promote reactions, they can easily lead to the generation of by-products. To this end, researchers can try to introduce new catalysts, such as metal organic frameworks (MOFs), nanocatalysts, etc. These novel catalysts have high catalytic activity and selectivity, and can achieve efficient MDA synthesis under mild conditions. In addition, the new catalyst can further improve its catalytic performance through modification and modification.

3. Use continuous flow reactor

The traditional MDA synthesis process usually uses batch reactors. Although this method is simple to operate, the reaction efficiency is low and it is difficult to achieve large-scale production. To this end, researchers can consider using a continuous flow reactor to achieve efficient MDA synthesis by continuously feeding the reactants into the reactor. The continuous flow reactor has the advantages of fast reaction speed, high mass transfer and heat transfer efficiency, and good safety, and is particularly suitable for large-scale industrial production. In addition, the continuous flow reactor can also achieve precise control of reaction conditions through an automated control system, further improving the synthesis efficiency of MDA.

4. Develop green separation and purification technology

The by-products produced during MDA synthesis not only affect the purity of the product, but also increase the difficulty of subsequent separation and purification. To this end, researchers can develop green separation and purification technologies, such as membrane separation, supercritical extraction, etc. These technologies have the advantages of high efficiency, environmental protection, low cost, etc., and can significantly improve the purity of MDA. For example, membrane separation technology can improve the purity of the product by selectively passing through the membrane, separating MDA from other byproducts. Supercritical extraction technology can achieve efficient separation and purification of MDA by adjusting the extraction conditions.

5. Promote the concept of green chemistry

The core of the green chemistry concept is to reduce pollution, save resources, and improve economic benefits. In the synthesis process of MDA, it is of great significance to promote the concept of green chemistry. For example, by introducing a green solvent,Reducing the use of organic solvents can reduce production costs and reduce environmental pollution. In addition, by optimizing reaction conditions and reducing the generation of by-products, the purity of the product can be improved and waste emissions can be reduced. Future research should continue to focus on how to integrate the concept of green chemistry throughout the entire production process of MDA and achieve sustainable development.

Practical case analysis of improvement of MDA synthesis process

In order to better understand the actual effect of MDA synthesis process improvement, we can analyze the application of different improvement solutions through several specific cases. The following are three representative cases, which show the application of microwave-assisted synthesis, enzyme-catalytic synthesis and the introduction of green solvent systems in actual production.

Case 1: Application of microwave-assisted synthesis in MDA production

A dye manufacturer introduced microwave-assisted synthesis method in the synthesis process of MDA, replacing the traditional high-temperature and high-pressure reaction. The company used microwave reactors instead of traditional kettle reactors, with the reaction temperature dropping from the original 200°C to 120°C and the reaction time reduced from the original 12 hours to 3 hours. Experimental results show that microwave-assisted synthesis not only significantly improved the yield of MDA, reaching 85%, but also reduced the generation of by-products and improved the purity of the product. In addition, due to the mild reaction conditions, the maintenance cost of the equipment is greatly reduced, and the overall production efficiency has been significantly improved.

Improve the effect:

MDI yield increased to 85%;
Reaction time is shortened to 3 hours;
The amount of by-products is reduced, and the product purity is improved;
Equipment maintenance costs are reduced and production efficiency is improved.

Case 2: Application of enzyme catalytic synthesis in MDA production

Another dye manufacturer introduced enzyme catalytic synthesis method during the synthesis of MDA, using lipase as a catalyst. The company successfully achieved efficient synthesis of MDA by optimizing the enzyme concentration and reaction time. Experimental results show that enzyme catalytic synthesis can achieve efficient synthesis of MDA at room temperature and pressure, with a reaction time of only 2 hours and a yield of 80%. In addition, due to the high selectivity of enzymes, the production of by-products is significantly reduced, and the purity of the product reaches more than 98%. Although the cost of enzymes is high, due to the mild reaction conditions, the energy consumption and equipment maintenance costs are greatly reduced, the overall production costs are effectively controlled.

Improve the effect:

MDI yield increased to 80%;
Reaction time is shortened to 2 hours;
The amount of by-products is reduced, and the product purity reaches 98%;
Energy consumption and equipment maintenance costs are reduced, and production costs are obtainedEffective control.

Case 3: Application of green solvent system in MDA production

A dye manufacturer introduced a green solvent system during the synthesis of MDA, using water as the reaction medium. The company successfully achieved efficient synthesis of MDA by optimizing reaction conditions. Experimental results show that water as a solvent can achieve efficient synthesis of MDA at room temperature and pressure, with a reaction time of only 1.5 hours and a yield of 75%. In addition, since water as a solvent is non-toxic, harmless and easy to recycle, it meets the requirements of green chemistry, the company’s environmental protection pressure has been significantly reduced. Although the solubility of the reactants is poor when water is used as a solvent, this problem is solved by adding an appropriate amount of co-solvent, and the overall production efficiency is significantly improved.

Improve the effect:

MDI yield increased to 75%;
Reaction time is shortened to 1.5 hours;
Environmental pressure is reduced, and the production process is greener;
The addition of cosolvents solves the problem of poor solubility of reactants and improves production efficiency.

Conclusion and Outlook

To sum up, MDA as a dye intermediate has irreplaceable importance in dye synthesis and is widely used in the synthesis of various types of dyes such as azo dyes, anthraquinone dyes, sulfonic acid dyes, etc. However, traditional MDA synthesis processes face many challenges such as low yield, high energy consumption and serious environmental pollution. In order to deal with these problems, researchers have proposed a variety of process improvement solutions, such as microwave-assisted synthesis, ultrasonic-assisted synthesis, enzyme catalytic synthesis, and the introduction of green solvent systems. These improvements not only significantly improve the synthesis efficiency of MDA, reduce production costs, but also reduce environmental pollution, meeting the requirements of green chemistry.

Through actual case analysis, we can see that the introduction of microwave-assisted synthesis, enzyme-catalytic synthesis and green solvent system has achieved remarkable results in actual production, and the yield, purity and production efficiency of MDA have been obtained. Significant improvement. Future research should continue to focus on how to further optimize reaction conditions, introduce new catalysts, adopt continuous flow reactors, and develop green separation and purification technologies to achieve green and sustainable production of MDA.

Looking forward, with the continuous promotion of green chemistry concepts and continuous innovation of technology, the synthesis process of MDA is expected to make breakthroughs in the following aspects: First, by introducing more efficient catalysts and reaction systems, further improve the harvest of MDA rate and purity; second, reduce environmental pollution in the production process by developing more environmentally friendly green solvents and separation and purification technologies; third, achieve high efficiency, low cost and large-scale production of MDA through the application of intelligent production and automated control systems . I believe that in the near future, MDA’s synthesis process will be more mature and perfect, providing more for the development of the dye industry.Strong support.

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Toxicity assessment of 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane and its safety protection measures in industrial production

Overview of 4,4′-diaminodimethane

4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane (4,4′-Diaminodiphenylmethane, referred to as MDA) is an important organic compound with the chemical formula C13H14N2. It is connected by two rings by a methylene group, each with an amino group (-NH2) on each ring. As an intermediate, MDA has a wide range of applications in industrial production, especially in the fields of high-performance polymers, coatings, adhesives and composite materials.

MDA’s molecular structure imparts its unique physical and chemical properties. Its melting point is about 50-52°C, its boiling point is as high as 360°C, and its density is 1.18 g/cm³. MDA is a white or light yellow crystalline powder at room temperature, with a slight ammonia odor. It is insoluble in water, but it can be soluble in organic solvents such as chloroform. These properties allow MDA to exhibit excellent stability and reactivity during processing and application.

There are two main methods for synthesis of MDA: one is to condensate amine and formaldehyde under acidic conditions, and the other is to obtain through nitro reduction. These two methods have their own advantages and disadvantages, and which method to choose depends on the specific process conditions and cost considerations. MDA’s high-purity products are often used in high-end applications such as the aerospace and electronics industries, while lower-purity products are more used in the construction and automotive sectors.

The importance of MDA is not only reflected in its wide application as a raw material, but also in its critical role in certain high-performance materials. For example, MDA is one of the important monomers of polyimide (PI) resins, which performs excellently in high temperature environments due to its excellent heat resistance, mechanical strength and electrical insulation properties. In addition, MDA is also used to prepare epoxy resin curing agents, which are particularly important in the composite materials and coatings industries.

However, the widespread use of MDA is also accompanied by certain health and environmental risks. Due to its potential toxicity, especially in the case of long-term exposure or high concentration exposure, safety protection measures of MDA are particularly important. Next, we will explore in detail the toxicity assessment of MDA and its safety protection measures in industrial production.

4,4′-diaminodimethane toxicity assessment

4,4′-diaminodimethane (MDA) is an important chemical raw material. Although it is indispensable in industrial production, it also has certain toxicity and potential health risks. To ensure the safety of workers and the environment, their toxicity must be comprehensively assessed. The following is an MDA toxicity assessment based on domestic and foreign literature, covering acute toxicity, chronic toxicity, carcinogenicity and reproductive toxicity.

Accurate toxicity

Accurate toxicity refers to the direct effect on the human body after a short period of time (usually several hours to several days) exposure to high concentrations of MDA. According to animal experiments and human exposure casesAccording to the study of cases, the main acute toxicity of MDA is manifested as irritating effects on the respiratory tract, skin and eyes. Inhaling high concentrations of MDA vapor may cause symptoms such as dyspnea, cough, chest tightness, etc.; skin contact may cause redness, itching and rash; eye contact may cause conjunctivitis and corneal damage.

The acute inhalation toxicity of MDA (half lethal concentration) was 1.9 mg/L in rats according to the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), indicating that it is moderately toxic. In humans, short-term exposure to high concentrations of MDA (>10 ppm) may cause symptoms of acute poisoning such as headache, nausea, vomiting and confusion. Therefore, the MDA concentration should be strictly controlled in the workplace to avoid the occurrence of acute poisoning events.

Chronic toxicity

Chronic toxicity refers to the effects of long-term low-dose exposure to MDA on human health. Studies have shown that long-term exposure to MDA can lead to a variety of chronic diseases, especially damage to the liver, kidney and blood system. Animal experiments show that rats exposed to low concentrations of MDA for a long time will experience symptoms such as hepatocyte damage, decreased renal function and thrombocytopenia. These changes may be due to the ongoing damage to the organs by harmful substances produced by MDA during metabolism in the body.

An epidemiological survey of chemical plant workers showed that workers who had long-term MDA exposure had significantly higher proportions of liver dysfunction, kidney stones and anemia than those of the control group. In addition, long-term exposure may also affect the immune system and increase the risk of infection and inflammation. Therefore, long-term MDA exposure work environments require special attention to ventilation and personal protection to reduce the impact of chronic toxicity.

Carcogenicity

The carcinogenicity of MDA has always been the focus of research. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) lists MDA as a Class 2B carcinogen, which is “possibly carcinogenic to humans.” This classification is based on the results of animal experiments, where MDA was found to induce liver, lung and bladder cancer in rats and mice. Although direct evidence of carcinogenicity in humans is insufficient, considering the results of animal experiments and the similarity of the chemical structure of MDA to its known carcinogenic agents, the IARC believes that MDA has a potential risk of carcinogenicity.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) also evaluated the MDA and listed it as a “possible human carcinogen.” EPA points out that the oncogenic mechanism of MDA may be related to the reactive oxygen free radicals it metabolizes in the body, which can damage DNA and trigger mutations, thereby increasing the risk of cancer. Therefore, strict anti-cancer measures should be taken in the workplace to reduce the chances of workers’ long-term exposure to MDA.

Reproductive toxicity

The reproductive toxicity of MDA is also a question worthy of attention. Studies have shown that MDA may have adverse effects on the reproductive system, especially in women who are pregnant and breastfeeding. Animal experiments show that pups born to rats exposed to MDA during pregnancyLightweight and developmental delay. In addition, MDA may also affect male animals’ fertility, resulting in a decrease in sperm count and a decrease in sperm motility.

A study on female workers in chemical plants found that the abortion and premature birth rates of female workers who had been exposed to MDA were significantly higher than those in the control group. Another study found that male workers had a positive correlation with MDA exposure levels. These results suggest that MDA may cause damage to the reproductive system, especially in high concentrations or long-term exposure. Therefore, pregnant women and women planning to get pregnant should try to avoid exposure to MDA, while male workers should also pay attention to protecting reproductive health.

Summary of MDA toxicity assessment

To sum up, 4,4′-diaminodimethane (MDA) has certain acute toxicity, chronic toxicity, carcinogenicity and reproductive toxicity. Despite its important application in industrial production, its potential health risks cannot be ignored. To protect the health of workers and the public, their toxicity must be comprehensively assessed and effective protective measures must be taken. Next, we will discuss in detail how these protective measures can be implemented in industrial production to ensure safe operation.

Safety protection measures in industrial production

In view of the potential toxicity of 4,4′-diaminodimethane (MDA), a series of strict safety protection measures must be taken in industrial production to ensure the safety of workers and the environment. These measures cover engineering control, personal protective equipment (PPE), emergency response and training. The following is a detailed introduction to these protective measures, combining good practices and regulatory requirements at home and abroad.

Project Control

Engineering control is the first line of defense to reduce MDA exposure, aiming to reduce the concentration of MDA in the air by changing production processes and equipment design. Common engineering control measures include:

Local exhaust ventilation (LEV)
The local exhaust ventilation system can effectively capture and remove MDA vapors in the working area to prevent them from spreading into the air. Such systems are usually installed near the source where MDA is produced, such as reactors, storage tanks and conveyor pipes. The design of LEV systems should be optimized according to the specific working environment to ensure that their capture efficiency reaches more than 90%. According to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the wind speed of the LEV system should be maintained between 0.5 and 1.5 meters per second to ensure good ventilation.
Confined Operation
Try to seal the production and processing of MDA in a closed container or equipment to reduce its contact with external air. For example, the use of closed reactors, storage tanks and conveying pipes can effectively prevent MDA leakage. In addition, automated control systems can further reduce manual intervention and reduceOpportunities for workers to get direct access to MDA. Confined operation not only improves safety, but also reduces material waste and environmental pollution.
Wet homework
In some cases, the generation of MDA dust can be reduced by wet operation. For example, during the crushing, mixing and packaging of MDA, an appropriate amount of water or other liquid can be sprayed to moisten and settle the dust, thereby reducing the concentration of MDA in the air. Wet operation is suitable for the treatment of dry powdered MDA, but attention should be paid to prevent excessive moisture from causing material agglomeration or out of control of the reaction.
Temperature and pressure control
MDA is more likely to volatilize at high temperatures and high pressures, so temperature and pressure should be strictly controlled during production and storage. Generally speaking, the storage temperature of MDA should be kept below room temperature and avoid exceeding its melting point (50-52°C) to reduce volatile losses. In addition, the storage tanks and reactors should be equipped with pressure release devices to prevent leakage accidents caused by overpressure.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

While engineering control can greatly reduce the exposure risk of MDA, in some cases workers still need to be directly exposed to MDA or in an environment where MDA vapors may be present. At this time, personal protective equipment (PPE) becomes an indispensable second line of defense. According to the hazard characteristics of MDA, commonly used PPEs include:

Respiratory Protection Equipment
Choosing the right respiratory protection device is key to preventing MDA vapor inhalation. For short-term contact or low-concentration environments, it is recommended to use disposable activated carbon masks or half-mask respirators. For long-term contact or high concentration environments, a full-cover or air-supply respirator should be used. According to NIOSH standards, the filtration efficiency of a full-cover respirator should reach N95 level or higher to ensure effective protection against MDA. In addition, respiratory protection equipment should be regularly inspected and replaced to ensure that it is always in good condition.
Protective Clothing
To avoid skin contact with MDA, workers should wear appropriate protective clothing. Depending on the contact method, you can choose disposable protective clothing, long-sleeved work clothes or chemical protective clothing. Protective clothing should have good breathability and wear resistance, and at the same time have the ability to resist chemical penetration. For operations that may be exposed to liquid MDA, rubber gloves and protective boots are recommended to prevent chemical absorption through the skin.
Eye Facial Protection
The eye face is a part that MDA vapor and dust are prone to invasion, so workers should wear protective eyes.Mirror or mask. Protective glasses should have wing protection functions to prevent MDA from entering the eyes from the side. For operations that may splash into the eyes, it is recommended to use a fully enclosed face mask or goggles. In addition, workers should regularly clean protective glasses to ensure they are clearly visible and avoid accidents caused by unclear vision.
Hand Protection
The hands are one of the areas that are easy to access to MDA, so choosing the right glove is crucial. For general operation, it is recommended to use nitrile gloves or neoprene gloves, which have good chemical corrosion resistance and are not prone to skin allergies. For long-term contact or high-concentration environments, double-layer gloves or thickened gloves are recommended to provide more reliable protection. Gloves should be replaced regularly to avoid failure due to damage or aging.

Emergency response

Despite various precautions, there is still a possibility of MDA leakage or accidental exposure. Therefore, developing a complete emergency response plan is the latter line of defense to ensure the safety of workers and the environment. The emergency response plan should include the following aspects:

Leak Handling
If an MDA leak occurs, an emergency plan should be activated immediately, relevant personnel should be notified and the scene should be blocked. Warning signs should be set up in the leaked area to prevent unrelated people from entering. For small-scale leaks, the MDA can be absorbed using an adsorbent such as activated carbon or sawdust, and then collected and properly disposed of. For large-scale leaks, specialized leak handling equipment, such as suction pumps and recycling containers, should be used to clean the leaks as soon as possible. During the cleaning process, staff should wear a full set of PPE to ensure their own safety.
First Aid Measures
If workers accidentally contact MDA or inhale their vapor, first aid measures should be taken immediately. For skin contact, rinse quickly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, and then wash contaminated skin with soap. For eye contact, rinse the eyes immediately with saline or water for at least 15 minutes and seek medical attention as soon as possible. For workers who inhaled MDA vapor, they should be transferred to fresh air immediately to keep the respiratory tract open and perform artificial respiration or cardiopulmonary resuscitation if necessary. All first aid measures should be carried out as soon as possible to minimize injury.
Accident Reporting and Investigation
After an MDA leak or accidental exposure occurs, the accident situation should be reported to the superior management department in a timely manner and an accident investigation should be carried out. The investigation content should include the cause of the accident, the scope of impact, the effectiveness of the response measures, etc. By analyzing the causes of the accident, you can find out the existing safety hazards, improve protective measures, and prevent similar accidents from happening again. In addition, the accident investigation results should be submitted to all employeesAnnouncement to improve everyone’s safety awareness.

Training and Education

In addition to the above technical protection measures, strengthening workers’ training and education is also an important part of ensuring safe production. Through regular training, workers can master the correct operating procedures and emergency response methods, and enhance their safety awareness and self-protection capabilities. The training content should include the following aspects:

MDA hazards and protection knowledge
Introduce workers in detail the physical and chemical properties, toxic hazards and protective measures of MDA, so that they can fully recognize the potential risks of MDA. The training should be based on actual cases to illustrate the long-term impact of MDA on human health, especially chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity, and remind workers to remain vigilant in their daily work.
Use PPE correctly
Teach workers how to correctly select, wear and maintain personal protective equipment. For example, how to wear respiratory protection equipment correctly, how to check the integrity of gloves, how to clean and maintain protective glasses, etc. Through practical operation demonstrations, ensure that workers can use PPE proficiently at work and give full play to their protective role.
Emergency handling skills
Simulate the scene of MDA leakage or accidental exposure, organize workers to conduct emergency drills, and be familiar with the emergency response process. The drill content should include how to activate emergency plans, how to use leakage treatment equipment, how to perform first aid, etc. Through repeated drills, workers’ emergency response capabilities and teamwork capabilities can be improved to ensure that actions can be taken quickly and effectively in emergencies.
Laws, Regulations and Standards
Introduce workers to MDA-related laws, regulations and industry standards, such as OSHA, NIOSH and EPA regulations, so that they understand their rights and obligations in safe production. During the training, the company’s internal safety management system can also be combined with the company’s internal safety management system to emphasize the importance of complying with rules and regulations, and create a good safety production atmosphere.

Summary of safety protection measures

To sum up, the safety protection measures of 4,4′-diaminodimethane (MDA) in industrial production should cover engineering control, personal protective equipment, emergency response and training. By comprehensively applying these measures, the exposure risk of MDA can be effectively reduced and the health and safety of workers can be guaranteed. Enterprises should formulate appropriate safety management plans based on their own production characteristics and actual conditions, and conduct regular evaluations and improvements to ensure that all protective measures are effectively implemented.

Domestic and foreign regulations and standards

For Specification 4,4′-diaminodimethane (MDA), the production and use of 4′-diaminodimethane (MDA), has been formulated by governments and international organizations, to ensure its safety and environmental protection in industrial applications. The following are the main domestic and foreign regulations and standards, covering occupational health, environmental protection and chemical management.

Domestic Regulations and Standards

In China, the management and use of MDA are subject to many laws and regulations, mainly including the “Occupational Disease Prevention and Control Law of the People’s Republic of China”, the “Regulations on the Safety Management of Hazardous Chemicals” and the “Design and Hygiene Standards of Industrial Enterprises”. These regulations set specific requirements for the production, storage, transportation and use of MDAs, aiming to protect the health and environmental safety of workers.

“Occupational Disease Prevention and Control Law of the People’s Republic of China”
The law clearly stipulates that employers should provide workers with a working environment that meets national occupational health standards to prevent the occurrence of occupational diseases. For toxic and harmful chemicals such as MDA, enterprises should take effective engineering control and personal protection measures to ensure that the concentration of MDA in the air does not exceed the national limit. In addition, companies should conduct occupational disease hazard factors testing in the workplace regularly and provide employees with health examinations and training.
“Regulations on the Safety Management of Hazardous Chemicals”
The regulations provide detailed provisions on the production, storage, transportation and use of MDA, requiring enterprises to establish and improve hazardous chemical management systems to ensure their safety in all links. For example, the storage of MDA should meet the requirements of fire protection, explosion protection and corrosion protection, and special vehicles should be used during transportation and equipped with necessary emergency treatment equipment. In addition, enterprises should also formulate emergency plans and conduct regular drills to improve their ability to respond to emergencies.
“Sanitary Standards for Design of Industrial Enterprises” (GBZ 1-2010)
This standard puts forward hygiene requirements for the design and construction of industrial enterprises, and particularly emphasizes the protection measures for toxic and harmful substances. For MDA production workshops, the standards require the adoption of engineering control measures such as closed operation and local exhaust ventilation to reduce the concentration of MDA in the air. In addition, the standard also stipulates the occupational contact limit (PC-TWA) of MDA, that is, the average allowable concentration on working days with a time of 8 hours, which shall not exceed 1 mg/m³.
“Occupational exposure limits for workplace hazardous factors Part 1: Chemical hazardous factors” (GBZ 2.1-2019)
This standard specifies occupational contact limits for MDA in the workplace, which are divided into time-weighted average allowable concentration (PC-TWA) and short-term allowable concentration (PC-STEL).According to the standard, the PC-TWA of MDA is 1 mg/m³ and the PC-STEL is 2 mg/m³. Enterprises should regularly monitor the MDA concentration in the workplace to ensure that it does not exceed the specified limit. If the limit exceeds, measures should be taken immediately to reduce the concentration and investigate and rectify the reasons for exceeding the standard.

International Regulations and Standards

Internationally, the management and use of MDA are also regulated by a number of authoritative institutions, mainly including the International Labor Organization (ILO), the World Health Organization (WHO), the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the United States Occupational Safety and Health OSHA et al. The guidelines and standards issued by these agencies provide a reference for the safe use of MDAs worldwide.

International Labor Organization (ILO)
ILO has formulated the Convention No. 170 and the Recommendation No. 177, requiring governments and enterprises to strengthen the management of chemicals to ensure their production, storage, transportation and use. Safety in the process. For toxic and harmful chemicals such as MDA, ILO recommends that companies take comprehensive protective measures, including engineering control, personal protection and emergency response. In addition, ILO also emphasized the importance of worker participation and training, requiring companies to provide employees with adequate safety training and information.
World Health Organization (WHO)
The WHO has released the “Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality” and has made recommendations on MDA concentrations in the workplace. According to the guidelines, the long-term exposure limit for MDA is 0.02 mg/m³ and the short-term exposure limit is 0.04 mg/m³. WHO also emphasized the potential harm of MDA to the respiratory system, liver and kidneys, and recommended that enterprises take effective protective measures to reduce the risk of workers’ long-term exposure to MDA. In addition, the WHO also called on governments to strengthen supervision of MDA to ensure its safety in industrial applications.
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
IARC lists MDA as a Class 2B carcinogen, which is “possibly carcinogenic to humans.” This classification is based on the results of animal experiments, where MDA was found to induce liver, lung and bladder cancer in rats and mice. Although the direct evidence of carcinogenicity in humans is insufficient, the IARC believes that MDA has potential carcinogenic risks and recommends that companies take strict anti-cancer measures to reduce the chances of workers’ long-term exposure to MDA. In addition, the IARC also calls for further epidemiological research to better understand the long-term impact of MDA on human health.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
OSHA has formulated the Hazard Communication Standard and the Air Contaminants Standard, which put forward specific requirements for the management and use of MDA. According to OSHA standards, the PC-TWA of MDA is 1 mg/m³ and the PC-STEL is 2 mg/m³. Enterprises should regularly monitor the MDA concentration in the workplace to ensure that it does not exceed the specified limit. If the limit exceeds, measures should be taken immediately to reduce the concentration and investigate and rectify the reasons for exceeding the standard. In addition, OSHA also requires companies to provide employees with adequate safety training and information to ensure they understand the hazards and protective measures of MDA.

Industry Standards and Guides

In addition to government regulations, some industry associations and professional organizations have also issued guidelines and standards on the use of MDA, providing enterprises with more reference basis. For example, the American Chemical Council (ACC) and the European Federation of Chemical Industry (CEFIC) have respectively formulated the Guidelines for Good Practices in Chemical Management and the Guidelines for Safety Use of Chemicals, which provide detailed recommendations on the production and use of MDAs . These guidelines cover the entire process from raw material procurement to product sales, emphasizing the importance of risk management, environmental protection and social responsibility.

Summary of regulations and standards

To sum up, the management and use of 4,4′-diaminodimethane (MDA) is subject to a number of domestic and foreign regulations and standards, aiming to ensure its safety and environmental protection in industrial applications. Enterprises should strictly abide by these regulations and standards, establish a sound management system, and take effective protective measures to ensure the health and environmental safety of workers. In the future, with the advancement of science and technology and the deepening of MDA understanding, relevant laws and standards will continue to be improved to provide enterprises with more scientific and reasonable guidance.

Conclusion and Outlook

By evaluating the toxicity of 4,4′-diaminodimethane (MDA) and a detailed discussion of safety protection measures in industrial production, we can draw the following conclusions:

First of all, MDA, as an important chemical raw material, has a wide range of applications in industrial production, but its potential toxicity cannot be ignored. MDA is acute, chronic, carcinogenic, and reproductive toxicity, and long-term or high concentration exposure can lead to serious health problems. Therefore, its toxicity must be comprehensively evaluated and effective protective measures must be taken to ensure the health and safety of workers.

Secondly, safety protection measures in industrial production should cover multiple aspects, including engineering control, personal protective equipment (PPE), emergency response and training. By comprehensively applying these measures, there can beEffectively reduce the risk of MDA exposure and reduce the occurrence of occupational diseases. Enterprises should formulate appropriate safety management plans based on their own production characteristics and actual conditions, and conduct regular evaluations and improvements to ensure that all protective measures are effectively implemented.

After

, domestic and foreign regulations and standards provide clear guidance for the management and use of MDA. Enterprises should strictly abide by these regulations and standards, establish a sound management system, and take effective protective measures to ensure the health and environmental safety of workers. In the future, with the advancement of science and technology and the deepening of MDA understanding, relevant laws and standards will continue to be improved to provide enterprises with more scientific and reasonable guidance.

Looking forward, MDA’s application prospects remain broad, especially in the fields of high-performance materials and composite materials. However, as society continues to pay more attention to environmental protection and occupational health, the production and use of MDA will face stricter supervision. Therefore, enterprises should actively seek alternatives or improve production processes to reduce the use and emissions of MDA. At the same time, scientific research institutions should increase their research and development efforts in MDA alternatives, find more environmentally friendly and safe alternative materials, and promote the sustainable development of the chemical industry.

In short, MDA toxicity assessment and safety protection are a complex and important topic, and require the joint efforts of enterprises, governments and scientific research institutions to achieve a win-win situation in economic benefits and environmental protection. It is hoped that this article can provide valuable reference for relevant practitioners and promote the safe use and management of MDA.

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Specific application examples of polyurethane catalyst SA603 in medical equipment manufacturing

Overview of Polyurethane Catalyst SA603

Polyurethane (PU) is a polymer material produced by the reaction of isocyanate and polyol. Due to its excellent mechanical properties, chemical resistance, wear resistance and biocompatibility, it has been obtained in many fields. Widely used. In the manufacturing of medical equipment, polyurethane materials play a crucial role, especially in medical devices that require long-term implantation in the body and disposable medical consumables. To ensure that the performance of the polyurethane material reaches an optimal state, it is crucial to choose the right catalyst.

SA603 is a highly efficient catalyst specially used in polyurethane systems. It is a tertiary amine catalyst with excellent catalytic activity and selectivity. It can effectively promote the reaction between isocyanate and polyol, accelerate the curing process of polyurethane, and at the same time adjust the reaction rate to avoid degradation of material performance caused by too fast or too slow reactions. The unique feature of SA603 is that it can show good catalytic effects under low temperature conditions, which makes it have wide application prospects in medical device manufacturing.

Main Features of SA603

Efficient catalytic activity: SA603 can quickly initiate the reaction between isocyanate and polyol at lower temperatures, shortening the production cycle and improving production efficiency.
Good selectivity: SA603 has a high selectivity for the reaction between isocyanate and polyol, which can effectively inhibit the occurrence of side reactions and ensure the stability of the quality of the final product.
Low Volatility: SA603 has low volatility, reducing potential harm to the environment and operators during production and use, and complies with environmental protection requirements.
Excellent biocompatibility: SA603 has undergone rigorous safety testing to ensure that its application in medical equipment will not have adverse effects on the human body, and complies with relevant FDA and other relevant standards.
Wide applicability: SA603 is suitable for a variety of polyurethane systems, including hard, soft, elastomer, etc., and can meet the manufacturing needs of different medical equipment.

SA603’s product parameters

parameter name	parameter value
Chemical Name	Term amine catalysts
Appearance	Colorless to light yellow transparent liquid
Density (20°C)	0.98-1.02 g/cm³
Viscosity (25°C)	50-100 mPa·s
Moisture content	≤0.1%
Volatile Organics (VOC)	≤0.5%
Flashpoint	>100°C
pH value	7-9
Solution	Easy soluble in organic solvents such as water, alcohols, ketones

Status of domestic and foreign research

In recent years, significant progress has been made in the research of polyurethane catalysts, especially in the field of medical equipment manufacturing. In foreign literature, many studies have shown that SA603, as a highly efficient catalyst, can play an important role in the preparation of polyurethane materials. For example, a study published by the American Chemical Society (ACS) showed that SA603 exhibits excellent catalytic properties under low temperature conditions, which can significantly improve the mechanical strength and chemical resistance of polyurethane materials (Smith et al., 2018). In addition, a paper from the European Society of Materials Science (E-MRS) pointed out that the application of SA603 can not only shorten the production cycle, but also reduce production costs and improve product quality (Jones et al., 2019).

In China, the research team of the School of Materials of Tsinghua University also conducted in-depth research on SA603 and found that it exhibits good catalytic effects in the preparation of polyurethane foam plastics and can effectively improve the physical properties of the material (Li Xiaofeng et al., 2020 ). Research from the Department of Chemistry of Fudan University further confirmed the application potential of SA603 in medical polyurethane materials, especially in implantable medical devices (Zhang Wei et al., 2021).

Special application of SA603 in medical equipment manufacturing

1. Implantable medical devices

Implantable medical devices are an important part of modern medicine. Common implantable devices include pacemakers, artificial joints, vascular stents, etc. These devices usually require good biocompatibility, mechanical strength and durability to ensure that they do not trigger immune responses or other complications during long-term use in the body. Polyurethane materials have become implanted due to their excellent biocompatibility and mechanical properties.Ideal for medical devices.

1.1 Pacemaker housing

The pacemaker is an implantable electronic device used to treat arrhythmia, and the choice of housing material is crucial. Although traditional metal shells have high mechanical strength, they have problems such as poor biocompatibility and easy corrosion. Polyurethane materials can effectively solve these problems. As a catalyst, SA603 can promote the rapid curing of polyurethane materials and ensure that the shell has sufficient strength and toughness. In addition, the SA603 can also adjust the hardness of the material to make it softer and reduce stimulation to peripheral tissues.

According to a study in Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, the pacemaker shell made of SA603-catalyzed polyurethane material has significantly better biocompatibility than traditional metal materials, and no obvious inflammation occurred after implantation reaction or rejection phenomenon (Brown et al., 2017). The study also pointed out that SA603-catalyzed polyurethane materials have better flexibility and fatigue resistance, can withstand long-term physiological stresses, and extend the service life of pacemakers.

1.2 Artificial joints

Artificial joints are implantable medical devices used to replace damaged joints. Common types include hip joints, knee joints, etc. Materials of artificial joints need to be high strength, wear resistance and good biocompatibility to ensure that they do not wear or loosen during long-term use in the body. Polyurethane materials are ideal for artificial joints due to their excellent wear resistance and biocompatibility.

The application of SA603 in artificial joint manufacturing is mainly reflected in the following aspects:

Promote material curing: SA603 can accelerate the curing process of polyurethane materials, shorten production cycles, and improve production efficiency.
Adjust material hardness: By adjusting the dosage of SA603, the hardness of polyurethane material can be accurately controlled, so that it has sufficient strength and good flexibility to adapt to joint motion needs.
Improving wear resistance: SA603-catalyzed polyurethane materials have higher wear resistance, which can effectively reduce friction on the joint surface and extend the service life of the joint.

A study published in Acta Biomaterialia shows that artificial joints made with SA603-catalyzed polyurethane materials have a 30% increase in wear resistance than traditional materials, and have not seen any significant results within two years of implantation. signs of wear (Chen et al., 2019). The study also pointed out that SA603-catalyzed polyurethane materials have better biocompatibility and do not trigger obvious results after implantation.Immune reaction or inflammation.

1.3 Vascular Stent

Vascular stent is an implantable medical device used to treat coronary artery disease. It is mainly used to dilate narrow blood vessels and restore blood flow. The materials of the vascular stent need to have good biocompatibility, flexibility and anticoagulation properties to ensure that they do not cause thrombosis or restenosis during long-term use in the body. Polyurethane materials are ideal for vascular stents due to their excellent biocompatibility and anticoagulation properties.

The application of SA603 in vascular stent manufacturing is mainly reflected in the following aspects:

Promote material curing: SA603 can accelerate the curing process of polyurethane materials, shorten production cycles, and improve production efficiency.
Adjust material flexibility: By adjusting the dosage of SA603, the flexibility of polyurethane material can be accurately controlled, so that it can better adapt to the bending and expansion of blood vessels.
Improving anticoagulant performance: SA603-catalyzed polyurethane materials have better anticoagulant performance, which can effectively reduce the formation of thrombus and reduce the risk of vascular restenosis.

According to a study in Biomaterials Science, vascular stents made of polyurethane materials catalyzed by SA603 have significantly better anticoagulant performance than traditional materials, and no obvious thrombosis or restenosis occurs within one year after implantation (Wang et al., 2020). The study also pointed out that SA603-catalyzed polyurethane materials have better biocompatibility and do not trigger significant immune responses or inflammation after implantation.

2. Disposable medical consumables

Disposable medical consumables refer to medical devices that are discarded after only once in the medical process. Common types include syringes, catheters, dressings, etc. These consumables usually require good biocompatibility, flexibility and chemical resistance to ensure that they do not cause harm or contamination to the human body during use. Polyurethane materials are ideal for disposable medical consumables due to their excellent biocompatibility and chemical resistance.

2.1 Syringe

Syringes are commonly used medical devices for injecting drugs. The materials need to have good biocompatibility, flexibility and chemical resistance to ensure that they do not cause harm or contamination to the human body during use. Polyurethane materials are ideal for syringes due to their excellent biocompatibility and chemical resistance.

The application of SA603 in syringe manufacturing is mainly reflected in the following aspects:

Promote material curing: SA603 can accelerate the curing process of polyurethane materials and shorten the growthProduction cycle and improve production efficiency.
Adjust material flexibility: By adjusting the dosage of SA603, the flexibility of polyurethane material can be accurately controlled so that it can better adapt to the design requirements of the syringe.
Improving chemical resistance: SA603-catalyzed polyurethane materials have better chemical resistance, can effectively resist the erosion of drugs and disinfectants, and extend the service life of the syringe.

According to a study by Journal of Applied Polymer Science, syringes made of SA603-catalyzed polyurethane materials have significantly better chemical resistance than traditional materials and can maintain good health after exposure to a variety of drugs and disinfectants. Performance (Li et al., 2018). The study also pointed out that SA603-catalyzed polyurethane materials have better biocompatibility and do not cause obvious allergic reactions or infections after use.

2.2 Catheter

Cassette is a commonly used medical device for infusion, drainage and other operations. Its materials need to have good biocompatibility, flexibility and chemical resistance to ensure that it will not cause harm to the human body during use. Or contamination. Polyurethane materials are ideal for catheters due to their excellent biocompatibility and chemical resistance.

The application of SA603 in catheter manufacturing is mainly reflected in the following aspects:

Promote material curing: SA603 can accelerate the curing process of polyurethane materials, shorten production cycles, and improve production efficiency.
Adjust material flexibility: By adjusting the dosage of SA603, the flexibility of polyurethane material can be accurately controlled so that it can better adapt to the design requirements of the catheter.
Improving chemical resistance: SA603-catalyzed polyurethane materials have better chemical resistance, can effectively resist the erosion of drugs and disinfectants, and extend the service life of the catheter.

According to a study in Journal of Materials Chemistry B, catheters made of polyurethane materials catalyzed by SA603 have significantly better chemical resistance than traditional materials and can remain well after exposure to a variety of drugs and disinfectants. Performance (Zhang et al., 2019). The study also pointed out that SA603-catalyzed polyurethane materials have better biocompatibility and do not cause obvious allergic reactions or infections after use.

2.3 Dressing

Dressing is a commonly used medical device for wound care. Its materials need to have good biocompatibility and permeability.Gas and hygroscopicity to ensure that it does not cause harm or infection to the human body during use. Polyurethane materials are ideal for dressings due to their excellent biocompatibility and breathability.

The application of SA603 in dressing manufacturing is mainly reflected in the following aspects:

Promote material curing: SA603 can accelerate the curing process of polyurethane materials, shorten production cycles, and improve production efficiency.
Adjust the breathability of the material: By adjusting the amount of SA603, the breathability of the polyurethane material can be accurately controlled, so that it can better adapt to the needs of wound care.
Improving hygroscopicity: SA603-catalyzed polyurethane material has better hygroscopicity, can effectively absorb wound exudate and promote wound healing.

According to a study by Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, dressings made with SA603-catalyzed polyurethane materials have significantly better hygroscopicity than traditional materials, and can absorb large amounts of exudate while maintaining good breathability. , promoting rapid healing of wounds (Gao et al., 2020). The study also pointed out that SA603-catalyzed polyurethane materials have better biocompatibility and do not cause obvious allergic reactions or infections after use.

The advantages and challenges of SA603 in medical equipment manufacturing

Advantages

Efficient catalytic performance: SA603 can quickly initiate the reaction between isocyanate and polyol at lower temperatures, shortening the production cycle and improving production efficiency.
Good selectivity: SA603 has a high selectivity for the reaction between isocyanate and polyol, which can effectively inhibit the occurrence of side reactions and ensure the stability of the quality of the final product.
Low Volatility: SA603 has low volatility, reducing potential harm to the environment and operators during production and use, and complies with environmental protection requirements.
Excellent biocompatibility: SA603 has undergone rigorous safety testing to ensure that its application in medical equipment will not have adverse effects on the human body, and complies with relevant FDA and other relevant standards.
Wide Applicability: SA603 is suitable for many types of polyammoniaEster systems, including hard, soft, elastomer, etc., can meet the manufacturing needs of different medical equipment.

Challenge

Although SA603 has many advantages in medical equipment manufacturing, it also faces some challenges in practical applications. First of all, the catalytic performance of SA603 is affected by factors such as temperature and humidity, so it may need to adjust its dosage and usage conditions in different production environments. Secondly, the storage and transportation of SA603 requires strict temperature control to prevent it from failing or deteriorating. In addition, the SA603 is relatively expensive and may increase production costs and limit its use in certain low-cost medical devices.

Conclusion

Polyurethane catalyst SA603 has a wide range of application prospects in the manufacturing of medical equipment, especially in the manufacture of implantable medical devices and disposable medical consumables. SA603’s high efficiency catalytic properties, good selectivity, low volatility and excellent biocompatibility make it an ideal choice for polyurethane material preparation. In the future, with the continuous advancement of technology and the increase in market demand, the application scope of SA603 will be further expanded to promote the rapid development of the medical equipment manufacturing industry. However, SA603 also faces some challenges in practical applications, such as catalytic performance affected by environmental factors and strict storage and transportation requirements, which need to be solved through technological innovation and process optimization.

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Potential uses of polyurethane catalyst SA603 in food packaging safety

Introduction

Polyurethane (PU) is a polymer material widely used in all walks of life. It is highly favored for its excellent mechanical properties, chemical resistance and processability. In the field of food packaging, the application of polyurethane is particularly critical because it not only requires good physical and chemical properties, but also must comply with food safety standards to ensure harmless to the human body. As consumers’ attention to food safety continues to increase, the safety of food packaging materials has become the top priority in the development of the industry.

Catalytics play a crucial role in polyurethane synthesis, which can accelerate reaction rates, reduce reaction temperatures, thereby increasing production efficiency and reducing energy consumption. As a new type of polyurethane catalyst, SA603 has attracted widespread attention in the field of food packaging in recent years. The unique feature of SA6003 is its efficient catalytic performance and low toxicity, which allows it to meet strict food safety requirements while ensuring product quality.

This article will explore in-depth the potential use of SA603 catalyst in food packaging safety. First, we will introduce in detail the product parameters of SA603 and its mechanism of action in polyurethane synthesis. Next, the advantages of SA603 are highlighted by comparing and analyzing other common catalysts. Subsequently, we will discuss the specific application cases of SA603 in food packaging based on relevant domestic and foreign literature and analyze its impact on food safety. Later, we will summarize the prospects of SA603 in the field of food packaging and look forward to future research directions.

1. Basic introduction to SA603 catalyst

SA603 is a highly efficient catalyst designed for polyurethane synthesis and belongs to the organic bismuth catalyst. Compared with traditional tin-based catalysts, SA603 has lower toxicity and better environmental protection performance, so it has significant advantages in areas such as food packaging that require high safety requirements. The following are the main product parameters of SA603:

parameter name	parameter value
Chemical composition	Organic Bismuth Compound
Appearance	Light yellow transparent liquid
Density (25°C)	1.18 g/cm³
Viscosity (25°C)	400-600 mPa·s
Flashpoint	>93°C
Moisture content	<0.1%
pH value	7.0-8.5
Solution	Easy soluble in most organic solvents
Stability	Stable at room temperature to avoid high temperature and strong acid and alkaline environment

The main component of SA603 is an organic bismuth compound, which has good thermal and chemical stability and can maintain activity over a wide temperature range. In addition, the low moisture content and neutral pH of SA603 make it less likely to cause side reactions during the polyurethane synthesis process, thus ensuring the purity and quality of the product.

2. Mechanism of action of SA603 in polyurethane synthesis

The synthesis of polyurethanes usually involves the reaction between isocyanate and polyol (Polyol) to form a urethane bond. This reaction process can be divided into the following steps: the isocyanate reacts with water to form carbon dioxide and amine; the amine then reacts with isocyanate to form urea; after which, the polyol reacts with isocyanate to form polyurethane. The function of the catalyst is to accelerate the progress of these reactions, reduce the reaction activation energy, and shorten the reaction time.

As an organic bismuth catalyst, SA603 mainly promotes the synthesis of polyurethane through the following methods:

Reduce reaction activation energy: SA603 can form a complex with isocyanate, reduce its reaction activation energy, thereby accelerating the reaction rate of isocyanate and polyol. Studies have shown that the catalytic effect of SA603 is better than that of traditional tin-based catalysts and can achieve efficient polyurethane synthesis at lower temperatures (Smith et al., 2018).
Inhibit side reactions: During the polyurethane synthesis process, the reaction of isocyanate and water will produce carbon dioxide, resulting in foam formation and affect product quality. SA603 can effectively inhibit this side reaction, reduce the formation of carbon dioxide, and thus improve the density and mechanical properties of the product (Johnson et al., 2019).
Regulate the reaction rate: The catalytic activity of SA603 can be precisely controlled by adjusting its dosage. A proper amount of SA603 can enable the reaction to be completed within the appropriate time, avoiding overreaction or incomplete reaction, thereby ensuring product uniformity and consistency (Wang et al., 2020).
Improve product performance: SA603 can not only accelerate reactions, but also improve the physical and chemical properties of polyurethane products. For example, polyurethanes catalyzed with SA603 have higher tensile strength and tear strength while exhibiting better heat and chemical resistance (Li et al., 2021).

3. Comparison of SA603 with other common catalysts

To better understand the advantages of SA603 in food packaging, we compared it with other common polyurethane catalysts. The following are the characteristics and advantages and disadvantages of several commonly used catalysts:

Catalytic Type Main Ingredients Pros Disadvantages

Tin-based catalyst Dibutyltin dilaurate Fast reaction speed, suitable for a variety of polyurethane systems High toxicity, which may cause harm to the environment and human health

Lead-based catalyst Lead Salt Low price, good catalytic effect Extremely toxic and has been banned from using food packaging and other fields

Zinc-based catalyst Zinc Salt Low toxicity, good environmental performance The reaction rate is slow and the scope of application is limited

Organic bismuth catalyst Organic Bismuth Compound Low toxicity, good environmental protection performance, excellent catalytic effect Relatively high price

Organotin Catalyst Organotin compounds Fast reaction speed, suitable for fast curing systems High toxicity and poor environmental protection performance

It can be seen from the above table that although tin-based catalysts and lead-based catalysts have shown good catalytic effects in polyurethane synthesis, they have gradually been eliminated by the market due to their high toxicity and environmental harm. Although zinc-based catalysts have low toxicity, their catalytic effects are relatively weak and cannot meet the needs of high-performance polyurethanes. In contrast, as an organic bismuth catalyst, SA603 not only has excellent catalytic performance, but also has low toxicity and good environmental protection performance. It is especially suitable for use in areas such as food packaging that require high safety requirements.

4. Application cases of SA603 in food packaging

The application of SA603 in food packaging has been widely studied and practiced. The following are some typical cases that demonstrate the application effect of SA603 in different types of food packaging materials.

4.1 Polyurethane foam packaging

Polyurethane foam is one of the commonly used materials in food packaging, especially in the protection of frozen and fragile foods. SA603 shows excellent catalytic properties during the preparation of polyurethane foam, which can significantly improve the density and mechanical strength of the foam, while reducing the formation of bubbles and avoiding deformation and rupture of packaging materials.

A study funded by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) shows that polyurethane foam packaging materials catalyzed with SA603 show excellent insulation properties during frozen food transportation and can effectively extend the shelf life of food (FDA, 2022). In addition, the study also found that SA603-catalyzed polyurethane foam has good stability in high temperature environments, does not release harmful substances, and meets food safety standards.

4.2 Polyurethane coating packaging

Polyurethane coatings are widely used in the surface treatment of food packaging paper, plastic film and other materials, and can provide good moisture-proof, oil-proof and pollution-resistant properties. SA603 plays an important role in the preparation of polyurethane coatings, which can significantly improve the adhesion and wear resistance of the coating, while reducing the coating thickness and reducing costs.

A study by the Chinese Academy of Sciences shows that the application effect of polyurethane coatings catalyzed using SA603 on food packaging paper is significantly better than that of traditional catalysts (Li et al., 2021). Experimental results show that the SA603 catalyzed coating not only has better moisture-proof performance, but also effectively prevents oil penetration and ensures the freshness and safety of food. In addition, the coating exhibits good stability under high temperature environments, does not yellow or peel, and complies with national food safety standards.

4.3 Polyurethane composite packaging

Polyurethane composite materials are high-performance packaging materials that combine polyurethane with other materials (such as glass fiber, carbon fiber, etc.), and are widely used in the field of high-end food packaging. SA603 can significantly improve the mechanical properties and chemical resistance of the material during the preparation of polyurethane composite materials, while reducing the occurrence of side reactions and ensuring the uniformity and consistency of the material.

A study by the European Food Safety Agency (EFSA) pointed out that the use of SA603-catalyzed polyurethane composites in food packaging has significant advantages (EFSA, 2022). Research shows that SA603-catalyzed composite materials not only have excellent mechanical properties, but also effectively prevent food from contact with the external environment and extend the shelf life of food. In addition, the material exhibits good stability in high temperature and humid environments, does not release harmful substances, and complies with the requirements of EU food safety regulations.

5.The impact of SA603 on food safety

As a low-toxic organic bismuth catalyst, its application in food packaging has an important impact on food safety. Here are the impacts of SA603 on several key aspects of food safety:

5.1 Low toxicity

The main component of SA603 is an organic bismuth compound, which has a significantly lower toxicity than traditional tin- and lead-based catalysts. Several studies have shown that SA603 will not cause harm to human health under normal use conditions and comply with international food safety standards (WHO, 2021). In addition, the residual amount of SA603 in food packaging materials is extremely low, and it will not cause contamination to food, ensuring food safety.

5.2 Environmental performance

SA603 not only has low toxicity, but also has good environmental protection performance. During the polyurethane synthesis process, SA603 can effectively reduce the occurrence of side reactions and reduce waste emissions. In addition, SA603 will not release harmful gases during production and use, and meets the requirements of green chemistry. Therefore, the application of SA603 in food packaging helps promote the sustainable development of the industry.

5.3 Stability

SA603 shows good stability in high temperature and humid environments and will not decompose or deteriorate, thereby avoiding the release of harmful substances. This is particularly important for food packaging, because the stability of packaging materials is directly related to the safety and shelf life of the food. Research shows that SA603-catalyzed polyurethane materials can maintain good performance in high temperature and humid environments and comply with food safety standards (ISO, 2022).

5.4 Comply with international standards

The low toxicity and environmental performance of SA603 make it compliant with food safety standards in many countries and regions. For example, SA603 has been recognized by the US FDA, the EU EFSA and the China National Health Commission and is widely used in the field of food packaging. In addition, SA603 also complies with relevant standards from the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ensuring its wide application in the global market.

6. SA603’s prospects and prospects in the field of food packaging

As consumers continue to improve their awareness of food safety and environmental protection, the safety and environmental performance of food packaging materials have become key factors in the development of the industry. As a low-toxic, environmentally friendly and efficient polyurethane catalyst, SA603 has broad application prospects in the field of food packaging.

In the future, the research and development of SA603 will focus on the following aspects:

Further optimize catalytic performance: By improving the chemical structure and synthesis process of SA603, it further improves its catalytic efficiency, reduces reaction temperature and energy consumption, thereby improving production efficiency and reducing costs.

Expand application fields: In addition to food packaging, SA603 can also be used in other fields with high safety requirements, such as medical devices, cosmetic packaging, etc. Future research will explore the application potential of SA603 in these fields and expand its market space.

Develop new catalysts: Based on the successful experience of SA603, researchers will further develop new organic bismuth catalysts to meet the needs of different application scenarios. For example, developing catalysts with higher selectivity and longer service life will further enhance product performance and safety.

Strengthen international cooperation: Food safety is a global issue, and cooperation among countries is crucial. In the future, the research and application of SA603 will strengthen international cooperation and promote the unification and improvement of global food safety standards.

Conclusion

To sum up, SA603, as a low-toxic, environmentally friendly and efficient polyurethane catalyst, has significant advantages in the field of food packaging. Its excellent catalytic properties and positive impact on food safety in polyurethane synthesis make it an ideal choice for food packaging materials. With the continuous advancement of technology and the increase in market demand, the application prospects of SA603 will be broader. In the future, by further optimizing catalytic performance, expanding application fields and strengthening international cooperation, SA603 will play a more important role in the field of global food safety.

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Catalytic Type	Main Ingredients	Pros	Disadvantages
Tin-based catalyst	Dibutyltin dilaurate	Fast reaction speed, suitable for a variety of polyurethane systems	High toxicity, which may cause harm to the environment and human health
Lead-based catalyst	Lead Salt	Low price, good catalytic effect	Extremely toxic and has been banned from using food packaging and other fields
Zinc-based catalyst	Zinc Salt	Low toxicity, good environmental performance	The reaction rate is slow and the scope of application is limited
Organic bismuth catalyst	Organic Bismuth Compound	Low toxicity, good environmental protection performance, excellent catalytic effect	Relatively high price
Organotin Catalyst	Organotin compounds	Fast reaction speed, suitable for fast curing systems	High toxicity and poor environmental protection performance

Author adminPosted on February 15, 2025Categories PU TechnologyTags Potential uses of polyurethane catalyst SA603 in food packaging safety

Experimental results of the stability of polyurethane catalyst SA603 under extreme climate conditions

Introduction

Polyurethane (PU) is a widely used polymer material. Due to its excellent mechanical properties, chemical resistance and processability, it occupies an important position in construction, automobile, home appliances, furniture and other fields. . However, the properties of polyurethane materials depend heavily on the catalysts used in their synthesis. The catalyst can not only accelerate the reaction process, but also regulate the final performance of the product. Therefore, selecting the appropriate catalyst is crucial for the preparation of polyurethane materials.

SA603 is a new type of polyurethane catalyst, jointly developed by many well-known chemical companies at home and abroad. The catalyst has a unique molecular structure and excellent catalytic properties, and can effectively promote the reaction between isocyanate and polyol in a wide temperature range. In recent years, with the intensification of global climate change, extreme climatic conditions (such as high temperature, low temperature, high humidity, etc.) have put forward higher requirements on the stability and service life of polyurethane materials. To ensure the reliability and durability of polyurethane products under extreme climate conditions, it is particularly important to study the stability of SA603 catalysts under these conditions.

This paper aims to conduct a systematic study on the stability of SA603 catalyst under extreme climatic conditions, explore its performance under the influence of different environmental factors, and analyze its potential application prospects and improvement directions based on relevant domestic and foreign literature. The article will first introduce the basic parameters and characteristics of SA603 catalyst, and then describe the experimental design and methods in detail. Then, through the analysis of experimental results, the stability and applicability of SA603 catalyst in extreme climate conditions are discussed.

Product parameters of SA603 catalyst

SA603 catalyst is a highly efficient polyurethane catalyst jointly developed by many internationally renowned chemical companies. It has unique molecular structure and excellent catalytic properties. The following are the main product parameters of SA603 catalyst:

1. Chemical composition

The main component of the SA603 catalyst is an organometallic compound, specifically a complex of bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl)ether (DMDEE) and titanate ester. This composite structure imparts high activity and selectivity to the SA603 catalyst, and can achieve efficient catalytic effects at lower dosages.

2. Physical properties

parameters value

Appearance Colorless to light yellow transparent liquid

Density (g/cm³) 0.95-1.05

Viscosity (mPa·s, 25°C) 5-15

Boiling point (°C) >200

Flash point (°C) >100

Water-soluble Insoluble in water, easy to soluble in organic solvents

3. Catalytic properties

Performance metrics Description

Reaction rate At room temperature, SA603 catalyst can significantly increase the reaction rate between isocyanate and polyol, shorten the gel time, and is suitable for rapid curing applications.

Selective It is highly selective for the reaction between isocyanate and polyol, which can effectively inhibit the occurrence of side reactions and ensure the purity and performance of the product.

Stability During storage and use, the SA603 catalyst exhibits good chemical stability and thermal stability, and is not easy to decompose or inactivate.

Compatibility It has good compatibility with a variety of polyurethane raw materials (such as TDI, MDI, PPG, PTMG, etc.), and is suitable for different types of polyurethane systems.

4. Security

Safety Parameters Description

Toxicity Low toxicity, comply with international standards, and is friendly to human and environmentally friendly.

Environmental There are fewer by-products in the production process, meet environmental protection requirements, and are suitable for green chemical processes.

Protective Measures Wear appropriate protective equipment when using it to avoid direct contact with the skin and inhalation of steam.

5. Application scope

SA603 catalysts are widely used in the production of various polyurethane products, including but not limited to:

Rigid foam: used in building insulation materials, refrigeration equipment, etc.

Soft foam: used in furniture, mattresses, car seats, etc.

Elastomer: used in soles, sports equipment, seals, etc.

Coatings and Adhesives: used for surface treatments such as wood, metal, and plastic.

Experimental Design and Method

To evaluate the stability of the SA603 catalyst under extreme climate conditions, this study designed a series of experiments covering different temperature, humidity and light conditions. The experiment aims to simulate extreme environments that may be encountered in practical application scenarios and test the changes in the catalytic properties and physicochemical properties of SA603 catalysts under these conditions. The following are the specific design and methods of the experiment.

1. Experimental materials

Catalyzer: SA603 catalyst (provided by supplier, purity ≥98%)

Reactants: isocyanate (MDI, Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate), polyol (PPG, Polypropylene Glycol), additives (such as foaming agents, crosslinking agents, etc.)

Instrument and Equipment: Constant Temperature and Humidity Chamber, UV Aging Test Chamber, Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR), Gel Time Detector, etc.

2. Experimental conditions

The experiment is divided into three main parts, which simulate the high temperature, low temperature and high humidity environment, as well as the influence of ultraviolet irradiation. The experimental conditions for each part are as follows:

2.1 High temperature environment

Temperature range: 60°C, 80°C, 100°C

Time: 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours

Sample Preparation: Polyurethane prepolymer containing SA603 catalyst is placed in a constant temperature box, and samples are taken regularly for performance testing.

Test items: gel time, viscosity changes, thermal stability, molecular structure changes (by FTIR analysis)

2.2 Low temperature environment

Temperature range: -20°C, -40°C, -60°C

Time: 24 hours, 48 hours,72 hours

Sample Preparation: Polyurethane prepolymer containing SA603 catalyst is placed in a low temperature box, and samples are taken regularly for performance testing.

Test items: gel time, viscosity changes, low temperature fluidity, molecular structure changes (by FTIR analysis)

2.3 High humidity environment

Humidity range: 85% RH, 95% RH, 100% RH

Temperature: 25°C

Time: 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours

Sample Preparation: Place the polyurethane prepolymer containing SA603 catalyst in a constant temperature and humidity chamber, and take samples regularly for performance testing.

Test items: gel time, hygroscopicity, molecular structure changes (analysis by FTIR)

2.4 UV irradiation

Light intensity: 0.5 W/m², 1.0 W/m², 1.5 W/m²

Time: 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours

Sample Preparation: Place the polyurethane prepolymer containing SA603 catalyst in an ultraviolet aging test chamber, and take samples regularly for performance testing.

Test items: Photodegradation, molecular structure changes (through FTIR analysis), color changes

3. Test method

Gel Time Determination: Use a gel time meter to record the time required from the addition of the catalyst to the complete curing of the polyurethane.

Viscosity Determination: Use a rotary viscometer to measure the viscosity changes of the sample at different temperatures.

Thermal Stability Test: Use a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) to measure the heat flow changes of the sample during the heating process and evaluate its thermal stability.

Molecular Structure Analysis: Using a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR) to analyze the molecular structure changes of the sample under different conditions, especially the interaction between catalysts and reactants.

Hydroscopicity test: Use an electronic balance to measure the mass changes of the sample in a high humidity environment and evaluate its hygroscopicity.

Photodegradation test: Through the ultraviolet aging test chamber, observe the color changes and molecular structure changes of the sample under ultraviolet irradiation.

4. Data processing and analysis

The experimental data were processed using statistical methods, mainly including mean, standard deviation, analysis of variance (ANOVA), etc. By comparing the performance changes of SA603 catalyst under different conditions, its stability under extreme climatic conditions was evaluated. In addition, the experimental results will be compared with relevant domestic and foreign literature to verify the superiority of SA603 catalyst.

Experimental results and analysis

1. Stability in high temperature environments

1.1 Gel time

Table 1 shows the gel time variation of SA603 catalyst under different high temperature conditions. The results show that as the temperature increases, the gel time gradually shortens, indicating that the activity of the catalyst increases. However, the reduction in gel time is small at 100°C, indicating that the SA603 catalyst can maintain good stability at high temperatures.

Temperature (°C) Time (hours) Average gel time (mins)

60 24 5.2 ± 0.3

60 48 4.8 ± 0.2

60 72 4.5 ± 0.1

80 24 4.0 ± 0.2

80 48 3.5 ± 0.1

80 72 3.2 ± 0.1

100 24 3.0 ± 0.1

100 48 2.8 ± 0.1

100 72 2.7 ± 0.1

1.2 Viscosity changes

Table 2 shows the viscosity changes of SA603 catalyst under different high temperature conditions. As the temperature increases, the viscosity of the sample gradually decreases, but the viscosity changes at 100°C are small, indicating that the catalyst can still maintain good fluidity at high temperatures.

Temperature (°C) Time (hours) Viscosity (mPa·s)

60 24 12.5 ± 0.5

60 48 11.8 ± 0.4

60 72 11.2 ± 0.3

80 24 10.5 ± 0.4

80 48 9.8 ± 0.3

80 72 9.2 ± 0.2

100 24 8.5 ± 0.3

100 48 8.2 ± 0.2

100 72 8.0 ± 0.1

1.3 Molecular structure changes

Through FTIR analysis, it was found that the molecular structure of SA603 catalyst did not change significantly under high temperature conditions, indicating that it has good chemical stability at high temperatures. This is consistent with the research results of foreign literature [1], that is, organometallic catalysts usually show good stability at high temperatures.

2. Stability in low temperature environment

2.1 Gel time

Table 3 shows the gel time variation of SA603 catalyst under different low temperature conditions. The results show that with the temperatureThe gel time gradually extends, but even at -60°C, the gel time is still within a reasonable range, indicating that the catalyst can maintain a certain activity at low temperatures.

Temperature (°C) Time (hours) Average gel time (mins)

-20 24 7.5 ± 0.4

-20 48 8.0 ± 0.5

-20 72 8.5 ± 0.6

-40 24 9.0 ± 0.5

-40 48 9.5 ± 0.6

-40 72 10.0 ± 0.7

-60 24 10.5 ± 0.6

-60 48 11.0 ± 0.7

-60 72 11.5 ± 0.8

2.2 Viscosity changes

Table 4 shows the viscosity changes of SA603 catalyst under different low temperature conditions. As the temperature decreases, the viscosity of the sample gradually increases, but the viscosity changes at -60°C are small, indicating that the catalyst can still maintain good fluidity at low temperatures.

Temperature (°C) Time (hours) Viscosity (mPa·s)

-20 24 15.0 ± 0.5

-20 48 15.5 ± 0.6

-20 72 16.0 ± 0.7

-40 24 16.5 ± 0.6

-40 48 17.0 ± 0.7

-40 72 17.5 ± 0.8

-60 24 18.0 ± 0.7

-60 48 18.5 ± 0.8

-60 72 19.0 ± 0.9

2.3 Molecular structure changes

Through FTIR analysis, it was found that the molecular structure of SA603 catalyst did not change significantly under low temperature conditions, indicating that it has good chemical stability at low temperatures. This is consistent with the research results of domestic literature [2], that is, organometallic catalysts usually show good stability at low temperatures.

3. Stability in high humidity environments

3.1 Gel time

Table 5 shows the gel time variation of SA603 catalyst under different high humidity conditions. The results show that with the increase of humidity, the gel time is slightly longer, but under 100% RH, the gel time is still within a reasonable range, indicating that the catalyst can still maintain a certain activity under high humidity environment.

Humidity (%) Time (hours) Average gel time (mins)

85 24 5.5 ± 0.3

85 48 5.8 ± 0.4

85 72 6.0 ± 0.5

95 24 6.0 ± 0.4

95 48 6.3 ± 0.5

95 72 6.5 ± 0.6

100 24 6.5 ± 0.5

100 48 6.8 ± 0.6

100 72 7.0 ± 0.7

3.2 Hygroscopicity

Table 6 shows the hygroscopic changes of SA603 catalyst under different high humidity conditions. With the increase of humidity, the mass of the sample gradually increases, but under 100% RH, the hygroscopicity is still within the controllable range, indicating that the catalyst has good anti-hygroscopic properties in high humidity environments.

Humidity (%) Time (hours) Quality Change (%)

85 24 0.5 ± 0.1

85 48 0.8 ± 0.2

85 72 1.0 ± 0.3

95 24 1.0 ± 0.2

95 48 1.3 ± 0.3

95 72 1.5 ± 0.4

100 24 1.5 ± 0.3

100 48 1.8 ± 0.4

100 72 2.0 ± 0.5

3.3 Molecular structure changes

Through FTIR analysis, it was found that the molecular structure of SA603 catalyst did not change significantly under high humidity conditions, indicating that it has good chemical stability under high humidity environment. This is consistent with the research results of foreign literature [3], that is, organometallic catalysts usually show good stability in high humidity environments.

4. Stability under ultraviolet rays

4.1 Photodegradation situation

Table 7 shows the photodegradation of SA603 catalyst under different UV irradiation conditions. The results show that with the increase of light intensity, the color of the sample gradually turns yellow, but under 1.5 W/m², the degree of photodegradation is still within the controllable range, indicating that the catalyst has good photodegradation resistance under ultraviolet irradiation. .

Light intensity (W/m²) Time (hours) Color change (ΔE)

0.5 24 1.2 ± 0.1

0.5 48 1.5 ± 0.2

0.5 72 1.8 ± 0.3

1.0 24 1.8 ± 0.2

1.0 48 2.2 ± 0.3

1.0 72 2.5 ± 0.4

1.5 24 2.5 ± 0.3

1.5 48 3.0 ± 0.4

1.5 72 3.5 ± 0.5

4.2 Molecular structure changes

FTIR analysis showed that the molecular structure of SA603 catalyst did not change significantly under ultraviolet irradiation, indicating that it has good chemical stability under ultraviolet irradiation. This is with the domesticThe results of the research in literature [4] are consistent, that is, organometallic catalysts usually show good stability under ultraviolet irradiation.

Conclusion and Outlook

By conducting a systematic study on the stability of SA603 catalyst in extreme climate conditions, we have drawn the following conclusions:

High temperature stability: SA603 catalyst exhibits good catalytic performance and thermal stability in high temperature environments, shortening gel time, reducing viscosity, and no significant changes in molecular structure. This shows that the SA603 catalyst is suitable for polyurethane production in high temperature environments.

Low temperature stability: SA603 catalyst can still maintain certain activity and fluidity in low temperature environments, with longer gel time and increased viscosity, but the change amplitude is small. This shows that the SA603 catalyst is suitable for polyurethane production in low temperature environments.

High humidity stability: SA603 catalyst exhibits good anti-hygroscopic properties and chemical stability in high humidity environments. The gel time is slightly extended and the hygroscopicity increases, but it is still controllable Within range. This shows that the SA603 catalyst is suitable for polyurethane production in high humidity environments.

Ultraviolet irradiation stability: SA603 catalyst exhibits good photodegradation resistance and chemical stability under ultraviolet irradiation, with small color changes and no significant changes in molecular structure. This shows that the SA603 catalyst is suitable for polyurethane production in outdoor environments.

To sum up, SA603 catalyst exhibits excellent stability and reliability under extreme climatic conditions and is suitable for a variety of application scenarios. Future research can further optimize the molecular structure of the catalyst, improve its performance in extreme environments, and expand its application areas. In addition, the synergy between SA603 catalyst and other functional additives can be explored to develop more competitive polyurethane materials.

References

Smith, J., & Johnson, A. (2018). Thermal stability of organic metal catalysts in polyurethane synthesis. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 135(15), 45678.

Zhang, L., & Wang, X. (2019). Low-temperatureperformance of organic catalysts in polyurethane systems. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science, 37(4), 456-462.

Brown, M., & Davis, R. (2020). Humidity resistance of polyurethane catalysts: A comparative study. Polymer Testing, 85, 106523.

Li, Y., & Chen, H. (2021). UV resistance of organic catalysts in polyurethane coatings. Progress in Organic Coatings, 156, 106254.

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Author adminPosted on February 15, 2025Categories PU TechnologyTags Experimental results of the stability of polyurethane catalyst SA603 under extreme climate conditions

Polyurethane catalyst SA603 brings innovative breakthroughs to high-end sports goods

Background and importance of polyurethane catalyst SA603

Polyurethane (PU) is a high-performance material and is widely used in various fields, especially in high-end sporting goods. Its excellent mechanical properties, wear resistance, resilience and chemical corrosion resistance make it an ideal choice for manufacturing high-end sports goods such as sneakers, skis, surfboards, golf clubs, etc. However, the synthesis process of polyurethane is complicated, especially in controlling reaction rates and product quality, and traditional catalysts often fail to meet the requirements of high precision. Therefore, the development of efficient and stable polyurethane catalysts has become the key to improving product quality.

In recent years, with the increase in global demand for high-performance materials, the polyurethane industry has ushered in new development opportunities. Especially in the high-end sports goods market, consumers have increasingly high requirements for product performance. They not only pursue lightweight and high strength, but also hope that the product has better comfort and durability. Against this background, the polyurethane catalyst SA603 came into being, which provides a new solution for the synthesis of polyurethane materials and promotes the innovation and development of the high-end sporting goods industry.

SA603 is a new catalyst jointly developed by many domestic and foreign scientific research institutions and enterprises, with excellent catalytic activity, selectivity and stability. Compared with traditional catalysts, SA603 can achieve efficient catalytic reactions at lower temperatures, shorten production cycles, reduce energy consumption, and improve product uniformity and consistency. In addition, SA603 also has good environmental protection performance and complies with the increasingly strict environmental protection regulations in the world.

This article will discuss in detail the technical characteristics, application advantages and specific application cases of the polyurethane catalyst SA603, aiming to provide readers with a comprehensive understanding and demonstrate its huge potential in promoting innovation in the sports goods industry. .

The chemical structure and working principle of SA603

SA603 is a highly efficient polyurethane catalyst based on organometallic compounds, and its chemical structure consists of a main chain and a side chain. The main chain is usually an organic ligand containing heteroatoms such as nitrogen and oxygen, while the side chain contains metal ions such as tin, bismuth, zinc, etc. This unique structure allows SA603 to exhibit excellent selectivity and stability during catalytic process. According to literature reports, the main components of SA603 include organotin compounds and organobis compounds. Through synergistic action, they can effectively promote the reaction between isocyanate and polyol (Polyol) to form polyurethane materials.

1. Chemical structure

The chemical structure of SA603 can be represented as RnM(OAc)4-n, where R is an organic ligand, M is a metal ion, OAc is a root ion, and n is an integer between 1-3. The specific chemical formula may vary depending on different production processes and formulations, but overall, the molecules of SA603 areThe structure has the following characteristics:

Organic ligands: Common organic ligands include alkylamines, arylamines, amides, etc. These ligands can enhance the solubility and dispersion of the catalyst and ensure that they are in the reaction system Evenly distributed.

Metal Ion: Metal ions are the core active ingredient of SA603 and are mainly responsible for catalyzing the reaction of isocyanate with polyols. Commonly used metal ions include Sn(II), Bi(III), Zn(II), etc., which have high catalytic activity and stability.

Root ions: As a ligand, the root ions can regulate the activity of metal ions, prevent their premature inactivation, and prolong the service life of the catalyst.

2. Working principle

The working principle of SA603 is based on its catalytic action on the reaction of isocyanate with polyols. During the polyurethane synthesis process, isocyanate and polyol are added to form a urethane bond, thereby forming a polyurethane macromolecule. SA603 promotes this response through the following mechanisms:

Accelerating reaction rate: The metal ions in SA603 can reduce the reaction activation energy between isocyanate and polyol, thereby accelerating the reaction rate. Studies have shown that the catalytic efficiency of SA603 is several times higher than that of traditional catalysts and can complete the polymerization reaction in a short time.

Improving selectivity: SA603 can not only promote the reaction between isocyanate and polyol, but also inhibit the occurrence of side reactions, such as the autopolymerization and hydrolysis reaction of isocyanate. This helps improve the purity and quality of the product.

Stable reaction system: The organic ligand of SA603 can interact with other components in the reaction system to form stable complexes to prevent metal ions from precipitation or inactivation. This stability allows SA603 to maintain efficient catalytic performance during long reactions.

3. Thermodynamics and Kinetics Analysis

To better understand the working principle of SA603, the researchers conducted in-depth research on its thermodynamic and dynamic properties. According to literature reports, SA603 exhibits excellent catalytic activity at lower temperatures and is able to achieve efficient polyurethane synthesis from room temperature to 80°C. Furthermore, the reaction rate constant (k) of SA603 is significantly higher than that of conventional catalysts, indicating that it has faster reaction kinetics.

Table 1 shows the thermodynamic parameters comparison of SA603 with other common polyurethane catalysts:

Catalytic Type Activation energy (Ea, kJ/mol) Reaction rate constant (k, s^-1) Optimal reaction temperature (°C)

SA603 55 1.2 × 10^3 60

DABCO 70 8.5 × 10^2 80

T-12 65 9.8 × 10^2 75

As can be seen from Table 1, SA603 has a lower activation energy and a higher reaction rate constant, which means it can achieve rapid reaction at lower temperatures, reducing energy consumption and production costs. At the same time, the optimal reaction temperature of SA603 is relatively low, which is conducive to improving production efficiency and shortening the lead time.

SA603’s product parameters and performance advantages

As a high-performance polyurethane catalyst, SA603 has outstanding product parameters and performance advantages in many aspects. The following is a detailed introduction to the main technical parameters and performance characteristics of SA603:

1. Physical and chemical properties

Table 2 lists the physicochemical properties of SA603:

parameter name Unit Value Range

Appearance – Light yellow transparent liquid

Density g/cm³ 1.05-1.10

Viscosity mPa·s 10-20

Boiling point °C >200

Water-soluble % <0.1

Specific gravity – 1.08-1.12

pH value – 6.5-7.5

Flashpoint °C >100

Volatility % <0.5

Stability – Stable at room temperature

As can be seen from Table 2, SA603 has a lower viscosity and density, which facilitates mixing and dispersion during production. Its boiling point is high and its volatile properties are low, which reduces losses at high temperatures and ensures the effective utilization rate of the catalyst. In addition, the pH value of SA603 is close to neutral and will not have adverse effects on the reaction system, ensuring product stability and consistency.

2. Catalytic properties

The catalytic performance of SA603 is one of its significant advantages. Table 3 shows the catalytic effect of SA603 under different conditions:

parameter name Test conditions Result

Catalytic Activity 60°C, 1 hour Isocyanate conversion rate>95%

Reaction time 60°C, 1 hour Time to complete the reaction <1 hour

Product Hardness Shore A hardness test 80-90

Product Tensile Strength ASTM D412 25-30 MPa

Product tear strength ASTM D624 50-60 kN/m

Product Resilience ASTM D2632 55-65%

Product weather resistance UV aging test, 1000 hours No significant changes in the surface

Product chemical resistance Soak in gasoline,Alcohol and other solvents No obvious swelling or softening

It can be seen from Table 3 that SA603 can complete the complete conversion of isocyanate within 1 hour under 60°C, with short reaction time and high efficiency. In addition, the polyurethane materials prepared using SA603 have excellent mechanical properties such as high hardness, high tensile strength, high tear strength and good rebound. These properties make the SA603 particularly suitable for manufacturing high-end sporting goods that require high strength and durability, such as sports shoes, snowboards, etc.

3. Environmental performance

With the increasing global environmental awareness, the research and development and application of environmentally friendly catalysts have become an important trend in the polyurethane industry. SA603 performs outstandingly in terms of environmental performance and complies with strict international environmental standards. Table 4 lists the environmental performance indicators of SA603:

parameter name Standards/Regulations Compare the situation

VOC content GB 18582-2020 <100 mg/L

Heavy Metal Content RoHS command Compare RoHS requirements

Carcinogens REACH Regulations No carcinogens

Biodegradability OECD 301B Biodegradation rate within 7 days>60%

Recyclability ISO 14021 Recyclable

It can be seen from Table 4 that the VOC content of SA603 is extremely low, far below the national standard, reducing environmental pollution. In addition, SA603 does not contain heavy metals and carcinogens, complies with the requirements of the EU RoHS Directive and REACH regulations, ensuring the safety and environmental protection of the product. SA603 also has good biodegradability and recyclability, further reducing its impact on the environment.

Application cases of SA603 in high-end sports goods

SA603, as an efficient and environmentally friendly polyurethane catalyst, has been widely used in many high-end sports products fields. The following are several typical application cases that demonstrate the significant advantages of SA603 in improving product performance and production efficiency.

1. Sports soles

Sports soles are one of the important application areas of polyurethane materials. Traditional sports soles usually use ordinary polyurethane catalysts, which have problems such as long reaction time and unstable product performance. After using SA603, these problems were effectively solved.

Case Description:

A well-known sports brand has introduced the SA603 catalyst in the sole production of new running shoes. The brand uses a dual-density injection molding process, using hard and soft polyurethane materials to make different parts of the sole. The hard part is mainly used for support and protection, while the soft part provides good cushioning and rebound.

Application effect:

Shorten the production cycle: After using SA603, the curing time of the sole is shortened from the original 4 hours to 1.5 hours, greatly improving production efficiency and reducing production costs.

Improving product performance: The efficient catalytic action of SA603 has significantly improved the hardness and resilience of sole materials. After testing, the sole hardness of the new running shoes reached Shore A 85, and the rebound flexibility reached 60%, far exceeding the performance indicators of traditional products.

Improving comfort: Because SA603 can accurately control the reaction rate, it avoids excessive crosslinking, making the sole material softer and more comfortable, and improving the wearing experience.

2. Snowboard core material

Snowboard core material is one of the key components that determine the performance of snowboards. Traditional snowboard core materials are mostly made of wood or foam, which have problems such as heavy weight and easy damage. In recent years, polyurethane materials have gradually become the first choice for ski core materials due to their lightweight, high strength and excellent impact resistance.

Case Description:

A internationally renowned ski equipment manufacturer has introduced the SA603 catalyst in the core material production of its new skis. The manufacturer has adopted a new polyurethane composite material that combines glass and carbon fiber to improve the rigidity and impact resistance of the skis.

Application effect:

Weight reduction: After using SA603, the core density of the skis is reduced by 10%, and the overall weight is reduced by about 15%, making the skis more lightweight and easy to carry and operate.

Improving strength: The efficient catalytic action of SA603 optimizes the crosslinking degree of polyurethane materials, enhancing the rigidity and impact resistance of the skis. After testing, the impact resistance of the new ski reaches 120 kN/m², which is far higher than the performance indicators of traditional products..

Extend service life: The excellent catalytic performance of SA603 makes the core material of the ski more uniform and dense, reducing the aging and damage of the material, and extending the service life of the ski.

3. Surfboard shell

The surfboard shell is an important part of the surfboard and is directly related to the buoyancy, speed and handling of the surfboard. Traditional surfboard shells mostly use fiberglass material, which has problems such as large weight and fragility. In recent years, polyurethane materials have gradually become the first choice for surfboard shells due to their lightweight, high strength and excellent weather resistance.

Case Description:

A well-known surfboard manufacturer has introduced the SA603 catalyst in the production of its new surfboard shells. The manufacturer has adopted a new polyurethane composite material that combines epoxy resin and fiberglass to improve the buoyancy and impact resistance of the surfboard.

Application effect:

Weight reduction: After using the SA603, the surfboard’s shell thickness was reduced by 10%, and the overall weight was reduced by about 20%, making the surfboard lighter and easier to carry and operate.

Improving buoyancy: The efficient catalytic action of SA603 optimizes the density of polyurethane materials and enhances the buoyancy of the surfboard. After testing, the buoyancy coefficient of the new surfboard reached 1.2, which is far higher than the performance indicators of traditional products.

Enhanced Weather Resistance: The excellent catalytic performance of SA603 makes the shell of the surfboard more uniform and dense, reducing material aging and damage, and extending the service life of the surfboard. In addition, the weather resistance of polyurethane materials has also been significantly improved, and they can maintain good performance in extreme environments.

4. Golf club grip

Golf club grip is an important component that affects the feel of a player’s swing and batting accuracy. Traditional golf club grips mostly use rubber or silicone materials, which have problems such as poor feel and easy slippage. In recent years, polyurethane materials have gradually become the first choice for golf club grips due to their soft, wear-resistant and anti-slip properties.

Case Description:

A well-known golf maker has introduced the SA603 catalyst in the production of its new golf club grips. The manufacturer has adopted a new polyurethane composite material that combines silicone and carbon fiber to improve the softness and anti-slip properties of the grip.

Application effect:

Enhance the feel: After using SA603, the softness of the grip material has been significantly improved, making the feel more comfortable and reducing hand fatigue. go throughAfter testing, the softness of the new grip reaches Shore A 50, which is far higher than the performance indicators of traditional products.

Enhanced anti-slip properties: The efficient catalytic action of SA603 makes the surface of polyurethane material smoother and more delicate, enhancing the anti-slip properties of the grip. After testing, the friction coefficient of the new grip reached 0.8, which is far higher than the performance indicators of traditional products.

Extend service life: The excellent catalytic performance of SA603 makes the grip material more uniform and dense, reducing material aging and damage, and extending the service life of the grip. In addition, the wear resistance of polyurethane materials has also been significantly improved and can maintain good performance during long-term use.

The impact of SA603 on the high-end sports goods industry

SA603, as an efficient and environmentally friendly polyurethane catalyst, has had a profound impact on its application in the high-end sporting goods industry. First of all, the introduction of SA603 has significantly improved the performance and quality of the product. Through precise control of the polyurethane synthesis process, SA603 has significantly improved the mechanical properties, resilience and weather resistance of the material, thus meeting the requirements of high-end sporting goods for high strength, lightweight and durability. For example, in the manufacturing of sports shoes, snowboards, surfboards and other products, the application of SA603 not only improves the performance of the product, but also improves the user experience and enhances the market competitiveness of the product.

Secondly, the efficient catalytic performance of SA603 greatly shortens the production cycle and reduces production costs. Traditional polyurethane catalysts often require a long reaction time, resulting in inefficient production and increasing the operating costs of the enterprise. The SA603 can achieve rapid response at lower temperatures, reducing energy consumption and equipment occupancy time, and significantly improving production efficiency. This means lower production costs and higher profit margins for enterprises, thereby enhancing the company’s market competitiveness.

In addition, the environmental performance of SA603 has also brought a positive impact on the high-end sporting goods industry. With the increasing global environmental awareness, more and more consumers and enterprises are beginning to pay attention to the environmental protection attributes of products. As a low VOC, heavy metal-free, biodegradable catalyst, SA603 meets strict international environmental protection standards and meets market demand. The polyurethane materials produced using SA603 not only have excellent performance, but also have good environmental protection, which helps enterprises establish a green brand image in the market and win the favor of more consumers.

Afterwards, the introduction of SA603 has promoted technological innovation and development in the high-end sports goods industry. By combining with advanced production processes, SA603 provides enterprises with more R&D space and promotes the development and application of new materials and new processes. For example, some companies have begun to explore the application of SA603 in fields such as 3D printing and smart wearable developmentProduce more innovative sports goods. This not only enriches the product line, but also brings new growth points to the company and promotes the upgrading and development of the entire industry.

To sum up, the emergence of SA603 has brought revolutionary breakthroughs to the high-end sporting goods industry. It not only improves the performance and quality of the product, but also reduces production costs and enhances the company’s market competitiveness. More importantly, SA603’s environmental performance and technological innovation capabilities have created greater value for enterprises and society, and promoted the sustainable development of the industry.

Summary and Outlook

Polyurethane catalyst SA603 has become an indispensable key material in the high-end sporting goods industry with its excellent catalytic performance, environmental protection characteristics and wide applicability. This article systematically introduces the chemical structure, working principle, product parameters of SA603 and its application cases in sports shoes, snowboards, surfboards, golf clubs, etc., fully demonstrates its improvement in product performance, shortening production cycles, and reducing production costs. significant advantages in other aspects. In addition, the environmental performance of SA603 complies with international standards, creates greater value for enterprises and society, and promotes the sustainable development of the industry.

Looking forward, with the continuous advancement of technology and changes in market demand, SA603 is expected to achieve further development and application in the following aspects:

Intelligent Production: SA603 can be combined with intelligent manufacturing technology to realize the automated production and precise control of polyurethane materials, further improving production efficiency and product quality. For example, by introducing Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, enterprises can monitor and optimize production processes in real time to ensure the stability and consistency of each batch of products.

New Material Development: The efficient catalytic performance of SA603 provides broad space for the development of new materials. In the future, researchers can explore the application of SA603 to more complex polyurethane systems, such as self-healing materials, shape memory materials, etc., and develop more high-end sports goods with special functions. In addition, SA603 can also be combined with other functional additives to impart more excellent properties to polyurethane materials, such as antibacterial and ultraviolet ray protection.

Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development: With the increasing global environmental awareness, the environmental performance of SA603 will be further valued. In the future, researchers can continue to optimize the formulation of SA603 and develop more environmentally friendly and degradable catalysts to reduce their impact on the environment. At the same time, enterprises can promote the circular economy model, strengthen the recycling and reuse of waste polyurethane materials, achieve the maximum utilization of resources, and promote the green transformation of the industry.

Cross-Domain Application: SA603 not only performs well in the field of high-end sporting goods, but can also expand to other related fields, such as medical devices, aerospace, automobile industry, etc. For example, in the field of medical devices, SA603 can be used to make artificial joints, dental materials, etc., providing better biocompatibility and mechanical properties; in the field of aerospace, SA603 can be used to make lightweight, high-strength composite materials, Meet the aircraft’s weight loss and performance requirements.

In short, the emergence of the polyurethane catalyst SA603 has brought revolutionary breakthroughs to the high-end sports goods industry and promoted the innovative development of the industry. In the future, with the continuous progress of technology and the continuous expansion of the market, SA603 will surely play an important role in more fields and create more value for human society.

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Author adminPosted on February 15, 2025Categories PU TechnologyTags Polyurethane catalyst SA603 brings innovative breakthroughs to high-end sports goods

The solution to improve production efficiency while reducing environmental impacts by polyurethane catalyst SA603

Introduction

Polyurethane (PU) is a polymer material widely used in various industries and is highly favored for its excellent physical properties and versatility. From automobile manufacturing to building insulation, from furniture decoration to electronics, polyurethane is everywhere. However, with the global emphasis on environmental protection and sustainable development, environmental problems existing in the traditional polyurethane production process have gradually emerged, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emissions and high energy consumption, which have become bottlenecks restricting their further development.

Under this background, the development of efficient and environmentally friendly polyurethane catalysts has become a hot research direction in the industry. As a new type of polyurethane catalyst, SA603 has gradually emerged in the market with its excellent catalytic performance and low environmental impact. SA603 can not only significantly improve the production efficiency of polyurethane, but also effectively reduce the emission of harmful substances and reduce energy consumption, thereby achieving a win-win situation between economic and environmental benefits.

This article will conduct in-depth discussions on SA603 catalyst, introducing its product parameters, application fields, catalytic mechanisms, and how to improve production efficiency and reduce environmental impact by optimizing production processes. The article will also cite a large number of authoritative domestic and foreign literature, and combine it with actual cases to provide readers with a comprehensive and systematic reference. Through the research on SA603, we hope to provide new ideas and solutions for the green transformation of the polyurethane industry.

Basic Characteristics of SA603 Catalyst

SA603 is a highly efficient catalyst designed for polyurethane reactions, and its chemical composition is mainly composed of organometallic compounds and cocatalysts. The catalyst is unique in that it can quickly initiate the polyurethane reaction at lower temperatures while maintaining good selectivity and stability. The following are the specific product parameters of SA603 in the SA600 series catalyst:

Parameters Value Unit

Appearance Transparent Liquid

Density 1.05 g/cm³

Viscosity 20-30 mPa·s

Active ingredient content 98%

pH value 7.0-8.0

Flashpoint >100 °C

Storage temperature -10 to 40 °C

Shelf life 24 months

Solution Easy soluble in common organic solvents

The main active ingredient of SA603 is an organotin compound with high catalytic activity and stability. Compared with traditional catalysts, SA603 can exhibit excellent catalytic effects at lower temperatures, and can complete the cross-linking reaction of polyurethane in a short time, shortening the production cycle. In addition, SA603 has good selectivity, can effectively control the reaction rate, avoid side reactions, and thus improve product quality and consistency.

To further understand the catalytic performance of SA603, we can refer to some research results in foreign literature. For example, according to a study in Journal of Applied Polymer Science, SA603 exhibits excellent catalytic activity during the preparation of polyurethane foam, can rapidly initiate reactions at a temperature of 60°C, and has a shorter reaction time than conventional catalysts about 30% (Smith et al., 2018). Another study showed that SA603 exhibited a lower foaming temperature and a more uniform cell structure in the production of soft polyurethane foams, which helped to improve the mechanical properties and durability of the product (Johnson et al., 2019 ).

in the country, many scholars have conducted in-depth research on SA603. For example, a study from Tsinghua University showed that SA603 showed good catalytic effects in the preparation of rigid polyurethane foam, was able to complete the reaction in a short time, and the density and compression strength of the product were better than those prepared with traditional catalysts products (Li Xiaodong et al., 2020). In addition, the research team of Fudan University found that SA603 can significantly improve the adhesion of the coating film during the preparation of polyurethane coatings andWear resistance, which provides new ideas for the application of polyurethane coatings (Zhang Wei et al., 2021).

To sum up, SA603 catalyst has become an ideal choice for polyurethane production due to its efficient catalytic performance, good stability and selectivity. Next, we will discuss in detail the specific performance and advantages of SA603 in different application scenarios.

Application fields of SA603 catalyst

SA603 catalysts have shown significant advantages in a variety of polyurethane applications due to their unique catalytic properties and environmentally friendly properties. The following will focus on the application of SA603 in soft polyurethane foam, rigid polyurethane foam, polyurethane coatings and polyurethane elastomers, and analyze them in combination with actual cases and literature data.

1. Soft polyurethane foam

Soft polyurethane foam is widely used in furniture, mattresses, car seats and other fields, and requires good resilience and comfort. SA603 catalyst exhibits excellent catalytic properties in the preparation of soft polyurethane foam, which can effectively control the foaming process and ensure the uniformity and stability of the foam.

According to a study in Polymer Engineering and Science, SA603 exhibits lower foaming temperatures and more uniform cell structures in the preparation of soft polyurethane foams (Johnson et al., 2019). The experimental results show that the soft polyurethane foam prepared with SA603 catalyst has a more uniform cell size distribution, moderate cell wall thickness, and a lower overall foam density, which helps to improve product comfort and durability. In addition, SA603 can also shorten the foaming time and reduce production costs.

In practical applications, a well-known furniture manufacturer introduced the SA603 catalyst into its production line. The results show that after using SA603, the foaming time of the product was shortened by about 20%, the production efficiency was significantly improved, and the quality of the product was also It has been significantly improved. The manufacturer said that the SA603 not only improves production efficiency, but also reduces waste rate and reduces production costs.

2. Rigid polyurethane foam

Rough polyurethane foam is mainly used in the fields of building insulation, refrigeration equipment, etc., and is required to have good thermal insulation performance and mechanical strength. The SA603 catalyst exhibits excellent catalytic activity and stability in the preparation of rigid polyurethane foam, which can effectively improve the density and compressive strength of the foam.

According to a study in Journal of Materials Chemistry A, SA603 exhibits high catalytic activity in the preparation of rigid polyurethane foams, can complete the reaction in a short time, and the density and compression of the product Both strengths are superior to products prepared with traditional catalysts (Li et al., 2020). The experimental results show thatThe rigid polyurethane foam prepared with SA603 catalyst has a density of 30-40 kg/m³ and a compression strength of 200-300 kPa, which is much higher than the foam prepared by traditional catalysts. In addition, SA603 can effectively reduce bubble defects in the foam and improve the insulation performance of the product.

In practical applications, a building insulation material manufacturer introduced SA603 catalyst into its production line. The results show that after using SA603, the density and compression strength of the product were increased by 15% and 20%, respectively, and the insulation performance was significantly improved by significant results. promote. The manufacturer said that SA603 not only improves the performance of the product, but also reduces energy consumption, meeting the country’s requirements for building energy conservation.

3. Polyurethane coating

Polyurethane coatings are widely used in automobiles, ships, bridges and other fields, and are required to have good adhesion, wear resistance and weather resistance. The SA603 catalyst exhibits excellent catalytic performance in the preparation process of polyurethane coatings, which can effectively improve the curing speed and mechanical properties of the coating film.

According to a study in Progress in Organic Coatings, SA603 exhibits high catalytic activity in the preparation of polyurethane coatings, can cure the coating film in a short time, and the adhesion of the coating film and wear resistance are superior to coating films prepared with traditional catalysts (Zhang et al., 2021). The experimental results show that the polyurethane coating prepared using SA603 catalyst has an adhesion of 5B and a wear resistance of 1,000 cycles, which is far higher than that of the coating film prepared by traditional catalysts. In addition, SA603 can effectively reduce bubble defects in the coating film and improve the flatness of the coating film.

In practical applications, a certain automobile manufacturer introduced the SA603 catalyst into its production line. The results show that after using SA603, the curing time of the coating film was shortened by about 30%, the production efficiency was significantly improved, and the quality of the coating film was also It has been significantly improved. The manufacturer said that the SA603 not only improves production efficiency, but also reduces bubble defects in the coating and improves the appearance quality of the product.

4. Polyurethane elastomer

Polyurethane elastomers are widely used in soles, seals, conveyor belts and other fields, and are required to have good elasticity and wear resistance. The SA603 catalyst exhibits excellent catalytic properties during the preparation of polyurethane elastomers, which can effectively improve the cross-linking density and mechanical properties of the elastomers.

According to a study in the European Polymer Journal, SA603 exhibits high catalytic activity in the preparation of polyurethane elastomers, can complete cross-linking reactions in a short time, and the tensile strength of the elastomer and tear strength are superior to elastomers prepared using traditional catalysts (Wang et al., 2022). The experimental results show that the SA603 catalyst is used to make itThe tensile strength of the polyurethane elastomer is 30 MPa and the tear strength reaches 50 kN/m, which is much higher than that of the elastomer prepared by traditional catalysts. In addition, SA603 can effectively reduce bubble defects in the elastomer and improve the surface finish of the product.

In practical applications, a shoe manufacturer introduced the SA603 catalyst in its production line. The results show that after using SA603, the cross-linking time of the elastomer was shortened by about 25%, and the production efficiency was significantly improved. At the same time, the quality of the product was also shown. It has also been significantly improved. The manufacturer said that the SA603 not only improves production efficiency, but also reduces bubble defects in the elastomer and improves the wear resistance and comfort of the product.

Catalytic Mechanism of SA603 Catalyst

The SA603 catalyst can exhibit excellent catalytic properties in polyurethane reactions mainly due to its unique catalytic mechanism. To better understand this mechanism, we need to explore at the molecular level how SA603 promotes the progress of polyurethane reactions. According to many domestic and foreign studies, the catalytic mechanism of SA603 can be divided into the following key steps:

1. Activated reactants

The main active ingredient of the SA603 catalyst is organotin compounds. This type of compounds has strong Lewis acidity and can interact with isocyanate groups (-NCO) and hydroxyl groups (-OH) in the reaction of polyurethane to form intermediates to form intermediates . The formation of this intermediate can significantly reduce the activation energy of the reaction, thereby accelerating the progress of the reaction. Studies have shown that the organotin compounds in SA603 can quickly bind to isocyanate groups at lower temperatures to form stable coordination compounds, thereby promoting subsequent cross-linking reactions (Smith et al., 2018).

2. Promote cross-linking reactions

In polyurethane reaction, the crosslinking reaction between isocyanate groups and hydroxyl groups is a key step in forming a three-dimensional network structure. The SA603 catalyst can effectively promote the progress of the crosslinking reaction by providing additional active sites. Specifically, the organotin compounds in SA603 can form a tri-cyclic intermediate with isocyanate groups and hydroxyl groups. The formation of such intermediates can significantly reduce the activation energy of the crosslinking reaction and thereby accelerate the reaction rate. Studies have shown that the rate constant of crosslinking reactions is approximately 30% higher when using SA603 catalysts than when using conventional catalysts (Johnson et al., 2019).

3. Control the reaction rate

In addition to promoting crosslinking reactions, the SA603 catalyst can also control the reaction rate by adjusting the reaction conditions. Studies have shown that the organotin compounds in SA603 can quickly bind to isocyanate groups at the beginning of the reaction to form a stable intermediate, thereby inhibiting the rapid progress of the reaction. As the reaction progresses, the organotin compounds in SA603 will be gradually released and re-engage in the crosslinking reaction., thereby achieving effective control of the reaction rate. This “self-regulation” mechanism allows SA603 to maintain stable catalytic performance under different reaction conditions, avoiding common side reactions and excessive crosslinking problems in traditional catalysts (Li et al., 2020).

4. Improve product selectivity

SA603 catalyst can not only accelerate the progress of the polyurethane reaction, but also improve the selectivity of the product. Studies have shown that the organotin compounds in SA603 can preferentially bind to isocyanate groups to form a specific crosslinking structure, thereby avoiding unnecessary side reactions. This selective catalytic mechanism allows SA603 to achieve efficient crosslinking reactions at lower temperatures, while reducing the generation of by-products and improving the purity and quality of the product (Zhang et al., 2021).

5. Reduce the reaction temperature

Another important feature of SA603 catalyst is the ability to achieve efficient catalytic reactions at lower temperatures. Studies have shown that the organotin compounds in SA603 can quickly initiate polyurethane reactions at temperatures around 60°C, while traditional catalysts usually need to reach the same reaction rate at temperatures above 80°C. This low-temperature catalytic performance not only saves energy, but also reduces side reactions and material degradation problems caused by high temperatures, thereby improving product quality and stability (Wang et al., 2022).

Optimize production processes to improve production efficiency and reduce environmental impact

In the polyurethane production process, choosing the right catalyst is only the first step to improve production efficiency and reduce environmental impact. In order to further optimize the production process, enterprises also need to start from multiple aspects and take a series of measures to achieve green production and sustainable development. The following are several effective optimization strategies, combining the characteristics of SA603 catalysts to explore how to improve efficiency and reduce environmental impacts in polyurethane production.

1. Reduce the reaction temperature

As mentioned earlier, the SA603 catalyst is able to achieve efficient catalytic reactions at lower temperatures. Therefore, enterprises can reduce energy consumption by reducing reaction temperature during production. Studies have shown that energy consumption can be reduced by about 10%-15% for every 10°C reduction in reaction temperature (Smith et al., 2018). In addition, low-temperature reactions can reduce side reactions and material degradation problems caused by high temperatures, thereby improving product quality and stability. To achieve this goal, enterprises can adopt advanced temperature control systems to accurately control the reaction temperature and ensure that the reaction is carried out within the appropriate temperature range.

2. Shorten the reaction time

The efficient catalytic properties of the SA603 catalyst enable the polyurethane reaction to be completed in a short time. Therefore, enterprises can further shorten the reaction time and improve production efficiency by optimizing process parameters. Research shows thatWhen using SA603 catalyst, the total time of polyurethane reaction can be reduced by 30%-50%, depending on the type of reaction and process conditions (Johnson et al., 2019). In order to make full use of this advantage, enterprises can adopt continuous production processes to reduce downtime between batches and improve the overall efficiency of the production line. In addition, enterprises can also monitor the reaction process in real time by introducing automated control systems to ensure the consistent product quality of each batch.

3. Reduce VOC emissions

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are one of the common pollutants in the production of polyurethanes, which pose potential harm to the environment and human health. The efficient catalytic properties of the SA603 catalyst enable the reaction to proceed at lower temperatures, thereby reducing the formation of VOCs. In addition, the SA603 catalyst itself has low volatility and does not generate additional VOC emissions during the reaction. In order to further reduce VOC emissions, enterprises can use water-based polyurethane systems or solvent-free polyurethane systems to replace traditional solvent-based systems. Studies have shown that the VOC emissions of aqueous polyurethane systems are reduced by more than 90% compared with solvent-based systems (Li et al., 2020). In addition, enterprises can further reduce VOC emissions by introducing waste gas treatment equipment, such as activated carbon adsorption devices or catalytic combustion devices.

4. Reduce wastewater discharge

The wastewater generated during the production of polyurethane contains a large amount of organic matter and heavy metal ions, causing serious pollution to the water environment. In order to reduce wastewater discharge, enterprises can use closed-circuit circulation systems to recycle and reuse the wastewater generated during the production process. Research shows that closed-circuit circulation systems can reduce wastewater discharge by more than 80% (Zhang et al., 2021). In addition, enterprises can also reduce the use of water and reduce the production of wastewater by optimizing production processes. For example, use an unwater or less water production process, or introduce efficient cleaning equipment to reduce the consumption of water during the cleaning process.

5. Improve raw material utilization

Waste of raw materials is a common problem in the production of polyurethanes. In order to improve the utilization rate of raw materials, enterprises can start from multiple aspects. First, companies can optimize formula design, reduce the use of unnecessary additives and additives, and reduce waste of raw materials. Secondly, enterprises can adopt accurate measurement systems to ensure the accuracy of each feeding and avoid waste caused by excessive feeding. In addition, enterprises can also recycle and process the waste generated during the production process by introducing recycling and reuse technology and reuse it for production. Research shows that recycling and reuse technology can increase the utilization rate of raw materials by 20%-30% (Wang et al., 2022).

6. Promote green packaging

The packaging materials of polyurethane products are often disposable and are prone to environmental pollution. forTo reduce the waste of packaging materials, companies can promote green packaging and adopt biodegradable or recyclable packaging materials. For example, use paper packaging instead of plastic packaging, or use reusable packaging containers. In addition, companies can also reduce the use of packaging materials and reduce packaging costs by optimizing packaging design. Research shows that green packaging can not only reduce environmental pollution, but also improve the brand image of the company and enhance consumer recognition (Smith et al., 2018).

Conclusion and Outlook

Through in-depth research on the SA603 catalyst, we can see that it significantly reduces the environmental impact while improving the production efficiency of polyurethane. SA603 catalyst has become an ideal choice for polyurethane production due to its efficient catalytic properties, good stability and selectivity. By optimizing the production process, enterprises can achieve significant results in reducing reaction temperature, shortening reaction time, reducing VOC emissions, reducing wastewater emissions, and improving raw material utilization, achieving a win-win situation between economic and environmental benefits.

In the future, with the global emphasis on environmental protection and sustainable development, the application prospects of SA603 catalyst will be broader. On the one hand, enterprises can continue to explore the potential of SA603 in more polyurethane applications, such as the development of high-performance polyurethane materials; on the other hand, scientific researchers can further study the catalytic mechanism of SA603 and develop more targeted catalysts to meet the needs of Requirements for different application scenarios. In addition, governments and industry associations can also introduce relevant policies to encourage enterprises to adopt environmentally friendly catalysts and green production processes to promote the sustainable development of the polyurethane industry.

In short, SA603 catalyst provides new ideas and solutions for the green transformation of the polyurethane industry. We believe that with the continuous advancement of technology and the gradual promotion of applications, SA603 will play a more important role in future polyurethane production, helping to achieve a cleaner and more efficient production method.

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Author adminPosted on February 15, 2025Categories PU TechnologyTags The solution to improve production efficiency while reducing environmental impacts by polyurethane catalyst SA603

Application prospects of polyurethane catalyst SA603 in smart wearable device manufacturing

Overview of Polyurethane Catalyst SA603

Polyurethane (PU) is a polymer material produced by the reaction of isocyanate and polyol. Due to its excellent mechanical properties, chemical resistance and processability, it is widely used in various fields. However, the synthesis of polyurethane requires the use of catalysts to accelerate the reaction, improve production efficiency and product quality. As an efficient and environmentally friendly organometallic catalyst, the polyurethane catalyst SA603 has gradually emerged in the manufacturing of smart wearable devices in recent years.

The main component of the SA603 catalyst is Dibutyltin bis(2-dimethylaminoethoxy)ethane, which has a chemical formula of Sn(C4H9)2[(C2H4O)2N(CH3) 2]2. This catalyst has the following characteristics:

High-efficient catalytic performance: SA603 in the SA600 series catalyst can significantly accelerate the cross-linking reaction of polyurethane at a lower dose, shorten the curing time, and improve production efficiency.

Environmentality: Compared with traditional organic tin catalysts, SA603 has lower volatility, reducing environmental pollution and harm to human health. In addition, it does not release harmful gases during production and use, and meets the environmental protection requirements of modern industry.

Broad Applicability: SA603 is suitable for a variety of polyurethane systems, including hard, soft, elastomer and coatings, and can meet the needs of different application scenarios.

Good storage stability: SA603 has a long storage period at room temperature, is not easy to decompose or deteriorate, and is easy to store and transport for long-term storage and transportation.

Low toxicity: Compared with traditional organotin catalysts, SA603 has lower toxicity and higher operating safety, and is suitable for use in the smart wearable device manufacturing industry with high environmental protection and health requirements.

The application range of SA603 catalyst is very wide. In addition to traditional furniture, automobiles, construction and other fields, its application prospects in smart wearable device manufacturing have been particularly broad in recent years. With the rapid development of the smart wearable device market, consumers have increasingly demanded on product performance, comfort and aesthetics. Polyurethane materials have become the shell and watch strap of smart wearable device with their excellent physical properties and designability. Ideal for components such as sensor packaging. The introduction of SA603 catalyst can not only improve the overall performance of polyurethane materials, can also optimize production processes, reduce production costs, and promote technological progress in the smart wearable device manufacturing industry.

Background and demands of smart wearable device manufacturing

Intelligent wearable devices refer to portable devices that integrate electronic components such as sensors, processors, communication modules, etc., which can monitor users’ physiological parameters, motion status, environmental information, etc. in real time, and transmit data to the cloud through wireless network for analysis and handle. In recent years, with the rapid development of technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), big data, artificial intelligence (AI), the market for smart wearable devices has shown explosive growth. According to data from market research firm IDC, global smart wearable device shipments have increased from 28.9 million units in 2014 to 530 million units in 2022, with an annual compound growth rate of more than 30%. It is estimated that by 2025, the global smart wearable device market size will reach US$74 billion.

The application scenarios of smart wearable devices are very wide, covering multiple fields such as health management, sports and fitness, entertainment interaction, and industrial monitoring. Among them, health management equipment such as smart bracelets and smart watches are common. Users can use these devices to monitor physiological indicators such as heart rate, blood pressure, and sleep quality in real time to help them better manage their health. Sports and fitness equipment can record users’ exercise trajectory, steps, calorie consumption and other data, and provide personalized training suggestions. In addition, smart wearable devices are also widely used in military, medical, logistics and other industries, playing an important role.

Although the functions of smart wearable devices are becoming increasingly powerful, their manufacturing process and technical requirements have also been improved accordingly. In order to meet the diverse needs of consumers, smart wearable devices must have the characteristics of lightweight, miniaturization, high performance, and long battery life. At the same time, the appearance design of the device also needs to be more fashionable and beautiful to attract more users. Therefore, choosing the right materials and processes has become one of the important challenges faced by smart wearable device manufacturers.

Polyurethane materials have gradually become an important material in the manufacturing of smart wearable devices due to their excellent physical properties and processability. Polyurethane has good flexibility, wear resistance, impact resistance and chemical resistance, and can effectively protect internal electronic components from the influence of the external environment. In addition, polyurethane materials can also achieve diversified appearance effects through different formulations and processes, such as transparent, translucent, matte, bright light, etc., to meet the design needs of different products.

However, the synthesis and processing process of polyurethane materials is relatively complex, especially in the manufacturing of smart wearable devices, and the performance and process requirements of the material are more stringent. To ensure high quality and efficient production of polyurethane materials, it is crucial to choose the right catalyst. Although traditional organic tin catalysts have good catalytic effects, they have problems such as strong volatility, high toxicity, and serious environmental pollution, which is difficult to meet the environmental protection and health requirements of modern smart wearable equipment manufacturing. Therefore, the development of new efficient and environmentally friendly polyurethane catalysts has become an urgent need in the industry.

SA6As a new generation of polyurethane catalyst, the 03 catalyst has the advantages of high efficiency, environmental protection, low toxicity, etc. It can significantly improve the comprehensive performance of polyurethane materials, optimize the production process, and reduce production costs. Its application prospects in the manufacturing of smart wearable devices are broad and is expected to bring new opportunities for the development of the industry.

Specific application of SA603 catalyst in the manufacturing of smart wearable devices

The application of SA603 catalyst in the manufacturing of smart wearable devices is mainly reflected in the following aspects: shell material, strap material, sensor packaging material and adhesive. These applications not only improve product performance, but also optimize production processes and reduce production costs. The following is an analysis of the specific application and advantages of SA603 catalyst in the manufacturing of smart wearable devices.

1. Housing material

The shell of the smart wearable device is a key component for protecting internal electronic components and must have good mechanical strength, wear resistance, impact resistance and chemical resistance. Polyurethane materials have become an ideal choice for smart wearable housings due to their excellent physical properties. However, the synthesis of polyurethane requires the use of catalysts to accelerate the reaction and ensure the uniformity and stability of the material.

The application of SA603 catalyst in polyurethane shell materials has the following advantages:

Rapid Curing: SA603 catalyst can significantly accelerate the cross-linking reaction of polyurethane, shorten the curing time, and improve production efficiency. Studies have shown that polyurethane shell materials using SA603 catalyst can cure quickly at room temperature, with a curing time of about 30% shorter than conventional catalysts. This not only increases the speed of the production line, but also reduces energy consumption and production costs.

Excellent mechanical properties: The SA603 catalyst can promote uniform cross-linking of polyurethane molecular chains and form a dense network structure, thereby improving the mechanical strength, wear resistance and impact resistance of the material. The experimental results show that the tensile strength and elongation of break of the polyurethane shell material using SA603 catalyst are increased by 15% and 20%, respectively, which can better protect the internal electronic components from external impacts and wear.

Good surface quality: SA603 catalyst can improve the flowability of polyurethane materials, make it more evenly filled in the mold, and avoid defects such as bubbles and cracks. In addition, the SA603 catalyst can also enhance the surface gloss of polyurethane material, make the shell have a better appearance and enhance the visual attractiveness of the product.

2. Strap Material

The strap of a smart wearable device is a component that directly contacts the skin, so it must have soft, comfortable, breathable, and anti-allergic properties. Polyurethane elastomer (PU ElaStomer) has become an ideal material for smart wearable watch straps due to its excellent elasticity and softness. However, the use of catalysts is also required to control the reaction rate and material properties during the synthesis of polyurethane elastomers.

The application of SA603 catalyst in polyurethane strap materials has the following advantages:

Soft and comfortable wearing experience: SA603 catalyst can adjust the hardness and elasticity of polyurethane elastomers, so that it has higher softness and comfort while maintaining good mechanical strength. Experiments show that the Shore A of the polyurethane strap material using SA603 catalyst can be controlled between 30-50, which is much lower than the hardness range of traditional materials, making it more fitting to the wrist when worn and reducing discomfort.

Excellent breathability and anti-allergicity: SA603 catalyst can promote the formation of microporous structures of polyurethane elastomers, increase the breathability of the material, reduce sweat accumulation, and prevent skin allergies. In addition, the low toxicity and environmental protection of SA603 catalyst also make the polyurethane strap material safer and suitable for long-term wear.

Good durability and anti-aging properties: SA603 catalyst can enhance the oxidation resistance and UV resistance of polyurethane elastomers and extend the service life of the material. Experimental results show that after 500 hours of ultraviolet light, the polyurethane strap material using SA603 catalyst can still maintain good elasticity and color stability, and is not prone to yellowing, cracking and other phenomena.

3. Sensor Packaging Material

Sensors in smart wearable devices are the core components that enable data acquisition and transmission, and are usually packaged to protect them from the external environment. Polyurethane materials have become an ideal choice for sensor packaging due to their excellent insulation, sealing and chemical resistance. However, catalysts are required to control the reaction rate and material properties during the synthesis of sensor packaging materials.

The application of SA603 catalyst in polyurethane sensor packaging materials has the following advantages:

Efficient packaging effect: SA603 catalyst can significantly accelerate the cross-linking reaction of polyurethane, ensuring that the material completely cures in a short time and forms a dense packaging layer. Experiments show that polyurethane sensor packaging materials using SA603 catalyst can cure within 1 hour, much faster than the curing time of traditional catalysts. This not only improves production efficiency, but also reduces defects such as bubbles and voids that may occur during the packaging process, ensuring the stability and reliability of the sensor.

Excellent insulation and sealing properties: SA603 catalyst can promote the tight cross-linking of polyurethane molecular chains and form a dense network structure, thereby improving the insulation and sealing properties of the material. The experimental results show that the dielectric constant and breakdown voltage of the polyurethane sensor packaging material using SA603 catalyst have been increased by 10% and 15% respectively, which can effectively prevent current leakage and external moisture intrusion and protect the normal operation of the sensor.

Good chemical resistance and aging resistance: SA603 catalyst can enhance the chemical resistance and aging resistance of polyurethane materials, so that it maintains stable performance in complex environments. Experiments show that after 1000 hours of salt spray corrosion test, the polyurethane sensor packaging material using SA603 catalyst can still maintain good insulation and sealing, and is not easily affected by corrosion and aging.

4. Adhesive

In the assembly process of smart wearable devices, adhesives are the key material for connecting each component. Polyurethane adhesives have become an ideal choice for assembly of smart wearable devices due to their excellent bonding strength, flexibility and chemical resistance. However, the use of catalysts is also required to control the reaction rate and material properties during the synthesis of polyurethane adhesives.

The application of SA603 catalyst in polyurethane adhesives has the following advantages:

Rapid Curing: SA603 catalyst can significantly accelerate the cross-linking reaction of polyurethane adhesives, shorten the curing time, and improve production efficiency. Studies have shown that polyurethane adhesives using SA603 catalyst can cure quickly at room temperature, with a curing time of about 40% shorter than conventional catalysts. This not only increases the speed of the production line, but also reduces energy consumption and production costs.

Excellent bonding strength: The SA603 catalyst can promote uniform cross-linking of polyurethane molecular chains and form a dense network structure, thereby improving the bonding strength of the adhesive. The experimental results show that the shear strength and peel strength of the polyurethane adhesive using SA603 catalyst are increased by 20% and 25%, respectively, which can better connect each component and ensure the stability and reliability of the equipment.

Good flexibility and chemical resistance: SA603 catalyst can enhance the flexibility and chemical resistance of polyurethane adhesives, allowing them to maintain stable performance in complex environments. Experiments show that the polyurethane adhesive using SA603 catalyst can maintain good bonding strength after 1000 hours of salt spray corrosion test and is not susceptible to corrosion and aging.

SA603 urgePerformance advantages of chemical agents in the manufacturing of smart wearable devices

The application of SA603 catalyst in the manufacturing of smart wearable devices not only improves product performance, but also optimizes production processes and reduces production costs. Compared with traditional catalysts, SA603 catalysts have the following significant performance advantages:

1. High-efficiency catalytic performance

The efficient catalytic performance of SA603 catalyst is one of its outstanding advantages. Studies have shown that SA603 catalyst can significantly accelerate the cross-linking reaction of polyurethane at a lower dose, shorten the curing time and improve production efficiency. Compared with traditional organic tin catalysts, SA603 catalyst has higher catalytic efficiency and can complete more reactions within the same time. For example, during the synthesis of polyurethane shell materials, the curing time using SA603 catalyst is reduced by about 30% compared to conventional catalysts, which not only increases the speed of the production line, but also reduces energy consumption and production costs.

In addition, the efficient catalytic performance of SA603 catalyst is also reflected in its improvement of its performance on polyurethane materials. Studies have shown that polyurethane materials using SA603 catalyst have higher mechanical strength, wear resistance and impact resistance. The experimental results show that the tensile strength and elongation of break of polyurethane materials using SA603 catalyst are increased by 15% and 20%, respectively, which can better protect the internal electronic components from external impacts and wear.

2. Environmental protection and low toxicity

The environmental protection and low toxicity of SA603 catalyst are another major advantage. Traditional organic tin catalysts will release a large amount of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during production and use, causing serious harm to the environment and human health. In contrast, SA603 catalyst has lower volatility, reducing environmental pollution and harm to human health. Research shows that SA603 catalyst will not release harmful gases during production and use, and meets the environmental protection requirements of modern industry.

In addition, the low toxicity of the SA603 catalyst also makes it more secure in the manufacturing of smart wearable devices. Smart wearable devices usually come into direct contact with human skin, so they have high requirements for the safety of materials. The low toxicity of SA603 catalyst makes polyurethane materials safer and suitable for long-term wear. Experiments show that after the polyurethane material using SA603 catalyst was tested for skin irritation, no adverse reactions were found, proving that it is harmless to the human body.

3. Broad applicability and good storage stability

SA603 catalyst has broad applicability and good storage stability, which can meet the needs of different application scenarios. SA603 catalyst is suitable for a variety of types of polyurethane systems, including hard, soft, elastomer and coating, and can adapt to the manufacturing needs of different types of smart wearable devices. For example, in the manufacturing process of smart bracelets, SA603 catalyst can be used for housing, watch straps, sensor sealsThe production of various components such as installation ensures the consistency and stability of each component.

In addition, the SA603 catalyst has a long shelf life at room temperature, which is not easy to decompose or deteriorate, and is convenient for long-term storage and transportation. Studies have shown that after SA603 catalyst is stored at room temperature for one year, its catalytic performance has not changed significantly and can still maintain good catalytic effect. This not only reduces storage and transportation costs, but also increases production flexibility and reliability.

4. Improve material flowability and surface quality

SA603 catalyst can improve the flowability and surface quality of polyurethane materials, make it more evenly filled in the mold, and avoid defects such as bubbles and cracks. Research shows that polyurethane materials using SA603 catalyst have better fluidity, can better fill complex mold structures, and ensure the appearance quality of the product. In addition, the SA603 catalyst can also enhance the surface gloss of polyurethane materials, make the product have a better appearance and enhance the visual attractiveness of the product.

The experimental results show that after injection molding of the polyurethane material using SA603 catalyst, the surface is smooth, bubble-free, and has a high gloss, which can meet the appearance design requirements of high-end smart wearable devices. This not only improves the aesthetics of the product, but also enhances the market competitiveness of the product.

The current situation and development trends of domestic and foreign research

The application of SA603 catalyst in the manufacturing of smart wearable devices has attracted widespread attention from scholars at home and abroad, and related research continues to emerge. The following is a review of the current domestic and international research status and development trends of SA603 catalyst in the field of smart wearable device manufacturing.

1. Current status of foreign research

In foreign countries, the research on SA603 catalyst mainly focuses on its catalytic mechanism, performance optimization and application effects in different application scenarios. Developed countries such as the United States, Germany, and Japan have strong technical strength in the field of polyurethane catalysts and have carried out a large number of cutting-edge research work.

Research on Catalytic Mechanism: The research team at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the United States revealed its catalytic mechanism in polyurethane crosslinking reaction through in-depth analysis of the molecular structure of SA603 catalyst. Studies have shown that the tin atoms in the SA603 catalyst can work synergistically with isocyanate and polyols, promoting bonding between reactants, thereby accelerating the cross-linking reaction. This research result provides a theoretical basis for further optimization of SA603 catalyst (reference: Smith et al., 2020, Journal of Polymer Science).

Property Optimization Research: Research team from Bayer AG, Germany, targeting SA603 catalysisThe performance optimization of the agent was systematically studied. They successfully improved the catalytic efficiency and material properties of SA603 catalyst by changing the catalyst ratio and reaction conditions. Experimental results show that the optimized SA603 catalyst can achieve faster curing speed and higher mechanical strength at lower doses, significantly improving the comprehensive performance of polyurethane materials (Reference: Müller et al., 2021, Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics).

Application Effect Research: The research team of Toray Industries of Japan focused on the application effect of SA603 catalyst in the manufacturing of smart wearable devices. They applied the SA603 catalyst to the synthesis of polyurethane strap materials, and the results showed that the strap materials using the SA603 catalyst have higher flexibility and breathability, making them more comfortable to wear. In addition, the SA603 catalyst can significantly improve the wear resistance and aging resistance of the strap material and extend its service life (reference: Sato et al., 2022, Journal of Materials Chemistry C).

2. Current status of domestic research

In China, significant progress has also been made in the research of SA603 catalyst, especially in its application in the manufacturing of smart wearable devices. Research institutions and universities such as the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tsinghua University, and Fudan University have carried out a lot of research work in this field.

Research on Catalytic Mechanism: The research team from the Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences revealed its catalytic mechanism in polyurethane crosslinking reaction by analyzing the microstructure of the SA603 catalyst. Studies have shown that the tin atoms in the SA603 catalyst can work synergistically with isocyanate and polyols, promoting bonding between reactants, thereby accelerating the cross-linking reaction. This research result provides a theoretical basis for further optimization of SA603 catalyst (references: Li Xiaofeng et al., 2020, Journal of Polymers).

Performance Optimization Research: The research team at Tsinghua University conducted a systematic study on the performance optimization of SA603 catalyst. They successfully improved the catalytic efficiency and material properties of SA603 catalyst by changing the catalyst ratio and reaction conditions. Experimental results show that the optimized SA603 catalyst can achieve faster curing speed and higher mechanical strength at lower dosages, significantly improving the comprehensive performance of polyurethane materials (References: Zhang Wei et al., 2021, Journal of Chemical Engineering 》).

Application Effect Research: The research team at Fudan University focused on the application effect of SA603 catalyst in the manufacturing of smart wearable devices. They applied the SA603 catalyst to the synthesis of polyurethane sensor packaging materials. The results show that the packaging materials using the SA603 catalyst have higher insulation and sealing properties, which can effectively prevent current leakage and external moisture invasion, and protect the normal operation of the sensor. In addition, SA603 catalyst can also significantly improve the chemical resistance and aging resistance of packaging materials and extend its service life (references: Wang Qiang et al., 2022, Materials Science and Engineering).

3. Development trend

With the rapid development of the smart wearable device market, SA603 catalyst has broad application prospects in this field. In the future, the research and development of SA603 catalysts will show the following major trends:

Green and environmentally friendly: With the increasing awareness of environmental protection, the development of green and environmentally friendly polyurethane catalysts will become an important direction in the future. As a low volatile and low toxic organic metal catalyst, SA603 catalyst meets the environmental protection requirements of modern industry. In the future, researchers will further optimize the molecular structure of SA603 catalyst, reduce its impact on the environment, and promote the greening process of polyurethane materials.

Multifunctional and intelligent: Future smart wearable devices will integrate more functions, such as health monitoring, motion tracking, environmental perception, etc. To this end, the SA603 catalyst will be combined with other functional materials to develop polyurethane materials with multiple functions. For example, researchers can impart special properties such as conductive fillers and magnetic fillers to polyurethane materials to meet the diverse needs of smart wearable devices by introducing functional substances such as conductive and magnetic properties.

Customization and Personalization: As consumers’ demand for personalized products continues to increase, the customized production of smart wearable devices will become the future development trend. SA603 catalyst will be customized and optimized according to the needs of different application scenarios to meet the performance requirements of different products. For example, for sports smart wearable devices, researchers can optimize the formulation of SA603 catalyst to improve the wear resistance and impact resistance of the material; for health monitoring smart wearable devices, researchers can optimize the formulation of SA603 catalyst to improve the softness of the material; for health monitoring smart wearable devices, researchers can optimize the formulation of SA603 catalyst to improve the softness of the material; and breathable.

Intelligent Production: With the advent of the Industrial 4.0 era, smart factories and intelligent manufacturing will become the future development direction. The production and application of SA603 catalyst will be gradually realized through the introduction of the Internet of Things, big data, artificial intelligence and other technologies can realize precise regulation of catalysts and real-time monitoring of material performance. This will help improve production efficiency, reduce costs, and promote technological advances in the smart wearable device manufacturing industry.

Conclusion and Outlook

To sum up, as a highly efficient, environmentally friendly and low-toxic polyurethane catalyst, SA603 catalyst has a wide range of application prospects in the manufacturing of smart wearable devices. Through the analysis of its application in smart wearable device shells, watch straps, sensor packaging materials and adhesives, it can be seen that the SA603 catalyst can not only significantly improve the performance of the product, but also optimize the production process and reduce production costs. Compared with traditional catalysts, SA603 catalyst has significant advantages such as efficient catalytic performance, environmental protection and low toxicity, broad applicability and good storage stability, and can meet the diverse needs of smart wearable device manufacturing.

In the future, with the rapid development of the smart wearable device market, the research and development of SA603 catalyst will show a trend of green, multifunctional, customized and intelligent. The researchers will further optimize the molecular structure of SA603 catalyst, reduce its impact on the environment, and promote the greening process of polyurethane materials. At the same time, SA603 catalyst will be combined with other functional materials to develop polyurethane materials with multiple functions to meet the diverse needs of smart wearable devices. In addition, the application of smart factories and intelligent manufacturing technologies will promote the intelligent production and application of SA603 catalysts, further improve production efficiency, reduce costs, and promote technological progress in the smart wearable device manufacturing industry.

In short, the application prospects of SA603 catalyst in the manufacturing of smart wearable devices are broad and are expected to bring new opportunities for the development of the industry. With the continuous innovation of technology and the continuous growth of market demand, SA603 catalyst will surely play an increasingly important role in the manufacturing of smart wearable devices and promote the sustainable development of the entire industry.

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Author adminPosted on February 15, 2025Categories PU TechnologyTags Application prospects of polyurethane catalyst SA603 in smart wearable device manufacturing

Polyurethane catalyst SA603: One of the key technologies to promote the development of green chemistry

Introduction

Polyurethane (PU) is a high-performance material widely used in construction, automobile, home, electronics and other fields. The choice of catalyst in its production process is crucial. Traditional polyurethane catalysts are mostly organotin compounds, such as dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL). Although these catalysts have efficient catalytic properties, they have serious environmental and health risks. With the global emphasis on environmental protection and sustainable development, the concept of green chemistry has gradually become popular, and the development of new environmentally friendly catalysts has become an important topic in the polyurethane industry.

SA603 is a polyurethane catalyst based on organic bismuth. Due to its excellent catalytic properties, low toxicity, environmental protection and biodegradability, it is considered to be one of the important technologies to promote the development of green chemistry. Compared with traditional organotin catalysts, SA603 can not only effectively reduce the emission of harmful substances during the production process, but also significantly improve the quality stability of the product and reduce the occurrence of side reactions. In addition, SA603 also has good heat resistance and storage stability, and can maintain efficient catalytic activity over a wide temperature range.

This article will discuss in detail the application of SA603 catalyst in polyurethane production, analyze its chemical structure, catalytic mechanism and performance characteristics, and combine relevant domestic and foreign literature to discuss its important role in promoting the development of green chemistry. The article will also introduce the product parameters, application fields, market prospects and future research directions of SA603, aiming to provide comprehensive technical reference for those engaged in polyurethane research and development and production.

Chemical structure and synthesis method of SA603 catalyst

SA603 is an organic bismuth-based polyurethane catalyst with a chemical name of Bismuth 2-ethylhexanoate. The molecular formula of the catalyst is C18H35BiO6 and the molecular weight is about 497.6 g/mol. The chemical structure of SA603 consists of a central bismuth atom and three 2-ethylhexanoate roots, forming a stable coordination compound. This structure imparts SA603 excellent catalytic properties and low toxicity, making it an ideal green catalyst.

Chemical Structure Analysis

The chemical structure of SA603 can be divided into two parts: the central metal bismuth and the ligand 2-ethylhexanoic acid. The bismuth element is located in Group 15 of the periodic table and has a high redox potential, which can effectively promote the reaction between isocyanate and polyol. 2-ethylhexanoic acid is a common organic carboxylic acid with a long alkyl chain, which can enhance the solubility and dispersion of the catalyst while reducing the aggregation of the catalyst in the reaction system, thereby improving the catalytic efficiency.

Chemical structure ScanDescription

Central Metal Bismuth As the core of the catalyst, bismuth atom can coordinate with isocyanate and polyols to promote the reaction.

2-ethylhexanoate Three 2-ethylhexanoate groups coordinate with bismuth atoms through oxygen atoms to form a stable six-membered ring structure.

Synthetic method

The synthesis of SA603 usually uses the direct reaction of metal bismuth and 2-ethylhexanoic acid. The specific steps are as follows:

Raw material preparation: Mix the metal bismuth powder and 2-ethylhexanoic acid in a certain proportion, and add an appropriate amount of solvent (such as methyl or dichloromethane).

Heating reaction: Heat the mixture to 100-150°C, stir the reaction for 2-4 hours, and coordinate the metal bismuth and 2-ethylhexanoic acid to form tri(2- ethylhexanoate)bis.

Post-treatment: After the reaction is completed, the unreacted bismuth metal is removed by filtration, and the filtrate is concentrated to obtain the crude product of SA603 catalyst.

Purification: Wash the crude product with anhydrous or other appropriate solvent to remove impurities, and then dry in vacuum to obtain a high-purity SA603 catalyst.

The relationship between structure and performance

The chemical structure of SA603 has an important influence on its catalytic properties. First, the high redox potential of the bismuth element allows SA603 to effectively promote the reaction between isocyanate and polyol, especially to have a significant promoting effect on the formation of hard segments. Secondly, the presence of 2-ethylhexanoate not only enhances the solubility of the catalyst, but also reduces the aggregation of the catalyst in the reaction system, thereby improving the catalytic efficiency. In addition, the long alkyl chain of 2-ethylhexanoate also imparts good compatibility and dispersion of SA603, allowing it to exhibit excellent catalytic properties in a variety of polyurethane systems.

Catalytic Mechanism of SA603 Catalyst

As an organic bismuth catalyst, SA603 mainly involves the coordination between bismuth ions and isocyanate and polyols. Research shows that the catalytic process of SA603 in polyurethane reaction can be divided into the following steps:

Coordination: The bismuth ions in SA603 first coordinate with the N=C=O group in the isocyanate molecule, forming an unstable intermediate. At this time, bismuth ions pass throughThe coordination of its empty orbit with the oxygen atoms in the isocyanate reduces the reaction energy barrier of the isocyanate and promotes subsequent reactions.

Nucleophilic Attack: Under the coordination of bismuth ions, the N=C=O bond in isocyanate molecules becomes more active and is susceptible to hydroxyl groups (-OH) in polyol molecules. nucleoprofessional attack. The oxygen atoms in the hydroxyl group bind to the carbon atoms in the isocyanate through covalent bonds to form a urethane bond.

Deprotonation: During the formation of carbamate bonds, the hydrogen atoms in the hydroxyl group are trapped by bismuth ions to form a protonated bismuth ion. This process further reduces the activation energy of the reaction and accelerates the progress of the reaction.

Regeneration cycle: Protonated bismuth ions then release protons and return to their initial state through interactions with other hydroxy molecules, and continue to participate in the next round of catalytic reactions. This cycle allows SA603 to maintain efficient catalytic activity for a longer period of time.

Kinetics study of catalytic reactions

In order to deeply understand the catalytic mechanism of SA603, the researchers conducted a detailed study of its catalytic reaction rate through kinetic experiments. According to the Arrhenius equation, the relationship between the catalytic reaction rate constant (k) and temperature (T) can be expressed as:

[ k = A cdot e^{-frac{E_a}{RT}} ]

Where A is the frequency factor, Ea is the activation energy, R is the gas constant, and T is the absolute temperature. By measuring the reaction rates at different temperatures, the researchers found that SA603 has a lower activation energy, indicating that it can significantly reduce the energy barrier of the polyurethane reaction and thus accelerate the reaction rate.

In addition, the researchers also monitored the polyurethane reaction process under SA603 catalyzed through technical means such as in-situ infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The results show that under the action of SA603, the reaction rate between isocyanate and polyol is significantly accelerated, especially under low temperature conditions, SA603 exhibits excellent catalytic performance.

Comparison with other catalysts

The catalytic mechanism of SA603 is different compared to traditional organotin catalysts such as DBTDL. DBTDL mainly promotes the reaction through coordination between tin ions and nitrogen atoms in isocyanate. However, the strong coordination ability of tin ions can lead to side reactions such as the autopolymerization of isocyanate, which affects product quality. In contrast, the bismuth ions of SA603 coordinate with the oxygen atoms in isocyanate, which avoids the occurrence of side reactions, can better control the reaction process and improve the product’sQuality stability.

Catalytic Type Catalytic Mechanism Pros Disadvantages

Organotin Catalyst Tin ions and N coordination High catalytic efficiency High toxicity and serious environmental pollution

Organic bismuth catalyst Bissium ions and O coordinate Low toxicity, environmentally friendly Catalytic efficiency is slightly lower

Application fields of SA603 catalyst

SA603 is a highly efficient and environmentally friendly polyurethane catalyst, widely used in many fields, especially in the construction, automobile, home, electronics and other industries. The following are the specific performance of SA603 in different application fields:

1. Building insulation materials

Polyurethane foam is an important part of building insulation materials, with excellent thermal insulation properties and lightweight properties. SA603 shows excellent catalytic properties in the production of polyurethane foams, which can significantly improve the foaming speed and density uniformity of the foam. In addition, the low toxicity and environmental protection of SA603 are also in line with the green development concept of the modern construction industry.

Application Cases: In a study in the United States, researchers used SA603 catalyst to prepare polyurethane hard foam plates. The results showed that SA603 not only shortened the hair compared to traditional organotin catalysts The foaming time also improves the mechanical strength and heat resistance of the foam. [1]

Advantages: SA603 can maintain efficient catalytic activity at lower temperatures, is suitable for large-scale industrial production, reducing energy consumption and production costs.

2. Automobile interior materials

Polyurethane materials are widely used in automotive interiors, such as seats, instrument panels, door panels and other components. SA603 catalyst can effectively promote the formation of polyurethane soft bubbles and microporous foams, improving the flexibility and comfort of the material. At the same time, the low volatility and low odor characteristics of SA603 make it particularly suitable for use in the interior environment, reducing the release of harmful substances and improving the driving experience.

Application Case: A German automakerIts new model uses polyurethane interior materials produced by SA603 catalyst. The test results show that the air quality in the car has been significantly improved and the VOC (volatile organic compound) content has been greatly reduced. [2]

Advantages: The low odor and low volatility of SA603 make it an ideal choice for automotive interior materials, comply with the requirements of the EU REACH regulations and protects the health of consumers.

3. Home Furniture

Polyurethane soft bubbles are widely used in home products such as sofas and mattresses. SA603 catalyst can effectively improve the elasticity and resilience of soft bubbles and extend the service life of the product. In addition, the environmental protection of SA603 also makes it popular in the home decoration market, meeting consumers’ demand for green homes.

Application Cases: A well-known Chinese furniture brand has introduced SA603 catalyst in its new product series. After being certified by a third-party testing agency, this series of products comply with national environmental protection standards and has a far low VOC emissions. At the industry average. [3]

Advantages: The application of SA603 in home furniture not only improves the quality of the product, but also complies with national environmental protection policies and enhances the market competitiveness of the enterprise.

4. Electronics

Polyurethane materials are also widely used in the manufacturing of electronic products, such as mobile phone case, computer keyboard, etc. SA603 catalyst can effectively promote the curing of polyurethane coatings and sealants, and improve the material’s wear resistance and impact resistance. In addition, the low toxicity and low odor characteristics of SA603 also make it particularly suitable for the production of precision electronic equipment, ensuring the safety and reliability of the product.

Application Cases: A Japanese electronics manufacturer uses a polyurethane coating produced by SA603 catalyst in its new generation of smartphones. The test results show that the coating’s wear resistance and UV resistance are shown. It has been significantly improved and the service life of the product has been extended. [4]

Advantages: The application of SA603 in electronic products not only improves the performance of the product, but also complies with the requirements of the RoHS (Directive for Restricting Hazardous Substances), ensuring the health and safety of consumers.

5. Other application areas

In addition to the above main application areas, SA603 also shows wide application prospects in other industries. For example, in the field of medical devices, SA603 catalysts can be used to produce medical polyurethane materials, such as catheters, infusion bags, etc., and their low toxicity and biocompatibility make them particularly suitable for the manufacture of medical supplies; in the field of sports equipment, SA603 catalysts can be used for the production of medical supplies; in the field of sports equipment, SA603 catalysts can be used for the production of In the production of polyurethane shoesbottom, protective gear, etc. to improve the wear resistance and comfort of the product.

Property characteristics of SA603 catalyst

SA603, as an organic bismuth catalyst, has many unique properties that make it outstanding in polyurethane production. The following are the main performance characteristics of SA603 and their comparison with traditional catalysts:

1. Low toxicity and environmental protection

The big advantage of SA603 is its low toxicity and environmental protection. Compared with traditional organotin catalysts such as DBTDL, SA603 contains almost no heavy metals and does not cause harm to human health and the environment. Research shows that SA603 will not release harmful gases during production and use, and its final products can be completely biodegradable, meeting the development requirements of green chemistry.

Toxicity Data: According to the test results of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the acute oral toxicity LD50 value of SA603 is greater than 5000 mg/kg, which is a low-toxic substance. In contrast, the acute oral toxicity LD50 value of DBTDL is only 100-200 mg/kg, which has a high toxicity risk. [5]

Environmental Impact: The production process of SA603 does not involve the use of toxic and harmful substances, and its final product can be completely biodegradable and will not cause pollution to the soil, water sources and other environments. In contrast, organotin catalysts will retain a large amount of heavy metals after use, and long-term accumulation will have a negative impact on the ecosystem.

2. Efficient catalytic performance

Although the catalytic efficiency of SA603 is slightly lower than that of the organotin catalyst, in practical applications, the catalytic performance it exhibits is sufficient to meet the requirements of most polyurethane production processes. Especially for certain special application fields, such as low-temperature rapid foaming, microporous foaming, etc., the catalytic effect of SA603 is even better than that of traditional catalysts.

Catalytic Efficiency: Studies have shown that the catalytic efficiency of SA603 in polyurethane reaction can reach more than 90%, and the reaction can be completed in a short time. In addition, the catalytic activity of SA603 is not affected by temperature and humidity and is suitable for various complex process conditions. [6]

Reaction Selectivity: SA603 has high reaction selectivity, which can effectively promote the reaction between isocyanate and polyol and reduce the occurrence of side reactions. This not only improves the quality stability of the product, but also reduces production costs.

3. Good compatibility and dispersion

The chemical structure of SA603 contains long alkyl chains, which imparts good compatibility and dispersion. This means that SA603 can be evenly distributed in a variety of polyurethane systems, avoiding the aggregation and precipitation of catalysts, thereby improving catalytic efficiency and product quality.

Compatibility: SA603 can be well compatible with a variety of polyurethane raw materials (such as MDI, TDI, polyols, etc.) and will not cause the raw materials to deteriorate or fail. This makes SA603 suitable for various types of polyurethane formulations and has a wide range of application prospects. [7]

Disperity: The long alkyl chain structure of SA603 enables it to be evenly dispersed in the reaction system, reducing the amount of catalyst used and reducing production costs. In addition, good dispersion also helps improve the appearance quality and physical properties of the product.

4. Excellent heat resistance and storage stability

SA603 has excellent heat resistance and storage stability, and can maintain efficient catalytic activity under high temperature environments. In addition, SA603 has a long storage life and is not prone to decomposition or deterioration, which is convenient for long-term storage and transportation.

Heat resistance: Studies have shown that SA603 can maintain stable catalytic activity in high temperature environments above 150°C and is suitable for high-temperature curing polyurethane production processes. In contrast, organotin catalysts are prone to decomposition at high temperatures, resulting in a decrease in catalytic efficiency. [8]

Storage Stability: The chemical structure of SA603 is stable and is not easy to react with moisture or other impurities in the air, so it has a long storage life. Experimental data show that after SA603 is stored at room temperature for two years, its catalytic performance has almost no change and is suitable for large-scale industrial production.

The market prospects and development trends of SA603 catalyst

With global emphasis on environmental protection and sustainable development, the concept of green chemistry has gradually become popular, and the demand for environmentally friendly catalysts is also increasing. As a low-toxic and environmentally friendly organic bismuth catalyst, SA603 has become one of the important development directions of the polyurethane industry with its excellent catalytic performance and wide application fields.

1. Market demand growth

In recent years, the scale of the global polyurethane market has been expanding, especially in the fields of construction, automobile, home and other fields, and the demand for polyurethane materials has continued to grow. According to data from market research institutions, the global polyurethane market size has reached about US$60 billion in 2022, and is expected to reach US$80 billion by 2028, with an annual compound growth rate of about 5%. [9] With the increase in the demand for polyurethane market, the demand for environmentally friendly catalysts has also increased. As an ideal alternative to traditional organic tin catalysts, SA603 has a broad market prospect.

Construction Industry: With the continuous improvement of building energy-saving standards in various countries, polyurethane foam, as an efficient insulation material, market demand continues to grow. The application of SA603 in building insulation materials not only improves the performance of the product, but also meets the standards of green buildings, and is favored by more and more construction companies.

Auto Industry: The rapid development of the automotive industry has promoted the widespread application of polyurethane materials in automotive interiors. The low odor and low volatile properties of SA603 make it particularly suitable for use in interior environments, comply with the requirements of the EU REACH regulations, and protects consumers’ health. With the rise of the electric vehicle market, SA603 has a broader prospect for its application in new energy vehicles.

Home Industry: Consumers’ demand for green homes is increasing, prompting home furnishing companies to increase the research and development and application of environmentally friendly materials. The application of SA603 in home furniture not only improves the quality of the product, but also complies with national environmental protection policies and enhances the market competitiveness of the enterprise.

2. Policy support and regulatory promotion

The governments of various countries have been paying more and more attention to environmental protection, and have successively issued a series of environmental protection regulations and policies to promote the development of green chemistry. For example, the EU’s REACH regulations put forward strict requirements on the production, use and sales of chemicals, limiting the use of heavy metal-containing catalysts; China’s “Air Pollution Prevention and Control Law” and “Water Pollution Prevention and Control Law” also provide emissions of industrial pollutants Strict control has been carried out and enterprises are encouraged to adopt environmentally friendly catalysts. The introduction of these policies provides broad market space for environmentally friendly catalysts such as SA603.

EU REACH Regulations: According to REACH regulations, all chemicals entering the EU market must be registered, evaluated and authorized, and catalysts containing heavy metals will face strict restrictions. As an environmentally friendly catalyst without heavy metals, SA603 complies with the requirements of REACH regulations and can be freely circulated in the European market.

China Environmental Protection Policy: The Chinese government attaches great importance to environmental protection and has successively issued a number of policies and regulations to promote the development of green chemistry. The low toxicity and environmental protection of SA603 make it an important choice for the transformation and upgrading of China’s polyurethane industry, and meet the requirements of national environmental protection policies.

3. Technological innovation and future development

With the advancement of technology, the technology of SA603 catalyst is constantly innovating and is expected to be applied in more fields in the future. For example, researchers are exploring the application of SA603 in bio-based polyurethanes to further improve the environmental performance of the materials; in addition, the combination technology of SA603 with other functional additives is also constantly developing, aiming to develop more high-performance Polyurethane material.

Bio-based polyurethane: Bio-based polyurethane is a new material prepared from renewable resources as raw materials and has good environmental protection performance. As an environmentally friendly catalyst, SA603 can effectively promote the synthesis of bio-based polyurethane, reduce dependence on petroleum-based raw materials, and meet the requirements of sustainable development.

Multifunctional Combination Technology: Researchers are developing SA603 compounding technology with other functional additives (such as flame retardants, plasticizers, etc.) to improve the comprehensive performance of polyurethane materials . For example, combining SA603 with flame retardant can produce polyurethane foam with good flame retardant properties, which is suitable for construction, transportation and other fields.

Conclusion

SA603, as a polyurethane catalyst based on organic bismuth, has become one of the important technologies to promote the development of green chemistry with its low toxicity, environmental protection, efficient catalytic performance and a wide range of application fields. Compared with traditional organic tin catalysts, SA603 can not only effectively reduce the emission of harmful substances during the production process, but also significantly improve the quality stability of the product and reduce the occurrence of side reactions. In addition, SA603 also has good heat resistance and storage stability, and can maintain efficient catalytic activity over a wide temperature range.

With the global high attention to environmental protection and sustainable development, the market demand of SA603 will continue to grow, especially in the fields of construction, automobile, home and other fields, with broad application prospects. Environmental protection regulations and policies issued by governments in various countries also provide a broad market space for SA603 and promotes its wide application in the polyurethane industry. In the future, with the continuous advancement of technological innovation, SA603 is expected to be applied in more fields and make greater contributions to the development of green chemistry.

In short, SA603 catalyst is not only an important breakthrough in the polyurethane industry, but also one of the key technologies for the development of green chemistry. By promoting and applying SA603, we can not only improve the performance and quality of polyurethane materials, but also make positive contributions to environmental protection and sustainable development.

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parameters	value
Appearance	Colorless to light yellow transparent liquid
Density (g/cm³)	0.95-1.05
Viscosity (mPa·s, 25°C)	5-15
Boiling point (°C)	>200
Flash point (°C)	>100
Water-soluble	Insoluble in water, easy to soluble in organic solvents

Performance metrics	Description
Reaction rate	At room temperature, SA603 catalyst can significantly increase the reaction rate between isocyanate and polyol, shorten the gel time, and is suitable for rapid curing applications.
Selective	It is highly selective for the reaction between isocyanate and polyol, which can effectively inhibit the occurrence of side reactions and ensure the purity and performance of the product.
Stability	During storage and use, the SA603 catalyst exhibits good chemical stability and thermal stability, and is not easy to decompose or inactivate.
Compatibility	It has good compatibility with a variety of polyurethane raw materials (such as TDI, MDI, PPG, PTMG, etc.), and is suitable for different types of polyurethane systems.

Safety Parameters	Description
Toxicity	Low toxicity, comply with international standards, and is friendly to human and environmentally friendly.
Environmental	There are fewer by-products in the production process, meet environmental protection requirements, and are suitable for green chemical processes.
Protective Measures	Wear appropriate protective equipment when using it to avoid direct contact with the skin and inhalation of steam.

Temperature (°C)	Time (hours)	Average gel time (mins)
60	24	5.2 ± 0.3
60	48	4.8 ± 0.2
60	72	4.5 ± 0.1
80	24	4.0 ± 0.2
80	48	3.5 ± 0.1
80	72	3.2 ± 0.1
100	24	3.0 ± 0.1
100	48	2.8 ± 0.1
100	72	2.7 ± 0.1

Temperature (°C)	Time (hours)	Viscosity (mPa·s)
60	24	12.5 ± 0.5
60	48	11.8 ± 0.4
60	72	11.2 ± 0.3
80	24	10.5 ± 0.4
80	48	9.8 ± 0.3
80	72	9.2 ± 0.2
100	24	8.5 ± 0.3
100	48	8.2 ± 0.2
100	72	8.0 ± 0.1

Temperature (°C)	Time (hours)	Average gel time (mins)
-20	24	7.5 ± 0.4
-20	48	8.0 ± 0.5
-20	72	8.5 ± 0.6
-40	24	9.0 ± 0.5
-40	48	9.5 ± 0.6
-40	72	10.0 ± 0.7
-60	24	10.5 ± 0.6
-60	48	11.0 ± 0.7
-60	72	11.5 ± 0.8

Temperature (°C)	Time (hours)	Viscosity (mPa·s)
-20	24	15.0 ± 0.5
-20	48	15.5 ± 0.6
-20	72	16.0 ± 0.7
-40	24	16.5 ± 0.6
-40	48	17.0 ± 0.7
-40	72	17.5 ± 0.8
-60	24	18.0 ± 0.7
-60	48	18.5 ± 0.8
-60	72	19.0 ± 0.9

Humidity (%)	Time (hours)	Average gel time (mins)
85	24	5.5 ± 0.3
85	48	5.8 ± 0.4
85	72	6.0 ± 0.5
95	24	6.0 ± 0.4
95	48	6.3 ± 0.5
95	72	6.5 ± 0.6
100	24	6.5 ± 0.5
100	48	6.8 ± 0.6
100	72	7.0 ± 0.7

Humidity (%)	Time (hours)	Quality Change (%)
85	24	0.5 ± 0.1
85	48	0.8 ± 0.2
85	72	1.0 ± 0.3
95	24	1.0 ± 0.2
95	48	1.3 ± 0.3
95	72	1.5 ± 0.4
100	24	1.5 ± 0.3
100	48	1.8 ± 0.4
100	72	2.0 ± 0.5

Light intensity (W/m²)	Time (hours)	Color change (ΔE)
0.5	24	1.2 ± 0.1
0.5	48	1.5 ± 0.2
0.5	72	1.8 ± 0.3
1.0	24	1.8 ± 0.2
1.0	48	2.2 ± 0.3
1.0	72	2.5 ± 0.4
1.5	24	2.5 ± 0.3
1.5	48	3.0 ± 0.4
1.5	72	3.5 ± 0.5

parameter name	Test conditions	Result
Catalytic Activity	60°C, 1 hour	Isocyanate conversion rate>95%
Reaction time	60°C, 1 hour	Time to complete the reaction <1 hour
Product Hardness	Shore A hardness test	80-90
Product Tensile Strength	ASTM D412	25-30 MPa
Product tear strength	ASTM D624	50-60 kN/m
Product Resilience	ASTM D2632	55-65%
Product weather resistance	UV aging test, 1000 hours	No significant changes in the surface
Product chemical resistance	Soak in gasoline,Alcohol and other solvents	No obvious swelling or softening

parameter name	Standards/Regulations	Compare the situation
VOC content	GB 18582-2020	<100 mg/L
Heavy Metal Content	RoHS command	Compare RoHS requirements
Carcinogens	REACH Regulations	No carcinogens
Biodegradability	OECD 301B	Biodegradation rate within 7 days>60%
Recyclability	ISO 14021	Recyclable

Parameters	Value	Unit
Appearance	Transparent Liquid
Density	1.05	g/cm³
Viscosity	20-30	mPa·s
Active ingredient content	98%
pH value	7.0-8.0
Flashpoint	>100	°C
Storage temperature	-10 to 40	°C
Shelf life	24 months
Solution	Easy soluble in common organic solvents

Chemical structure	ScanDescription
Central Metal Bismuth	As the core of the catalyst, bismuth atom can coordinate with isocyanate and polyols to promote the reaction.
2-ethylhexanoate	Three 2-ethylhexanoate groups coordinate with bismuth atoms through oxygen atoms to form a stable six-membered ring structure.

Catalytic Type	Catalytic Mechanism	Pros	Disadvantages
Organotin Catalyst	Tin ions and N coordination	High catalytic efficiency	High toxicity and serious environmental pollution
Organic bismuth catalyst	Bissium ions and O coordinate	Low toxicity, environmentally friendly	Catalytic efficiency is slightly lower