Month: February 2025

Advantages and application scenarios of CS90, a tertiary amine catalyst, compared with traditional catalysts

Introduction

Term amine catalysts play a crucial role in the chemical industry, especially in the fields of polymerization, organic synthesis and catalytic cracking. Although traditional catalysts such as acid catalysts, metal catalysts, etc. have wide applications, they have limitations under certain specific conditions, such as poor selectivity, many side reactions, and unfriendly environment. In recent years, with the rise of the concept of green chemistry, the development of efficient, environmentally friendly and selective new catalysts has become a hot topic of research. As a non-metallic organic catalyst, tertiary amine catalyst has gradually attracted widespread attention from the academic and industrial circles due to its unique structure and properties.

CS90 is a high-performance tertiary amine catalyst, jointly developed by many internationally renowned chemical companies. Its excellent catalytic performance and wide applicability make it show significant advantages in many fields. This article will discuss in detail the advantages of CS90 tertiary amine catalysts compared with traditional catalysts, and analyze them in combination with specific application scenarios. The article will discuss the basic parameters, catalytic mechanism, performance advantages, application scenarios and other aspects of CS90, and will quote a large number of domestic and foreign literature, striving to provide readers with a comprehensive and in-depth understanding.

Basic parameters of CS90 tertiary amine catalyst

CS90 tertiary amine catalyst is a highly efficient catalyst based on the trialkylamine structure, and its molecular formula is C12H27N. The chemical name of this catalyst is N,N-dimethyldodecylamine, which belongs to long-chain aliphatic tertiary amine compounds. The following are the main physical and chemical parameters of the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst:

parameters Description
Molecular Weight 189.36 g/mol
Density 0.78 g/cm³ (25°C)
Melting point -30°C
Boiling point 240°C (760 mmHg)
Refractive index 1.442 (20°C)
Flashpoint 104°C
Solution Insoluble in water, easily soluble in most organic solvents (such as, A, etc.)
Appearance Colorless to light yellow transparent liquid
Stability Stabilize at room temperature to avoid high temperature and strong oxidants

The molecular structure of the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst contains long alkyl chains, which gives it good solubility and low polarity, allowing it to be efficiently dissolved in a variety of organic solvents, especially suitable for Non-polar or weak polar reaction system. In addition, the high boiling point and low volatility of CS90 enable it to maintain stable catalytic activity under high temperature reaction conditions, reducing catalyst consumption due to volatility losses.

Chemical Properties

CS90 tertiary amine catalysts have typical tertiary amine properties and can exhibit strong alkalinity in acidic or neutral environments. The nitrogen atoms in tertiary amines carry lone pairs of electrons, which can coordinate with protons or other electrophiles, form intermediates and promote the progress of the reaction. In addition, the long-chain alkyl structure of CS90 also imparts a certain hydrophobicity, allowing it to exhibit excellent dispersion and stability in oil phase or organic media.

Thermal Stability

Thermal stability of CS90 tertiary amine catalyst is one of its important advantages. Studies have shown that CS90 can maintain high catalytic activity at temperatures up to 240°C without decomposition or inactivation. This characteristic makes it particularly suitable for use in high-temperature reaction systems, such as polymerization, transesterification, etc. In contrast, many traditional catalysts (such as acidic catalysts) are prone to inactivate or produce by-products under high temperature conditions, affecting the selectivity and yield of the reaction.

Toxicology and Environmental Impacts

Toxicological studies of CS90 tertiary amine catalysts show that their impact on humans and the environment is relatively small. According to relevant regulations of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the European Chemicals Administration (ECHA), CS90 is classified as a low toxic substance. The results of acute toxicity tests show that its LD50 value is higher, indicating that it has a lower harm to the human body. In addition, CS90 is prone to degradation in the natural environment and will not cause long-term environmental pollution. Therefore, CS90 is considered an environmentally friendly catalyst that meets the development requirements of green chemistry.

Catalytic Mechanism of CS90 Tertiary amine Catalyst

The catalytic mechanism of the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst is mainly based on the interaction between nitrogen atoms and reactants in its tertiary amine structure. The nitrogen atoms in tertiary amines carry lone pairs of electrons, which can coordinate with protons or other electrophiles, form intermediates and promote the progress of the reaction. Specifically, the catalytic process of CS90 tertiary amine catalyst can be divided into the following steps:

  1. Protonation or coordination: In an acidic or neutral environment, the nitrogen atom of the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst can accept protons or be associated with other electrophiles (such as carbonyl compounds, halogenated hydrocarbons, etc. ) Coordination occurs, forming a positively charged intermediate. In this process, the alkalinity of tertiary amines plays a key role, promoting proton transfer or changes in electron cloud density.

  2. Intermediate formation: After protonation or coordination, the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst forms a stable intermediate with the reactants. The intermediates generally have a lower energy barrier and can more easily participate in subsequent reaction steps. For example, in transesterification reaction, the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst coordinates with the carboxylic acid ester, forming a tetrahedral intermediate, reducing the activation energy of the reaction.

  3. Reactant conversion: After the intermediate is formed, the reactant is converted into the target product through a series of chemical changes. The CS90 tertiary amine catalyst improves the selectivity and rate of reaction by adjusting the reaction path and reducing activation energy. For example, in polymerization reaction, the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst can promote the ring-opening polymerization of monomers and generate high molecular weight polymers; in transesterification reaction, the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst can accelerate the breakage and reformation of ester bonds and improve the reaction Conversion rate.

  4. Catalytic Regeneration: After the reaction is completed, the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst returns to its initial state through deprotonation or decoordination, and re-enteres the next catalytic cycle. During this process, the structure and activity of the catalyst remain unchanged, ensuring its reusable properties.

Catalytic Reaction Type

CS90 tertiary amine catalysts are widely used in many types of chemical reactions, mainly including the following categories:

  1. Polymerization: CS90 tertiary amine catalysts show excellent catalytic properties in polymerization reactions, especially for the synthesis of polymer materials such as epoxy resins, polyurethanes, and polyamides. Studies have shown that the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst can effectively promote the ring-opening polymerization of epoxy groups and generate polymers with high molecular weight and good mechanical properties. In addition, the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst can also adjust the molecular weight distribution of the polymer and improve the uniformity and quality of the product.

  2. Transesterification Reaction: CS90 tertiary amine catalyst also shows significant advantages in transesterification reaction. Transesterification reaction is an important type of organic synthesis reaction and is widely used in biodiesel production, fragrance synthesis and other fields. The CS90 tertiary amine catalyst can reduce the breaking energy of the ester bond through coordination and accelerate the progress of the reaction. Studies have shown that CS90 tertiary amine catalyst can significantly increase the transesterification reaction rate between triglycerides and methanol in biodiesel production, shorten the reaction time, and reduce energy consumption.

  3. Amidation reaction: CS90 tertiary amine catalyst also has good catalytic effects in the amidation reaction. Amidation reaction is the preparation of amide compoundsImportant methods are widely used in pharmaceuticals, pesticides, dyes and other fields. The CS90 tertiary amine catalyst can promote the condensation reaction between carboxylic acid and amine through protonation to produce the corresponding amide product. Studies have shown that CS90 tertiary amine catalyst can significantly improve the selectivity and yield of the reaction and reduce the generation of by-products in the amidation reaction.

  4. Addition reaction: The CS90 tertiary amine catalyst also exhibits certain catalytic activity in the addition reaction, especially in the addition reaction between olefins and nucleophiles. Studies have shown that the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst can reduce the double bond energy of olefins through coordination, promote the attack of nucleophiles, and generate corresponding addition products. This characteristic makes CS90 tertiary amine catalyst have wide application prospects in organic synthesis.

Comparison between CS90 tertiary amine catalyst and traditional catalyst

To demonstrate the advantages of CS90 tertiary amine catalysts more intuitively, we compared them with several common traditional catalysts. The following are the comparison results of CS90 tertiary amine catalysts with acid catalysts, metal catalysts, and alkaline catalysts:

1. Comparison with acidic catalysts

Acidic catalysts (such as sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, solid acid, etc.) have wide applications in many organic reactions, but they also have some obvious limitations. The following is a comparison between CS90 tertiary amine catalyst and acidic catalyst:

parameters CS90 Tertiary amine Catalyst Acidic Catalyst
Catalytic Activity High Medium
Selective High Low
Side reactions Little many
Environmental Friendship Yes No
Thermal Stability High Low
Operational Conditions Gentle Strict
Catalytic Recovery Easy Difficult

From the table, it can be seen that the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst is better than the acidic catalytic activity, selectivity, side reaction control, environmental friendliness, etc.Chemical agent. Acid catalysts are prone to inactivate or produce by-products under high temperature conditions, affecting the selectivity and yield of the reaction. The CS90 tertiary amine catalyst has high thermal stability and low tendency to react side, and can achieve efficient catalytic reactions under mild operating conditions. In addition, the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst is easy to recover and reuse, reducing catalyst waste and environmental pollution.

2. Comparison with metal catalysts

Metal catalysts (such as palladium, platinum, nickel, etc.) have excellent catalytic properties in many organic reactions, but they also have some potential problems, such as high cost, toxicity, difficulty in separation, etc. The following is a comparison between CS90 tertiary amine catalyst and metal catalyst:

parameters CS90 Tertiary amine Catalyst Metal Catalyst
Cost Low High
Toxicity Low High
Difficulty of separation Low High
Environmental Friendship Yes No
Thermal Stability High Medium
Selective High Medium
Catalytic Recovery Easy Difficult

It can be seen from the table that the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst is superior to the metal catalyst in terms of cost, toxicity, separation difficulty, environmental friendliness, etc. Metal catalysts are usually expensive and contain heavy metal ions, which can cause harm to the environment and human health. In addition, metal catalysts are difficult to completely separate after reaction and are easily retained in the product, affecting product quality. The CS90 tertiary amine catalyst has low cost and toxicity, is easy to separate and recycle, and meets the development requirements of green chemistry.

3. Comparison with alkaline catalysts

Basic catalysts (such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, etc.) also have certain applications in certain organic reactions, but their catalytic properties and scope of application are relatively limited. The following is a comparison between CS90 tertiary amine catalyst and basic catalyst:

parameters CS90 Tertiary amine catalyst Basic Catalyst
Catalytic Activity High Medium
Selective High Low
Side reactions Little many
Environmental Friendship Yes No
Thermal Stability High Low
Operational Conditions Gentle Strict
Catalytic Recovery Easy Difficult

It can be seen from the table that the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst is superior to the basic catalyst in terms of catalytic activity, selectivity, side reaction control, environmental friendliness, etc. Basic catalysts are prone to inactivate or produce by-products under high temperature conditions, affecting the selectivity and yield of the reaction. The CS90 tertiary amine catalyst has high thermal stability and low tendency to react side, and can achieve efficient catalytic reactions under mild operating conditions. In addition, the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst is easy to recover and reuse, reducing catalyst waste and environmental pollution.

Application scenarios of CS90 tertiary amine catalyst

CS90 tertiary amine catalyst has shown significant application value in many fields due to its excellent catalytic properties and wide applicability. The following are the main application scenarios and their advantages of CS90 tertiary amine catalyst:

1. Polymerization

Polymerization is an important method for preparing polymer materials and is widely used in plastics, rubbers, coatings, fibers and other fields. The CS90 tertiary amine catalyst exhibits excellent catalytic properties in polymerization reaction, especially in the synthesis of polymer materials such as epoxy resin, polyurethane, and polyamide. Studies have shown that the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst can effectively promote the ring-opening polymerization of epoxy groups and generate polymers with high molecular weight and good mechanical properties. In addition, the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst can also adjust the molecular weight distribution of the polymer and improve the uniformity and quality of the product.

Application Cases

  • epoxy resin synthesis: CS90 tertiary amine catalyst exhibits excellent catalytic properties in epoxy resin synthesis, which can significantly improve the ring-opening polymerization rate of epoxy groups, shorten the reaction time, and reduce the Energy consumption. Studies have shown that CS90 tertiary amine is used to stimulateEpoxy resin synthesized by chemical agents has higher cross-linking density and better mechanical properties, and is suitable for aerospace, automobile manufacturing and other fields.

  • Polyurethane Synthesis: CS90 tertiary amine catalyst also shows significant advantages in polyurethane synthesis, which can promote the reaction of isocyanate and polyols, and produce polyurethane materials with high molecular weight and good elasticity. Research shows that polyurethane materials synthesized using CS90 tertiary amine catalyst have better weather resistance and anti-aging properties, and are suitable for construction, furniture, home appliances and other fields.

2. Transesterification reaction

Transester exchange reaction is an important type of organic synthesis reaction and is widely used in biodiesel production, fragrance synthesis and other fields. The CS90 tertiary amine catalyst shows significant advantages in transesterification reactions, and can reduce the breaking energy of the ester bond through coordination and accelerate the progress of the reaction. Studies have shown that CS90 tertiary amine catalyst can significantly increase the transesterification reaction rate between triglycerides and methanol in biodiesel production, shorten the reaction time, and reduce energy consumption.

Application Cases

  • Biodiesel production: CS90 tertiary amine catalysts show excellent catalytic properties in biodiesel production, which can significantly increase the transesterification rate of triglycerides and methanol, shorten the reaction time, and reduce energy Consumption. Research shows that biodiesel produced using CS90 tertiary amine catalyst has higher purity and better combustion performance, and is suitable for transportation, energy and other fields.

  • Fragrance Synthesis: CS90 tertiary amine catalyst also shows significant advantages in fragrance synthesis, which can promote the transesterification reaction of ester compounds and generate fragrance products with unique aromas. Studies have shown that fragrances synthesized using CS90 tertiary amine catalysts have higher aroma strength and durability, and are suitable for food, cosmetics and other fields.

3. Amidation reaction

Amidation reaction is an important method for preparing amide compounds and is widely used in pharmaceuticals, pesticides, dyes and other fields. The CS90 tertiary amine catalyst exhibits good catalytic effects in the amidation reaction, and can promote the condensation reaction between carboxylic acid and amine through protonation to produce the corresponding amide product. Studies have shown that CS90 tertiary amine catalyst can significantly improve the selectivity and yield of the reaction and reduce the generation of by-products in the amidation reaction.

Application Cases

  • Drug Synthesis: CS90 tertiary amine catalysts show excellent catalytic properties in drug synthesis, which can significantly improve the selectivity and yield of the amidation reaction and reduce the generation of by-products. Studies show that catalysis is done using CS90 tertiary amineDrugs synthesized by agents have higher purity and better efficacy, and are suitable for medicine, health products and other fields.

  • Pesticide Synthesis: CS90 tertiary amine catalyst also shows significant advantages in pesticide synthesis, which can promote the synthesis of amide pesticides and improve the selectivity and yield of the reaction. Research shows that pesticides synthesized using CS90 tertiary amine catalysts have higher insecticidal effects and lower toxicity, and are suitable for agriculture, forestry and other fields.

4. Addition reaction

Adjustment reaction is an important type of organic synthesis reaction and is widely used in the addition reaction between olefins and nucleophiles. The CS90 tertiary amine catalyst also exhibits certain catalytic activity in the addition reaction, especially in the addition reaction between olefins and nucleophiles. Studies have shown that the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst can reduce the double bond energy of olefins through coordination, promote the attack of nucleophiles, and generate corresponding addition products. This characteristic makes CS90 tertiary amine catalyst have wide application prospects in organic synthesis.

Application Cases

  • Fine Chemicals: CS90 tertiary amine catalysts show excellent catalytic properties in the field of fine chemicals, can promote the addition reaction between olefins and nucleophiles, and produce fine chemicals with high added value. Research shows that fine chemicals synthesized using CS90 tertiary amine catalysts have higher purity and better performance, and are suitable for electronics, optical, medical and other fields.

  • Polymer Modification: CS90 tertiary amine catalyst also shows significant advantages in polymer modification, which can promote the addition reaction between olefins and nucleophiles and generate polymerization with special functions Materials. Research shows that polymer materials modified with CS90 tertiary amine catalysts have better mechanical properties and chemical stability, and are suitable for aerospace, automobile manufacturing and other fields.

Conclusion

To sum up, as a high-performance non-metallic organic catalyst, CS90 tertiary amine catalyst has shown significant advantages in many fields due to its excellent catalytic performance and wide applicability. Compared with traditional catalysts, CS90 tertiary amine catalysts have higher catalytic activity, better selectivity, fewer side reactions, higher thermal stability and better environmental friendliness. These advantages make CS90 tertiary amine catalysts have wide application prospects in organic synthesis reactions such as polymerization reaction, transesterification reaction, amidation reaction, addition reaction, etc.

In the future, with the continuous promotion of green chemistry concepts and technological advancement, CS90 tertiary amine catalysts are expected to be applied in more fields, promoting the development of the chemical industry to a more efficient and environmentally friendly direction. At the same time, researchers can further optimize CS90 tertiary amine catalysisThe structure and performance of the agent have been developed to develop more new catalysts with special functions to meet the needs of different industries.

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Analysis on the importance of CS90, a tertiary amine catalyst, in building sealants

Introduction

The application of tertiary amine catalyst CS90 in building sealants is of great significance. With the rapid development of the global construction industry, the demand for high-performance and environmentally friendly building materials is increasing. Sealant, as an indispensable part of the building structure, not only prevents the invasion of moisture, air and pollutants, but also improves the overall performance and durability of the building. However, key performance indicators such as curing speed, bonding strength and weather resistance of sealants directly affect their use effect and life. Therefore, choosing the right catalyst is crucial to improve the performance of the sealant.

Term amine catalyst CS90 is a highly efficient and environmentally friendly catalyst and is widely used in various types of building sealants such as polyurethane (PU), silicone (Silicone) and acrylic (Acrylic). By accelerating the crosslinking reaction of the sealant, it significantly improves the curing speed and bonding strength of the sealant, while improving its weather resistance and anti-aging properties. In addition, CS90 also has good compatibility and low volatility, which can effectively improve its comprehensive performance without affecting other performance of the sealant.

This article will conduct a detailed analysis from the product parameters, mechanism of action, application fields, performance advantages, and domestic and foreign research progress of CS90, aiming to comprehensively explore the importance of CS90 in building sealants, and be related Researchers and practitioners in the field provide reference.

The basic chemical properties and product parameters of CS90

Term amine catalyst CS90 is a highly efficient organic amine catalyst, mainly used to promote the cross-linking reaction of sealants such as polyurethane, silicone and acrylic. Its chemical name is N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine (DMCHA), the molecular formula is C8H17N, and the molecular weight is 127.23 g/mol. Here are the main physical and chemical properties of CS90:

Parameters Value
Appearance Colorless to light yellow transparent liquid
Density (20°C) 0.86-0.88 g/cm³
Boiling point 175-180°C
Flashpoint 54°C
Solution Easy soluble in water, alcohols, and ketone solvents
pH value 10.5-11.5
Active ingredient content ≥99%
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) ≤0.5%

Chemical structure and reactivity

The chemical structure of CS90 contains a tertiary amine group (-NR2), which makes it highly alkaline and highly reactive. Tertiary amine groups can react rapidly with isocyanate (NCO) groups to form urethane or urea (Urea) structures, thereby accelerating the crosslinking process of polyurethane sealants. In addition, CS90 can also react with the alkoxy group (-OR) in the silane coupling agent to promote the curing of the silicone sealant.

Thermal Stability and Storage Conditions

CS90 has good thermal stability and can be stored for a long time at room temperature. Its recommended storage temperature is 5-30°C, avoiding high temperatures and direct sunlight. Because CS90 has a certain hygroscopicity, it is recommended to store it in a dry and well-ventilated environment and keep the packaging sealed well to prevent moisture from entering and causing the product to deteriorate.

Safety and Environmental Protection

CS90 is a low-toxic, low-volatility organic amine catalyst, complies with the EU REACH regulations and the US EPA standards. Its VOC content is extremely low and it will hardly cause pollution to the environment. In addition, CS90 has good biodegradability and can gradually decompose in the natural environment, reducing the long-term impact on the ecosystem. Therefore, CS90 is considered an environmentally friendly catalyst suitable for green buildings and sustainable development requirements.

The mechanism of action of CS90 in building sealant

The mechanism of action of the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 in building sealants is mainly reflected in the following aspects: accelerating the cross-linking reaction, adjusting the curing speed, improving the bonding strength and improving weather resistance. The following is a detailed analysis of its mechanism of action:

1. Accelerate cross-linking reaction

CS90, as a strongly alkaline tertiary amine catalyst, can significantly accelerate the cross-linking reaction of polyurethane, silicone and acrylic sealant. Specifically, CS90 promotes crosslinking reactions through two ways:

  • Reaction with isocyanate (NCO) groups: The tertiary amine group in CS90 can be combined with polyammoniaThe isocyanate groups in the ester sealant react rapidly to form a urethane or urea (Urea) structure. This reaction not only accelerates the curing process of polyurethane, but also increases the cross-linking density of the sealant and enhances its mechanical properties.

  • Reaction with silane coupling agent: In silicone sealant, CS90 can react with the alkoxy group (-OR) in the silane coupling agent to form siloxane (Si- O-Si) structure. This reaction promotes cross-linking and curing of silicone sealants, giving them better adhesion and weather resistance.

2. Adjust the curing speed

Another important function of CS90 is to adjust the curing speed of the sealant. By changing the amount of CS90 added, the curing time of the sealant can be accurately controlled to meet the needs of different application scenarios. For example, when constructing in cold environments, appropriately increasing the amount of CS90 can speed up the curing speed of the sealant to ensure that it reaches sufficient strength in a short period of time; while when constructing in high temperature environments, it can be extended by reducing the amount of CS90 can be increased by reducing the amount of CS90. Curing time to avoid construction difficulties caused by fast curing of sealant.

Study shows that the optimal amount of CS90 is usually 0.5%-2.0% of the total mass of the sealant, and the specific amount should be adjusted according to the type of sealant, construction environment and performance requirements. Table 1 lists the recommended amount of CS90 added in different sealant types:

Sealant Type CS90 addition amount (wt%)
Polyurethane Sealant 0.5-1.5
Silicone Sealant 1.0-2.0
Acrylic Sealant 0.5-1.0

3. Improve bonding strength

CS90 can significantly improve the bonding strength of the sealant, especially in humid environments. This is because CS90 can promote chemical bonding between the sealant and the substrate surface to form a firm bonding layer. Studies have shown that after adding CS90, the tensile shear strength of polyurethane sealant can be increased by 20%-30%, and the peel strength of silicone sealant can be increased by 15%-25%.

In addition, CS90 can also improve the cohesion of sealant and reduce cracking caused by stress concentration. This is of great significance for improving the long-term stability and durability of sealants, especially in building structures that withstand large deformations, such as bridges, tunnels and high-rise buildings.

4. Improve weather resistance

CS90 not only accelerates the curing of sealant, but also significantly improves its weather resistance. Studies have shown that the aging performance of sealants after adding CS90 in ultraviolet rays, ozone and humid and heat environments is significantly better than sealants without catalysts. This is because CS90 can promote the activity of antioxidants and light stabilizers in sealants and delay its degradation process.

In addition, CS90 can improve the waterproof performance of sealant and reduce corrosion and mildew problems caused by moisture penetration. This is of great significance for extending the service life and maintenance costs of buildings, especially in coastal areas and humid environments.

The application of CS90 in different types of sealants

Term amine catalyst CS90 is widely used in a variety of building sealants, including polyurethane sealants, silicone sealants and acrylic sealants. The requirements for catalysts vary depending on their chemical composition and application fields. The following are the specific applications and performance advantages of CS90 in different types of sealants.

1. Polyurethane sealant

Polyurethane sealant is a high-performance elastic sealing material, which is widely used in the fields of building exterior walls, doors and windows, roofs and underground engineering. Its main components are polyurethane prepolymers and chain extenders, which form a crosslinking network structure by reacting isocyanate (NCO) groups and polyol (OH) groups. As a catalyst for polyurethane sealant, CS90 can significantly accelerate this crosslinking reaction, shorten the curing time, and improve the bonding strength and elastic recovery ability of the sealant.

Performance Advantages:

  • Rapid Curing: CS90 can significantly shorten the curing time of polyurethane sealant, especially in low temperature environments, and exhibit excellent catalytic effects. Research shows that after adding CS90, the initial curing time of polyurethane sealant can be shortened from the original 24 hours to 6-8 hours, greatly improving construction efficiency.

  • High bonding strength: CS90 can promote chemical bonding between the polyurethane sealant and the substrate surface to form a firm bonding layer. Experimental data show that the tensile shear strength of polyurethane sealant after adding CS90 on common substrates such as aluminum alloy, glass and concrete can be increased by 20%-30%, and can still maintain good bonding performance in humid environments. .

  • Excellent elastic recovery: CS90 can improve cross-linking of polyurethane sealantDensity, enhances its elastic recovery ability. This is very important for dealing with the deformation and displacement caused by buildings during use, especially in large infrastructure such as bridges and tunnels, polyurethane sealants need to have good elasticity and fatigue resistance.

  • Good weather resistance: CS90 can delay the aging process of polyurethane sealant and improve its ability to resist ultraviolet, ozone and humid and heat environments. Studies have shown that polyurethane sealant after adding CS90 shows a longer service life in outdoor exposure tests, reducing cracking and shedding problems caused by aging.

2. Silicone Sealant

Silicone sealant is an elastic sealing material based on silicone polymers, with excellent weather resistance, chemical resistance and high and low temperature resistance. Its main components are siloxane prepolymers and crosslinking agents, and a crosslinking network structure is formed through the condensation reaction of siloxane groups (Si-O-Si). As a catalyst for silicone sealant, CS90 can significantly accelerate this condensation reaction, shorten the curing time, and improve the bonding strength and weather resistance of the sealant.

Performance Advantages:

  • Rapid Curing: CS90 can significantly shorten the curing time of silicone sealant, especially in humid environments, and exhibit excellent catalytic effects. Research shows that after adding CS90, the initial curing time of silicone sealant can be shortened from the original 48 hours to 12-24 hours, greatly improving construction efficiency.

  • High bonding strength: CS90 can promote chemical bonding between the silicone sealant and the surface of the substrate to form a firm bonding layer. Experimental data show that the peel strength of silicone sealant after adding CS90 on common substrates such as aluminum alloy, glass and ceramics can be increased by 15%-25%, and can still maintain good bonding performance under high and low temperature environments. .

  • Excellent weather resistance: CS90 can delay the aging process of silicone sealant and improve its ability to resist ultraviolet, ozone and humid and heat environments. Studies have shown that silicone sealant after adding CS90 shows a longer service life in outdoor exposure tests, reducing the powdering and cracking problems caused by aging.

  • Good chemical resistance: CS90 can improve the cross-linking density of silicone sealant and enhance its chemical resistance. This is very important for dealing with corrosive substances such as acids, alkalis, and salts that the building is exposed to during use. Especially in special environments such as chemical plants and sewage treatment plants, silicone sealants need to have good chemical resistance. .

3. Acrylic Sealant

Acrylic sealant is an elastic sealing material based on acrylic polymer. It has good adhesion and weather resistance. It is widely used in the fields of building exterior walls, doors and windows, curtain walls and interior decoration. Its main components are acrylate prepolymers and initiators, and a crosslinking network structure is formed through free radical polymerization. As a catalyst for acrylic sealant, CS90 can significantly accelerate this polymerization reaction, shorten the curing time, and improve the bonding strength and weather resistance of the sealant.

Performance Advantages:

  • Rapid Curing: CS90 can significantly shorten the curing time of acrylic sealant, especially in low temperature environments, and exhibit excellent catalytic effects. Research shows that after adding CS90, the initial curing time of acrylic sealant can be shortened from the original 12 hours to 4-6 hours, greatly improving construction efficiency.

  • High bonding strength: CS90 can promote chemical bonding between the acrylic sealant and the substrate surface to form a firm bonding layer. Experimental data show that the tensile shear strength of acrylic sealant after adding CS90 on common substrates such as wood, plastic and metal can be increased by 10%-20%, and can still maintain good bonding performance in humid environments.

  • Excellent weather resistance: CS90 can delay the aging process of acrylic sealant and improve its ability to resist ultraviolet, ozone and humid and heat environments. Studies have shown that acrylic sealant after adding CS90 shows a longer service life in outdoor exposure tests, reducing fading and peeling problems caused by aging.

  • Good chemical resistance: CS90 can improve the cross-linking density of acrylic sealant and enhance its chemical resistance. This is very important for dealing with corrosive substances such as acids, alkalis, and salts that the building is exposed to during use. Especially in humid environments such as kitchens and bathrooms, acrylic sealants need to have good chemical resistance.

Comparison of CS90 with other catalysts

To better understand the advantages of tertiary amine catalyst CS90 in building sealants, we compared it with other common catalysts. Here is a comparison of the performance of CS90 and several typical catalysts:

1. Tertiary amine catalyst CS90 vs. Organotin catalyst

Organotin catalysts (such as dibutyltin dilaurate, DBTDL) are commonly used catalysts in polyurethane sealants, with strong catalytic activity and wide applicability. However, organotin catalysts have some limitations, such as high toxicity, susceptibility to moisture, and strong volatile properties. In comparisonNext, CS90 has the following advantages:

  • Low toxicity and environmental protection: CS90 is a low-toxic, low-volatility organic amine catalyst that complies with the EU REACH regulations and the US EPA standards, while organic tin catalysts are listed as toxic substances. Strict protective measures are required when using it.

  • Water Resistance: CS90 has good water resistance and is not easily affected by moisture, while the organic tin catalyst is easily deactivated in humid environments, resulting in incomplete curing of the sealant.

  • Thermal Stability: CS90 has good thermal stability and can maintain catalytic activity under high temperature environments, while the organic tin catalyst is easy to decompose at high temperatures, affecting the performance of the sealant.

2. Tertiary amine catalyst CS90 vs. Organobis Catalyst

Organic bismuth catalysts (such as bismuth neodecanoate, Bis(2-ethylhexanoato) bismuth (III)) are an environmentally friendly catalyst developed in recent years, with low toxicity and good catalytic activity. However, the catalytic efficiency of organic bismuth catalysts is relatively low, especially for the poor curing effect of silicone sealants. In contrast, CS90 has the following advantages:

  • High catalytic efficiency: The catalytic efficiency of CS90 is higher than that of organic bismuth catalysts, which can significantly shorten the curing time of the sealant and improve construction efficiency.

  • Wide Applicability: CS90 is suitable for a variety of sealants, including polyurethane, silicone and acrylic sealants, while organic bismuth catalysts are mainly suitable for polyurethane sealants, for silicone and acrylic acid Sealant has poor effect.

  • Price Advantage: The cost of CS90 is lower than that of organic bismuth catalysts, which has better economicality and is suitable for large-scale promotion and application.

3. Tertiary amine catalyst CS90 vs. Organozinc catalyst

Organic zinc catalysts (such as zinc octoate, Zinc octoate) are commonly used catalysts in acrylic sealants, with good catalytic activity and weather resistance. However, the catalytic efficiency of the organic zinc catalyst is relatively low, especially for poor curing effect in low temperature environments. In contrast, CS90 has the following advantages:

  • Low-temperature curing performance: CS90 exhibits excellent catalytic effect in low temperature environments, which can significantly shorten C in a low temperature environmentThe curing time of the enoic acid sealant, while the organic zinc catalyst is prone to inactivate at low temperatures, resulting in incomplete curing of the sealant.

  • High bond strength: CS90 can significantly improve the bond strength of acrylic sealant, especially in humid environments, while organic zinc catalysts have limited effect on improving bond strength .

  • Weather Resistance: CS90 can delay the aging process of acrylic sealant and improve its ability to resist UV, ozone and humid and heat environments, while organic zinc catalysts have poor effects in this regard.

Domestic and foreign research progress and application cases

The application of tertiary amine catalyst CS90 in building sealants has attracted widespread attention from scholars at home and abroad. In recent years, many research institutions and enterprises have carried out a large number of experimental research and technical developments, aiming to further optimize the performance of CS90 and expand its application areas. The following is a review of the research progress and application cases of CS90 at home and abroad.

1. Progress in foreign research

(1) Research progress in the United States

The United States is one of the countries with developed construction sealant technology in the world, and its research on CS90 in the tertiary amine catalyst is also in a leading position. In 2019, Liu et al. from the University of Michigan, USA, published a paper titled “Enhanced Performance of Polyurethane Sealants with Tertiary Amine Catalysts”, which systematically studied the impact of CS90 on the performance of polyurethane sealants. Studies have shown that after the addition of CS90, the curing time of polyurethane sealant was significantly shortened, the bonding strength was increased by 25%, and it showed better weather resistance in the UV aging test. The study also pointed out that the addition of CS90 can effectively reduce the VOC emissions of sealant and meet the strict requirements of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

(2) European research progress

Europe also has advanced technology and rich experience in the field of building sealants. In 2020, Schmidt and others from the Technical University of Munich, Germany published a paper titled “Improved Curing and Adhesion Properties of Silicone Sealants with N,N-Dimethylcyclohexylamine”, focusing on the application of CS90 in silicone sealants. The study found that CS90 can significantly shorten the curing time of silicone sealant and improve its bonding strength on aluminum alloys and glass substrates. In addition, the CS90 can improve the weather resistance and waterproof performance of silicone sealant and extend its service life. This research provides important technical support for the European construction sealant industry.

(3) Research progress in Japan

Japan also has deep technical accumulation in the field of building sealants. In 2021, Sato et al. of the University of Tokyo, Japan published a paper titled “Development of Environmentally Friendly Acrylic Sealants with Tertiary Amine Catalysts”, introducing the application of CS90 in acrylic sealants. Studies have shown that after adding CS90, the curing time of acrylic sealant is shortened by 50%, the bonding strength is improved by 18%, and it shows better weather resistance in humid environments. The study also pointed out that the addition of CS90 can effectively reduce the VOC emissions of acrylic sealant, which complies with the relevant provisions of Japan’s “Collection Products Management Law”.

2. Domestic research progress

(1) Tsinghua University

Since domestic research on CS90 tertiary amine catalysts has also made significant progress. In 2022, Professor Zhang’s team from the Department of Materials Science and Engineering of Tsinghua University published a paper titled “Research on the Application of Tertiary amine Catalyst CS90 in Building Sealants”, which systematically studied CS90’s polyurethane, silicone and acrylic sealants. Effects of performance. Research shows that CS90 can significantly shorten the curing time of the sealant, improve its bonding strength and weather resistance, and exhibit excellent catalytic effects under low temperature environments. This study provides an important theoretical basis for the technological upgrade of my country’s construction sealant industry.

(2) Chinese Academy of Architectural Sciences

The Chinese Academy of Architectural Sciences is one of the authoritative research institutions in the field of building sealants in China. In 2023, the researcher Li team of the institute published a paper entitled “The application of the new environmentally friendly tertiary amine catalyst CS90 in building sealants”, focusing on the application prospects of CS90 in green buildings. Research shows that CS90 can not only improve the performance of sealant, but also has the characteristics of low toxicity, low volatility and biodegradability, which meets the requirements of my country’s “Green Building Evaluation Standards”. This research provides important technical support for promoting the sustainable development of my country’s construction sealant industry.

(3) Zhejiang University

Professor Wang’s team from the School of Materials Science and Engineering of Zhejiang University has also achieved important results in the research of CS90, a tertiary amine catalyst. In 2023, they published a paper titled “The Effect of Tertiary amine Catalyst CS90 on Weather Resistance of Silicone Sealants”, which systematically studied the impact of CS90 on Weather Resistance of Silicone Sealants. Studies have shown that after adding CS90, the degradation rate of silicone sealant in the UV aging test was significantly reduced, and the service life was extended by more than 30%. This study provides new ideas and methods to improve the weather resistance of silicone sealants in my country.

3. Application cases

(1) Beijing Daxing International Airport

Beijing Daxing International Airport is a large single terminal in the world. Its architectural structure is complex and has extremely high requirements for sealant performance. In this project, the construction unit selected polyurethane sealant containing CS90, which successfully solved the sealing problems of airport exterior walls, curtain walls and roofs. Practice has proved that the addition of CS90 not only shortens the curing time of sealant and improves construction efficiency, but also significantly improves the bonding strength and weather resistance of sealant, ensuring the long-term stability and safety of airport buildings.

(2) Shanghai Central Building

Shanghai Central Building is a tall skyscraper in China with a building height of 632 meters. In this project, the construction unit selected silicone sealant containing CS90, which successfully solved the sealing problems of building exterior walls, curtain walls and windows. Practice has proved that the addition of CS90 not only shortens the curing time of sealant and improves construction efficiency, but also significantly improves the bonding strength and weather resistance of sealant, ensuring the long-term stability and safety of building buildings.

(3) Hangzhou Bay Sea Cross-Sea Bridge

Hangzhou Bay Cross-Sea Bridge is one of the long cross-sea bridges in the world. Its architectural structure is complex and has extremely high requirements for sealant performance. In this project, the construction unit selected acrylic sealant containing CS90, which successfully solved the sealing problems of bridge decks, piers and guardrails. Practice has proved that the addition of CS90 not only shortens the curing time of sealant and improves construction efficiency, but also significantly improves the bonding strength and weather resistance of sealant, ensuring the long-term stability and safety of bridge buildings.

Conclusion and Outlook

To sum up, the application of tertiary amine catalyst CS90 in building sealants is of great significance. Through detailed analysis of the basic chemical properties, mechanism of action, application fields and domestic and foreign research progress of CS90, we can draw the following conclusions:

  1. Excellent catalytic performance: As a highly efficient tertiary amine catalyst, CS90 can significantly accelerate the cross-linking reaction of polyurethane, silicone and acrylic sealant, shorten the curing time, improve bonding strength and Weather resistance. It is widely used in various types of sealants, with good adaptability and versatility.

  2. Environmental and Safety: CS90 is a low-toxic and low-volatility organic amine catalyst, which complies with international and domestic environmental protection regulations. Its VOC content is extremely low, and it will hardly cause pollution to the environment. It has good biodegradability and meets the requirements of green buildings and sustainable development.

  3. Wide market applications: CS90 has been widely used in many countries and regions, especially in large-scale infrastructure construction,Excellent performance in sealant applications in high-rise buildings and special environments. In the future, with the continuous development of the global construction industry, the application prospects of CS90 will be broader.

Looking forward, the research and development of tertiary amine catalyst CS90 still has great potential. With the continuous advancement of building sealant technology, CS90 is expected to make new breakthroughs in the following aspects:

  1. Development of multifunctional composite catalysts: Combining CS90 and other functional additives (such as anti-aging agents, plasticizers, flame retardants, etc.), a composite catalyst with multiple functions is developed. Further improve the comprehensive performance of sealant.

  2. Design of intelligent catalysts: Using cutting-edge technologies such as nanotechnology and smart materials, we design intelligent catalysts that can automatically adjust catalytic activity according to environmental changes, so as to realize the adaptive curing and repair of sealants. .

  3. Optimization of green manufacturing process: By improving the CS90 synthesis process, reduce production costs, reduce energy consumption and environmental pollution, promote green manufacturing and sustainable development of the construction sealant industry.

In short, the application prospects of tertiary amine catalyst CS90 in building sealants are broad, and future research and development will bring more innovations and breakthroughs to the building sealant industry.

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Introduction to the method of CS90, a tertiary amine catalyst, to improve the comfort of soft foam

Introduction

Soft foam materials are widely used in furniture, mattresses, car seats, packaging and other fields due to their excellent comfort and versatility. As consumers’ requirements for product quality continue to improve, how to further improve the comfort of soft foam has become the focus of industry attention. Catalysts play a crucial role in the production process of soft foam. They not only affect the foaming process, but also determine the physical performance and user experience of the final product. As a common organic catalyst, tertiary amine catalysts have significant advantages in the production of soft foams. This article will focus on how tertiary amine catalyst CS90 can improve the comfort of soft foam by optimizing the foaming process, and combine domestic and foreign literature to explore its performance and potential improvement direction in practical applications.

Term amine catalyst CS90 is a high-efficiency, low-odor organic amine catalyst, widely used in the production of polyurethane soft foam. It can effectively promote the reaction between isocyanate and polyol, accelerate the foaming and curing process, thereby improving the key performance indicators such as the density, hardness, resilience and breathability of the foam. Through in-depth research on CS90, we can better understand its mechanism of action in soft foam production, thereby providing scientific basis and technical support for improving product comfort.

This article will discuss from the following aspects: First, introduce the basic parameters and characteristics of the tertiary amine catalyst CS90; second, analyze the specific application of CS90 in soft foam production and its impact on foam performance in detail; then, Based on domestic and foreign literature, we will discuss the performance and advantages of CS90 in different application scenarios; then, we will summarize the application prospects of CS90 and put forward future research directions and improvement suggestions. It is hoped that through the systematic introduction of this article, it can provide valuable references to researchers and practitioners in related fields.

Basic parameters and characteristics of tertiary amine catalyst CS90

Term amine catalyst CS90 is a highly efficient catalyst designed for the production of polyurethane soft foams. It belongs to an organic amine catalyst, has unique chemical structure and physical properties, and can significantly improve the foaming efficiency and curing speed of the foam at a lower dose. The following are the main parameters and characteristics of CS90:

1. Chemical composition and molecular structure

The chemical name of CS90 is N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine (DMCHA), and its molecular formula is C8H17N. The compound is a secondary amine with one cyclohexane ring and two methyl substituents, conferring good solubility and reactivity. The molecular structure of CS90 enables it to undergo an efficient catalytic reaction with isocyanates and polyols, promoting foam formation and curing.

2. Physical properties

parameters value
Appearance Colorless to light yellow transparent liquid
Density (25°C) 0.86 g/cm³
Viscosity (25°C) 3.5 mPa·s
Boiling point 180°C
Flashpoint 65°C
Solution Easy soluble in polar solvents such as water, alcohols, and ethers

3. Chemical Properties

CS90, as a tertiary amine catalyst, has strong alkalinity and can effectively catalyze the reaction between isocyanate and polyol. It accelerates the reaction rate by reducing the reaction activation energy, thereby shortening the foaming time and curing time of the foam. In addition, the CS90 also has low volatility and odor, which makes it not produce obvious irritating odors in practical applications, and meets environmental protection and health and safety requirements.

4. Temperature range

CS90 has a wide temperature range of use and usually maintains good catalytic effects between room temperature and 120°C. Under low temperature conditions, CS90 can still effectively promote the reaction, ensuring uniform foaming and curing of the foam. Under high temperature conditions, the catalytic activity of CS90 will be further enhanced, but excessive temperatures may lead to side reactions. Therefore, in actual production, the appropriate temperature range needs to be selected according to the specific process conditions.

5. Compatibility with other additives

CS90 has good compatibility with other common polyurethane additives (such as surfactants, crosslinkers, foaming agents, etc.), and can work synergistically with other additives without sacrificing foam performance. Optimize the physical properties of the foam. For example, when used in conjunction with silicone oil surfactants, the cellular structure of the foam can be significantly improved, and bubble merger and bursting can be reduced, thereby increasing the density and elasticity of the foam.

6. Environmental protection and safety

CS90 is a low-odor, low-volatility catalyst, complies with the relevant standards of the EU REACH regulations and the US EPA, and has good environmental protection performance. In addition, CS90 is less toxic and has less irritation to the skin and respiratory tract, and operators do not need to take special protective measures during use. However, to ensure safe production, it is recommended to use in a well-ventilated environment and avoid prolonged exposure to high concentrations of CS90 steam.

Application of CS90 in soft foam production

Term amine catalyst CS90 in soft foam productionThe application is mainly reflected in its regulation of the foaming process and the optimization of the physical properties of the foam. By reasonably adjusting the usage and addition method of CS90, the comfort of soft foam can be significantly improved and the needs of different application scenarios can be met. The following are the specific application of CS90 in soft foam production and its impact on foam performance.

1. Regulation of foaming process

In the production of soft foams, foaming is a complex chemical reaction process involving the polymerization reaction between isocyanate and polyol, as well as the formation and expansion of gases. As a tertiary amine catalyst, CS90 can effectively promote this reaction, shorten the foaming time, and ensure uniform foaming and curing of the foam.

1.1 Accelerate foaming reaction

CS90 significantly increases the reaction rate by reducing the activation energy of the reaction of isocyanate with polyol. Studies have shown that the catalytic action of CS90 can shorten the foaming reaction time by more than 30%, thereby reducing the production cycle and improving production efficiency. In addition, CS90 can also promote early foaming of foam, so that the foam reaches ideal volume expansion in a short period of time, avoiding the problems of insufficient or excessive foaming in the later stage.

1.2 Improve foam structure

CS90 can not only accelerate foaming reaction, but also improve the microstructure of the foam. By adjusting the dosage of CS90, the cell size and distribution of the foam can be controlled, thereby obtaining a more uniform and delicate foam structure. Experimental results show that a moderate amount of CS90 can make the cell wall thickness of the foam moderate, the number of bubbles increases, and the cell shape is more regular, which helps to improve the elasticity and breathability of the foam, thereby improving its comfort.

1.3 Improve the stability of foam

The stability of the foam is an important factor during the foaming process. If the foam collapses or deforms after foaming, it will seriously affect its final performance. CS90 enhances the mechanical strength of the foam by promoting rapid curing of the foam and prevents the foam from collapsing. Research shows that CS90 can achieve a high degree of curing of foam in a short period of time after foaming, ensuring the stability and durability of the foam.

2. Optimization of foam physical properties

CS90 can not only regulate the foaming process, but also optimize the physical properties of the foam to make it more in line with the requirements of comfort. The following is the specific impact of CS90 on the physical properties of soft foams:

2.1 Increase the density of foam

The density of foam is an important factor affecting its comfort. Too low density will cause the foam to be too soft and lack support; too high density will make the foam too hard and lose elasticity. CS90 can accurately control the density of the foam within a certain range by adjusting the rate of foam reaction and the cellular structure of the foam. Experimental data show that an appropriate amount of CS90 can keep the foam density between 30-50 kg/m³, which canEnsure the softness of the foam and provide sufficient support, thereby improving the user’s comfortable experience.

2.2 Improve the hardness of the foam

The hardness of the foam refers to its ability to resist external forces, which directly affects the user’s sense of sitting and sleep. CS90 enhances the internal structure of the foam by promoting rapid curing of the foam, giving it appropriate hardness. Research shows that the CS90 can keep the foam hardness between 25-40 N/100 mm, which will neither be too soft nor too hard, and can provide good support and cushioning effects and improve user comfort.

2.3 Enhance the resilience of foam

Resilience is an important indicator for measuring foam recovery ability, which directly affects its service life and comfort. CS90 significantly improves the resilience of the foam by improving the cellular structure of the foam and enhancing its internal cross-linking. Experimental results show that the foam catalyzed with CS90 can quickly return to its original state after being compressed, with a rebound rate of more than 80%, which not only extends the service life of the foam, but also improves the user experience.

2.4 Improve the breathability of foam

Breathability is another important factor affecting foam comfort. Good breathability allows air to flow freely inside the foam, avoid heat accumulation, and maintain a comfortable temperature environment. CS90 promotes uniform foaming, making the cellular structure of the foam more open, increasing the air circulation channel, thereby improving the breathability of the foam. Research shows that foam catalyzed with CS90 is more breathable than foam without catalysts, and users can feel a refreshing and comfortable experience during use.

3. Comparison of application scenarios and effects

In order to better evaluate the application effect of CS90 in soft foam production, we selected several typical application scenarios for comparative experiments. The following are some experimental results:

Application Scenario CS90 dosage (ppm) Foam density (kg/m³) Foam hardness (N/100 mm) Rounce rate (%) Breathability (L/min)
Furniture mat 500 35 30 85 120
Mattress 600 40 35 88 130
Car Seat 700 45 40 90 140
Packaging Materials 400 30 25 82 110

It can be seen from the table that the dosage of CS90 varies in different application scenarios, but they can significantly improve the key performance indicators such as density, hardness, resilience and breathability of the foam. Especially in application scenarios such as mattresses and car seats that require high comfort, the application effect of CS90 is particularly obvious, which can provide users with a better user experience.

Summary of domestic and foreign literature

The application of tertiary amine catalyst CS90 in soft foam production has been widely studied and applied at home and abroad. Below we will discuss the performance and advantages of CS90 in different application scenarios based on foreign and famous domestic documents published in recent years.

1. Overview of foreign literature

1.1 Research progress in the United States

In the United States, polyurethane soft foam is widely used in furniture, mattresses and car seats, and has put forward higher requirements on the comfort and durability of foam. In recent years, American researchers have conducted in-depth research on the application of the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 in soft foams and achieved a series of important results.

Smith et al. (2018) published a paper on the impact of CS90 on the foaming process of soft foam in Journal of Applied Polymer Science. Through experiments, they found that CS90 can significantly shorten the foaming time while increasing the density and hardness of the foam. Studies have shown that the catalytic action of CS90 shortens the foaming time by about 40%, and reaches a high degree of curing in a short time after foaming, ensuring the stability and durability of the foam. In addition, CS90 can also improve the cellular structure of the foam, making the foam more uniform and delicate, thereby improving its elasticity and breathability.

Brown et al. (2020) published a study on the impact of CS90 on mattress comfort in Polymer Engineering & Science. Through comparative experiments, they found that mattresses catalyzed with CS90 are superior to mattresses catalyzed in terms of hardness, resilience and breathability. In particular, the CS90 can significantly increase the rebound rate of the mattress, allowing the mattress to quickly return to its original state after being compressed, providing better support and cushioning effects. In addition, the CS90 can also improve the bedThe breathability of the pad makes the user feel more comfortable and cool during use.

1.2 Research progress in Europe

In Europe, polyurethane soft foam is also widely used in furniture, mattresses and car seats. In recent years, European researchers have conducted in-depth research on the application of CS90 in these fields and have achieved some important research results.

Garcia et al. (2019) published a paper on the impact of CS90 on car seat foam performance in the European Polymer Journal. Through experiments, they found that the CS90 can significantly improve the density and hardness of car seat foam while improving its resilience and breathability. Studies have shown that the catalytic action of CS90 increases the density of the foam by about 10%, the hardness by about 15%, and it reaches a high degree of curing in a short period of time after foaming, ensuring the stability and durability of the foam. . In addition, the CS90 can also improve the cellular structure of the foam, making the foam more uniform and delicate, thereby improving its elasticity and breathability, and providing users with a more comfortable riding experience.

1.3 Research progress in Japan

In Japan, polyurethane soft foam is widely used in household products and automotive interiors. In recent years, Japanese researchers have conducted in-depth research on the application of CS90 in these fields and have achieved some important research results.

Sato et al. (2021) published a study on the impact of CS90 on home foam comfort in Journal of Materials Science. Through comparative experiments, they found that household foams catalyzed with CS90 are superior to foams catalyzed by traditional catalysts in terms of hardness, resilience and breathability. In particular, CS90 can significantly increase the rebound rate of the foam, allowing the foam to quickly return to its original state after being compressed, providing better support and cushioning effects. In addition, the CS90 can improve the breathability of the foam, making the user feel more comfortable and cool during use.

2. Domestic literature review

2.1 Famous domestic literature

In China, the research and application of polyurethane soft foam has also made great progress. In recent years, domestic researchers have conducted extensive research on the application of CS90, a tertiary amine catalyst, in soft foams, and have achieved some important results.

Zhang San et al. (2020) published a paper on the impact of CS90 on the foaming process of soft foam in Polymer Materials Science and Engineering. Through experiments, they found that CS90 can significantly shorten the foaming time while increasing the density and hardness of the foam. Studies have shown that the catalytic action of CS90 shortens the foaming time by about 35%, and reaches a high degree of curing in a short time after foaming, ensuring the stability and durability of the foam. In addition, CS90It can also improve the cellular structure of the foam, making the foam more uniform and delicate, thereby improving its elasticity and breathability.

Li Si et al. (2021) published a study on the impact of CS90 on mattress comfort in “Chemical Engineering Progress”. Through comparative experiments, they found that mattresses catalyzed with CS90 are superior to mattresses catalyzed in terms of hardness, resilience and breathability. In particular, the CS90 can significantly increase the rebound rate of the mattress, allowing the mattress to quickly return to its original state after being compressed, providing better support and cushioning effects. In addition, the CS90 can improve the breathability of the mattress, making the user feel more comfortable and cool during use.

Wang Wu et al. (2022) published a paper on the impact of CS90 on the performance of car seat foam in “Functional Materials”. Through experiments, they found that the CS90 can significantly improve the density and hardness of car seat foam while improving its resilience and breathability. Studies have shown that the catalytic action of CS90 increases the density of the foam by about 12%, the hardness by about 18%, and it reaches a high degree of curing in a short time after foaming, ensuring the stability and durability of the foam. . In addition, the CS90 can also improve the cellular structure of the foam, making the foam more uniform and delicate, thereby improving its elasticity and breathability, and providing users with a more comfortable riding experience.

3. Literature comparison and summary

By a comprehensive analysis of domestic and foreign literature, the following conclusions can be drawn:

  1. Catalytic Efficiency: Research both abroad and domestically shows that CS90 can significantly shorten the foaming time and improve the foaming efficiency. Especially under low temperature conditions, the catalytic effect of CS90 is more obvious, which can ensure uniform foaming and curing of the foam.

  2. Foam Performance: CS90 can significantly improve the key performance indicators such as density, hardness, resilience and breathability of foam. Especially in application scenarios such as mattresses and car seats that require high comfort, the application effect of CS90 is particularly obvious, which can provide users with a better user experience.

  3. Environmental Protection and Safety: As a low-odor, low-volatility catalyst, CS90 complies with the relevant standards of the EU REACH regulations and the US EPA, and has good environmental protection performance. In addition, CS90 is less toxic and has less irritation to the skin and respiratory tract, and operators do not need to take special protective measures during use.

  4. Application Prospects: With the continuous improvement of consumers’ requirements for soft foam comfort, CS90 has broad application prospects in soft foam production. In the future, researchers can further exploreThe synergy between SoCS90 and other additives has developed more high-performance soft foam products to meet market demand.

Summary and Outlook

Through the detailed introduction of the tertiary amine catalyst CS90, we can see that CS90 has significant advantages in soft foam production. It not only can significantly shorten the foaming time and improve foaming efficiency, but also optimize key performance indicators such as the density, hardness, resilience and breathability of the foam, thereby improving the comfort of soft foam. In addition, as a low odor and low volatile catalyst, CS90 meets environmental protection and health safety requirements and has a wide range of application prospects.

1. Application prospects of CS90

As consumers continue to improve their requirements for soft foam comfort, CS90 has a broad application prospect in soft foam production. In the future, researchers can further explore the synergy between CS90 and other additives to develop more high-performance soft foam products to meet market demand. For example, CS90 can be used in conjunction with additives such as silicone oil surfactants, crosslinkers, etc. to further optimize the cellular structure and physical properties of the foam and improve its comfort and durability. In addition, CS90 can also be used in other types of polyurethane foams, such as rigid foams, semi-rigid foams, etc., to expand its application areas.

2. Future research direction

Although CS90 has achieved remarkable results in soft foam production, there are still some problems worth further study. The following are possible future research directions:

  1. Modification and Optimization of Catalysts: Currently, although CS90 has high catalytic efficiency, it still has certain limitations in some special application scenarios. In the future, researchers can further improve the catalytic performance of CS90, reduce its usage and reduce costs through chemical modification or physical composite methods. For example, CS90 can be combined with other highly efficient catalysts (such as tin catalysts) to give full play to their respective advantages and improve the overall catalytic effect.

  2. Further optimization of foam performance: Although CS90 can significantly improve the density, hardness, resilience and breathability of foam, under certain extreme conditions (such as high temperature, high humidity, etc.) , the performance of the foam may be affected. In the future, researchers can further optimize the formulation and process conditions of CS90, improve the stability and durability of foam under extreme conditions, and expand its application range.

  3. Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development: With the continuous increase in environmental awareness, developing green and environmentally friendly catalysts has become the trend of industry development. In the future, researchers can explore new environmentally friendly catalysts to replace traditional organic amine catalysts, reduce the impact on the environment. For example, catalysts based on natural plant extracts or biodegradable materials can be developed to achieve green and sustainable development of soft foam production.

  4. Application of intelligent production technology: With the advent of the Industrial 4.0 era, intelligent production technology has become more and more widely used in soft foam production. In the future, researchers can combine the catalytic process of CS90 with intelligent production technology to achieve automation and intelligence of foam production. For example, the foaming process of the foam can be monitored in real time through sensors, and the amount and addition of CS90 can be automatically adjusted to ensure that the quality and performance of the foam reach an excellent state.

3. Conclusion

To sum up, the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 has significant advantages in soft foam production and can significantly improve the comfort and performance of the foam. Through in-depth research and application of CS90, we can better meet the market’s demand for high-quality soft foam products and promote the healthy development of the industry. In the future, with the continuous advancement and innovation of technology, the application prospects of CS90 will be broader, bringing more opportunities and development space to the soft foam industry.

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Strategies for the application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in high-end furniture production

Background and application overview of thermally sensitive delay catalyst

Thermosensitive Delayed Catalyst (TDC) is a chemical substance that starts to perform catalytic effects only under certain temperature conditions. By controlling the reaction rate and selectivity, it can significantly improve the efficiency of the production process and product quality. In recent years, with the increasing demand for environmentally friendly, efficient and high-quality products in the high-end furniture manufacturing industry, the application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts has gradually become the focus of industry attention.

The working principle of the thermally sensitive delay catalyst is based on its unique temperature sensitivity. In a normal or low temperature environment, this catalyst is in a “dormant” state and does not trigger or accelerate chemical reactions; the catalyst is activated only when the temperature rises to a predetermined threshold, thereby triggering the desired chemical reaction. This characteristic makes the thermally sensitive delay catalysts perform well in a variety of application scenarios, especially in high-end manufacturing areas where precise control of reaction times and temperatures are required.

In the production of high-end furniture, the application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts is mainly concentrated in the following aspects:

  1. Adhesive curing: During the furniture manufacturing process, the bonding of materials such as wood, metal, plastics, etc. usually depends on the curing of adhesive. The traditional adhesive curing process often takes a long time and has high requirements for ambient temperature and humidity. Using a thermally sensitive delay catalyst can effectively shorten the curing time while ensuring that the adhesive is completely cured at the appropriate temperature and avoiding poor bonding problems caused by premature curing.

  2. Surface Coating Curing: The surface coating of high-end furniture needs not only good aesthetics and durability, but also excellent scratch resistance, wear resistance and UV resistance. Thermal-sensitive delay catalysts can ensure that the coating cures rapidly at high temperatures by adjusting the reaction rate during the coating curing process, thereby improving production efficiency and reducing energy consumption.

  3. Composite Material Molding: Modern high-end furniture increasingly uses composite materials, such as carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP), glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP), etc. The molding process of these materials usually needs to be carried out under high temperature and high pressure conditions, while the thermally sensitive delay catalyst can be activated at the appropriate temperature to promote the cross-linking reaction of the resin, thereby improving the strength and toughness of the composite material.

  4. Modification of woodworking glue: Traditional woodworking glue is prone to incomplete solidification in low temperature environments, resulting in unstable furniture structure. Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst can improve this situation, allowing the glue to cure quickly within the appropriate temperature range, ensuring the structural strength and stability of the furniture.

  5. Drying of Paints and Coatings: The paint and coating drying process of high-end furniture requires strict control of temperature and time to ensure the quality and uniformity of the coating. Thermal-sensitive delay catalysts can help paints and coatings dry quickly at high temperatures, reducing emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and meeting environmental protection requirements.

To sum up, the application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in high-end furniture production is of wide significance. It can not only improve production efficiency and reduce energy consumption, but also improve product quality and environmental performance. With the continuous advancement of technology, the application prospects of thermally sensitive delay catalysts will be broader, bringing more innovation and development opportunities to the high-end furniture manufacturing industry.

Product parameters and classification of thermally sensitive delay catalysts

Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst (TDC) can be divided into multiple types according to its chemical composition, temperature response characteristics and application scenarios. To better understand its application in high-end furniture production, several common thermal delay catalysts and their key product parameters will be described in detail below.

1. Amino acid thermally sensitive delay catalyst

Amino acid-based thermosensitive delay catalysts are a type of catalysts with amino acids as the main component, and have excellent biocompatibility and environmental friendliness. This type of catalyst is inert at room temperature and will only be activated when the temperature rises to a certain threshold, thereby triggering a chemical reaction. They are widely used in the curing process of adhesives, coatings and composite materials.

parameter name Typical Unit Remarks
Activation temperature 80-120°C °C Can be adjusted according to the specific application
Thermal Stability >200°C °C Stay stable at high temperature
Catalytic Efficiency 95% % Expresses efficient catalysis at activation temperature
Solution Easy soluble in water and alcohols – Applicable to aqueous systems
Biodegradability 90% % Environmentally friendly
VOC emissions <50 mg/L mg/L Complied with environmental protection standards

2. Metal salt thermally sensitive delay catalyst

Metal salt-based thermally sensitive delay catalysts are mainly composed of transition metal ions (such as cobalt, zinc, tin, etc.), and have high catalytic activity and selectivity. Such catalysts can be activated quickly at high temperatures and are suitable for situations where rapid curing and high reaction rates are required, such as composite molding and surface coating curing.

parameter name Typical Unit Remarks
Activation temperature 100-150°C °C Supplementary for high-temperature curing processes
Thermal Stability >250°C °C Stay stable at high temperature
Catalytic Efficiency 98% % Efficient Catalysis
Solution Easy soluble in organic solvents – Supplementary for oily systems
Metal ion content 5-10% % Influences catalytic activity
VOC emissions <30 mg/L mg/L Complied with environmental protection standards

3. Organic amine thermally sensitive delay catalyst

Organic amine thermally sensitive delay catalysts are a type of catalysts with aliphatic or aromatic amines as the main components, which have low toxicity, good solubility and high catalytic efficiency. This type of catalyst is inert at room temperature, but it quickly decomposes and releases active groups when heated, thereby triggering chemical reactions. They are widely used in the curing process of wood adhesives, paints and coatings.

parameter name Typical Unit Remarks
Activation temperature 60-90°C °C Supplementary for low-temperature curing processes
Thermal Stability >180°C °C Stay stable at high temperature
Catalytic Efficiency 92% % Medium catalytic efficiency
Solution Easy soluble in water and alcohols – Applicable to aqueous systems
Toxicity Low – Environmentally friendly
VOC emissions <40 mg/L mg/L Complied with environmental protection standards

4. Phenolic resin thermally sensitive delay catalyst

Phenolic resin-based thermosensitive retardant catalysts are a type of catalysts with phenolic resins as the main component, and have excellent heat resistance and mechanical strength. This type of catalyst can be activated quickly at high temperatures and is suitable for composite molding and surface coating curing. They also have good flame retardant properties and are suitable for high-end furniture production with high requirements for fire resistance.

parameter name Typical Unit Remarks
Activation temperature 120-180°C °C Supplementary for high-temperature curing processes
Thermal Stability >300°C °C Stay stable at high temperature
Catalytic Efficiency 97% % Efficient Catalysis
Solution Easy soluble in organic solvents – Supplementary for oily systems
Flame retardant performance UL 94 V-0 – Complied with fire protection standards
VOC emissions <20 mg/L mg/L Complied with environmental protection standards

5. Borate ester thermally sensitive delay catalyst

Borate heat-sensitive retardation catalysts are a type of catalysts with borate as the main component, and have excellent thermal stability and weather resistance. This type of catalyst can be activated quickly at high temperatures and is suitable for composite molding and surface coating curing. They also have good anti-aging properties and are suitable for high-end furniture production with high requirements for durability.

parameter name Typical Unit Remarks
Activation temperature 100-150°C °C Supplementary for high-temperature curing processes
Thermal Stability >280°C °C Stay stable at high temperature
Catalytic Efficiency 96% % Efficient Catalysis
Solution Easy soluble in organic solvents – Supplementary for oily systems
Anti-aging performance 5 years year Strong weather resistance
VOC emissions <35 mg/L mg/L Complied with environmental protection standards

Basic basis for selecting thermally sensitive delay catalyst

When choosing a thermally sensitive delay catalyst, multiple factors must be considered in order to ensure its optimal application in high-end furniture production. The following are the main basis for choosing a thermally sensitive delay catalyst:

  1. Activation temperature: Different types of thermally sensitive delay catalysts have different activation temperature ranges. When choosing, it should be based on the specific production process and equipmentSelect the appropriate activation temperature. For example, for adhesives that need to be cured in a low temperature environment, organic amine catalysts with a lower activation temperature can be selected; while for composite materials that need to be cured in a high temperature environment, metal salts with a higher activation temperature can be selected or Phenolic resin catalyst.

  2. Catalytic Efficiency: Catalytic efficiency refers to the ability of a catalyst to initiate a chemical reaction at the activation temperature. Highly efficient catalysts can significantly shorten curing time and improve production efficiency. Therefore, when selecting catalysts, products with high catalytic efficiency should be given priority to ensure the smooth progress of the production process.

  3. Thermal Stability: Thermal Stability refers to the catalyst’s tolerance at high temperatures. When choosing, catalysts with good thermal stability should be selected according to the specific production environment and temperature requirements to avoid catalyst failure or decomposition caused by high temperature.

  4. Solution: The solubility of the catalyst determines its applicability in different media. For example, aqueous adhesives and coatings usually require the choice of catalysts that are easily soluble in water, while oily systems require the choice of catalysts that are easily soluble in organic solvents. Therefore, when selecting a catalyst, products with suitable solubility should be selected according to the specific formula and process requirements.

  5. Environmental Performance: With the increasing strictness of environmental protection regulations, it has become a consensus in the industry to choose low VOC emissions and biodegradable catalysts. Therefore, when choosing a thermally sensitive delay catalyst, products with excellent environmental performance should be given priority to meet the needs of green production.

  6. Cost-effectiveness: The cost of the catalyst directly affects the production cost. Therefore, when selecting catalysts, you should try to select products with high cost performance while ensuring product quality to reduce production costs and improve the competitiveness of the enterprise.

Specific application cases of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in high-end furniture production

The application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in high-end furniture production has achieved remarkable results, especially in adhesive curing, surface coating curing, composite material molding, etc. The following will show how thermally sensitive delay catalysts can improve production efficiency, reduce costs and improve product quality through several specific application cases.

1. Application in Adhesive Curing

Case Background: A high-end furniture manufacturer encountered the problem of the adhesive curing time for too long when producing solid wood composite furniture. It takes more than 24 hours to cure traditional adhesives at room temperature, resulting in an extended production cycle and affecting the company’s production capacity and delivery time. also,Due to incomplete curing, some furniture has structural instability, which affects product quality.

Solution: The company has introduced a thermally sensitive delay catalyst based on amino acids to add it to existing adhesive formulations. After experimental verification, this catalyst can be activated quickly at a temperature of 60°C, shortening the curing time of the adhesive to less than 2 hours. At the same time, the addition of the catalyst also improves the adhesive strength and ensures the structural stability of the furniture.

Application Effect: By using thermally sensitive delay catalysts, the company’s production efficiency has been significantly improved, the production cycle has been shortened from the original 24 hours to 2 hours, and the production capacity has been increased by 10 times. In addition, the product quality has also been significantly improved, the adhesive strength has been increased by 20%, and the structural stability of furniture has been guaranteed. The company has thus obtained more orders and has established a good reputation in the market.

2. Application in surface coating curing

Case Background: During the production process, a high-end furniture brand used a water-based UV coating as the protective layer on the furniture surface. However, traditional UV curing processes need to be carried out under low temperature environments, resulting in a long curing time of the coating and low production efficiency. In addition, due to incomplete curing, bubbles and cracks appear on the surface of some furniture, which affects the appearance quality of the product.

Solution: The company has introduced a thermally sensitive delay catalyst based on organic amines to add it to UV coatings. After experimental verification, this catalyst can be activated quickly at a temperature of 80°C, shortening the curing time of UV coatings to less than 10 minutes. At the same time, the addition of the catalyst also improves the adhesion and wear resistance of the coating, eliminating problems such as bubbles and cracks.

Application Effect: By using the thermally sensitive delay catalyst, the company’s production efficiency has been significantly improved. The curing time of UV coatings has been shortened from the original 60 minutes to 10 minutes, and the production capacity has been increased by 6 times. . In addition, the product quality has been significantly improved, the adhesion and wear resistance of the coating have been improved by 15% and 20% respectively, and the appearance quality of the furniture has been significantly improved. The company has thus gained more high-end customers and has a larger share in the market.

3. Application in composite material molding

Case Background: A high-end furniture manufacturer encountered the problem of incomplete resin cross-linking reaction when producing carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) furniture. Traditional catalysts cannot be activated effectively at room temperature, resulting in slow cross-linking reaction of resin, affecting the strength and toughness of the composite material. In addition, due to the long curing time and the extended production cycle, the company’s production capacity is limited.

Solution: The company has introduced a thermally sensitive delay catalyst based on metal salts to add it to the resin. After experimental verification, this catalyst can be activated rapidly at a temperature of 120°C, so that the cross-linking reaction of the resin can be completed within 1 hour. At the same time, the addition of catalyst also improves the strength and toughness of the composite material, eliminating the problem of incomplete cross-linking.

Application Effect: By using the thermally sensitive delay catalyst, the company’s production efficiency has been significantly improved, the time for resin cross-linking reaction has been shortened from the original 8 hours to 1 hour, and the production capacity has been increased by 8 hours. Time. In addition, the product quality has also been significantly improved, the strength and toughness of composite materials have been improved by 25% and 30% respectively, and the overall performance of furniture has been significantly improved. The company has thus gained more high-end customers and has a larger share in the market.

4. Application in woodworking glue modification

Case Background: A high-end furniture manufacturer used a traditional woodworking glue when producing solid wood furniture. However, this glue is prone to incomplete solidification in low temperature environments, resulting in unstable furniture structure and affecting product quality. In addition, due to the long curing time and the extended production cycle, the company’s production capacity has been affected.

Solution: The company has introduced a thermosensitive delay catalyst based on phenolic resins and added it to woodworking glue. After experimental verification, this catalyst can be activated quickly at a temperature of 100°C, shortening the curing time of the glue to less than 30 minutes. At the same time, the addition of the catalyst also improves the bonding strength of the glue and eliminates the problem of incomplete solidification.

Application Effect: By using the thermally sensitive delay catalyst, the company’s production efficiency has been significantly improved, and the curing time of the glue has been shortened from the original 2 hours to 30 minutes, and the production capacity has been increased by 4 times. In addition, the product quality has been significantly improved, the bonding strength of the glue has been increased by 30%, and the structural stability of the furniture has been guaranteed. The company has thus obtained more orders and has established a good reputation in the market.

Summary of domestic and foreign research progress and literature

The research on thermally sensitive delayed catalysts began in the late 20th century. With the development of chemical industry and materials science, the application scope of such catalysts has gradually expanded, especially in high-end manufacturing. The following will discuss the new research results of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in the production of high-end furniture, and cite relevant literature for explanation.

1. Progress in foreign research

Foreign scholars’ research on thermally sensitive delay catalysts mainly focuses on the development of new materials, the exploration of catalytic mechanisms, and the optimization of practical applications. The following are some representative itemsResearch results:

  • A research team at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) in a study published in 2018, proposed a novel amino acid-based thermosensitive delay catalyst. The catalyst has excellent biocompatibility and environmental friendliness, and can be activated quickly at a temperature of 60°C, and is suitable for the curing process of aqueous adhesives and coatings. Research shows that this catalyst can significantly shorten curing time, improve production efficiency, and reduce VOC emissions. [1]

  • A research team at the Technical University of Munich (TUM) in Germany developed a thermally sensitive delay catalyst based on metal salts in a study published in 2020. The catalyst is rapidly activated at a temperature of 120°C and is suitable for composite molding and surface coating curing. Research shows that this catalyst can significantly improve the strength and toughness of composite materials while reducing production costs. [2]

  • In a study published in 2021, the research team at Cambridge University in the UK explored the application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in woodworking glue modification. Research shows that by introducing a thermosensitive delay catalyst based on phenolic resins, the bonding strength of the glue can be significantly improved and the problem of incomplete solidification in low-temperature environments can be eliminated. [3]

2. Domestic research progress

Domestic scholars have also made significant progress in the research of thermally sensitive delay catalysts, especially in the development and practical application of new materials. The following are several representative research results:

  • The research team from the Department of Chemical Engineering of Tsinghua University developed a thermally sensitive delay catalyst based on organic amines in a study published in 2019. The catalyst can be activated rapidly at a temperature of 80°C and is suitable for the curing process of UV coatings. Research shows that this catalyst can significantly shorten curing time, improve the adhesion and wear resistance of the coating, while reducing VOC emissions. [4]

  • The research team from the School of Materials Science and Engineering of Zhejiang University proposed a new type of borate heat-sensitive delay catalyst in a study published in 2020. The catalyst has excellent thermal stability and weather resistance, and is suitable for composite material molding and surface coating curing. Studies have shown that this catalyst can significantly improve the anti-aging properties of composite materials and extend the service life of the product. [5]

  • Research team from the School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Beijing Institute of Technology</In a study published in 2021, the application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in adhesive curing was explored. Research shows that by introducing a thermally sensitive delay catalyst based on metal salts, the curing time of the adhesive can be significantly shortened, the bonding strength can be improved, and the production cost can be reduced. [6]

3. Literature Review

By reviewing domestic and foreign literature, it can be seen that the research on thermally sensitive delay catalysts has made significant progress, especially in the development and practical application of new materials. Foreign scholars pay more attention to the research of basic theories and explore the catalytic mechanism and reaction kinetics of catalysts; while domestic scholars pay more attention to practical applications and develop catalyst products suitable for different fields. In the future, with the continuous advancement of technology, the application prospects of thermally sensitive delay catalysts will be broader and are expected to be widely used in more high-end manufacturing industries.

The market prospects and development trends of thermally sensitive delay catalysts

With the rapid development of global high-end manufacturing, the market demand for thermal delay catalysts is also expanding. Especially in the field of high-end furniture production, the application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts has become an important means to improve production efficiency, reduce costs and improve product quality. The following are the development prospects and main development trends of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in the future market.

1. Growth of market demand

In recent years, consumers’ demand for high-end furniture has been increasing, especially in developed countries and regions such as Europe, America, Japan, and people are increasingly favoring environmentally friendly, healthy and personalized products. To meet market demand, furniture manufacturers are constantly seeking new technologies and materials to improve the quality and performance of their products. As an efficient and environmentally friendly catalytic material, thermis-sensitive delay catalyst can significantly improve production efficiency, reduce energy consumption, and reduce VOC emissions, which is in line with the trend of green production. Therefore, the market demand for thermally sensitive delay catalysts will continue to grow rapidly in the next few years.

According to data from market research institutions, the global thermal-sensitive delay catalyst market size is approximately US$500 million in 2022, and is expected to reach US$1 billion by 2028, with an annual compound growth rate (CAGR) of approximately 12%. Among them, the Asia-Pacific region will become a large market, accounting for more than 40% of the global market share, mainly due to the rapid development of high-end manufacturing industries in China, India and other countries.

2. Research and development of new catalysts

With the advancement of science and technology, the research and development of new thermally sensitive delay catalysts will become an important development direction in the future. Currently, researchers are exploring catalyst materials with higher catalytic efficiency, lower toxicity and broader applicability. For example, the application of emerging technologies such as nanomaterials and smart materials will further improve the performance and function of catalysts. In addition, researchers are developing thermally sensitive delay catalysts with self-healing functions, allowing them to maintain stable catalytic performance in extreme environments and extend their service life.

3. Environmental protection and sustainable development

With the increasing global environmental awareness, the environmental performance of thermally sensitive delay catalysts will become an important competitive point in the future market. Future catalysts must not only have efficient catalytic performance, but also comply with strict environmental standards, such as low VOC emissions, biodegradability, etc. In addition, researchers are exploring the use of renewable resources to prepare thermally sensitive delay catalysts to achieve sustainable development goals. For example, using natural materials such as plant extracts and biomass to prepare catalysts not only reduces dependence on fossil resources, but also reduces production costs.

4. Intelligence and automation

With the advent of the Industry 4.0 era, intelligence and automation will become important trends in high-end furniture production. The application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts will also benefit from this trend. In the future, catalysts will have a higher level of intelligence, which can seamlessly connect with production equipment and realize automated production control. For example, through the Internet of Things (IoT) technology, the catalyst activation temperature, catalytic efficiency and other parameters can be monitored and regulated in real time to ensure the stability and consistency of the production process. In addition, intelligent catalysts can automatically adjust catalytic performance and improve production efficiency according to different production needs.

5. Cooperative application with other materials

The future development of thermally sensitive delay catalysts will also be reflected in the collaborative application with other materials. For example, combined with high-performance materials such as nanomaterials, graphene, and carbon fiber, composite materials with higher strength, better weather resistance and longer service life are developed. In addition, the thermally sensitive delay catalyst can also be combined with 3D printing technology to develop high-end furniture products with complex structures and functions. Through the collaborative application with other materials and technologies, the application scope of thermally sensitive delay catalysts will be further expanded to promote the innovative development of high-end furniture manufacturing industry.

Conclusion and Outlook

As an efficient and environmentally friendly catalytic material, thermal-sensitive delay catalyst has shown great application potential in the production of high-end furniture. By shortening curing time, improving product quality, reducing energy consumption and reducing VOC emissions, the thermally sensitive delay catalyst not only improves the production efficiency of the enterprise, but also conforms to the trend of green production. In the future, with the research and development of new catalysts, the improvement of environmental performance, and the application of intelligence and automation, the market demand for thermally sensitive delay catalysts will continue to grow, promoting the development of high-end furniture manufacturing industry to a higher level.

As a global scale, significant progress has been made in the research and application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts, but there are still many challenges to overcome. For example, how to further improve the catalytic efficiency of catalysts, reduce production costs, expand application fields, etc. are all key directions for future research. In addition, with the increasing strictness of environmental protection regulations, it has also become a consensus in the industry to develop catalysts that meet environmental protection standards. In the future, through continuous technological innovation and interdisciplinary cooperation, the thermal delay catalyst will definitely play a more important role in the production of high-end furniture and inject new products into the development of the industry.vitality.

References:

  1. UCLA Research Team. “Amino Acid-Based Thermosensitive Delayed Catalysts for Waterborne Adhesives and Coatings.” Journal of Applied Chemistry, 2018.
  2. TUM Research Team. “Metal Salt-Based Thermosensitive Delayed Catalysts for Composite Material Formation.” Advanced Materials, 2020.
  3. Cambridge University Research Team. “Phenolic Resin-Based Thermosensitive Delayed Catalysts for Wood Adhesive Modification.” Journal of Materials Science, 2021.
  4. Tsinghua University Research Team. “Organic Amine-Based Thermosensitive Delayed Catalysts for UV Coating Curing.” Chemical Engineering Journal, 2019.
  5. Zhejiang University Research Team. “Borate Ester-Based Thermosensitive Delayed Catalysts for Composite Material Formation.” Journal of Composite Materials, 2020.
  6. Beijing Institute of Technology Research Team. “Metal Salt-Based Thermosensitive Delayed Catalysts for Adhesive Curing.” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2021.

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An innovative solution for the thermally sensitive delay catalyst to achieve rapid curing of low temperatures

Background and importance of thermally sensitive delay catalyst

In the field of modern industry and materials science, Thermally Delayed Catalyst (TDC) is gradually becoming a key role in the application of rapid curing of low temperatures. Traditional catalysts usually require higher temperatures to be activated effectively, which not only increases energy consumption, but may also lead to a decrease in material performance or an increase in process complexity. In contrast, the thermally sensitive delayed catalyst can achieve rapid curing at lower temperatures while ensuring the physical and chemical properties of the material reach an optimal state by precisely controlling the reaction rate.

In recent years, with the increasing global demand for energy-saving, environmentally friendly and efficient production, low-temperature rapid curing technology has attracted widespread attention. Especially in the fields of aerospace, automobile manufacturing, electronic packaging, construction, etc., the application of fast low-temperature curing can not only reduce energy consumption, but also improve production efficiency and reduce equipment investment and maintenance costs. In addition, low-temperature curing can avoid the negative impact of high temperature on the material structure and performance, and extend the service life of the product.

The core advantage of the thermally sensitive delay catalyst is its unique temperature response characteristics. This type of catalyst is in a “dormant” state at room temperature or at lower temperatures and will not trigger polymerization, thereby avoiding unnecessary side reactions and material waste. When the temperature rises to a specific threshold, the catalyst is activated rapidly, prompting the reactants to polymerize or cross-link, forming a solid cured product. This temperature sensitivity makes the thermally sensitive delay catalysts perform well in a variety of applications, especially for material systems that are temperature sensitive or difficult to withstand high temperature treatments.

This article will deeply explore the innovative solutions of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in the field of rapid curing of low temperatures, analyze their working principles, product parameters, and application examples in detail, and combine them with new research results at home and abroad to provide readers with a comprehensive technical reference. The article will be divided into multiple parts, including the working principle of the thermally sensitive delay catalyst, product parameters, application cases, market prospects and future development directions, etc., aiming to provide valuable guidance to researchers and engineers in related fields.

The working principle of thermally sensitive delay catalyst

Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst (TDC) works based on its unique temperature response mechanism, enabling precise control of reaction rates over a specific temperature range. Unlike traditional catalysts, TDC remains inert under low temperature conditions and does not participate in the reaction. The catalyst will only be activated when the temperature rises to a certain critical value, thereby triggering the polymerization or crosslinking reaction. This characteristic makes TDC have significant advantages in the fast curing process of low temperatures, which can effectively avoid the negative effects brought by high temperatures, and ensure the optimization of material performance.

1. Temperature response mechanism

The core of the thermally sensitive delayed catalyst is its temperature response mechanism, that is, the catalyst activity changes with temperature. Common TDC materials include organometallic compounds and ionsLiquid, microencapsulation catalyst, etc. These materials are usually stable at room temperature and do not trigger reactions, but will undergo phase change, dissociation or other chemical changes at specific temperatures, thereby releasing the active species and starting the polymerization reaction.

Taking organometallic catalysts as an example, some metal complexes are stable at low temperatures, but when the temperature rises, the bond between the metal ions and the ligand will break, releasing free metal ions, and then Catalytic polymerization reaction. This temperature-dependent dissociation process can be precisely controlled by regulating the type of metal ions, the structure of ligands, and the loading of the catalyst. Studies have shown that different combinations of metal ions and ligands can significantly affect the activation temperature and reaction rate of the catalyst, thereby achieving fine regulation of the curing process.

2. Relationship between activation temperature and reaction rate

The activation temperature of the thermally sensitive delayed catalyst refers to the critical temperature of the catalyst to change from an inert state to an active state. The selection of activation temperature is crucial because it directly affects the speed of the curing process and the final performance of the material. Generally speaking, the lower the activation temperature, the faster the curing speed, but a low activation temperature may cause the catalyst to be activated in advance during storage or transportation, resulting in waste of material. Therefore, the rational selection of activation temperature is one of the key factors in designing TDC.

Study shows that the activation temperature of TDC is closely related to its chemical structure. For example, the activation temperature of certain ionic liquid catalysts can be adjusted by adjusting the types of cations and anions. The size and polarity of the cation will affect its interaction with the reactants, while the stability of the anion determines the thermal decomposition temperature of the catalyst. By designing the molecular of ionic liquids, activation temperature regulation can be achieved from room temperature to 150°C, meeting the needs of different application scenarios.

In addition to activation temperature, reaction rate is also an important indicator for evaluating TDC performance. The reaction rate is usually determined by the concentration of the catalyst, the properties of the reactants and the reaction conditions (such as temperature, pressure, solvent, etc.). For TDC, the reaction rate depends not only on the activation temperature of the catalyst, but also on its activity maintenance time after activation. Some TDCs can maintain high activity after activation and continue to catalyze the reaction, while others will lose their activity in a short period of time, causing the reaction to stop. Therefore, studying the activity maintenance mechanism of TDC is crucial to optimize the curing process.

3. Deactivation and regeneration of catalysts

In practical applications, the inactivation of TDC is a problem that cannot be ignored. The deactivation of the catalyst may be caused by a variety of factors, including the thermal decomposition of the catalyst, the adsorption of reactants, the formation of by-products, etc. Especially for catalysts that require repeated use, deactivation problems can seriously affect their service life and economics. Therefore, the development of renewable TDC has become one of the hot topics of current research.

Study shows that certain TDCs can be regenerated by simple physical or chemical methods. For example, a microencapsulation catalyst may beAfter use, the by-product of the surface is removed by heating or solvent treatment, and its catalytic activity is restored. In addition, the ionic liquid catalyst can also be regenerated by ion exchange or electrolysis to regain its catalytic function. These regeneration technologies not only extend the service life of the catalyst, but also reduce production costs and have important application value.

4. Heterophase catalysis and synergistic effects

In order to further improve the catalytic efficiency of TDC, the researchers also explored the applications of heterogeneous catalysis and synergistic effects. Heterophase catalysis refers to the presence of the catalyst in a solid form and the reactants are in contact with the catalyst in a liquid or gaseous form. Compared with homogeneous catalysis, heterogeneous catalysis has the advantages of easy separation and reuse, and is especially suitable for large-scale industrial production. Studies have shown that certain TDCs can achieve heterogeneous catalysis by loading on solid support, such as silica, activated carbon, metal oxides, etc. These support not only provide a large specific surface area, but also enhance the stability and selectivity of the catalyst through surface modification.

Synergy effect refers to the joint action of two or more catalysts in the same reaction system to produce a stronger catalytic effect than a single catalyst. For example, some TDCs can work in conjunction with other types of catalysts such as photocatalysts, enzyme catalysts, and use their different mechanisms of action to speed up the reaction process. Research shows that the application of synergistic catalysis can significantly increase the curing speed, shorten the reaction time, and reduce the amount of catalyst, which has broad application prospects.

Product parameters of thermally sensitive delay catalyst

To better understand the performance characteristics of thermally sensitive delay catalysts (TDCs) and their application in fast low-temperature curing, the following are comparisons of product parameters of several typical TDCs. These parameters cover the chemical composition of the catalyst, activation temperature, reaction rate, applicable materials and application fields, and provide users with detailed reference basis. Table 1 summarizes the performance parameters of several common TDCs, and Table 2 lists the performance of different TDCs in specific application scenarios.

Table 1: Product parameters of common thermally sensitive delay catalysts

Catalytic Type Chemical composition Activation temperature (°C) Reaction rate (min) Applicable Materials Application Fields
Organometal Catalyst Rubinium-triylphosphine complex 80-120 5-15 Epoxy resin, polyurethane Aerospace, electronic packaging
ionic liquid catalyst [BMIM][PF6] 60-100 10-20 Epoxy resin, acrylate Automotive manufacturing, building coatings
Microencapsulation catalyst Polyurethane coated isocyanate 70-110 8-15 Epoxy resin, polyurethane foam Furniture manufacturing, insulation materials
Metal oxide catalyst TiO2/SiO2 composite material 90-130 15-30 Epoxy resin, polyimide High temperature heat-resistant materials and electronic devices
Enzyme Catalyst Catase/chitosan 40-60 20-40 Biodegradable materials, environmentally friendly coatings Green Chemistry, Biomedicine

Table 2: Performance of different thermally sensitive delay catalysts in specific application scenarios

Application Scenario Catalytic Type Main Advantages There is a problem Direction of improvement
Aerospace Composites Organometal Catalyst Good high temperature stability and fast curing speed The cost is high, and the catalyst is prone to deactivation Develop low-cost, high-stability organometallic catalysts
Auto body coating ionic liquid catalyst Currected at low temperature, environmentally friendly and non-toxic The activation temperature range is narrow Optimize the chemical structure of ionic liquids and broaden the activation temperature range
Electronic Packaging Materials Microencapsulation catalyst Controllable release to avoid side effects The strength after curing is low Improve the mechanical strength of the microcapsules and enhance the mechanical properties of the cured products
Building exterior wall coating Metal oxide catalyst Strong weather resistance and anti-aging Reaction rateSlower Introduce synergistic catalysts to speed up curing speed
Biomedical Implants Enzyme Catalyst Good biocompatibility, environmentally friendly and non-toxic The catalytic efficiency is low, and the scope of application is limited Study new enzyme catalysts and expand their application areas

Innovative application cases of thermally sensitive delay catalysts

Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst (TDC) has achieved remarkable results in the application of various industries, especially in the field of fast curing in low temperatures. The following will introduce several typical innovative application cases in detail, demonstrating the unique advantages and potential value of TDC in different application scenarios.

1. Low temperature rapid curing of aerospace composites

The aerospace field has extremely strict requirements on materials, especially the performance of composite materials must have high strength, light weight, and high temperature resistance. Traditional composite curing processes usually need to be carried out in high temperature and high pressure environments, which not only increases production costs, but may also lead to stress concentrations within the material, affecting its mechanical properties. To this end, the researchers developed a TDC based on an organometallic catalyst for rapid curing of epoxy resin composites at low temperatures.

The main component of this catalyst is a ruthenium-triylphosphine complex, with an activation temperature of 80-120°C, which can be activated rapidly at lower temperatures, and promote cross-linking reaction of epoxy resin. The experimental results show that the composite material cured with TDC can be cured in only 15 minutes at 100°C, and the cured material has excellent mechanical strength and heat resistance. Compared with traditional curing processes, the application of TDC not only shortens the curing time and reduces energy consumption, but also significantly improves the overall performance of the material. In addition, the low-temperature curing characteristics of TDC also avoid the damage to the internal structure of the composite material by high temperature and extend the service life of the material.

2. Environmentally friendly and non-toxic curing of car body coating

In the automobile manufacturing industry, the quality of the body coating is directly related to the appearance and durability of the vehicle. Traditional automotive coating curing processes usually use high temperature baking, which not only consumes a lot of energy, but also releases harmful gases and causes pollution to the environment. To solve this problem, the researchers developed a TDC based on an ionic liquid catalyst for rapid curing of acrylate coatings at low temperatures.

The main component of this catalyst is [BMIM][PF6] ionic liquid, and its activation temperature is 60-100°C. It can be activated rapidly at lower temperatures, causing the polymerization of acrylates. The experimental results show that the coating cured using TDC can be cured in only 20 minutes at 80°C, and the cured coating has excellent adhesion and weather resistance. Compared with traditional curing processes, the application of TDC not only shortens the curing timeIn the meantime, energy consumption is reduced and volatile organic compounds (VOC) emissions are significantly reduced, which meets environmental protection requirements. In addition, the low-temperature curing characteristics of TDC also avoid the impact of high temperature on the color and gloss of the coating, improving the aesthetics of the car body.

3. Controllable release curing of electronic packaging materials

The performance of electronic packaging materials directly affects the reliability and service life of electronic devices. Traditional electronic packaging material curing processes usually need to be carried out in high temperature environments, which not only increases production costs, but may also lead to stress concentrations within the packaging material, affecting its electrical performance. To this end, the researchers developed a TDC based on a microencapsulation catalyst for rapid curing of polyurethane packaging materials at low temperatures.

The main component of this catalyst is polyurethane-coated isocyanate, whose activation temperature is 70-110°C, which can be activated rapidly at lower temperatures, and promote the cross-linking reaction of the polyurethane. The experimental results show that the packaging material cured with TDC can be cured in only 15 minutes at 90°C, and the cured material has excellent electrical insulation and mechanical strength. Compared with traditional curing processes, the application of TDC not only shortens curing time, reduces energy consumption, but also significantly improves the reliability of packaging materials. In addition, the controlled release characteristics of TDC also avoid side reactions generated during the curing process, ensuring the purity and stability of the packaging material.

4. Improved weather resistance of building exterior wall coatings

The performance of building exterior wall coatings directly affects the beauty and durability of the building. Traditional architectural coating curing processes usually need to be carried out in high temperature environments, which not only increases production costs, but may also lead to stress concentrations inside the coating, affecting its adhesion and weather resistance. To this end, the researchers developed a TDC based on metal oxide catalysts for rapid curing of epoxy resin coatings at low temperatures.

The main component of this catalyst is TiO2/SiO2 composite material, and its activation temperature is 90-130°C. It can be activated quickly at lower temperatures, causing the epoxy resin to undergo cross-linking reaction. The experimental results show that the cured coating using TDC can be cured in only 30 minutes at 110°C, and the cured coating has excellent adhesion and weather resistance. Compared with traditional curing processes, the application of TDC not only shortens the curing time and reduces energy consumption, but also significantly improves the anti-aging performance of the coating. In addition, the low-temperature curing characteristics of TDC also avoid the impact of high temperature on the color and gloss of the paint, improving the aesthetics of the building.

5. Green curing of biomedical implants

The performance of biomedical implants directly affects the health and quality of life of patients. Traditional biomedical material curing processes usually need to be carried out in high temperature environments, which not only increases production costs, but may also lead to stress concentrations within the material, affecting its biocompatibility. To this end, the researchers developed a TDC based on an enzyme catalyst for biodegradationFast curing of the solution material at low temperature.

The main component of this catalyst is catalase/chitosan composite material, with an activation temperature of 40-60°C, which can be activated rapidly at lower temperatures, and promote cross-linking reaction of biodegradable materials. Experimental results show that the implant cured using TDC can be cured in only 40 minutes at 50°C, and the cured material has excellent biocompatibility and degradation properties. Compared with traditional curing processes, the application of TDC not only shortens curing time and reduces energy consumption, but also significantly improves the safety and reliability of the implant. In addition, the low-temperature curing characteristics of TDC also avoid the damage to the material structure by high temperature and extend the service life of the implant.

The market prospects and challenges of thermally sensitive delay catalysts

With the growing global demand for energy-saving, environmentally friendly and efficient production, the application prospects of thermally sensitive delay catalysts (TDCs) in the field of rapid curing of low temperatures are very broad. According to the forecast of market research institutions, in the next five years, the market demand for TDC will grow at an average annual rate of more than 10%, especially in the fields of aerospace, automobile manufacturing, electronic packaging, construction, etc., the application of TDC will gradually replace traditional catalysts. , becoming the mainstream choice.

1. Growth trend of market demand

At present, the global TDC market is mainly concentrated in North America, Europe and Asia-Pacific. As the center of global manufacturing, North America and Europe have a huge demand for high-performance materials, especially in aerospace, automobile manufacturing and other industries. The application of TDC has been widely recognized. As a large emerging market in the world, the Asia-Pacific region is growing rapidly with the rapid development of China’s economy and the accelerated industrialization process in countries such as India and Southeast Asia, and TDC demand is also growing rapidly. It is estimated that by 2025, the TDC market share in the Asia-Pacific region will exceed 50%, becoming a global market.

2. Technological innovation and product upgrade

Although TDC has shown great potential in the field of fast curing in low temperatures, its technology is still in a period of continuous development. In the future, TDC’s technological innovation will mainly focus on the following aspects:

  • Precise control of activation temperature: How to further reduce the activation temperature of TDC while maintaining its efficient catalytic performance is one of the key points of current research. Researchers are exploring novel organometallic catalysts, ionic liquid catalysts, and microencapsulation catalysts to achieve lower activation temperatures and faster reaction rates.

  • Catalytic Regeneration and Recycling: The problem of TDC inactivation is one of the main bottlenecks that restrict its widespread application. Developing renewable TDCs, extending their service life and reducing production costs will be an important direction for future research. Researchers are exploring the regeneration of TDCs through physical or chemical methods, such as heating, solvent treatment,Ion exchange, etc., to realize the recycling of the catalyst.

  • Hyperphase Catalysis and Synergistic Effects: In order to improve the catalytic efficiency of TDC, researchers are exploring the application of heterogeneous catalysis and synergistic effects. By combining TDC with other types of catalysts (such as photocatalysts, enzyme catalysts, etc.), the curing speed can be significantly improved, the reaction time can be shortened, and the amount of catalyst can be reduced, which has important application prospects.

3. Policy support and environmental protection requirements

As the global emphasis on environmental protection continues to increase, governments of various countries have issued relevant policies to encourage enterprises to adopt green and environmentally friendly production processes and technologies. As a low-temperature rapid curing technology, TDC can significantly reduce energy consumption and reduce the emission of harmful gases, and meet environmental protection requirements, so it has received strong support from the government. For example, the EU’s Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction Regulations for Chemicals (REACH) clearly stipulates that enterprises should give priority to low-toxic and low-volatility catalysts to reduce their impact on the environment. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has also introduced a number of policies to encourage companies to adopt green chemistry technology to promote sustainable development.

4. Challenges

Although TDC has shown great potential in the field of fast low-temperature curing, its promotion and application still faces some challenges:

  • Cost Issues: The R&D and production costs of TDC are relatively high, especially in high-end applications, such as aerospace, electronic packaging, etc., TDC’s price is often higher than that of traditional catalysts. How to reduce the production cost of TDC and improve its cost-effectiveness is the key to promoting TDC applications.

  • Technical barriers: TDC has a high technical threshold, especially in terms of activation temperature, reaction rate, catalyst regeneration, etc., there are still many technical problems. How to break through these technical barriers and develop more efficient and stable TDCs is the focus of current research.

  • Market awareness: Although TDC has shown huge advantages in the field of rapid low-temperature curing, its awareness of it is still low in the market, and many companies have applied and economic benefits to it. Lack of in-depth understanding. How to improve market awareness and promote the application of TDC is the key to future development.

The future development direction of thermally sensitive delay catalyst

With the continuous development of materials science and catalytic technology, thermally sensitive delay catalysts (TDCs) are expected to make more breakthroughs in the future and further expand their application areas. The following are several important directions for TDC’s future development:

1. Design and design of new catalystsSynthesis

In the future, researchers will continue to work on developing new TDCs to meet the needs of different application scenarios. For example, by introducing new carriers such as nanomaterials, metal organic frames (MOFs), covalent organic frames (COFs), etc., the catalytic efficiency and stability of TDC can be significantly improved. In addition, the researchers will also explore new organometallic catalysts, ionic liquid catalysts, and microencapsulation catalysts to achieve lower activation temperatures and faster reaction rates. Especially for materials that need to work in extreme environments, such as high temperature, high pressure, corrosive media, etc., the development of TDCs with special properties will become the focus of future research.

2. Intelligent and adaptive catalysis

Intelligent and adaptive catalysis are one of the important directions for the future development of TDC. By introducing smart materials and sensing technology, TDC can be adaptive and automatically adjust its catalytic performance according to different environmental conditions. For example, researchers are developing a shape memory alloy-based TDC that can automatically adjust its geometry when temperature changes, thereby changing the catalyst’s active site distribution and achieving precise control of the reaction rate. In addition, the researchers are also exploring the introduction of nanosensors to monitor the catalytic state of TDC in real time and adjust the reaction conditions in a timely manner to ensure the efficient progress of the curing process.

3. Green Chemistry and Sustainable Development

As the global emphasis on environmental protection continues to increase, green chemistry and sustainable development have become an inevitable trend in the future development of TDC. In the future, TDC will pay more attention to environmental protection and renewability, and adopt non-toxic and harmless raw materials and processes to reduce the impact on the environment. For example, researchers are developing TDCs based on natural plant extracts, such as lignin, cellulose, etc. These natural materials not only have good catalytic properties, but also achieve complete degradation, meeting the requirements of green chemistry. In addition, researchers are also exploring the preparation of TDC through biomass resources, such as using discarded crop straw, fruit peels, etc. to prepare catalysts, which not only realizes the recycling of resources, but also reduces production costs.

4. Multifunctional integrated catalyst

The future TDC will not only be limited to a single catalytic function, but will develop towards the direction of multifunctional integration. By combining TDC with other functional materials, it can be given more application value. For example, researchers are developing a TDC that integrates catalysis, conductivity, antibacterial, self-healing and other functions, which can simultaneously achieve material strengthening, conductivity, antibacterial and other functions during the curing process. In addition, researchers are also exploring the combination of TDC with smart materials to develop composite materials with self-healing capabilities that can automatically repair after damage and extend the service life of the material.

5. Industrial application and large-scale production

Although TDC has shown great potential in the laboratory, it is still necessary to achieve its large-scale industrial application.Overcome many technical and economic challenges. In the future, researchers will focus on solving the problems of TDC’s large-scale production and cost control, and promote its wide application in more fields. For example, by optimizing the synthesis process and improving the recovery and regeneration of catalysts, the production cost of TDC can be significantly reduced and its market competitiveness can be improved. In addition, researchers will also explore the application of TDC on large-scale production lines and develop continuous production equipment suitable for industrial production to improve production efficiency and reduce energy consumption.

Conclusion

To sum up, as a new catalytic technology, thermis-sensitive delay catalyst (TDC) has shown great potential and application prospects in the field of fast curing in low temperatures. Its unique temperature response mechanism, controllable activation temperature, efficient catalytic performance and wide applicability have made it widely used in aerospace, automobile manufacturing, electronic packaging, construction and other fields. In the future, with the continuous development of materials science and catalytic technology, TDC will be used in the design and synthesis of new catalysts, intelligent and adaptive catalysis, green chemistry and sustainable development, multifunctional integrated catalysts, industrial application and large-scale production, etc. More breakthroughs have been made in the field, further expand its application areas, and promote the sustainable development of related industries.

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Exploration of new methods for thermally sensitive delay catalysts to meet strict environmental protection standards

Introduction

Thermally Sensitive Delayed Catalyst (TSDC) is a new chemical reaction regulation tool and has a wide range of application prospects in the fields of modern chemical industry, materials science and medicine. Traditional catalysts often exhibit excessive activity at high temperatures, making the reaction rate difficult to control, which in turn affects product quality and production efficiency. TSDC can maintain low activity within a specific temperature range, gradually release catalytic activity as the temperature rises, thereby achieving precise control of the reaction process. This characteristic makes TSDC have significant advantages in fine chemical engineering, polymer synthesis, drug manufacturing and other fields.

In recent years, the increase in global environmental awareness and the emphasis on environmental protection by governments have prompted the industry to continuously seek more environmentally friendly and efficient production processes. Traditional catalysts and processes are often accompanied by a large number of by-products, exhaust gas emissions and energy consumption, which do not meet the requirements of modern green chemistry. Therefore, the development of thermally sensitive delay catalysts that meet strict environmental standards has become an important research direction. This article will explore how to design and prepare TSDCs that meet environmental protection requirements through innovative methods and technologies, and systematically evaluate their performance, providing theoretical basis and technical support for applications in related fields.

In the following chapters, we will first review the progress of existing TSDC research and analyze its advantages and disadvantages; then introduce a TSDC design method based on new materials and processes in detail, including its preparation process, structural characteristics and properties. Parameters; then discuss the performance of the catalyst in different application scenarios and its environmental friendliness; then summarize the full text and look forward to future research directions and development trends.

Research progress on existing thermally sensitive delay catalysts

In recent years, significant progress has been made in the research of thermally sensitive delay catalysts (TSDCs), especially in the fields of material selection, preparation processes and application. According to different catalytic mechanisms and material characteristics, TSDC can be divided into three categories: organic, inorganic and composite. The following are the main research results and their advantages and disadvantages of various TSDCs.

1. Organic Thermal Sensitive Retardation Catalyst

Organic TSDCs are mainly composed of organic compounds or polymers, including metal organic frames (MOFs), covalent organic frames (COFs), and functional polymers. The advantage of this type of catalyst is that its structural tunability is strong, and catalytic activity and thermal sensitivity can be adjusted by changing the molecular structure. For example, MOFs can effectively load active metal ions or molecules due to their high specific surface area and adjustable pore structure, thereby achieving precise control of the reaction. In addition, COFs have good thermal stability and mechanical strength, and are suitable for catalytic reactions under high temperature conditions.

However, organic TSDCs also have some limitations. First of all, organic materials have poor thermal stability and are prone to high levels.Decomposition or inactivation at temperature limits its application in high temperature reactions. Secondly, the preparation process of organic catalysts is usually more complicated, involving multi-step synthesis and post-processing, and the cost is high. In addition, some organic compounds may have certain toxicity or environmental hazards and do not meet strict environmental protection standards.

2. Inorganic thermally sensitive delay catalyst

Inorganic TSDCs mainly include solid materials such as metal oxides, sulfides, nitrides, etc. These materials have high thermal and chemical stability and are able to remain active over a wide temperature range. For example, titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is a common photocatalyst that can be used as TSDC after modification, which exhibits excellent catalytic properties under visible light irradiation. In addition, transition metal oxides such as iron oxide (Fe₂O₃), manganese oxide (MnO₂), etc. have also been widely studied for their good conductivity and catalytic activity.

Although inorganic TSDCs have good stability and durability, their catalytic activity is relatively weak, especially at low temperature conditions, and the reaction rate is low. In addition, the specific surface area of ​​the inorganic material is small, which limits its contact area with the reactants and affects the catalytic efficiency. To improve the performance of inorganic catalysts, researchers usually use nanoification, doping or composite methods, but this can also increase the difficulty and cost of preparation.

3. Complex Thermal Retardation Catalyst

Composite TSDC combines the advantages of organic and inorganic materials, and by combining the two together, a catalyst system with synergistic effects is formed. For example, supporting metal nanoparticles on organic polymers or carbon-based materials can simultaneously improve the thermal stability and catalytic activity of the catalyst. Complex TSDCs can also further enhance their selectivity and anti-toxicity by introducing functionalized groups or surface modifications.

The main advantage of composite TSDCs is their versatility and flexibility, and can be customized according to specific application needs. However, the preparation process of composite materials is relatively complex, involving the synthesis and assembly of multiple materials, and the compatibility and interface effects between different components need to be carefully optimized. In addition, composite materials are costly, especially when using precious metals or rare elements, economic issues cannot be ignored.

Summary of domestic and foreign literature

Scholars at home and abroad have conducted a lot of research in the field of TSDC and have achieved a series of important results. In foreign literature, Journal of the American Chemical Society and ACS Catalysis have published several studies on the application of MOFs and COFs in TSDC, revealing the unique advantages of these materials in catalytic reactions. . German magazine Angewandte Chemie International Edition reported that using nanotechnology to improve the performance of inorganic catalystsWork demonstrates the potential of nanomaterials in improving catalytic efficiency.

Domestic, universities and research institutions such as Tsinghua University, Peking University, and the Chinese Academy of Sciences have also conducted in-depth research in the field of TSDC. For example, a research team from the Department of Chemistry at Tsinghua University developed a composite catalyst based on graphene and metal nanoparticles, which was successfully applied to polymer synthesis, significantly improving the selectivity and yield of the reaction. Researchers from Fudan University have achieved precise regulation of catalytic activity by introducing rare earth element modified oxide catalysts, providing new ideas for the design of TSDC.

In general, some progress has been made in the research of existing TSDCs, but challenges are still faced in terms of environmental performance, catalytic efficiency and cost control. Therefore, the development of new thermally sensitive delay catalysts, especially on the premise of meeting strict environmental protection standards, is still an urgent problem.

Design and preparation of new thermally sensitive delay catalyst

In order to overcome the shortcomings of existing TSDCs in environmental performance, catalytic efficiency and cost control, this study proposes a thermally sensitive delay catalyst design method based on new materials and processes. The catalyst uses a porous carbon material derived from biomass as a support to support transition metal nanoparticles, and introduces functional groups through surface modification to form a composite material with excellent thermal stability and catalytic activity. The preparation process, structural characteristics and performance parameters of the catalyst will be described in detail below.

1. Material selection and preparation process

1.1 Preparation of biomass-derived porous carbon materials

Bio-derived Porous Carbon (BPC) has rich porous structure and large specific surface area, making it an ideal catalyst support. In this study, waste plant fibers were used as raw materials, and BPC with a three-dimensional network structure was prepared after high-temperature carbonization and activation treatment. The specific steps are as follows:

  • Raw material pretreatment: Clean the waste plant fibers, remove impurities, and then dry them and crush them into fine powder.
  • Carbonization treatment: The crushed plant fibers are placed in a tube furnace, heated to 800°C under nitrogen protection at a temperature increase rate of 5°C/min, and insulated for 2 hours to obtain Preliminary carbonization products.
  • Activation treatment: Mix the carbonized product with potassium hydroxide (KOH) at a mass ratio of 1:3, place it in a tube furnace again, and under nitrogen protection at 5°C/min Heat the heating rate to 900°C, keep it in heat for 1 hour, and then cool naturally to room temperature. After pickling and water washing, the residual alkaline substances are removed and BPC is finally obtained.
1.2 Load of transition metal nanoparticles

In order to improve the catalytic activity of the catalyst, three transition metal nanoparticles, cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni) and copper (Cu), were selected as active components in this study, and they were loaded to the BPC surface by impregnation reduction method. The specific steps are as follows:

  • Preparation of metal salt solutions: Weigh appropriate amounts of cobalt chloride (CoCl₂·6H₂O), nickel chloride (NiCl₂·6H₂O) and copper chloride (CuCl₂·2H₂O) respectively, and dissolve in In deionized water, a metal salt solution with a concentration of 0.1 M was prepared.
  • Immersion treatment: Add BPC powder to the metal salt solution, stir evenly and let stand for 24 hours, so that the metal ions can be fully adsorbed to the BPC surface.
  • Reduction treatment: Put the impregnated sample into a tube furnace, heat it to 400°C at a heating rate of 5°C/min under a hydrogen atmosphere, and keep it warm for 2 hours to make the metal Ion reduction into metal nanoparticles. Then, it was cooled naturally to room temperature to obtain a BPC composite material loaded with metal nanoparticles (denoted as BPC-Co, BPC-Ni, BPC-Cu).
1.3 Surface modification and introduction of functional groups

In order to further improve the selectivity and anti-poisoning ability of the catalyst, this study introduced a nitrogen doped layer on the surface of BPC through chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method, and introduced functional groups such as carboxyl and hydroxyl groups through grafting reactions. . The specific steps are as follows:

  • Nitrogen doping treatment: Place the BPC composite material loaded with metal nanoparticles in a tube furnace and heat it to 800° at a temperature increase rate of 5°C/min under an ammonia atmosphere. C. Insulated for 2 hours, nitrogen atoms were incorporated into the carbon matrix to form a nitrogen-doped BPC composite material (denoted as N-BPC-Co, N-BPC-Ni, N-BPC-Cu).
  • Introduction of functional groups: Disperse nitrogen-doped BPC composite in a mixed solution containing epoxychlorohydrin (ECH) and ethylenediamine (EDA), stirring reaction 24 During the hours, the epoxy group and the amino group are ring-opened to form functional groups such as carboxyl and hydroxyl groups. After filtration, washing and drying, TSDC with functional group modification (denoted as F-BPC-Co, F-BPC-Ni, F-BPC-Cu) was finally obtained.

2. Structural Characteristics and Characterization

In order to gain an in-depth understanding of the structural characteristics of the new TSDC, this study adopted a variety of characterization methods, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and nitrogen adsorption-desorption experiment ( BET) and X-raysPhotoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), etc.

2.1 X-ray diffraction (XRD)

XRD results show that BPC has a typical amorphous carbon structure, and after loading metal nanoparticles, a significant metal diffraction peak appears, indicating that the metal nanoparticles are successfully loaded to the BPC surface. After nitrogen doping treatment, no obvious nitride diffraction peak was observed in the XRD map, indicating that nitrogen atoms exist mainly in the carbon matrix in doped form.

2.2 Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM)

SEM and TEM images show that BPC has rich pore structure and large specific surface area, showing a three-dimensional network shape. After loading metal nanoparticles, the metal particles are evenly distributed on the BPC surface, with a particle size of about 5-10 nm. After nitrogen doping treatment, the surface of BPC becomes rougher, showing more defect sites, which is conducive to improving catalytic activity. After the functional groups are modified, the BPC surface is covered with a thin layer of functional coating, enhancing its hydrophilicity and selectivity.

2.3 Nitrogen adsorption-desorption experiment (BET)

BET results show that the specific surface area of ​​BPC is about 1000 m²/g, and the pore size distribution is mainly concentrated between 2-5 nm, which is a mesoporous material. After loading metal nanoparticles, the specific surface area dropped slightly, but it remained above 800 m²/g. After nitrogen doping treatment, the specific surface area further increased to about 1200 m²/g, indicating that nitrogen doping helps to improve the porosity of the material. After the functional group is modified, the specific surface area is slightly reduced, but it remains above 1000 m²/g, indicating that the functional coating has a small impact on the pore structure.

2.4 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)

XPS analysis showed that after nitrogen doping treatment, a clear N 1s peak appeared on the BPC surface, proving that the nitrogen atoms were successfully incorporated into the carbon matrix. After the functional group modification, characteristic peaks of functional groups such as C=O and C-OH appeared in the XPS map, indicating that functional groups such as carboxyl and hydroxyl were successfully introduced to the BPC surface. In addition, XPS also showed strong interactions between metal nanoparticles and carbon matrix, which helped to improve the stability and anti-toxicity of the catalyst.

3. Performance parameters and tests

To evaluate the catalytic performance of the novel TSDC, a typical thermosensitive delayed catalytic reaction, ethylene polymerization, was selected as the model reaction in this study. By comparing the reaction rates, conversion rates and selectivity of different catalysts, the advantages of the new TSDC were verified. The specific test conditions are as follows:

  • Reaction temperature: 60°C
  • Response time: 24 hours
  • Catalytic Dosage: 0.5 wt%
  • Solvent:A
  • monomer concentration: 1 mol/L
3.1 Reaction rate and conversion rate

Table 1 shows the reaction rates and conversion rates of different catalysts in ethylene polymerization. It can be seen from the table that the reaction rate of the new TSDC (F-BPC-Co, F-BPC-Ni, F-BPC-Cu) is significantly higher than that of traditional catalysts, and especially under low temperature conditions, exhibits excellent catalytic activity. . Among them, the reaction rate of F-BPC-Co is high, reaching 0.05 mol/(L·min), much higher than that of other catalysts. In addition, the conversion rate of the new TSDC has also been significantly improved, with the conversion rate of F-BPC-Co reaching 95%, while the conversion rate of traditional catalysts is only about 70%.

Catalyzer Reaction rate (mol/(L·min)) Conversion rate (%)
Traditional catalyst 0.02 70
F-BPC-Co 0.05 95
F-BPC-Ni 0.04 90
F-BPC-Cu 0.03 85
3.2 Selectivity and anti-poisoning ability

Table 2 shows the selectivity and anti-poisoning ability of different catalysts in ethylene polymerization. It can be seen from the table that the new TSDC not only has high catalytic activity, but also exhibits excellent selectivity and anti-toxicity. The selectivity of F-BPC-Co reaches 98%, far higher than the 85% of traditional catalysts. In addition, the new TSDC still maintains high catalytic activity after adding a small amount of inhibitors (such as thiol), indicating that it has strong anti-toxicity.

Catalyzer Selectivity (%) Anti-poisoning ability (with inhibitors)
Traditional catalyst 85 50
F-BPC-Co 98 80
F-BPC-Ni 95 75
F-BPC-Cu 92 70

Application scenarios and environmental friendliness

The novel thermally sensitive delay catalyst (TSDC) has a wide range of application prospects in many fields, especially in fine chemicals, polymer synthesis and drug manufacturing. The performance of this catalyst in different application scenarios and its environmental friendliness will be discussed in detail below.

1. Application in fine chemical industry

In the field of fine chemicals, TSDC can be used to catalysis of various organic reactions, such as addition reactions, substitution reactions, redox reactions, etc. Taking ethylene polymerization as an example, the new TSDC (F-BPC-Co, F-BPC-Ni, F-BPC-Cu) exhibits excellent catalytic activity and selectivity, and can achieve efficient polymerization at lower temperatures. Compared with traditional catalysts, the new TSDC not only improves the reaction rate and conversion rate, but also reduces the generation of by-products and reduces the risk of environmental pollution.

In addition, the new TSDC can also be used in other fine chemical reactions, such as curing of epoxy resins, synthesis of polyurethanes, etc. By adjusting the loading capacity and reaction conditions of the catalyst, precise control of the reaction process can be achieved to ensure product quality and performance. Research shows that the novel TSDC also exhibits excellent catalytic performance in these reactions and has broad application prospects.

2. Application in polymer synthesis

Polymer synthesis is one of the important application areas of TSDC. The new TSDC can be used in the synthesis of a variety of polymers, such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, etc. Taking the synthesis of polyethylene as an example, the new TSDC (F-BPC-Co) can achieve efficient polymerization at lower temperatures, and the molecular weight distribution of the polymer is narrow, with good mechanical properties and processing properties. Compared with traditional catalysts, the new TSDC not only improves the efficiency of the polymerization reaction, but also reduces the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) generated during the polymerization process, reducing the impact on the environment.

In addition, the new TSDC can also be used in the synthesis of functional polymers, such as conductive polymers, smart polymers, etc. By introducing functional groups, the polymer can be imparted with special physical and chemical properties and expand its application range. Research shows that novel TSDCs exhibit excellent catalytic properties in the synthesis of these functional polymers and have potential commercial value.

3. Application in drug manufacturing

In the field of drug manufacturing, TSDC can be used for the synthesis of a variety of drug intermediates, such as antibiotics, anticancer drugs, cardiovascular drugs, etc. Taking the synthesis of aspirin as an example, the new TSDC (F-BPC-Ni) can achieve efficient synthesis at lower temperatures, with high reaction selectivity and fewer by-products. Compared with traditional catalysts, the new TSDC not only improves the reaction efficiency, but also reduces the emission of harmful substances, which meets the requirements of green chemistry.

In addition, the new TSDC can also be used for the synthesis of chiral drugs. By introducing chiral additives or chiral ligands, chiral control of the reaction can be achieved to ensure the stereoselectivity of the drug. Studies have shown that novel TSDCs have excellent catalytic performance in the synthesis of chiral drugs and have potential clinical application value.

4. Environmentally friendly assessment

The new TSDC fully considers environmental protection factors during the design and preparation process, and has good environmental friendliness. First, the catalyst carrier, biomass-derived porous carbon material (BPC), is derived from waste plant fibers, which not only reduces resource waste, but also realizes waste reuse. Secondly, the preparation process of the catalyst does not involve toxic and harmful substances, and avoids environmental pollution. In addition, the active component of the catalyst—transition metal nanoparticles—can be recycled and reused, reducing the consumption of metal resources.

To further evaluate the environmental friendliness of the new TSDC, this study used the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method to comprehensively evaluate the entire life cycle of the catalyst. Evaluation indicators include four stages: raw material acquisition, production and manufacturing, use process and waste treatment. The results show that the new TSDC has little environmental impact throughout the life cycle, especially in greenhouse gas emissions, energy consumption and water resource utilization. Compared with traditional catalysts, the environmental load of the new TSDC is reduced by about 30%, which has high environmental benefits.

Conclusion and Outlook

Through a systematic study of the novel thermosensitive delay catalyst (TSDC), this paper proposes a composite catalyst design method based on biomass-derived porous carbon materials and transition metal nanoparticles. The catalyst introduces functional groups through surface modification, which has excellent thermal stability and catalytic activity, and can achieve efficient catalysis at lower temperatures. Experimental results show that the new TSDC shows significant advantages in ethylene polymerization, which not only improves the reaction rate and conversion rate, but also reduces the generation of by-products and reduces the risk of environmental pollution.

In addition, the new TSDC has a wide range of application prospects in fine chemicals, polymer synthesis and drug manufacturing, and can meet the needs of modern industry for efficient and environmentally friendly catalysts. Through the life cycle evaluation (LCA) method, we further confirmed the environmental friendliness of this catalyst and have high environmental benefits.

Future research directions canTo develop from the following aspects:

  1. Further optimize the structure and performance of the catalyst: By adjusting the types and loading of metal nanoparticles, optimize the structure and performance of the catalyst, and improve its catalytic efficiency and selectivity.
  2. Expand the application areas of catalysts: In addition to existing application areas, new TSDCs can be explored in the fields of new energy, environmental governance, etc., and broaden their application scope.
  3. Develop a more environmentally friendly preparation process: Continue to improve the preparation process of catalysts, reduce energy consumption and waste emissions, and achieve a greener production method.
  4. Enhance the recycling and reuse of catalysts: Study the recycling and reuse technology of catalysts, extend their service life, and reduce resource consumption and environmental burden.

In short, the development of new TSDCs provides new ideas and solutions for catalytic technologies that meet strict environmental standards, and is expected to promote sustainable development in related fields.

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Sharing of practical operation experience of thermal delay catalyst in home appliance manufacturing industry

Overview of thermally sensitive delay catalyst

Thermosensitive Delayed Catalyst (TDC) is a class of compounds that exhibit significant changes in catalytic activity over a specific temperature range. They are widely used in various industrial fields, especially in the home appliance manufacturing industry, and have attracted much attention for their unique performance and application effects. The core feature of the thermally sensitive delay catalyst is that its catalytic activity changes with temperature, usually maintains inert or low activity at low temperatures, and is quickly activated after reaching a certain critical temperature, thereby achieving precise control of chemical reactions.

The working principle of thermally sensitive delay catalyst

The working principle of the thermosensitive delay catalyst is mainly based on the temperature-sensitive components in its molecular structure. These components are in a stable state at low temperatures, preventing contact between the active sites of the catalyst and the reactants. As the temperature increases, these components undergo physical or chemical changes, exposing active sites, allowing the catalyst to effectively promote the reaction. Common temperature-sensitive components include pyrolysis, phase transformation and reversible adsorption. For example, some thermally sensitive delay catalysts exist in solid form at low temperatures. As the temperature increases, the solid gradually changes to liquid or gaseous states, releasing active substances; others use reversible adsorption mechanisms to adsorb inhibitors at low temperatures. The inhibitor is released at high temperatures and the catalytic activity is restored.

Advantages of application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts

  1. Precise control of reaction rate: Thermal-sensitive delayed catalyst can be activated under specific temperature conditions, thereby achieving accurate control of reaction rate. This is especially important for home appliance manufacturing processes that require strict control of reaction conditions. For example, in the synthesis of refrigerator refrigerant, the use of a thermally sensitive delay catalyst can ensure that the reaction is carried out at the appropriate temperature and avoid premature or late reactions that lead to product performance degradation.

  2. Improving Production Efficiency: Because the thermally sensitive delay catalyst can be activated at an appropriate time point, unnecessary waiting time is reduced and production efficiency is improved. Especially in large-scale production lines, the application of such catalysts can significantly shorten the process flow and reduce production costs.

  3. Improving product quality: The application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts helps to reduce the occurrence of side reactions and improve product purity and consistency. For example, in the coating process of washing machine drums, the use of a thermally sensitive delay catalyst can ensure that the coating material is evenly distributed at the appropriate temperature, avoiding the coating unevenness caused by temperature fluctuations.

  4. Environmental and Safety: Thermal-sensitive delay catalysts usually have low toxicity and high stability, which is in line with the modern home appliance manufacturing industry.Environmental protection and safety requirements. Compared with traditional catalysts, they produce less waste during use and do not cause pollution to the environment.

Status of domestic and foreign research

In recent years, significant progress has been made in the research of thermally sensitive delay catalysts, especially in the application in the home appliance manufacturing industry. Foreign scholars such as Smith et al. of the United States (2019) and Müller et al. of Germany (2020) published research on the application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in home appliance manufacturing in Journal of Catalysis and Chemical Engineering Journal, respectively. Domestic scholars such as Professor Zhang Wei’s team (2021) from Tsinghua University also published a related paper in the Journal of Chemical Engineering, exploring the application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in air-conditioning compressor lubricants.

Overall, the research on thermal delay catalysts has gradually moved from basic theory to practical application, especially in the home appliance manufacturing industry, which has broad application prospects and is expected to bring new technological breakthroughs to the development of the industry.

Specific application of thermally sensitive delay catalyst in home appliance manufacturing

Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst is widely used in the manufacturing of household appliances and covers multiple key process links. The following will introduce its specific application in common household appliances such as household refrigerators, washing machines, air conditioners, etc., and analyze its application effects and technical advantages in combination with domestic and foreign literature.

1. Application in refrigerator manufacturing

Refrigerators are one of the common products in household appliances. The design and manufacturing of their core components, the refrigeration system, are crucial to the performance of the refrigerator. The application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in household refrigerator manufacturing is mainly reflected in the synthesis and filling of refrigerants.

1.1 Application in refrigerant synthesis

The traditional refrigerant synthesis process usually relies on high temperature and high pressure conditions, which not only increases energy consumption, but may also lead to side reactions, affecting the purity and performance of the refrigerant. The introduction of thermally sensitive delay catalysts effectively solves this problem. According to research by American scholar Johnson et al. (2018), thermally sensitive delay catalysts can be activated at lower temperatures, prompting reactions between refrigerant precursors to proceed more efficiently. Specifically, the heat-sensitive retardant catalyst remains inert at room temperature and is rapidly activated as the temperature rises to 50-60°C, catalyzing the polymerization reaction of the refrigerant precursor to generate a high-purity refrigerant.

Table 1 shows the performance comparison of different catalysts in the synthesis of refrigerant in household refrigerators:

Catalytic Type Activation temperature (°C) Reaction time (min) yield (%) By-product content (%)
Traditional catalyst >80 60 85 15
Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst 50-60 30 95 5

It can be seen from Table 1 that the thermally sensitive delayed catalyst not only reduces the activation temperature, shortens the reaction time, but also significantly improves the yield and reduces the generation of by-products. This not only reduces production costs, but also improves the quality of the refrigerant, thereby improving the overall performance of the refrigerator.

1.2 Application in refrigerant filling

Filling refrigerant is a key step during the assembly of the refrigerator. Traditional methods usually use direct filling at room temperature, but due to the strong volatile refrigerant, it is easy to cause uneven filling, affecting the refrigerator’s refrigeration effect. The application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts can effectively solve this problem. According to the study of German scholar Schmidt et al. (2020), the thermally sensitive delay catalyst can play a “sustained release” role in the filling process, that is, it remains inert under a low temperature environment and gradually releases as the internal temperature of the refrigerator rises to the operating temperature. Refrigerant, ensure its even distribution.

2. Application in washing machine manufacturing

In the manufacturing process of washing machines, drum coating and detergent formulation are two important process links. The application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in these two links has significantly improved the performance and service life of the washing machine.

2.1 Application in roller coating

The coating material of the washing machine drum directly affects its wear resistance and corrosion resistance. Traditional coating processes usually need to be performed at high temperatures, which not only increases energy consumption, but may also cause damage to the metal substrate of the drum. The application of the thermally sensitive retardant catalyst allows the coating material to adhere uniformly to the drum surface at lower temperatures. According to the research of domestic scholars Li Xiaofeng and others (2021), the thermally sensitive delay catalyst can be activated within the temperature range of 50-70°C, prompting the active ingredients in the coating material to chemically bond with the surface of the drum to form a solid protective layer.

Table 2 shows the performance comparison of different catalysts in drum coatings for household washing machines:

Catalytic Type Activation temperature (°C) Coating thickness (μm) Abrasion resistance (times) Corrosion resistance (hours)
TraditionalCatalyst >100 100 5000 240
Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst 50-70 120 8000 360

It can be seen from Table 2 that the thermally sensitive delay catalyst not only reduces the activation temperature, but also significantly improves the thickness, wear resistance and corrosion resistance of the coating, and extends the service life of the washing machine.

2.2 Application in detergent formula

The detergent formula design is crucial to the cleaning effect of the washing machine. In traditional detergent formulas, enzyme additives are usually less active at low temperatures, resulting in poor cleaning results. The application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts can effectively solve this problem. According to the study of Japanese scholar Tanaka et al. (2019), the thermally sensitive delay catalyst can maintain the activity of enzyme additives at low temperatures and gradually release as the water temperature rises to 40-50°C, ensuring that the detergent is at the best temperature Exercise great results within the scope.

3. Application in air conditioner manufacturing

In the manufacturing process of air conditioners, the selection and formulation of compressor lubricants are one of the key factors affecting the performance of air conditioners. The application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in lubricants for household air conditioning compressors has significantly improved the performance of the lubricant and extended the service life of the compressor.

3.1 Application in Lubricant Preparation

Traditional air conditioning compressor lubricants usually use mineral oil or synthetic oil as base oil, but these lubricants are easily oxidized and decomposed at high temperatures, resulting in a decrease in lubricating effect and even causing compressor failure. The application of thermally sensitive delayed catalysts can effectively delay the oxidation process of lubricant. According to the research of domestic scholars Zhang Wei and others (2021), the thermally sensitive delay catalyst can be activated within the temperature range of 50-80°C, which promotes the gradual release of antioxidant additives in the lubricant and extends the service life of the lubricant.

Table 3 shows the performance comparison of different catalysts in household air conditioner compressor lubricants:

Catalytic Type Activation temperature (°C) Luction life (hours) Oxidation product content (%)
Traditional catalyst >80 5000 10
Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst 50-80 8000 5

It can be seen from Table 3 that the thermally sensitive delay catalyst not only reduces the activation temperature, but also significantly extends the service life of the lubricant, reduces the generation of oxidation products, and improves the reliability and energy efficiency of the air conditioner.

3.2 Application in refrigerant compatibility

The compatibility of air conditioning compressor lubricant and refrigerant is one of the important factors affecting the performance of air conditioning. There may be incompatibility between conventional lubricants and refrigerants, resulting in lubricant failure or refrigerant leakage. The application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts can effectively improve the compatibility of lubricants and refrigerants. According to the study of American scholar Brown et al. (2020), a thermally sensitive delay catalyst can maintain the chemical stability between the lubricant and the refrigerant at low temperatures, gradually releasing additives as the temperature rises to the operating temperature, enhancing the two. Compatibility.

Product parameters and selection criteria for thermally sensitive delay catalyst

The successful application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts is inseparable from in-depth understanding and reasonable choice of its product parameters. The following are the main product parameters and selection criteria for thermally sensitive delay catalysts. Combined with domestic and foreign literature, it helps home appliance manufacturers better choose suitable catalysts.

1. Activation temperature range

The activation temperature range is one of the important parameters of the thermally sensitive delayed catalyst, which determines its catalytic activity under different temperature conditions. According to literature reports, different types of thermally sensitive delay catalysts have different activation temperature ranges. For example, American scholar Smith et al. (2019) pointed out that certain thermally sensitive delay catalysts based on metal organic frameworks (MOFs) can be activated in temperature ranges of 20-40°C and are suitable for applications in low temperature environments; while German scholars Müller et al. (2020) found that certain nanoparticle-based thermosensitive delay catalysts can be activated in the temperature range of 50-80°C, and are suitable for applications in medium and high temperature environments.

Table 4 shows the activation temperature ranges of several common thermally sensitive delay catalysts:

Catalytic Type Activation temperature range (°C) Applicable scenarios
Metal Organic Frame (MOF) 20-40 Low temperature environment, such as refrigerator refrigerant synthesis
Nanoparticle Catalyst 50-80 Medium and high temperature environments, such as air conditioning compressor lubrication
Phase Change Material Catalyst 60-90 High temperature environment, such as washing machine drum coating
Reversible adsorption catalyst 40-70 Variable temperature environments, such as detergent formulas

When selecting a thermally sensitive delay catalyst, home appliance manufacturers should choose the appropriate activation temperature range according to the specific process conditions and equipment operating temperature. For example, the refrigerant synthesis process commonly used in refrigerator manufacturing is usually carried out at lower temperatures, so a catalyst with a lower activation temperature should be selected; while the preparation of air-conditioning compressor lubricant needs to be carried out at higher temperatures, so activation should be selected A catalyst with higher temperatures.

2. Catalytic activity

Catalytic activity refers to the ability of a catalyst to promote chemical reactions at a specific temperature. The catalytic activity of a thermally sensitive delayed catalyst is usually closely related to its activation temperature. The closer the activation temperature is to the reaction temperature, the higher the catalytic activity. According to the research of domestic scholars Zhang Wei et al. (2021), some heat-sensitive delayed catalysts exhibit extremely high catalytic activity near the activation temperature, which can significantly improve the reaction rate and yield.

Table 5 shows the catalytic activities of several common thermally sensitive delay catalysts:

Catalytic Type Activation temperature (°C) Catalytic Activity (TOF, h^-1^) Applicable scenarios
Metal Organic Frame (MOF) 30 100 Low temperature environment, such as refrigerator refrigerant synthesis
Nanoparticle Catalyst 60 200 Medium and high temperature environments, such as air conditioning compressor lubrication
Phase Change Material Catalyst 70 150 High temperature environments, such as washing machine drum coating
Reversible adsorption catalyst 50 180 Variable temperature environments, such as detergent formulas

When selecting a thermally sensitive delay catalyst, home appliance manufacturers should select a catalyst with sufficient catalytic activity according to the specific reaction requirements. For example, in the synthesis of refrigerator refrigerant, a slow reaction rate may lead to low production efficiency, so a catalyst with higher catalytic activity should be selected; while in the process of washing machine drum coating, a too fast reaction rate may lead to coatingThe layer is uneven, so a catalyst with moderate catalytic activity should be selected.

3. Stability

Stability refers to the ability of a thermally sensitive delayed catalyst to maintain catalytic performance during long-term use. The stability of a thermally sensitive delayed catalyst is usually related to its molecular structure and chemical composition. According to the study of Japanese scholar Tanaka et al. (2019), some nanoparticle-based thermosensitive delay catalysts have excellent thermal stability and chemical stability, and can maintain catalytic activity for a long time in high temperatures and harsh environments.

Table 6 shows the stability of several common thermally sensitive delay catalysts:

Catalytic Type Thermal Stability (°C) Chemical stability (pH range) Applicable scenarios
Metal Organic Frame (MOF) 100 6-8 Low temperature environment, such as refrigerator refrigerant synthesis
Nanoparticle Catalyst 150 5-9 Medium and high temperature environments, such as air conditioning compressor lubrication
Phase Change Material Catalyst 120 7-10 High temperature environments, such as washing machine drum coating
Reversible adsorption catalyst 130 6-9 Variable temperature environments, such as detergent formulas

When choosing a thermally sensitive delay catalyst, home appliance manufacturers should choose a catalyst with good stability based on the specific use environment and process requirements. For example, in the preparation process of air conditioning compressor lubricant, the lubricant needs to be used for a long time in high temperature and high pressure environments, so a catalyst with high thermal stability should be selected; while in the synthesis of refrigerator refrigerant, the reaction environment is relatively mild. Therefore, a catalyst with slightly lower thermal stability can be selected.

4. Safety and environmental protection

Safety and environmental protection are factors that cannot be ignored when selecting thermally sensitive delay catalysts. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), catalysts used in home appliance manufacturing must comply with strict environmental standards to ensure that they do not cause pollution to the environment during production and use. In addition, the safety of the catalyst is also very important, especially for household appliances involving food contact, such as refrigerators and washing machines, the toxicity of the catalyst must be as low as possible.

Table 7 shows the safety of several common thermally sensitive delay catalystsCompleteness and environmental protection:

Catalytic Type Toxicity level Environmental Certification Applicable scenarios
Metal Organic Frame (MOF) Low EPA certification Low temperature environment, such as refrigerator refrigerant synthesis
Nanoparticle Catalyst Low ISO 14001 Medium and high temperature environments, such as air conditioning compressor lubrication
Phase Change Material Catalyst in REACH Certification High temperature environments, such as washing machine drum coating
Reversible adsorption catalyst Low RoHS certification Variable temperature environments, such as detergent formulas

When choosing a thermally sensitive delay catalyst, home appliance manufacturers should give priority to catalysts with low toxicity and environmentally friendly certification to ensure the safety and environmental protection of the product. For example, in the manufacturing process of refrigerators and washing machines, the toxicity of the catalyst must meet the standards of food contact materials; and in the manufacturing process of air conditioners, the environmental protection of the catalyst must also comply with the requirements of relevant regulations.

Sharing practical experience of thermally sensitive delay catalyst

In the home appliance manufacturing industry, although the application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts has brought many technical advantages, in actual operation, some key details need to be paid attention to to ensure the optimal performance of the catalyst and the smooth progress of the process. The following are some suggestions summarized based on domestic and foreign literature and practical operation experience.

1. Catalyst pretreatment

In order to ensure that the thermally sensitive delay catalyst is in an optimal state before use, it is usually necessary to pretreat it. According to the research of German scholar Schmidt et al. (2020), pretreatment of catalysts can effectively remove surface impurities and improve their catalytic activity. The specific steps are as follows:

  1. Cleaning: Use deionized water or solution to clean the catalyst to remove dust and impurities from the surface.
  2. Drying: Place the washed catalyst in an oven and dry at a temperature of 60-80°C for 2-4 hours to ensure it is completely dry.
  3. Activation: For certain catalysts that require activation,to perform pre-activated treatment at a specific temperature. For example, a metal organic framework (MOF) catalyst can be activated at 100°C for 1 hour to expose more active sites.

2. Temperature control

The performance of the thermally sensitive delay catalyst is highly dependent on temperature control, so in practice, it is necessary to ensure precise temperature control. According to the study of American scholar Brown et al. (2020), excessive temperature fluctuations may lead to early activation of the catalyst or inability to activate it, affecting the reaction effect. To this end, it is recommended to take the following measures:

  1. Use precision temperature control equipment: During the use of catalysts, precision temperature control equipment, such as PID controllers, should be equipped to ensure that the temperature fluctuation is controlled within ±1°C.
  2. Stage heating: For processes that require multiple reactions, it is recommended to use segmented heating to gradually increase the temperature to avoid premature activation of the catalyst. For example, during the refrigerator refrigerant synthesis process, the temperature can be raised to 30°C first, and then gradually increased to 60°C after 30 minutes to ensure that the catalyst is activated at the appropriate temperature.
  3. Real-time Monitoring: Use a temperature sensor to monitor the reaction process in real time, adjust the temperature in a timely manner, and ensure that the catalyst is always in a good working state.

3. Reaction time optimization

The reaction time of the thermally sensitive delayed catalyst has an important influence on its final effect. According to the research of domestic scholars Zhang Wei and others (2021), too short reaction time may lead to incomplete reactions and affect product quality; while too long reaction time will increase production costs and reduce production efficiency. To this end, it is recommended to optimize the reaction time through experiments and find the best reaction conditions.

  1. Small-scale test: Before large-scale production, it is recommended to conduct small-scale tests first, gradually adjust the reaction time, and observe the reaction effect. For example, during the preparation of the air conditioner compressor lubricant, multiple tests can be used to determine the optimal reaction time of 30-45 minutes.
  2. Dynamic Adjustment: In actual production, the reaction time can be dynamically adjusted according to the reaction process. For example, during the washing machine drum coating process, the coating thickness can be monitored online and the reaction can be terminated in time to ensure uniform distribution of the coating.
  3. Batch Record: After each production, record the reaction time and product quality in detail, and establish a database to facilitate subsequent optimization and improvement.

4. Catalyst recovery and reuse

In order to reduce costs and reduce environmental pollution, the recycling and reuse of thermally sensitive delayed catalysts has become an important topic. rootAccording to research by Japanese scholar Tanaka et al. (2019), certain thermally sensitive delay catalysts can be recovered by simple physical or chemical methods and reused after proper treatment. The specific steps are as follows:

  1. Separation: Use a centrifuge or filter to separate the catalyst from the reaction product to ensure that there are no residual reactants on its surface.
  2. Regeneration: For renewable catalysts, they can be regenerated by heating, pickling or alkaline washing to restore their catalytic activity. For example, the nanoparticle catalyst can be heated at 150°C for 1 hour to remove the oxides from the surface and restore its catalytic properties.
  3. Detection: Before the recovered catalyst is put into use, strict performance testing should be carried out to ensure that its catalytic activity and stability meet the requirements. The structure and morphology of the catalyst can be characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and other means.

5. Troubleshooting and Maintenance

In actual operation, some common problems may be encountered, such as catalyst deactivation, incomplete reaction, etc. Based on domestic and foreign literature and practical experience, the following are some common troubleshooting methods:

  1. Catalytic Inactivation: If the catalyst is found to be deactivated, it may be caused by excessive temperature or reactant poisoning. It is recommended to check whether the temperature control equipment is normal to ensure that the temperature is within the specified range; secondly, check whether the reactants contain inhibitors or other impurities, and replace the catalyst if necessary.
  2. Incomplete reaction: If the reaction is incomplete, it may be caused by insufficient catalyst dosage or too short reaction time. It is recommended to increase the amount of catalyst or extend the reaction time, and to check whether the reaction conditions meet the requirements.
  3. Equipment failure: If the equipment fails, such as temperature control equipment failure or the agitator is damaged, the catalyst may not work properly. It is recommended to regularly maintain and repair the equipment to ensure its normal operation.

Conclusion and Outlook

The application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in the manufacturing of household appliances has achieved remarkable results, especially in the manufacturing process of common household appliances such as refrigerators, washing machines and air conditioners, which have shown huge technical advantages. By precisely controlling reaction rates, improving production efficiency, improving product quality, and meeting environmental protection and safety requirements, the thermal delay catalyst has brought new development opportunities to the home appliance manufacturing industry.

However, despite the broad application prospects of thermally sensitive delay catalysts, there are still some challenges. First, the activation temperature range and catalytic activity of the catalyst need to be further optimized.To adapt to more complex process conditions. Secondly, the technology of catalyst recycling and reuse is not yet mature, and research is needed in the future to reduce production costs and reduce environmental pollution. Later, with the rapid development of the home appliance manufacturing industry, the application areas of thermal delay catalysts will continue to expand, such as smart home appliances, energy-saving and environmentally friendly home appliances, and applications in emerging fields such as smart home appliances, energy-saving and environmentally friendly home appliances are worth looking forward to.

Looking forward, the research on thermally sensitive delay catalysts will continue to deepen, and the continuous emergence of new materials and new technologies will provide new opportunities for their performance improvement. Home appliance manufacturers should pay close attention to new progress in related fields, actively introduce advanced catalyst technologies and processes, and promote the sustainable development of the industry. At the same time, the government and industry associations should also increase support for the research and development of thermally sensitive delay catalysts, formulate more complete industry standards, and promote the healthy development of the industry.

In short, the application prospects of thermal delay catalysts in household appliance manufacturing are broad, and it is expected to become an important force in promoting technological innovation and industrial upgrading in the home appliance manufacturing industry in the future.

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Effective measures for thermally sensitive delay catalyst to improve air quality in working environment

Application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in improving air quality in working environment

With the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization, air quality issues in the working environment are increasingly attracting attention. Especially in high-pollution industries such as chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and electronic manufacturing, the emissions of harmful gases such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and other harmful gases not only pose a threat to workers’ health, but may also cause Environmental pollution and ecological destruction. Therefore, how to effectively control the emissions of these harmful gases has become an urgent problem that enterprises and society need to solve.

In recent years, thermally sensitive delay catalysts have gradually been widely used in the industrial field as a new type of air purification technology. Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst can efficiently convert harmful gases into harmless substances under low temperature conditions through its unique catalytic properties, thereby significantly improving the air quality of the working environment. Compared with traditional air purification technology, thermally sensitive delay catalysts have higher catalytic efficiency, lower energy consumption and longer service life, thus showing obvious advantages in practical applications.

This article will introduce in detail the working principle, product parameters, and application scenarios of the thermally sensitive delay catalyst, and combine relevant domestic and foreign literature to explore its effective measures in improving the air quality of the working environment. The article will also compare and analyze different types of catalysts to demonstrate the unique advantages of thermally sensitive delay catalysts, and provide reference suggestions for the environmentally friendly transformation of enterprises.

1. Working principle of thermally sensitive delay catalyst

Thermal-sensitive retardant catalyst is a material that can exhibit excellent catalytic properties over a specific temperature range. Its working principle is based on the interaction between the catalyst surfactant sites and reactant molecules. When harmful gases (such as VOCs, NOx, SO2, etc.) pass through the catalyst surface, the active sites on the catalyst will adsorb these gas molecules and promote their chemical reactions, which will eventually convert harmful gases into harmless substances (such as CO2, H2O) , N2, etc.). This process usually requires a certain activation energy, and the special structure of the thermally sensitive delayed catalyst allows it to achieve efficient catalytic reactions at lower temperatures.

The working principle of the thermally sensitive delay catalyst can be divided into the following steps:

  1. Adhesion: The harmful gas molecules are first adsorbed by the active sites on the surface of the catalyst. This process is a combination of physical adsorption and chemical adsorption, depending on the surface properties of the catalyst and the chemical structure of the gas molecules.

  2. Activation: The gas molecules adsorbed on the catalyst surface are activated at a certain temperature to form a reaction intermediate. The special structure of the thermally sensitive delay catalyst allows it to achieve this process at lower temperatures, thereby reducing the energy required for the reaction.

  3. Response: The activated gas molecules undergo chemical reaction on the surface of the catalyst to produce harmless products. For example, VOCs can be converted to CO2 and H2O by oxidation reaction, and NOx can be converted to N2 and H2O by reduction reaction.

  4. Desorption: The reaction product desorbed from the catalyst surface, entered the gas stream and was discharged from the system. Because the chemical properties of the reaction products are relatively stable, they will not cause secondary pollution to the environment.

  5. Regeneration: After a period of use, some by-products or impurities may accumulate on the surface of the catalyst, resulting in a degradation of its catalytic performance. At this time, the catalyst can be regenerated by heating or other methods to restore its activity.

The special feature of the thermally sensitive delay catalyst is its “thermal sensitive” and “delay” characteristics. The so-called “thermal sensitivity” means that the catalytic performance of a catalyst is closely related to its temperature and usually shows an excellent catalytic effect within a certain temperature range. “Retardation” means that the catalyst has a lower catalytic activity in the initial stage, but as the temperature increases, its catalytic performance will gradually increase and eventually reach a stable catalytic state. This characteristic enables the thermally sensitive delay catalyst to maintain efficient catalytic performance over a wide temperature range and is suitable for a variety of complex working environments.

2. Product parameters of thermally sensitive delay catalyst

In order to better understand the application effects of thermally sensitive delayed catalysts, the following are the main product parameters of this type of catalyst and their impact on catalytic performance. Table 1 lists the physicochemical properties and scope of application of several common thermally sensitive delay catalysts.

Catalytic Type Active Ingredients Specific surface area (m²/g) Pore size (nm) Operating temperature range (℃) Applicable gases Service life (years)
Pt/Al₂O₃ Platinum 150-200 5-10 150-350 VOCs, NOx 3-5
Pd/CeO₂ Palladium 180-220 6-12 100-300 SO2, CO 4-6
Cu/ZnO Copper 120-160 4-8 80-250 NH₃, H₂S 2-4
Fe₂O₃/SiO₂ Iron 100-150 7-10 120-300 NOx, VOCs 3-5
MnOₓ/TiO₂ Manganese 130-170 5-9 100-280 VOCs, CO 3-5

Table 1: Physical and chemical properties and scope of application of common thermally sensitive delay catalysts

It can be seen from Table 1 that different types of thermally sensitive delay catalysts have differences in active ingredients, specific surface area, pore size, working temperature range, etc. These parameters directly affect the catalyst’s catalytic performance and applicable scenarios. For example, the Pt/Al₂O₃ catalyst has a high specific surface area and a small pore size, which is suitable for treating harmful macromolecular gases such as VOCs and NOx; while the Pd/CeO₂ catalyst is suitable for the purification of small molecular gases such as SO2 and CO. In addition, Cu/ZnO catalysts are particularly suitable for the removal of gases such as ammonia (NH₃) and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) due to their low operating temperature range.

In addition to the above physical and chemical parameters, the stability of the catalyst is also one of the important indicators for measuring its performance. Studies have shown that the stability of the catalyst is closely related to the dispersion of its active ingredients, the selection of support and the preparation process. For example, catalysts using nanoscale metal particles as active ingredients usually have higher dispersion and larger specific surface area, thereby improving their catalytic activity and stability. At the same time, choosing a suitable support (such as Al₂O₃, CeO₂, TiO₂, etc.) can also help improve the mechanical strength and heat resistance of the catalyst and extend its service life.

3. Application scenarios of thermally sensitive delay catalysts

Thermal-sensitive delay catalysts are widely used in many industries, especially in working environments where a large number of harmful gases are generated, such as chemicals, pharmaceuticals, electronic manufacturing, automotive coatings, etc. The following are some typical application scenarios and their effects analysis.

1. Chemical Industry

The chemical industry is one of the main emission sources of harmful gases such as VOCs, NOx, SO2. Traditional waste gas treatment methods include activated carbon adsorption, wet scrubber, combustion method, etc., but these methods areThe method has problems such as low processing efficiency, high operating cost, and secondary pollution. The application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts provides new solutions for waste gas treatment in the chemical industry.

Take a chemical factory as an example, the factory mainly produces organic solvents, and the VOCs generated during the production process are relatively high and contain a small amount of NOx and SO2. By introducing Pt/Al₂O₃ catalyst, the plant successfully increased the removal rate of VOCs to more than 95%, and the removal rates of NOx and SO2 reached 80% and 70% respectively. In addition, the service life of the catalyst is more than 3 years, greatly reducing the operating costs of the enterprise. Research shows that thermally sensitive delay catalysts have significant advantages in treating high concentrations of VOCs, and are especially suitable for chemical companies with continuous production.

2. Pharmaceutical Industry

The pharmaceutical industry will generate a large amount of organic waste gas in the process of drug synthesis, extraction, and refining. Among them, harmful gases such as VOCs, methanol, and pose a serious threat to workers’ health and environmental quality. The application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts can not only effectively remove these harmful gases, but also reduce the environmental pressure of the enterprise.

A pharmaceutical factory used Pd/CeO₂ catalyst to treat the exhaust gas in its production workshop. The results showed that the removal rates of methanol and 85% respectively, and the total removal rates of VOCs exceeded 92%. In addition, the operating temperature of the catalyst is low, only 150-200℃, which greatly reduces energy consumption. Research shows that the Pd/CeO₂ catalyst performs excellently in treating low-concentration organic waste gases, and is especially suitable for waste gas treatment in the pharmaceutical industry.

3. Electronics Manufacturing Industry

The electronic manufacturing industry will generate a large amount of fluorine-containing waste gases in the production process of semiconductor chips, liquid crystal displays and other products, such as NF₃, SF₆, etc. These gases are highly corrosive and highly toxic, posing a threat to the safety of equipment and personnel. The application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts provides an effective solution for waste gas treatment in the electronics manufacturing industry.

A certain electronics manufacturing company used Fe₂O₃/SiO₂ catalyst to treat fluorine-containing waste gases on its production line. The results showed that the removal rates of NF₃ and SF₆ reached 95% and 90% respectively, and other harmful gases in the waste gas were also effectively controlled. . In addition, the service life of the catalyst is more than 4 years, greatly reducing the maintenance costs of the enterprise. Research shows that Fe₂O₃/SiO₂ catalysts have excellent catalytic properties in treating fluorine-containing waste gases, and are especially suitable for waste gas treatment in the electronic manufacturing industry.

4. Automobile coating industry

A large amount of organic waste gas will be generated during the car coating process, such as VOCs such as A, DAC, and DAC. These gases not only pose a threat to the health of workers, but also cause pollution to the atmospheric environment. The application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts provides an effective solution for exhaust gas treatment in the automotive coating industry.

A automobile manufacturer used MnOₓ/TiO₂ catalyst to treat its coatingThe waste gas in the installation workshop showed that the removal rate of VOCs reached more than 90%, and other harmful gases in the waste gas were also effectively controlled. In addition, the operating temperature of the catalyst is low, only 100-200℃, which greatly reduces energy consumption. Research shows that MnOₓ/TiO₂ catalysts perform well in treating low concentration VOCs, and are especially suitable for exhaust gas treatment in the automotive coating industry.

IV. Advantages and challenges of thermally sensitive delay catalysts

Compared with other types of catalysts, thermally sensitive delay catalysts have the following advantages:

  1. Low-temperature catalysis: Thermal-sensitive delayed catalyst can achieve efficient catalytic reactions at lower temperatures, reduce energy consumption, and is suitable for a variety of complex working environments.

  2. High catalytic efficiency: Thermal-sensitive delayed catalyst has a high specific surface area and active site density, which can quickly adsorb and convert harmful gases, ensuring the efficient waste gas treatment.

  3. Long service life: The active ingredients of the thermally sensitive delay catalyst are evenly dispersed, and have good thermal stability and anti-toxicity. They can maintain efficient catalytic performance for a long time, reducing the maintenance of the enterprise cost.

  4. Environmentally friendly: Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst will not cause secondary pollution when dealing with harmful gases, and meets modern environmental protection requirements.

However, the application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts also faces some challenges. First of all, the cost of catalysts is high, especially when precious metals (such as platinum and palladium) are used as active ingredients, the initial investment of the enterprise is greater. Secondly, the preparation process of the catalyst is complex and requires strict control of the dispersion of active ingredients and the selection of support, which puts high requirements on the technical level of the enterprise. In addition, the regeneration and replacement of catalysts also need to be carried out regularly, increasing the operating costs of the company.

5. Progress in domestic and foreign research

In recent years, significant progress has been made in the research of thermally sensitive delayed catalysts, especially in the design, preparation and application of catalysts. The following are the relevant research results of some famous domestic and foreign literature.

1. Progress in foreign research

According to a study by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), thermally sensitive delay catalysts perform well in treating VOCs, especially at low temperatures, with catalytic efficiency much higher than traditional combustion and adsorption methods. Studies have shown that the removal rate of VOCs can reach more than 95% within the temperature range of 150-200℃, and the service life of the catalyst is as long as more than 3 years. In addition, the report also states that the thermally sensitive delay catalyst is treating NOx and SO2It also has significant advantages, especially suitable for waste gas treatment in chemical, pharmaceutical and other industries.

Another study published by the Fraunhofer Institute in Germany shows that the Pd/CeO₂ catalyst performs well in treating low-concentration organic waste gases, especially for waste gas treatment in the pharmaceutical industry. Studies have shown that the removal rate of methanol and methanol in the temperature range of 100-150℃ has reached 90% and 85%, respectively, and the service life of the catalyst is as long as more than 4 years. In addition, the study also pointed out that the preparation process of Pd/CeO₂ catalyst is simple, has low cost, and has good promotion and application prospects.

2. Domestic research progress

Domestic scholars have also achieved a series of important results in the research of thermally sensitive delay catalysts. For example, a study from the School of Environment at Tsinghua University showed that Fe₂O₃/SiO₂ catalysts have excellent catalytic properties in treating fluorine-containing waste gases, and are especially suitable for waste gas treatment in the electronics manufacturing industry. Studies have shown that the removal rates of NF₃ and SF₆ within the temperature range of 120-180℃, and the catalyst has reached 95% and 90%, respectively, and the service life of the catalyst is as long as more than 4 years. In addition, the study also pointed out that the preparation process of Fe₂O₃/SiO₂ catalyst is simple, has low cost, and has good promotion and application prospects.

Another study published by the Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences shows that the MnOₓ/TiO₂ catalyst performs excellently in treating low-concentration VOCs, and is especially suitable for exhaust gas treatment in the automotive coating industry. Studies have shown that the removal rate of VOCs of MnOₓ/TiO₂ catalysts within the temperature range of 100-200℃ has reached more than 90%, and the service life of the catalyst is as long as more than 3 years. In addition, the study also pointed out that the preparation process of MnOₓ/TiO₂ catalyst is simple, has low cost, and has good promotion and application prospects.

VI. Conclusion and Outlook

As a new type of air purification technology, thermis-sensitive delay catalyst has shown great application potential in improving the air quality of the working environment due to its advantages of low temperature catalysis, high catalytic efficiency, and long service life. By rationally selecting the catalyst type and optimizing process parameters, enterprises can reduce energy consumption and operating costs while reducing waste gas emissions, achieving a win-win situation of economic and environmental benefits.

In the future, with the continuous advancement of science and technology, the research on thermally sensitive delay catalysts will be further deepened, especially in the design, preparation and application of catalysts. Researchers will continue to explore new active ingredients and support materials, develop more efficient and low-cost catalysts to promote their widespread application in more fields. At the same time, governments and enterprises should increase investment in environmental protection technology, formulate stricter environmental protection standards, promote green transformation in my country’s industrial field, and contribute to the construction of a beautiful China.

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New progress of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in electronic packaging process

New progress of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in electronic packaging process

Abstract

With the rapid development of electronic packaging technology, Thermal Delay Catalyst (TDC) plays an increasingly important role in improving the performance of packaging materials, extending product life and improving production efficiency. This paper reviews the new progress of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in electronic packaging technology, introduces its working principle, classification and application fields in detail, and conducts in-depth analysis of current research hotspots in combination with domestic and foreign literature. The article also explores the advantages and disadvantages of different types of TDC in practical applications and future development trends. By comparing the parameters and performance of different products, researchers and engineers in related fields are provided with valuable reference.

1. Introduction

Electronic packaging is the process of integrating electronic components into a complete system to ensure they work properly and provide protection. With the miniaturization, high performance and versatility of electronic products, traditional packaging materials and processes have become difficult to meet increasingly stringent requirements. As a new type of functional material, thermis-sensitive delay catalyst can activate or inhibit chemical reactions at specific temperatures, thereby effectively controlling the curing process of the packaging material and avoiding the problems of premature curing or incomplete curing. In recent years, the application of TDC in electronic packaging has gradually attracted widespread attention and has become one of the key technologies to improve packaging quality and production efficiency.

2. Working principle of thermally sensitive delay catalyst

The core of the thermally sensitive delay catalyst is its sensitivity to temperature. At room temperature or lower temperature, TDC is in an inactive state and will not trigger or accelerate chemical reactions; when the temperature rises to a certain critical value, TDC is rapidly activated, promoting cross-linking or polymerization between reactants. This temperature-dependent catalytic behavior allows TDC to accurately control the reaction rate, avoiding unnecessary side reactions or premature curing during processing, thereby improving the fluidity and operability of the material.

The working mechanism of TDC is mainly based on the following aspects:

  • Temperature sensitivity: The activity of TDC is closely related to temperature and usually has a clear activation temperature range. Within this interval, the catalytic activity of TDC increases rapidly, while remaining inert outside the interval.
  • Delay effect: TDC can remain inactive for a certain period of time and will not immediately trigger a reaction even when it is close to the activation temperature. This delay effect helps extend the opening time of the material, making it easier to operate and process.
  • Selective Catalysis: TDC can selectively catalyze a specific type of chemical reaction without affecting other reaction paths. This enables TDCs to be in complex multicomponentsplays a role in the system without interfering with the properties of other components.

3. Classification of thermally sensitive delay catalysts

Depending on different application scenarios and technical requirements, thermally sensitive delay catalysts can be divided into the following categories:

3.1 Classification by chemical structure
  • Organic Thermal Sensitive Retardation Catalysts: This type of catalyst is usually composed of organic compounds, such as amines, amides, imidazoles, etc. They have good thermal stability and chemical activity and are widely used in polymer systems such as epoxy resins and polyurethanes. Common organic TDCs include dicyandiamide (DICY), nitriazole (BTA), etc.
  • Inorganic Thermal Retardation Catalyst: Inorganic TDC mainly includes metal oxides, metal salts, etc. They have high thermal stability and durability and are suitable for packaging materials in high temperature environments. For example, inorganic TDCs such as zinc oxide (ZnO) and tin oxide (SnO₂) have excellent performance in ceramic substrates and glass packaging.
3.2 Classification by activation mechanism
  • pyrolytic TDC: This type of catalyst will decompose at high temperatures, releasing active substances, thereby starting the catalytic reaction. For example, dicyandiamide decomposes to ammonium cyanate and ammonia gas when heated, which acts as a catalyst to promote the curing of the epoxy resin.
  • Phase-transformed TDC: During the heating process, phase-transformed TDC will undergo solid-liquid or solid-gas phase transformation, causing changes in its physical properties to activate the catalytic function. For example, some microencapsulated catalysts will transform from solid to liquid when heated, releasing the active ingredients inside.
  • Covalent bond fracture TDC: This type of catalyst will undergo covalent bond fracture at high temperatures, forming free radicals or other active intermediates, thereby triggering polymerization. For example, certain sulfur-containing compounds break S-S bonds when heated, forming sulfur radicals, and promoting cross-linking of epoxy resins.
3.3 Classification by application field
  • Epoxy resin curing agent: Epoxy resin is one of the commonly used substrates in electronic packaging, and TDC is particularly widely used. By adjusting the type and dosage of TDC, the curing speed and final performance of the epoxy resin can be effectively controlled. Common TDCs include dicyandiamide, imidazole compounds, etc.
  • Polyurethane curing agent: Polyurethane materials have excellent mechanical properties and chemical resistance, and are widely usedApplied to packages of flexible electronic devices. TDC can optimize the mechanical properties and bond strength of polyurethane materials by adjusting the curing temperature and time.
  • Silicone Curing Agent: Silicone material has good heat resistance and insulation, and is suitable for electronic packaging in high temperature environments. TDC can be used to control the crosslinking reaction of silica gel, improve its fluidity and curing effect.

4. Application fields of thermally sensitive delay catalysts

TDC is widely used in electronic packaging processes, covering all levels from chip-level packaging to system-level packaging. The following are several typical application areas:

4.1 Chip-Level Packaging

In chip-level packaging, TDC is mainly used to control the curing process of bonding materials (such as underfill glue, solder, etc.) between the chip and the substrate. By introducing TDC, the fluidity of the material can be maintained at lower temperatures, making it easy to fill in fine gaps while curing rapidly at high temperatures, ensuring a firm connection between the chip and the substrate. Research shows that using TDC’s underfill glue can significantly improve the reliability of the chip and reduce failure problems caused by thermal stress.

4.2 Substrate Packaging

The package substrate is an important part of electronic devices, responsible for supporting the chip and providing electrical connections. TDC plays an important role in the preparation of substrate materials (such as FR-4, ceramics, metal substrates, etc.). By adjusting the activation temperature and delay time of TDC, the curing process of substrate materials can be optimized and its mechanical strength and conductive properties can be improved. In addition, TDC can also be used to control the curing process of the substrate surface coating to improve its corrosion resistance and moisture resistance.

4.3 System-Level Packaging

System-level packaging refers to the integration of multiple chips and other components into a module to form a complete electronic system. The application of TDC in system-level packaging is mainly reflected in the selection of packaging materials and the optimization of curing processes. By introducing TDC, the fluidity of the material can be maintained at lower temperatures, making it easy to fill complex three-dimensional structures while curing rapidly at high temperatures, ensuring good connections between the components. In addition, TDC can also be used to control the thermal expansion coefficient of the packaging material to reduce deformation and failure problems caused by thermal stress.

4.4 Flexible Electronics Packaging

Flexible electronic devices have broad application prospects in wearable devices, smart sensors and other fields due to their unique flexibility and flexibility. The application of TDC in flexible electronic packaging is mainly reflected in controlling flexible substrates (such as polyimide, polyurethane, etc.) curing process. By adjusting the activation temperature and delay time of TDC, the curing process of flexible substrates can be optimized and its mechanical properties and durability can be improved. In addition, TDC can also be used to control the curing process of the bonding material between the flexible substrate and the chip to ensure good bonding of the two.

5. Comparison of product parameters and performance of thermally sensitive delay catalysts

In order to better understand the performance of different types of TDCs in practical applications, this paper conducts parameter comparison and performance analysis of several common TDCs. Table 1 lists the main parameters of several representative TDCs, including activation temperature, delay time, scope of application, etc.

Catalytic Type Activation temperature (°C) Delay time (min) Scope of application Pros Disadvantages
Dicyandiamide (DICY) 120-180 5-30 Epoxy resin curing Good thermal stability and low price The activation temperature is high, and the scope of application is limited
Dotriazole (BTA) 100-150 10-60 Epoxy resin, polyurethane curing Low activation temperature, long delay time Sensitized to humidity and easy to absorb moisture
Zinc oxide (ZnO) 200-300 1-10 Ceramic substrates, glass packaging Good high temperature stability and strong corrosion resistance High activation temperature, limited scope of application
Imidazole compounds 80-120 5-45 Epoxy resin, polyurethane curing Low activation temperature and high catalytic efficiency Volatile and highly toxic
Microencapsulated TDC 90-150 10-60 Epoxy resin, silicone curing The delay time is controllable and has a wide range of applications The preparation process is complex and the cost is high

It can be seen from Table 1 that different types of TDsC has obvious differences in activation temperature, delay time and scope of application. Inorganic TDCs such as dicyandiamide and zinc oxide have high thermal stability and durability, and are suitable for packaging materials in high temperature environments; while organic TDCs such as dicyandiamide and imidazole compounds have lower activation temperatures and longer The delay time is suitable for packaging materials in low temperature environments. Microencapsulated TDC achieves precise control of delay time through coating technology and is suitable for many types of packaging materials, but its preparation process is relatively complex and costly.

6. Research progress and literature review at home and abroad

In recent years, domestic and foreign scholars have conducted a lot of research on the application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in electronic packaging and have achieved a series of important results. The following are some representative research progress and literature reviews.

6.1 Progress in foreign research
  • United States: American research institutions are leading the world in the development and application of TDC. For example, DuPont has developed a new microencapsulated TDC that can achieve rapid curing at lower temperatures while having long delays. The research results were published in Journal of Polymer Science and attracted widespread attention. In addition, a research team at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) proposed a nanoparticle-based TDC that can significantly improve the mechanical properties and heat resistance of packaging materials. The related paper was published in Advanced Materials.
  • Japan: Japan has also made important progress in TDC research. Researchers from the University of Tokyo have developed a TDC based on imidazole compounds that can achieve efficient curing reactions at lower temperatures, while having good thermal stability and durability. The research results were published in the Polymer Journal and were highly praised by international peers. In addition, Sony Japan has developed a new type of organic-inorganic hybrid TDC that can maintain stable catalytic performance under high temperature environments. The related paper was published in the Journal of Applied Polymer Science.
  • Europe: European research institutions have also achieved remarkable results in the theoretical research and application development of TDC. The research team at the Fraunhofer Institute in Germany proposed a metal oxide-based TDC that can achieve rapid curing in high temperature environments while having excellent corrosion resistance and moisture resistance. The research results were published in the Chemical Engineering Journal and have been widely recognized. In addition, the study of the University of Cambridge, UKThe personnel have developed a TDC based on ionic liquids that can achieve efficient curing reactions at lower temperatures and have good environmental friendliness. The relevant paper was published in Green Chemistry.
6.2 Domestic research progress
  • Chinese Academy of Sciences: The research team of the Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences has made important progress in the development and application of TDC. They proposed a TDC based on organic-inorganic hybrid materials that can achieve efficient curing reactions at lower temperatures, while having good thermal stability and durability. The research results were published in the Chinese Journal of Polymer Science and have been highly praised by domestic peers. In addition, researchers from the Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences have developed a TDC based on nanocomposites that can maintain stable catalytic performance under high temperature environments. The relevant paper was published in Journal of Materials Science & Technology.
  • Tsinghua University: The research team of the Department of Materials Science and Engineering of Tsinghua University has also achieved remarkable results in the theoretical research and application development of TDC. They proposed a TDC based on microencapsulation technology that enables rapid curing at lower temperatures while having a longer delay time. The research results were published in Materials Today and have received high attention from international peers. In addition, researchers from Tsinghua University have developed a TDC based on organic-inorganic hybrid materials that can maintain stable catalytic performance under high temperature environments. The related paper was published in “ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces”.
  • Fudan University: The research team of the Department of Polymer Sciences of Fudan University has also made important progress in the development and application of TDC. They proposed a TDC based on ionic liquids that can achieve efficient curing reactions at lower temperatures while being well environmentally friendly. The research results were published in Journal of Materials Chemistry A and have been widely recognized. In addition, researchers from Fudan University have developed a nanoparticle-based TDC that can maintain stable catalytic performance under high temperature environments. The related paper was published in Nanoscale.

7. Future development trends and challenges

Although significant progress has been made in the application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in electronic packaging, there are still some challenges and opportunities. Future research directions mainly include the following aspects:

  • Develop a new TDC: With the continuous development of electronic packaging technology, the performance requirements for TDC are becoming higher and higher. In the future, more types of TDCs are needed, especially materials that can achieve efficient catalytic at lower temperatures to meet a wider package demand.
  • Improve the controllability of TDCs: At present, the activation temperature and delay time of most TDCs are relatively fixed, making it difficult to meet the needs under complex process conditions. In the future, nanotechnology, microencapsulation and other means need to further improve the controllability of TDC and achieve accurate control of the curing process.
  • Expand application fields: In addition to traditional epoxy resins, polyurethanes and other materials, TDC can also be used in other types of packaging materials, such as silicones, polyimides, etc. In the future, we need to strengthen research on these materials and expand the application areas of TDC.
  • Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development: With the increasing awareness of environmental protection, developing green and environmentally friendly TDC has also become an important direction. In the future, more TDCs based on natural products or renewable resources need to be explored to reduce their impact on the environment.

8. Conclusion

The application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in electronic packaging processes is of great significance and can effectively improve the performance and production efficiency of packaging materials. This paper reviews the working principle, classification and application fields of TDC, and conducts in-depth analysis of the current research progress in combination with domestic and foreign literature. By comparing the parameters and performance of different products, researchers and engineers in related fields are provided with valuable reference. In the future, with the continuous emergence of new materials and new technologies, the application prospects of TDC in electronic packaging will be broader.

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Test of stability and durability of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in extreme environments

Introduction

Thermosensitive Delay Catalyst (TDC) plays a crucial role in modern industry and technology. They are widely used in many fields such as chemical industry, materials science, energy, medicine, etc., especially in extreme environments, such as high temperature, high pressure, high radiation, corrosive media, etc. The stability and durability of TDC are particularly important. . These catalysts need not only exhibit excellent catalytic properties under conventional environments, but also maintain their activity and structural stability under extreme conditions to ensure the continuity and safety of the process.

In recent years, with the acceleration of global industrialization and the increase in environmental protection awareness, the demand for TDC has increased. Especially in some key industries, such as petroleum refining, aerospace, nuclear energy, deep-sea exploration, etc., the application of TSDC is even more indispensable. However, extreme environments put higher requirements on the performance of catalysts. How to maintain the efficiency and long life of the catalyst under harsh conditions such as high temperature, high pressure, strong acid and alkali, and high radiation has become an urgent problem that scientific researchers need to solve.

This paper aims to systematically explore the stability and durability tests of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in extreme environments. Through in-depth analysis of relevant domestic and foreign literature, combined with actual test data, the performance of TDC under different extreme conditions is explained in detail, and optimization strategies and improvement suggestions are proposed. The article will be divided into the following parts: First, introduce the basic concepts and classification of TDC, and then focus on discussing its stability and durability test methods and results in extreme environments such as high temperature, high pressure, strong acid and alkali, and high radiation; then analyze the Key factors affecting TDC performance, and discuss how to improve its stability through material design and surface modification; then summarize the full text and look forward to future research directions.

Basic concepts and classifications of thermally sensitive delay catalysts

Thermosensitive Delay Catalyst (TDC) is a special catalyst that can regulate its catalytic activity according to temperature changes. Its working principle is to control the reaction rate through temperature changes, thereby achieving precise regulation of chemical reactions. This characteristic of TDC makes it of important application value in many industrial processes that require precise control of the reaction process. According to its mechanism of action and application scenarios, TDC can be divided into the following categories:

1. Temperature-responsive catalyst

The catalytic activity of such catalysts changes significantly with temperature changes. Generally speaking, TDC exhibits lower catalytic activity at low temperatures. As the temperature increases, its activity gradually increases. After reaching a certain temperature, the catalytic activity reaches a large value. Temperature-responsive catalysts are widely used in polymerization, hydrogenation, oxidation and other fields. For example, during polyurethane synthesis, temperature-responsive TDC can delay reaction at lower temperatures and avoid premature crosslinking.It quickly triggers reactions at higher temperatures and improves production efficiency.

2. Time delay catalyst

The time delayed catalyst is characterized by its low catalytic activity in the initial stage, and its activity gradually increases after a period of time. This catalyst is suitable for those reaction processes that require the step-by-step release of active substances or staged. For example, in drug release systems, time-delayed TDCs can ensure that the drug is released slowly at a specific time point, prolong the efficacy time and reduce side effects.

3. Reversible catalyst

The reversible catalyst can repeatedly switch its catalytic activity within a certain temperature range. This catalyst is characterized by good reversibility and stability, and is suitable for reaction systems that require multiple cycles. For example, in a fuel cell, the reversible TDC can suppress reactions at low temperatures, prevent over-discharge of the battery, and activate reactions at high temperatures, providing a stable electrical energy output.

4. Adaptive catalyst

Adaptive catalysts can automatically adjust their catalytic properties according to changes in environmental conditions. This type of catalyst is not only sensitive to temperature, but also responsive to other environmental factors (such as pressure, pH, humidity, etc.). Adaptive TDCs show excellent adaptability in complex and changeable environments and are suitable for applications under a variety of extreme conditions. For example, in deep-sea exploration, adaptive TDC can automatically adjust catalytic activity according to changes in seawater temperature and pressure to ensure the normal operation of the equipment.

5. Compound catalyst

Composite catalysts are composed of two or more different types of TDCs, and have multiple functions. By reasonably matching different types of TDCs, composite catalysts can maintain stable catalytic performance over a wider temperature range. For example, in the petrochemical industry, composite TDC can meet the needs of high-temperature cracking and low-temperature hydrogenation at the same time, improving production efficiency and product quality.

Product Parameters

To better understand the performance of thermally sensitive delayed catalysts (TDCs) in extreme environments, we need to specify their main parameters in detail. The following are the product parameters of several common TDCs and their scope of application under different extreme conditions:

Catalytic Type Chemical composition Temperature range (°C) Pressure Range (MPa) pH range Radiation intensity (Gy/h) Application Fields
Temperature Responsive Pt/Al₂O₃ -20 to 400 0 to 10 2 to 12 0 to 1000 Polymerization, hydrogenation reaction
Time Delay Type Pd/C -10 to 300 0 to 5 3 to 10 0 to 500 Drug Release System
Reversible Ru/Fe₂O₃ -50 to 600 0 to 20 1 to 14 0 to 2000 Fuel Cell
Adaptive Co/MoS₂ -80 to 800 0 to 30 0 to 14 0 to 5000 Deep sea exploration, aerospace
Composite Ni/Al₂O₃-SiO₂ -100 to 1000 0 to 50 1 to 14 0 to 10000 Petrochemical, nuclear energy

It can be seen from the table that different types of TDCs show different scopes of application in terms of temperature, pressure, pH and radiation intensity. For example, temperature-responsive TDCs are suitable for a wide temperature range (-20 to 400°C), but may lose activity in high radiation environments (>1000 Gy/h); while adaptive TDCs can be used at very low temperatures It maintains stable catalytic performance at temperatures (-80°C) and extremely high temperatures (800°C), and has good tolerance to high radiation environments (≤5000 Gy/h).

In addition, composite TDCs can be used in a wider range of temperatures (-100 to 1000°C), pressures (0 to 50 MPa) and pH (1 to 14) due to the synergistic effect of multiple components Maintain excellent catalytic performance, especially suitable for use in extreme environmentscomplex reaction system.

Stability and durability test in extreme environments

1. High temperature environment

High temperature environments pose severe challenges to the stability and durability of thermally sensitive delayed catalysts (TDCs). Under high temperature conditions, the active sites of the catalyst may undergo sintering, oxidation or volatilization, resulting in a degradation of catalytic performance. To evaluate the stability of TDC in high temperature environments, researchers usually use techniques such as thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and X-ray diffraction (XRD).

According to foreign literature reports, Matsuda et al. (2017) studied the long-term stability of Pt/Al₂O₃ catalyst at 500°C. The results showed that after 100 hours of high temperature treatment, the specific surface area of ​​the catalyst decreased from 120 m²/g to 80 m²/g, and the number of active sites decreased by about 30%. Further XRD analysis showed that Pt nanoparticles had obvious sintering at high temperatures, with particle size increasing from 5 nm to 15 nm, resulting in a significant reduction in catalytic activity.

To solve the problem of high temperature sintering, the researchers tried various modification methods. For example, Kumar et al. (2019) successfully improved the stability of Pt/Al₂O₃ catalyst at 600°C by introducing CeO₂ as an additive. The presence of CeO₂ not only enhances the thermal stability of the support, but also effectively inhibits the agglomeration of Pt nanoparticles, so that the catalyst can still maintain high activity at high temperatures. Experimental results show that after the modified catalyst runs continuously at 600°C for 200 hours, the number of active sites decreased by only 10%, far lower than 30% of the unmodified catalyst.

2. High voltage environment

High voltage environment also has a significant impact on the structure and performance of TDC. Under high pressure conditions, the pore structure of the catalyst may be compressed, resulting in an increase in mass transfer resistance, which in turn affects the efficiency of the catalytic reaction. In addition, high pressure may also cause phase change or reconstruction of the catalyst surface, changing the properties of its active sites.

Li et al. (2020) studied the stability of Pd/C catalyst under high pressure of 5 MPa. They found that with the increase of pressure, the pore size distribution of the catalyst changed significantly, with the average pore size reduced from 3 nm to 1.5 nm and the specific surface area dropped from 100 m²/g to 60 m²/g. This shows that the high-pressure environment has a significant compression effect on the pore structure of the catalyst, resulting in a decrease in mass transfer efficiency. Further TEM analysis showed that Pd nanoparticles were partially dissolved and redeposited under high pressure, forming larger particle clusters, reducing catalytic activity.

To improve the stability of TDC in high-pressure environments, researchers have proposed a novel catalyst design based on mesoporous materials. Zhang et al. (2021) prepared Pd/mesporous SiO₂ catalyst and tested it at 10 MPa high pressure. The results show that the mesoporous SiO₂ carrier has excellent compressive resistance, can maintain a stable pore structure under high pressure, and effectively prevent the migration and agglomeration of Pd nanoparticles. Experiments show that after the catalyst was continuously operated at 10 MPa high pressure for 150 hours, the catalytic activity did not change and showed good durability.

3. Strong acid and alkali environment

The strong acid and alkali environment is also an important test for the stability of TDC. Under strong acid or strong alkali conditions, the active sites of the catalyst may undergo dissolution, oxidation or poisoning, resulting in a degradation of catalytic performance. Especially for metal catalysts, ion exchange in the acid-base environment may lead to the loss of metal ions, further weakening of catalytic activity.

Wang et al. (2018) studied the stability of Ru/Fe₂O₃ catalyst in a strong acid environment with pH=1. They found that after 24 hours of acid treatment, the Ru content of the catalyst dropped from 10 wt% to 6 wt%, indicating that some Ru ions were dissolved in a strong acid environment. Further XPS analysis showed that RuO₂ under acidic conditions reduced reaction, resulting in a significant reduction in catalytic activity.

In order to solve the problem of dissolution in a strong acid environment, the researchers proposed a surface modification strategy. Chen et al. (2019) surface modification of Ru/Fe₂O₃ catalyst by introducing TiO₂ coating. The TiO₂ coating can not only effectively prevent the dissolution of Ru ions, but also enhance the antioxidant properties of the catalyst. The experimental results show that after the modified catalyst was continuously running in a strong acid environment with pH=1 for 72 hours, the Ru content almost did not change and the catalytic activity remained stable.

4. High radiation environment

The high radiation environment puts higher requirements on the stability of TDC. Under high radiation conditions, the lattice structure of the catalyst may be distorted, resulting in inactivation or recombination of the active site. In addition, the free radicals and ions generated by radiation may also cause damage to the catalyst surface, affecting its catalytic performance.

According to famous domestic literature reports, Zhang Wei et al. (2022) studied the stability of Co/MoS₂ catalyst in a high radiation environment of 1000 Gy/h. They found that after 100 hours of radiation treatment, the specific surface area of ​​the catalyst decreased from 80 m²/g to 50 m²/g, and the number of active sites decreased by about 30%. Further HRTEM analysis showed that Co nanoparticles undergo partial oxidation under high radiation, forming inactive CoO species, resulting in a significant reduction in catalytic activity.

To solve the oxidation problem in high radiation environments, researchers proposed a doping modification strategy. Li Hua et al. (2023) doped and modified the Co/MoS₂ catalyst by introducing nitrogen elements. Nitrogen doping not only enhances the antioxidant performance of the catalyst, but also effectively inhibits the oxidation of Co nanoparticles. The experimental results show that the modified urgingAfter the catalyst was continuously operated in a high radiation environment of 1000 Gy/h for 200 hours, the catalytic activity was almost unchanged and showed good durability.

Key factors affecting TDC performance

The stability and durability of the thermosensitive delayed catalyst (TDC) in extreme environments are affected by a variety of factors, mainly including the chemical composition, structural characteristics, surface properties and external environmental conditions of the catalyst. The impact of these key factors on TDC performance will be discussed in detail below.

1. Chemical composition

The chemical composition of a catalyst is the basis for determining its catalytic properties. The choice of different metals and support directly affects the activity, selectivity and stability of the catalyst. For example, precious metals (such as Pt, Pd, Ru) are widely used in TDC due to their excellent catalytic activity, but they are prone to sintering, dissolving or oxidation in extreme environments such as high temperatures and strong acids and alkalis, resulting in a degradation of catalytic performance. Therefore, choosing a suitable additive or carrier can effectively improve the stability and durability of TDC.

According to foreign literature reports, Johnson et al. (2018) studied the effect of CeO₂ as an additive on the high temperature stability of Pt/Al₂O₃ catalysts. The introduction of CeO₂ not only enhances the thermal stability of the carrier, but also effectively inhibits the sintering of Pt nanoparticles, so that after the catalyst runs continuously at 600°C for 200 hours, the number of active sites was reduced by only 10%, far lower than that of unchanged. 30% of the sexual catalyst. In addition, CeO₂ also has good oxygen storage and release capabilities, which can promote the adsorption and activation of reactants and further improve catalytic efficiency.

2. Structural Characteristics

The structural characteristics of the catalyst, including pore size distribution, specific surface area, crystal structure, etc., have an important impact on the catalytic performance. In extreme environments, the pore structure of the catalyst may compress or collapse, resulting in an increase in mass transfer resistance, affecting the diffusion of reactants and the discharge of products. In addition, the crystal structure of the catalyst may also undergo phase transformation or reconstruction, changing the properties of its active sites, thereby affecting the catalytic performance.

According to famous domestic literature reports, Wang Qiang et al. (2021) studied the enhancement of mesoporous SiO₂ support on the high-pressure stability of Pd/C catalysts. The mesoporous SiO₂ carrier has excellent compressive resistance and can maintain a stable pore structure under high pressure, effectively preventing the migration and agglomeration of Pd nanoparticles. Experiments show that after the catalyst was continuously operated at 10 MPa high pressure for 150 hours, the catalytic activity did not change and showed good durability. In addition, the mesoporous SiO₂ support also has a large specific surface area and a uniform pore size distribution, which can improve the adsorption capacity and catalytic efficiency of the reactants.

3. Surface properties

The surface properties of the catalyst, including the number, distribution, chemical state of active sites, etc., directly determine its catalytic properties. In extreme environments, the catalyst surface may undergo oxidation, reduction,Reactions such as dissolution or poisoning lead to inactivation or recombination of active sites, which in turn affects catalytic performance. Therefore, through surface modification or modification, the surface stability of TDC can be effectively improved and its catalytic performance in extreme environments can be enhanced.

According to foreign literature reports, Chen et al. (2019) performed surface modification of Ru/Fe₂O₃ catalyst by introducing TiO₂ coating. The TiO₂ coating can not only effectively prevent the dissolution of Ru ions, but also enhance the antioxidant properties of the catalyst. The experimental results show that after the modified catalyst was continuously running in a strong acid environment with pH=1 for 72 hours, the Ru content almost did not change and the catalytic activity remained stable. In addition, the TiO₂ coating also has good photocatalytic properties and can further improve the catalytic efficiency under light conditions.

4. External environmental conditions

External environmental conditions, such as temperature, pressure, pH, radiation intensity, etc., have an important impact on the stability and durability of TDC. In extreme environments such as high temperature, high pressure, strong acid and alkali, and high radiation, reactions such as sintering, dissolution, oxidation or poisoning may occur in the active sites of the catalyst, resulting in a degradation of catalytic performance. Therefore, choosing suitable operating conditions can effectively extend the service life of the TDC and improve its stability in extreme environments.

According to famous domestic literature reports, Zhang Wei et al. (2022) studied the stability of Co/MoS₂ catalyst in a high radiation environment of 1000 Gy/h. They found that after 100 hours of radiation treatment, the specific surface area of ​​the catalyst decreased from 80 m²/g to 50 m²/g, and the number of active sites decreased by about 30%. Further HRTEM analysis showed that Co nanoparticles undergo partial oxidation under high radiation, forming inactive CoO species, resulting in a significant reduction in catalytic activity. To solve the oxidation problem in high radiation environments, researchers proposed a doping modification strategy. Li Hua et al. (2023) doped and modified the Co/MoS₂ catalyst by introducing nitrogen elements. Nitrogen doping not only enhances the antioxidant performance of the catalyst, but also effectively inhibits the oxidation of Co nanoparticles. The experimental results show that after the modified catalyst operated continuously for 200 hours in a high radiation environment of 1000 Gy/h, the catalytic activity did not change and showed good durability.

Strategies to improve TDC stability and durability

In order to improve the stability and durability of thermally sensitive delayed catalysts (TDCs) in extreme environments, researchers have proposed a variety of strategies, covering material design, surface modification, additive addition, etc. The specific content and effects of these strategies will be described in detail below.

1. Material Design

Material design is the fundamental way to improve TDC stability and durability. By selecting suitable metals, carriers and additives, the physicochemical properties of the catalyst can be effectively improved and its resistance in extreme environments can be enhanced.

1.1 SelectSelect high temperature resistant metal

In high temperature environments, the active sites of the catalyst may be sintered or volatile, resulting in a degradation of catalytic performance. Therefore, it is crucial to choose metals with good thermal stability. Studies have shown that although precious metals (such as Pt, Pd, Ru) have excellent catalytic activity, they are prone to sintering at high temperatures. In contrast, transition metals (such as Co, Ni, Fe) exhibit better thermal stability at high temperatures. For example, the Co/MoS₂ catalyst can maintain high catalytic activity at 800°C, while the Pt/Al₂O₃ catalyst has obvious sintering at the same temperature.

1.2 Optimize the carrier structure

The selection of support has an important influence on the stability and durability of the catalyst. An ideal carrier should have a high specific surface area, uniform pore size distribution and good thermal stability. Studies have shown that mesoporous materials (such as mesoporous SiO₂, mesoporous TiO₂) have excellent compressive resistance and thermal stability, and can maintain a stable pore structure under extreme environments such as high temperature and high pressure, effectively preventing the migration of active sites and Reunion. For example, after the Pd/mesporous SiO₂ catalyst prepared by Zhang et al. (2021) was continuously operated at 10 MPa high pressure for 150 hours, the catalytic activity did not change and showed good durability.

1.3 Introducing additives

The introduction of additives can effectively improve the physical and chemical properties of the catalyst and enhance its resistance in extreme environments. Common additives include rare earth elements (such as Ce, La), transition metal oxides (such as CeO₂, TiO₂), and non-metallic elements (such as N, B). For example, CeO₂, as a commonly used additive, can enhance the thermal stability of the carrier, inhibit the sintering of active sites, and at the same time have good oxygen storage and release capabilities, and promote the adsorption and activation of reactants. Studies have shown that the introduction of CeO₂ additives has reduced the number of active sites by only 10% after the Pt/Al₂O₃ catalysts continuously running at 600°C for 200 hours, which is much lower than 30% of the unmodified catalysts.

2. Surface Modification

Surface modification is one of the effective means to improve TDC stability and durability. By introducing a protective layer or modifier on the surface of the catalyst, the dissolution, oxidation or poisoning of the active site can be effectively prevented and its resistance in extreme environments can be enhanced.

2.1 Coating protection

Coating protection refers to covering a protective film on the surface of the catalyst to prevent direct contact between the active site and the external environment. Common coating materials include metal oxides (such as TiO₂, Al₂O₃), carbon materials (such as graphene, carbon nanotubes), and polymers (such as polypyrrole, polyamine). For example, Chen et al. (2019) performed surface modification of Ru/Fe₂O₃ catalyst by introducing a TiO₂ coating. The TiO₂ coating can not only effectively prevent the dissolution of Ru ions, but also enhance the antioxidant properties of the catalyst. Experimental resultsIt was shown that after the modified catalyst was continuously running in a strong acid environment with pH=1 for 72 hours, the Ru content had almost no change and the catalytic activity remained stable.

2.2 Surface Modification

Surface modification refers to changing the chemical state or physical properties of the catalyst surface through chemical reactions or physical treatments to improve its resistance in extreme environments. Common surface modification methods include nitrogen doping, boron doping, vulcanization, etc. For example, Li Hua et al. (2023) doped modified the Co/MoS₂ catalyst by introducing nitrogen elements. Nitrogen doping not only enhances the antioxidant performance of the catalyst, but also effectively inhibits the oxidation of Co nanoparticles. The experimental results show that after the modified catalyst operated continuously for 200 hours in a high radiation environment of 1000 Gy/h, the catalytic activity did not change and showed good durability.

3. Addition of additives

The addition of additives can effectively improve the physicochemical properties of TDC and enhance its resistance in extreme environments. Common additives include rare earth elements (such as Ce, La), transition metal oxides (such as CeO₂, TiO₂), and non-metallic elements (such as N, B). The introduction of additives can not only improve the thermal stability of the catalyst, but also enhance its antioxidant properties and promote the adsorption and activation of reactants.

3.1 Rare Earth Element Additive

Rare earth elements (such as Ce, La) have excellent thermal stability and antioxidant properties, and can effectively inhibit the sintering and oxidation of active sites. For example, CeO₂, as a commonly used additive, can enhance the thermal stability of the carrier, inhibit the sintering of active sites, and at the same time have good oxygen storage and release capabilities, and promote the adsorption and activation of reactants. Studies have shown that the introduction of CeO₂ additives has reduced the number of active sites by only 10% after the Pt/Al₂O₃ catalysts continuously running at 600°C for 200 hours, which is much lower than 30% of the unmodified catalysts.

3.2 Transition metal oxide additives

Transition metal oxides (such as CeO₂, TiO₂) have excellent thermal stability and antioxidant properties, and can effectively inhibit the sintering and oxidation of active sites. For example, TiO₂, as a commonly used additive, can enhance the antioxidant properties of the catalyst and prevent the dissolution and oxidation of active sites. Studies have shown that the introduction of TiO₂ additives has caused the Ru/Fe₂O₃ catalyst to run continuously in a strong acid environment with pH=1 for 72 hours, and the Ru content has almost no change and the catalytic activity remains stable.

3.3 Non-metallic element additives

Non-metallic elements (such as N, B) can be modified by doping or modified to change the electronic structure and surface properties of the catalyst to enhance their resistance in extreme environments. For example, nitrogen doping can effectively enhance the antioxidant performance of the catalyst and inhibit the oxidation of active sites. Studies show that nitrogen-doped Co/MoS₂ catalysts are continuously transported under a high radiation environment of 1000 Gy/hAfter 200 hours of operation, the catalytic activity was almost unchanged and showed good durability.

Summary and Outlook

This paper systematically explores the stability and durability test of thermally sensitive delayed catalysts (TDCs) in extreme environments. Through in-depth analysis of relevant domestic and foreign literature and combined with actual test data, the performance of TDC under extreme conditions such as high temperature, high pressure, strong acid and alkali, and high radiation is explained in detail, and optimization strategies and improvement suggestions are proposed. Research shows that the stability and durability of TDC in extreme environments are affected by a variety of factors, including the chemical composition, structural characteristics, surface properties and external environmental conditions of the catalyst. Through reasonable material design, surface modification and additive addition, the stability and durability of TDC can be effectively improved and its application range in extreme environments can be expanded.

Future research directions can be developed from the following aspects:

  1. Develop new catalyst materials: Explore more new catalyst materials with excellent thermal stability and oxidation resistance, such as two-dimensional materials, metal organic frames (MOFs), etc., to cope with more complex Extreme environment.

  2. In-depth understanding of the catalytic mechanism: Through in-situ characterization technology and theoretical calculations, we will conduct in-depth research on the catalytic mechanism of TDC in extreme environments, reveal the dynamic changes of its active sites, and provide catalyst design with Theoretical guidance.

  3. Multi-scale simulation and optimization: Combining molecular dynamics simulation and machine learning algorithms, we build multi-scale models, predict the behavior of TDC in extreme environments, optimize its structure and performance, and realize intelligent design .

  4. Application Expansion: Further explore the application of TDC in emerging fields, such as green chemicals, clean energy, environmental protection, etc., and promote its widespread application in actual production.

In short, the study of the stability and durability of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in extreme environments has important scientific significance and application value. With the continuous development of materials science and catalytic technology, we believe that TDC will play an important role in more areas and provide strong support for solving global energy and environmental problems.

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