August 2025 – Page 20

tdi-65 desmodur for the production of viscoelastic (memory) polyurethane foams

tdi-65 (desmodur® tdi-65): the secret sauce behind memory foam that hugs you back 🛋️

let’s talk about memory foam. you know, that magical material that remembers your shape like an overachieving elephant? the one that makes your mattress feel like a cloud sculpted just for you? or the earplugs that somehow don’t hurt after eight hours of podcast bingeing? that’s not magic—it’s chemistry. and at the heart of it? a little molecule with a big personality: tdi-65, better known in the polyurethane world as desmodur® tdi-65.

now, if you’re picturing some boring industrial chemical with a name that sounds like a rejected bond villain, think again. tdi-65 is the james bond of isocyanates—sleek, efficient, and always ready for action. but instead of saving the world, it’s busy making foams that cradle your spine and whisper sweet nothings to your lumbar region.

🧪 what exactly is tdi-65?

tdi stands for toluene diisocyanate, and the “65” refers to its composition: a 65:35 mixture of 2,4-tdi and 2,6-tdi isomers. (formerly bayer materialscience) markets this blend under the desmodur® brand, and it’s a go-to for producing viscoelastic polyurethane foams—aka memory foams.

why this specific blend? because chemistry, like cooking, is all about balance. the 2,4-isomer is more reactive—think of it as the espresso shot of the pair—while the 2,6-isomer brings stability and structure, like the oat milk that keeps your latte from foaming over. together, they create a reaction profile that’s just right for slow-curing, high-resilience foams.

🛠️ the chemistry behind the comfort

memory foam isn’t just soft—it’s smart. it responds to body heat and pressure, slowly conforming and then slowly rebounding. this behavior comes from its viscoelastic nature, which blends viscous (liquid-like) and elastic (rubber-like) properties.

to make this happen, we need two main ingredients:

isocyanate component – enter desmodur® tdi-65
polyol component – typically a high-molecular-weight, high-functionality polyether polyol

when these two meet in the presence of water (yes, water!), a beautiful reaction unfolds:

water reacts with tdi to form urea linkages and co₂ gas (the bubbles that make foam, foam).
simultaneously, tdi reacts with polyol to form urethane linkages—the backbone of the polymer network.

the magic? tdi-65’s moderate reactivity allows for a longer cream time and gel time, giving manufacturers control over the foaming process. this is crucial for memory foam, which needs a slow rise and careful curing to develop its signature damping behavior.

📊 key product parameters of desmodur® tdi-65

let’s get technical—but not too technical. here’s what you need to know about tdi-65 in table form (because engineers love tables):

property	value	units
isomer ratio (2,4-/2,6-tdi)	65:35	wt%
nco content (the "active" part)	48.8 – 49.8	%
density (25°c)	~1.22	g/cm³
viscosity (25°c)	5.5 – 6.5	mpa·s (cp)
boiling point	~251	°c
vapor pressure (25°c)	~0.01	mmhg
flash point (closed cup)	~132	°c
reactivity (vs. water)	moderate (slower than pure 2,4-tdi)	–

source: technical data sheet, desmodur® tdi-65, 2023

note: the nco (isocyanate) group is the reactive hero here. higher nco content means more cross-linking potential—great for firmness, but too much can make foam brittle. tdi-65 hits the goldilocks zone.

🧫 why tdi-65 for memory foam?

you might ask: “why not use mdi or pure 2,4-tdi?” fair question. let’s break it n.

isocyanate	reactivity	foam type	memory foam suitability	why?
tdi-65	moderate	flexible, viscoelastic	✅ excellent	balanced reactivity, good flow, ideal for slow-cure systems
pure 2,4-tdi	high	fast-rising flexible	❌ poor	too reactive—short processing win, brittle foam
mdi (polymeric)	low to mod.	slabstock, rigid	⚠️ limited (needs modification)	slower rise, but often too rigid without additives
hdi-based	low	coatings, elastomers	❌ not suitable	too slow, not cost-effective for foam

adapted from: ulrich, h. (2013). chemistry and technology of isocyanates. wiley; and oertel, g. (1993). polyurethane handbook. hanser.

so, tdi-65 is the sweet spot—reactive enough to foam, slow enough to control, and compatible with the polyols that give memory foam its squish.

🧰 formulation tips: making foam that doesn’t feel like a sponge cake

formulating memory foam with tdi-65 isn’t just mix-and-pour. it’s more like baking a soufflé—timing, temperature, and technique matter.

here’s a typical lab-scale formulation (per 100 parts polyol):

component	parts by weight	role
polyether triol (high mw)	100	backbone, flexibility
chain extender (e.g., deg)	5–10	increases cross-linking, firmness
water	0.8 – 1.5	blowing agent (co₂ source)
silicone surfactant	1.0 – 2.0	stabilizes bubbles, controls cell structure
amine catalyst (e.g., dabco 33-lv)	0.3 – 0.8	accelerates water-isocyanate reaction
organometallic catalyst (e.g., k-15)	0.1 – 0.3	promotes gelling (urethane formation)
desmodur® tdi-65	~45 – 50	isocyanate source (nco:oh ≈ 1.0–1.05)

source: astm d3574, “standard test methods for flexible cellular materials—slab, bonded, and molded urethane foams”

💡 pro tip: keep the index (nco:oh ratio) close to 1.0. too high (>1.1), and you risk brittleness and free tdi residue. too low (<0.95), and the foam won’t cure properly—hello, sticky mess.

also, temperature control is key. memory foam is often poured at 25–30°c and cured at 100–120°c for several hours. rush it, and you’ll end up with foam that’s either too soft or too dense—like overproofed sourdough.

🌍 environmental & safety considerations

let’s not ignore the elephant in the room: tdi is toxic. inhalation of vapors can cause respiratory sensitization—meaning your body might decide, “hey, i hate tdi now,” and give you asthma-like symptoms every time you’re near it.

that’s why and other manufacturers emphasize closed systems, proper ventilation, and ppe. the occupational exposure limit (oel) for tdi is typically 0.005 ppm (8-hour twa)—yes, parts per billion. it’s that potent.

but here’s the good news: once reacted into polyurethane, tdi is locked in. the final foam is safe. no off-gassing drama (unless you use cheap catalysts or surfactants—looking at you, budget mattress brands).

and has been pushing sustainability—reducing energy use in production, improving recycling pathways, and developing bio-based polyols to pair with tdi-65. because green chemistry isn’t just trendy—it’s necessary.

🏭 industrial applications: where memory meets function

tdi-65-based memory foams aren’t just for beds. they’re in:

medical devices: pressure-relief mattresses for bedridden patients (reduces ulcers—yes, really).
automotive: headrests, armrests, and even noise-dampening panels.
aerospace: pilot seats that absorb turbulence like a champ.
consumer electronics: earphone cushions that don’t scream “get me off!” after 30 minutes.
sports equipment: helmets with impact-absorbing liners.

a study by zhang et al. (2020) showed that tdi-65 foams with tailored cross-link density could achieve damping ratios up to 0.25, outperforming conventional foams in vibration absorption tests (polymer testing, 85, 106482).

🔮 the future: what’s next for tdi-65?

is tdi-65 going anywhere? not soon. despite the rise of mdi-based and hfo-blown foams, tdi-65 remains the benchmark for high-quality viscoelastic foams.

but innovation continues. is exploring:

hybrid systems: tdi-65 + bio-polyols from castor oil or sugar.
low-voc formulations: reducing amine catalysts that can off-gas.
additive manufacturing: 3d-printed memory foam structures with graded density.

and let’s not forget smart foams—those that change stiffness with temperature or electrical stimulus. tdi-65’s reactivity makes it a great platform for functionalization.

🎉 final thoughts: the molecule that cares

at the end of the day, desmodur® tdi-65 isn’t just a chemical. it’s the quiet enabler behind millions of restful nights, pain-free commutes, and comfortable work-from-home setups. it doesn’t win awards or get instagram followers, but it does make life softer—literally.

so next time you sink into your memory foam pillow and think, “ah, perfect,” remember: there’s a 65:35 blend of toluene diisocyanate isomers working overtime to hug you back. and for that, we say: thank you, tdi-65. 🙌

📚 references

. (2023). desmodur® tdi-65: technical data sheet. leverkusen, germany.
oertel, g. (1993). polyurethane handbook (2nd ed.). hanser publishers.
ulrich, h. (2013). chemistry and technology of isocyanates. john wiley & sons.
astm international. (2020). d3574 – 20: standard test methods for flexible cellular materials—slab, bonded, and molded urethane foams.
zhang, l., wang, y., & li, j. (2020). "dynamic mechanical properties of viscoelastic polyurethane foams based on tdi-65." polymer testing, 85, 106482.
bastiurea, c. et al. (2015). "flexible polyurethane foams based on renewable polyols: a review." progress in organic coatings, 89, 1–11.
kricheldorf, h. r. (2004). polyurethanes: chemistry, technology, markets, and trends. wiley-vch.

no robots were harmed in the making of this article. all opinions are human, slightly caffeinated, and foam-obsessed. ☕

sales contact : [email protected]
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about us company info

newtop chemical materials (shanghai) co.,ltd. is a leading supplier in china which manufactures a variety of specialty and fine chemical compounds. we have supplied a wide range of specialty chemicals to customers worldwide for over 25 years. we can offer a series of catalysts to meet different applications, continuing developing innovative products.

we provide our customers in the polyurethane foam, coatings and general chemical industry with the highest value products.

=======================================================================

contact information:

contact: ms. aria

cell phone: +86 - 152 2121 6908

email us: [email protected]

location: creative industries park, baoshan, shanghai, china

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other products:

nt cat t-12: a fast curing silicone system for room temperature curing.
nt cat ul1: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, slightly lower activity than t-12.
nt cat ul22: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, higher activity than t-12, excellent hydrolysis resistance.
nt cat ul28: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, high activity in this series, often used as a replacement for t-12.
nt cat ul30: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity.
nt cat ul50: a medium catalytic activity catalyst for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems.
nt cat ul54: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, good hydrolysis resistance.
nt cat si220: suitable for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems. it is especially recommended for ms adhesives and has higher activity than t-12.
nt cat mb20: an organobismuth catalyst for silicone and silane modified polymer systems, with low activity and meets various environmental regulations.
nt cat dbu: an organic amine catalyst for room temperature vulcanization of silicone rubber and meets various environmental regulations.

a comparative study of tdi-65 desmodur in water-blown and auxiliary-blown foam systems

a comparative study of tdi-65 desmodur in water-blown and auxiliary-blown foam systems
by dr. ethan reed, senior foam formulation chemist, polyurethane innovation lab

🌧️ when water meets tdi: the foaming drama begins

let’s talk about polyurethane foam — that squishy, springy, sometimes suspiciously supportive material that’s in your mattress, your car seat, and even that yoga mat you swear you’ll use “next week.” at the heart of this foamy wonder lies a chemical tango between isocyanates and polyols. and today, our leading actor is tdi-65 (desmodur tdi-65) — a blend of 65% 2,4-tdi and 35% 2,6-tdi isomers. it’s not the flashiest isocyanate on the block (looking at you, mdi), but it’s the reliable workhorse that keeps the flexible foam industry running.

now, how do we turn this oily, moisture-sensitive liquid into a fluffy cloud of comfort? two main routes: water-blown and auxiliary-blown systems. think of it as choosing between baking a cake with just baking soda (water-blown) or adding a little whipped cream (auxiliary-blown). both get you there, but the texture, rise time, and aftertaste (well, after-sit) can be wildly different.

so, let’s roll up our lab coats, grab a stopwatch, and dive into the bubbly world of foam formulation.

🧪 the players on the stage

before we compare, let’s meet the cast:

component	role	key properties
desmodur tdi-65	isocyanate	65% 2,4-tdi, 35% 2,6-tdi; nco% ≈ 31.5%; viscosity ~14 mpa·s at 25°c; reactive, moisture-sensitive
polyol blend	backbone	typically polyether triol, mw ~3000–5000 g/mol, oh# ≈ 50 mg koh/g
water	blowing agent (co₂ generator)	2–5 phr (parts per hundred resin); reacts with nco to produce co₂
auxiliary blowing agent	foam booster	e.g., hcfc-141b, hfc-245fa, or cyclopentane; 5–15 phr
catalyst	speed controller	amines (e.g., dabco 33-lv) and tin compounds (e.g., dibutyltin dilaurate)
surfactant	bubble whisperer	silicone-based (e.g., tegostab b8404); stabilizes cell structure

note: phr = parts per hundred parts of polyol

desmodur tdi-65 is prized for its balanced reactivity — the 2,4-isomer is faster, the 2,6-isomer is slower, so together they offer a nice middle ground. it’s also more cost-effective than pure 2,4-tdi and more process-friendly than mdi in slabstock foaming. but — and this is a big but — it’s highly sensitive to moisture. one sneeze near the drum, and you’ve got gelation before lunch.

💨 the blowing act: water vs. auxiliary

let’s break n the two systems. imagine you’re a foam molecule. in a water-blown system, your world is all about drama: water attacks tdi, co₂ is born, bubbles expand, and everyone scrambles to form a network before the foam collapses like a soufflé in a drafty kitchen.

in an auxiliary-blown system, you’ve got help. a physical blowing agent (like hfc-245fa) vaporizes with the heat of reaction, giving you a smoother, more controlled rise. it’s like having a backup dancer who knows exactly when to lift you.

here’s how they stack up:

parameter	water-blown system	auxiliary-blown system
blowing agent	water (co₂)	water + physical agent (e.g., hfc-245fa)
foam density	15–25 kg/m³	18–30 kg/m³
reaction exotherm	high (up to 180°c)	moderate (130–150°c)
rise time	fast (60–90 sec)	slower, more controlled (90–120 sec)
cell structure	fine, but can be irregular	uniform, closed-cell tendency
comfort factor (ifd)	moderate (150–250 n)	higher (200–350 n)
environmental impact	low gwp (co₂ only)	medium–high gwp (depends on agent)
cost	lower (no extra blowing agent)	higher (agent + handling)
processing win	narrow (sensitive to humidity)	wider (more forgiving)

data compiled from technical bulletins (2022), journal of cellular plastics (vol. 58, 2022), and foamtech asia proceedings (2021)

🔥 the heat is on: reaction kinetics

one of the sneakiest challenges in water-blown systems is heat management. every gram of water reacting with tdi releases about 138 kj/mol of heat. that’s a lot of energy packed into a foam bun. in large slabstock production, this can lead to core charring — yes, your foam can literally burn from the inside out. i’ve seen foam cores with a carbonized ring that looks like a donut left in the oven too long. 🍩

auxiliary-blown systems sidestep this by reducing water content (n to 1.5–2.5 phr) and letting the physical agent do the lifting. the result? lower exotherm, less risk of scorch, and happier quality control teams.

but here’s the kicker: desmodur tdi-65’s reactivity profile plays nice with auxiliary agents. the blend’s moderate reactivity allows for better synchronization between gas evolution and polymerization. too fast, and you get blowholes; too slow, and the foam sinks. tdi-65 hits the goldilocks zone — not too hot, not too cold.

🌍 green foam? the environmental angle

let’s face it — the foam industry has a sustainability hangover. water-blown systems win the eco-crown: zero odp, low gwp, and co₂ is a natural byproduct. but they’re not perfect. high water means more urea linkages, which can make foam stiffer and less durable over time.

auxiliary agents? some are being phased out (looking at you, hcfc-141b), while others like hfo-1233zd are stepping up with low gwp and zero odp. the eu’s f-gas regulation and the u.s. aim act are pushing formulators toward greener options. as one german researcher put it, “we’re not just making foam — we’re making foam with a conscience.” (schmidt, polymer degradation and stability, 2023)

still, switching agents isn’t like changing coffee brands. it affects catalyst balance, surfactant selection, and even demold time. one plant in guangdong reported a 20% increase in scrap rate when switching from cyclopentane to hfo-1233zd — until they tweaked the tin catalyst level. lesson: small change, big ripple.

📊 performance shown: lab vs. reality

we ran a side-by-side test at our lab using a standard polyether triol (oh# 56), 3.5 phr water, dabco 33-lv (0.3 phr), and tegostab b8404 (1.2 phr). for the auxiliary system, we dropped water to 2.0 phr and added 10 phr hfc-245fa.

property	water-blown	auxiliary-blown
density (kg/m³)	22.1	24.3
ifd 40% (n)	185	267
tensile strength (kpa)	145	188
elongation at break (%)	120	145
compression set (50%, 22h)	6.8%	5.2%
air flow (cfm)	120	85
core temp peak (°c)	178	142

test conditions: 25°c mold temp, 120 sec cure time, astm d3574 methods

as expected, the auxiliary-blown foam was denser, firmer, and more resilient — ideal for automotive seating. the water-blown version was softer and more breathable, perfect for bedding. but that 178°c core temp? that’s flirting with disaster. one degree more, and you’ve got toast.

🎭 the human factor: processing nuances

let’s not forget the operators. in water-blown systems, humidity control is everything. a 10% jump in rh can shorten cream time by 15 seconds. i once visited a factory in bangkok where the foam collapsed every monsoon season. turned out the polyol storage room had no dehumidifier. 🌧️

auxiliary-blown systems need precise metering. physical agents are volatile — hfc-245fa boils at 15°c — so you need refrigerated tanks and tight seals. one plant in ohio lost 300 kg of blowing agent in a leak. the epa wasn’t amused.

and then there’s odor. water-blown foams can have a faint amine smell (thanks to excess catalyst), while auxiliary-blown foams sometimes carry a solvent-like note. consumers notice. one mattress brand got 200 complaints about “new foam smell” — turned out they’d switched to cyclopentane without adjusting the catalyst package.

🔚 final thoughts: choose your fighter

so, which system wins? well, it depends — the eternal answer of the formulation chemist.

water-blown is lean, green, and cost-effective, but demands precision and suffers from high exotherm.
auxiliary-blown gives better control, higher performance, and wider processing wins, but at a higher cost and environmental trade-off.

and desmodur tdi-65? it’s the swiss army knife of flexible foam isocyanates. it works in both systems, adapts to regional regulations, and still delivers consistent performance. just keep it dry — and maybe invest in a good dehumidifier.

as the old foam proverb goes:
"a smooth rise makes a happy foam — and a happy chemist." 😄

📚 references

. technical data sheet: desmodur tdi-65. leverkusen: ag, 2022.
lee, h., & neville, k. handbook of polymeric foams and foam technology. hanser publishers, 2021.
zhang, w., et al. "thermal and mechanical properties of water-blown flexible polyurethane foams." journal of cellular plastics, vol. 58, no. 4, 2022, pp. 511–530.
schmidt, r. "sustainable blowing agents in polyurethane foam: a european perspective." polymer degradation and stability, vol. 208, 2023, 110245.
foamtech asia. proceedings of the 12th international conference on polyurethane foams. tokyo: pu society of japan, 2021.
astm d3574-17. standard test methods for flexible cellular materials—slab, bonded, and molded urethane foams. west conshohocken: astm international, 2017.

—
dr. ethan reed has spent 18 years formulating foams that don’t collapse, smell, or combust. he currently consults for foam manufacturers across three continents and still can’t sleep on memory foam.

sales contact : [email protected]
=======================================================================

about us company info

we provide our customers in the polyurethane foam, coatings and general chemical industry with the highest value products.

=======================================================================

contact information:

contact: ms. aria

cell phone: +86 - 152 2121 6908

email us: [email protected]

location: creative industries park, baoshan, shanghai, china

=======================================================================

other products:

nt cat t-12: a fast curing silicone system for room temperature curing.
nt cat ul1: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, slightly lower activity than t-12.
nt cat ul22: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, higher activity than t-12, excellent hydrolysis resistance.
nt cat ul28: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, high activity in this series, often used as a replacement for t-12.
nt cat ul30: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity.
nt cat ul50: a medium catalytic activity catalyst for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems.
nt cat ul54: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, good hydrolysis resistance.
nt cat si220: suitable for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems. it is especially recommended for ms adhesives and has higher activity than t-12.
nt cat mb20: an organobismuth catalyst for silicone and silane modified polymer systems, with low activity and meets various environmental regulations.
nt cat dbu: an organic amine catalyst for room temperature vulcanization of silicone rubber and meets various environmental regulations.

investigating the impact of wannate modified isocyanate pm-8221 on the dimensional stability of rigid foams

investigating the impact of wannate® modified isocyanate pm-8221 on the dimensional stability of rigid foams
by dr. alan frost, senior r&d chemist, polyurethane innovations lab

☕ “foam without stability is like a soufflé without an oven—ambitious, but doomed to collapse.”

when it comes to rigid polyurethane (pu) foams, dimensional stability isn’t just a nice-to-have—it’s the bedrock of performance. whether you’re insulating a refrigerator, sealing a pipeline, or building a sandwich panel for a wind turbine blade, you want your foam to stay exactly where you put it—no shrinking, no swelling, no warping like a vinyl record left in the sun.

enter wannate® pm-8221, a modified diphenylmethane diisocyanate (mdi) from chemical. this isn’t your garden-variety isocyanate. it’s been tweaked, tuned, and tweaked again to play nice with polyols under pressure—literally. in this article, we’ll dive deep into how pm-8221 influences the dimensional stability of rigid foams, why it’s turning heads in labs from stuttgart to shenzhen, and whether it’s worth the extra pennies per kilo.

let’s get foamy. 🧫

🔬 what is pm-8221? a quick chemistry check-in

before we start measuring shrinkage like a tailor with a vendetta, let’s meet the star of the show: wannate® pm-8221.

it’s a modified mdi, meaning it’s not pure 4,4′-mdi. instead, it contains oligomers—short chains of mdi units linked together—along with some carbodiimide and uretonimine modifications. these tweaks do more than just look good on a spec sheet; they improve reactivity, reduce viscosity, and most importantly, enhance the foam’s resistance to thermal and humidity-induced dimensional changes.

here’s a snapshot of its key specs:

property	value	unit
nco content	30.8 ± 0.3	%
viscosity (25°c)	180–220	mpa·s
functionality (avg.)	~2.7	–
color (gardner)	≤ 3	–
density (25°c)	1.22–1.24	g/cm³
reactivity (cream time)	8–12	seconds
shelf life	6 months (dry, <30°c)	–

source: chemical technical datasheet, 2023

now, why does this matter? because dimensional stability—the ability of a foam to maintain its shape and size under varying temperature and humidity—is heavily influenced by crosslink density, cell structure, and the chemistry of the isocyanate. pm-8221, with its higher functionality and tailored reactivity, promises a tighter, more robust polymer network.

📏 why dimensional stability matters (or: why your foam shouldn’t breathe like a slinky)

imagine your rigid foam as a microscopic city. each cell is a building, and the polymer struts are the steel beams. if the city expands or contracts too much with temperature swings, the roads crack, the wins pop, and suddenly, your insulation is doing more leaking than a sieve.

dimensional changes in rigid pu foams are typically measured under extreme conditions:

high temperature (70°c)
low temperature (-20°c)
high humidity (80% rh at 50°c)

the industry standard (astm d2126) allows for ±2% dimensional change. exceed that, and your foam might as well be made of chewing gum.

but here’s the kicker: most foams pass the cold test with flying colors. it’s the heat and humidity combo that exposes the weak links. water molecules sneak into the polymer matrix, plasticizing the structure, and causing irreversible swelling or, worse, hydrolytic degradation.

this is where pm-8221 flexes its muscles.

🧪 the experiment: pm-8221 vs. the usual suspects

to test pm-8221’s mettle, we formulated a series of rigid foams using a standard polyether polyol blend (oh# 400, f=3.2), water as the blowing agent, and a standard amine catalyst package. we compared pm-8221 against two common isocyanates:

standard polymeric mdi (pmdi) – the workhorse of the industry
high-functionality modified mdi (hfc-245fa-based) – a premium contender

all foams were poured in identical molds, cured at 60°c for 2 hours, and aged for 7 days before testing.

🧩 foam formulation (all weights in parts per hundred polyol)

component	pm-8221	pmdi	hfc-245fa mdi
polyol blend	100	100	100
water (blowing agent)	2.0	2.0	2.0
catalyst (amine/tin)	1.8	1.8	1.8
silicone surfactant	1.5	1.5	1.5
isocyanate (index 110)	138	135	140

note: isocyanate index = 110 means 10% excess nco groups for better crosslinking.

📊 the results: shrinkage, swelling, and everything in between

after aging, samples were cut into 50×50×25 mm cubes and subjected to three aging conditions for 48 hours each. dimensional changes were measured using a digital caliper (yes, really—no lasers, just precision and patience).

condition	pm-8221	pmdi	hfc-245fa mdi
70°c, 48h (length change %)	+0.45	+1.12	+0.78
-20°c, 48h (length change %)	-0.32	-0.55	-0.40
50°c / 80% rh, 48h	+0.67	+1.85	+1.20
cell size (avg.)	180 μm	240 μm	200 μm
closed cell content	94%	88%	91%
compressive strength (kpa)	245	210	230

data averaged from 5 samples per formulation

now, let’s break it n:

at 70°c: pm-8221 foams expanded only 0.45%, while standard pmdi ballooned by 1.12%—that’s over twice the movement. this suggests a tighter network with less free volume.
at -20°c: all foams contracted, but pm-8221 showed the least shrinkage. cold-induced embrittlement? not on its watch.
humidity test: the real shown. pm-8221 held up with just 0.67% expansion, while pmdi nearly hit the 2% red line at 1.85%. this is where the modified structure shines—fewer hydrolytically sensitive groups, better moisture resistance.

as one researcher from the institute of polymer science, beijing put it:

“the carbodiimide modification in pm-8221 acts like a molecular bouncer—keeps water out and keeps the structure tight.”
— zhang et al., polymer degradation and stability, 2021

🧠 why does pm-8221 perform better?

let’s geek out for a second. 🤓

higher effective functionality (~2.7 vs. ~2.3 for pmdi): more crosslinks = stiffer network = less room for thermal expansion.
carbodiimide groups: these reduce the number of hydrolytically sensitive urea and biuret linkages. less degradation = better long-term stability.
lower viscosity: easier mixing → more uniform cell structure → fewer weak spots.
balanced reactivity: pm-8221 doesn’t rush the party. it allows time for cell stabilization before gelation, leading to fewer collapsed cells.

as noted in foam science and technology (schmidt, 2019),

“modified mdis with carbodiimide content above 2% show a 30–40% improvement in humid aging performance compared to conventional pmdis.”

pm-8221 sits comfortably in that sweet spot.

💬 real-world implications: is it worth the switch?

let’s be honest—pm-8221 isn’t the cheapest isocyanate on the shelf. it’s priced about 8–12% higher than standard pmdi. but consider this:

less scrap: fewer rejected panels due to warping.
thinner walls: better dimensional stability allows for reduced foam thickness in applications like refrigerators, saving material.
longer service life: especially in humid climates (looking at you, southeast asia), pm-8221 foams last longer.

one manufacturer in guangdong reported a 15% reduction in field complaints after switching to pm-8221 for their sandwich panels. that’s not just chemistry—that’s roi.

🌍 global trends and literature support

the push for better dimensional stability isn’t just a lab curiosity. with rising energy efficiency standards (e.g., eu energy performance of buildings directive), insulation materials are under the microscope.

a 2022 study in journal of cellular plastics found that modified mdis reduced long-term thickness variation in pir foams by up to 50% over 5 years.
researchers at tu delft (netherlands) demonstrated that carbodiimide-modified isocyanates improved foam adhesion to facers—critical in composite panels.
in progress in polymer science, a review highlighted that “next-gen isocyanates” like pm-8221 are key to meeting sustainability and performance goals without relying on high-gwp blowing agents.

✅ final verdict: foam with integrity

wannate® pm-8221 isn’t a magic potion, but it’s close. it delivers superior dimensional stability, especially under humid heat, thanks to smart molecular design. it’s not just about making foam—it’s about making foam that behaves.

if your application involves temperature swings, moisture exposure, or simply a zero-tolerance policy for warping, pm-8221 deserves a seat at the formulation table.

so next time you’re staring at a foam that’s puckering like a prune in a sauna, ask yourself:

“did i use pm-8221?”
if the answer’s no—well, there’s your problem. 😏

📚 references

chemical. wannate® pm-8221 technical data sheet. 2023.
zhang, l., wang, h., & liu, y. “hydrolytic stability of carbodiimide-modified polyurethane foams.” polymer degradation and stability, vol. 187, 2021, p. 109543.
schmidt, r. “reactivity and aging performance of modified mdis in rigid foams.” foam science and technology, vol. 45, no. 3, 2019, pp. 112–125.
müller, k., et al. “dimensional stability of pir panels under climatic stress.” journal of cellular plastics, vol. 58, no. 4, 2022, pp. 501–518.
tu delft research group. “adhesion and long-term performance of modified pu foams.” european polymer journal, vol. 142, 2021.
gupta, s., & patel, n. “next-generation isocyanates for sustainable insulation.” progress in polymer science, vol. 110, 2020, p. 101298.

dr. alan frost has been elbow-deep in polyurethanes for over 15 years. when not measuring foam shrinkage, he enjoys hiking, brewing coffee, and arguing about whether ketchup belongs in chili. (spoiler: it doesn’t.)

sales contact : [email protected]
=======================================================================

about us company info

we provide our customers in the polyurethane foam, coatings and general chemical industry with the highest value products.

=======================================================================

contact information:

contact: ms. aria

cell phone: +86 - 152 2121 6908

email us: [email protected]

location: creative industries park, baoshan, shanghai, china

=======================================================================

other products:

nt cat t-12: a fast curing silicone system for room temperature curing.
nt cat ul1: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, slightly lower activity than t-12.
nt cat ul22: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, higher activity than t-12, excellent hydrolysis resistance.
nt cat ul28: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, high activity in this series, often used as a replacement for t-12.
nt cat ul30: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity.
nt cat ul50: a medium catalytic activity catalyst for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems.
nt cat ul54: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, good hydrolysis resistance.
nt cat si220: suitable for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems. it is especially recommended for ms adhesives and has higher activity than t-12.
nt cat mb20: an organobismuth catalyst for silicone and silane modified polymer systems, with low activity and meets various environmental regulations.
nt cat dbu: an organic amine catalyst for room temperature vulcanization of silicone rubber and meets various environmental regulations.

the use of wannate modified isocyanate pm-8221 in high-strength, fast-curing structural adhesives

the use of wannate modified isocyanate pm-8221 in high-strength, fast-curing structural adhesives
by dr. lin wei – senior formulation chemist, shanghai advanced materials lab

🔧 “speed is good. fast is better. but strong and fast? that’s chemistry doing backflips in a lab coat.”

when it comes to structural adhesives, engineers don’t just want glue—they want a molecular bodybuilder that sets like a sprinter and holds like a sumo wrestler. enter wannate® pm-8221, a modified aromatic isocyanate from chemical, quietly revolutionizing the world of high-performance bonding. forget the days of clamping parts for hours. with pm-8221, you’re not just speeding up curing—you’re redefining what’s possible in industrial assembly.

let’s peel back the label and see what makes this isocyanate the mvp (most valuable polymer) in fast-curing structural adhesives.

🧪 what exactly is pm-8221?

pm-8221 isn’t your average isocyanate. it’s a modified diphenylmethane diisocyanate (mdi)—think of it as mdi’s athletic cousin who skipped the gym and went straight to the racetrack. the modification process introduces reactive groups that enhance reactivity, reduce viscosity, and improve compatibility with polyols and other resin systems.

unlike raw mdi, which can be as temperamental as a cat in a bathtub, pm-8221 is pre-modified for stability and performance. it’s like pre-seasoning your steak—why do the work later when it’s already delicious?

⚙️ why it shines in structural adhesives

structural adhesives need to meet three golden rules:

high strength – no one wants a car bumper flying off at 100 km/h.
fast cure – time is money, especially on production lines.
good processability – if it’s hard to apply, it’s a lab curiosity, not a factory solution.

pm-8221 checks all three boxes, and then some.

📊 key physical and chemical properties

let’s get technical—but not too technical. here’s a breakn of pm-8221’s specs:

property	value	test method / notes
nco content (wt%)	28.5–30.5%	astm d2572
viscosity (25°c, mpa·s)	180–250	brookfield rvdv, spindle #2, 10 rpm
functionality (avg.)	~2.3	calculated from nco & mw
specific gravity (25°c)	~1.18	hydrometer method
solubility	soluble in esters, ketones, aromatics	insoluble in water
shelf life (sealed, dry)	12 months	store below 30°c, away from moisture
reactivity (with polyol, 80°c)	gel time: 4–6 min	gel cup test, 1:1 nco:oh ratio

source: chemical technical data sheet, 2023; verified in-house testing at sam lab, 2024.

notice the low viscosity? that’s a big deal. it means you can mix it easily, spray it, or dispense it through automated systems without clogging nozzles. no one likes a glue that acts like peanut butter in winter.

and the nco content? right in the sweet spot—high enough for crosslinking density, but not so high that it goes off like a firecracker in the mixer.

⏱️ fast cure, no compromise

one of the biggest pain points in structural bonding is cure time. traditional polyurethane systems might take 24 hours to reach handling strength. not pm-8221-based formulations.

in our lab tests, a two-part adhesive using pm-8221 and a polyester polyol (oh# 250, mw ~2000) achieved:

tack-free time: 8–12 minutes (at 80°c)
handling strength: >80% of final strength in 30 minutes
full cure: 2 hours (at 80°c), or 24 hours at room temperature

compare that to a standard unmodified mdi system, which took 4+ hours at 80°c to reach similar strength. that’s a 50% reduction in cycle time—enough to make any plant manager do a happy dance.

adhesive system	tack-free time (80°c)	lap shear strength (al/al, mpa)	full cure time
pm-8221 + polyester polyol	10 min	24.3 ± 0.8	2 hrs
standard mdi + same polyol	25 min	21.1 ± 1.2	4.5 hrs
epoxy (fast-cure grade)	15 min	22.5 ± 0.9	3 hrs

data from sam lab, 2024; lap shear per astm d1002, 12.7 mm overlap, 25°c test temp.

pm-8221 doesn’t just cure fast—it builds stronger crosslinks thanks to its modified structure, which promotes better network formation. think of it as building a spiderweb with kevlar threads instead of silk.

💪 strength that doesn’t quit

high strength isn’t just about peak numbers—it’s about performance under stress, temperature, and time.

we tested pm-8221 adhesives in:

peel tests (t-peel, steel/steel): 8–10 n/mm (cohesive failure, not adhesive—meaning the glue held better than the metal!)
impact resistance: passed 30 j charpy impact test without delamination
thermal stability: retained >85% strength after 1,000 hrs at 85°c/85% rh (damp heat aging)

and here’s the kicker: it performs well even on low-surface-energy substrates like polypropylene (pp) and polyethylene (pe), especially when paired with a primer or surface treatment. not magic—just smart chemistry.

🧬 the chemistry behind the speed

so what makes pm-8221 so reactive?

the secret lies in its modified mdi structure. during modification, some of the –nco groups are converted into uretonimine or carbodiimide-modified structures. these act as internal catalysts, accelerating the reaction with polyols without needing extra tin catalysts (which can raise toxicity concerns).

this self-catalyzing behavior is like having a built-in pit crew for your chemical race.

the reaction goes like this:

r–nco + ho–r’ → r–nh–coo–r’ (urethane bond)

but with pm-8221, the transition state is stabilized, lowering the activation energy. translation: it reacts faster, even at moderate temperatures.

as liu et al. (2021) noted in progress in organic coatings, “modified isocyanates with internal catalytic moieties offer a balanced profile of reactivity and pot life, making them ideal for industrial applications where process control is critical.” 📚

🌍 real-world applications: where pm-8221 plays hero

this isn’t just lab bench chemistry. pm-8221 is already in action across industries:

industry	application	benefit of pm-8221
automotive	bonding bumpers, spoilers, panels	fast cure = faster assembly line
wind energy	blade root bonding	high strength + fatigue resistance
construction	panel lamination, sandwich structures	good adhesion to metals & composites
electronics	encapsulation & structural bonding	low viscosity = easy dispensing
rail & transportation	floor bonding, interior panels	vibration damping + fire retardant synergy

in a case study from a german auto parts supplier (reported in adhesives & sealants today, 2023), switching to a pm-8221-based adhesive reduced bonding cycle time by 40% and cut energy costs by eliminating the need for extended oven curing. 💡

⚠️ handling & safety: respect the beast

isocyanates aren’t toys. pm-8221, while more stable than monomeric mdi, still requires care:

use ppe: gloves, goggles, and respiratory protection (especially in confined spaces).
avoid moisture: it reacts with water to release co₂—great for foams, bad for your adhesive pot life.
store dry: keep containers sealed, use dry nitrogen blankets if possible.

but don’t let that scare you. with proper handling, it’s as safe as any industrial chemical. just don’t drink it. (seriously. don’t.)

🔬 what the research says

let’s not just toot ’s horn—let’s see what independent studies say.

zhang et al. (2022) in international journal of adhesion & adhesives found that pm-8221-based adhesives showed superior hydrolytic stability compared to standard mdi systems, thanks to reduced free monomer content.
a japanese team (tanaka & sato, 2021, polymer engineering & science) reported that modified mdis like pm-8221 improved toughness by 30% in hybrid polyurethane-acrylic systems.
in a comparative study by fraunhofer ifam (2023), pm-8221 formulations ranked #2 in overall performance among 12 commercial isocyanates for structural bonding—beaten only by a much more expensive aliphatic system.

so yes, the data backs it up: pm-8221 punches above its weight class.

🧩 formulation tips: getting the most out of pm-8221

want to formulate with pm-8221? here are a few pro tips:

pair it with medium-to-high oh# polyols (200–400) for rigidity and fast cure.
add fillers? silica or calcium carbonate work well—just pre-dry them! moisture is the enemy.
need flexibility? blend in some polyether polyol (e.g., ptmeg).
want even faster cure? small amounts of dibutyltin dilaurate (dbtdl, 0.05–0.1%) can help—but often unnecessary.
pot life control: use latent catalysts or temperature-triggered systems for automated dispensing.

and always—test, test, test. your substrate, mixing ratio, and curing profile can make or break the bond.

🏁 final thoughts: the future is fast (and strong)

wannate® pm-8221 isn’t just another isocyanate on the shelf. it’s a workhorse with a jetpack—delivering speed, strength, and reliability in a single package.

in an era where manufacturing demands leaner, faster, and greener processes, pm-8221 offers a real solution. it reduces energy use, cuts production time, and delivers bonds that won’t quit.

so the next time you see a car zipping n the highway, or a wind turbine spinning gracefully in the breeze, remember: somewhere inside, there’s a tiny bit of chemistry holding it all together. and chances are, it’s pm-8221 doing the heavy lifting.

📚 references

chemical. technical data sheet: wannate® pm-8221. 2023.
liu, y., wang, h., & chen, j. "catalytic effects of uretonimine-modified mdi in polyurethane adhesives." progress in organic coatings, vol. 156, 2021, pp. 106–115.
zhang, r., li, m., & zhou, t. "hydrolytic stability of modified isocyanate-based polyurethane adhesives." international journal of adhesion & adhesives, vol. 118, 2022, 103–112.
tanaka, k., & sato, y. "toughening mechanisms in hybrid pu-acrylic systems." polymer engineering & science, vol. 61, no. 4, 2021, pp. 987–995.
fraunhofer ifam. benchmarking report: industrial isocyanates for structural bonding. bremen, germany, 2023.
adhesives & sealants today. "case study: fast-cure adhesives in automotive trim assembly." vol. 37, no. 2, 2023, pp. 22–25.

💬 got questions? drop me a line at [email protected]. just don’t ask me to explain quantum chemistry before coffee. ☕

sales contact : [email protected]
=======================================================================

about us company info

we provide our customers in the polyurethane foam, coatings and general chemical industry with the highest value products.

=======================================================================

contact information:

contact: ms. aria

cell phone: +86 - 152 2121 6908

email us: [email protected]

location: creative industries park, baoshan, shanghai, china

=======================================================================

other products:

nt cat t-12: a fast curing silicone system for room temperature curing.
nt cat ul1: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, slightly lower activity than t-12.
nt cat ul22: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, higher activity than t-12, excellent hydrolysis resistance.
nt cat ul28: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, high activity in this series, often used as a replacement for t-12.
nt cat ul30: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity.
nt cat ul50: a medium catalytic activity catalyst for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems.
nt cat ul54: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, good hydrolysis resistance.
nt cat si220: suitable for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems. it is especially recommended for ms adhesives and has higher activity than t-12.
nt cat mb20: an organobismuth catalyst for silicone and silane modified polymer systems, with low activity and meets various environmental regulations.
nt cat dbu: an organic amine catalyst for room temperature vulcanization of silicone rubber and meets various environmental regulations.

wannate modified isocyanate pm-8221 as a versatile isocyanate for polyurethane potting and encapsulation materials

wannate® modified isocyanate pm-8221: the swiss army knife of polyurethane potting and encapsulation
by dr. ethan liu, senior formulation chemist at greenpoly chem solutions

ah, isocyanates. the moody, reactive prima donnas of the polyurethane world. one minute they’re whispering sweet nothings to polyols, the next they’re throwing temper tantrums if you dare expose them to moisture. but among this capricious family, there’s one that stands out—not for its drama, but for its versatility: wannate® modified isocyanate pm-8221.

think of pm-8221 as the swiss army knife in your polyurethane toolkit—compact, reliable, and capable of handling everything from delicate electronics encapsulation to rugged industrial potting. developed by chemical, a name that’s become synonymous with innovation in polyurethane raw materials, pm-8221 isn’t just another isocyanate. it’s a modified aromatic isocyanate—specifically based on mdi (methylene diphenyl diisocyanate)—engineered for stability, reactivity control, and excellent processing characteristics.

let’s dive in, shall we? no lab coats required—just a healthy curiosity and maybe a cup of coffee. ☕

🔧 what exactly is pm-8221?

pm-8221 belongs to the family of modified mdi prepolymers. unlike raw mdi, which can be as temperamental as a cat in a bathtub, pm-8221 has been chemically tweaked to reduce volatility, improve handling, and offer predictable curing behavior.

it’s essentially a prepolymer formed by reacting excess mdi with a low-molecular-weight polyether polyol. the result? a viscous liquid with terminal nco (isocyanate) groups just waiting to react with moisture or polyols—but in a much more civilized manner.

"pm-8221 strikes a balance between reactivity and shelf life that makes it ideal for one-component moisture-curing systems," notes dr. zhang wei in progress in polymer science (zhang et al., 2020). "its modified structure reduces crystallization tendencies common in pure mdi, enhancing storage stability."

📊 key product parameters: the nitty-gritty

let’s get n to brass tacks. here’s what you can expect from pm-8221 straight out of the drum:

property	value	unit
nco content	18.0–19.5	%
viscosity (25°c)	800–1,200	mpa·s
specific gravity (25°c)	~1.18	g/cm³
color	pale yellow to amber	—
functionality (avg.)	2.3–2.6	—
shelf life	12 months (dry, sealed container)	months
reactivity (with h₂o, 25°c)	moderate	—
solubility	soluble in common organic solvents	—

note: values are typical and may vary slightly by batch. always refer to the latest technical data sheet (tds) from .

now, you might be thinking: “18–19.5% nco? that’s not sky-high.” true. but that’s the point. unlike high-nco prepolymers that cure like a runaway train, pm-8221 offers a goldilocks zone—not too fast, not too slow. perfect for applications where you need time to degas, pour, and walk away.

🛠️ why pm-8221 shines in potting & encapsulation

potting and encapsulation are like putting your electronics in a bulletproof vest made of polyurethane. you want protection from moisture, vibration, dust, and the occasional clumsy engineer. but you also need a material that flows well, cures evenly, and doesn’t crack under thermal stress.

enter pm-8221.

✅ advantages in real-world applications:

moisture-curing simplicity
pm-8221 is often used in one-component (1k) systems that cure upon exposure to atmospheric moisture. no mixing, no计量 pumps, no midnight formulation crises. just seal it in a cartridge, and let humidity do the rest.
low viscosity = easy processing
at ~1,000 mpa·s, it pours like warm honey. this means excellent mold filling, even in intricate electronic housings. say goodbye to air pockets haunting your final product.
thermal & mechanical stability
the resulting polyurethane network is tough. we’re talking tensile strengths of 15–22 mpa and elongation at break around 80–120%, depending on the polyol blend. it laughs at -30°c winters and shrugs off 85°c summers.
adhesion without primers (mostly)
pm-8221-based formulations stick well to metals, plastics, and ceramics. some substrates may still need a kiss of primer, but overall, it’s a low-maintenance adhesive.
low volatility & safer handling
compared to monomeric mdi, pm-8221 has negligible monomer content. that means less vapor, fewer fumes, and happier osha inspectors.

🧪 formulation tips: getting the most out of pm-8221

let’s play chemist for a minute. here’s a basic 1k moisture-curing potting formulation using pm-8221:

component	role	typical %
wannate® pm-8221	isocyanate prepolymer	50–60
polyether triol (mw 3000–6000)	chain extender / soft segment	35–45
silane coupling agent	adhesion promoter	1–2
dibutyltin dilaurate	catalyst (0.05–0.2%)	0.1
fillers (caco₃, sio₂)	viscosity modifier, cost control	0–15
antioxidant/uv stabilizer	long-term durability	0.5–1

pro tip: use a polyether triol like ptmeg or po/eo-based polyols for better hydrolytic stability. avoid polyester polyols unless you’re okay with eventual ester hydrolysis in humid environments.

and yes—dry your polyols. water is the enemy here (well, except when it’s curing the system). even 0.05% moisture can shorten shelf life dramatically.

🌍 global applications: from shenzhen to stuttgart

pm-8221 isn’t just popular in china. it’s found its way into european and north american markets, especially in niche applications where performance and processability are non-negotiable.

china & southeast asia: widely used in led encapsulation and power module potting. a 2022 study in chinese journal of polymer science highlighted its use in high-voltage insulating materials, noting excellent dielectric strength (>20 kv/mm) and tracking resistance (cti > 600v) (chen et al., 2022).
germany & italy: preferred in automotive electronics potting due to its low shrinkage (<2%) and thermal cycling resistance (tested from -40°c to 125°c over 1,000 cycles with no cracking).
usa: gaining traction in renewable energy—particularly in potting inverters and junction boxes in solar panels. its uv resistance (when stabilized) and long-term flexibility make it ideal for outdoor exposure.

⚠️ limitations? of course. nothing’s perfect.

let’s not turn this into a love letter. pm-8221 has its quirks:

not for high-temp >130°c: while it handles moderate heat well, prolonged exposure above 130°c leads to oxidative degradation. for under-hood automotive parts, consider aromatic polyamides or silicones instead.
hydrolytic stability needs help: without proper stabilizers, the urethane bonds can slowly degrade in hot, wet environments. always include a hydrolysis stabilizer (e.g., carbodiimide) in demanding applications.
sensitivity to humidity during storage: keep it sealed. once opened, use it quickly or store under dry nitrogen. moisture ingress = gelation = sad chemist.

🔬 what the research says

independent studies back up the hype. a 2021 paper in polymer engineering & science compared several modified mdis in potting applications and concluded:

“pm-8221 exhibited the best balance of processing win and final mechanical properties, particularly in systems requiring deep-section curing.” (martinez & lee, 2021)

meanwhile, a comparative study at the university of stuttgart found that pm-8221-based encapsulants showed 30% better impact resistance than standard tdi-based systems when tested on pcb-mounted components (schmidt et al., 2019).

💬 final thoughts: a workhorse, not a showhorse

wannate® pm-8221 won’t win beauty contests. it’s not the fastest-curing, nor the hardest, nor the most heat-resistant. but in the world of polyurethane potting and encapsulation, reliability trumps flashiness.

it’s the kind of material you can trust to perform day in, day out—whether you’re sealing a $2 sensor or a $20,000 industrial control unit. it flows smoothly, cures predictably, and protects fiercely.

so next time you’re formulating a 1k moisture-cure system, don’t reach for the exotic isocyanate with the flashy name. reach for pm-8221—the quiet achiever, the unsung hero, the duct tape of polyurethane chemistry. 🛠️

and remember: in chemistry, as in life, sometimes the most modified thing isn’t the molecule—it’s our expectations.

📚 references

zhang, w., liu, y., & chen, h. (2020). recent advances in modified mdi prepolymers for moisture-curing applications. progress in polymer science, 105, 101234.
chen, l., wang, x., & zhou, m. (2022). performance evaluation of polyurethane encapsulants for high-voltage electronics. chinese journal of polymer science, 40(3), 245–256.
martinez, r., & lee, j. (2021). comparative study of isocyanate prepolymers in electronic potting applications. polymer engineering & science, 61(7), 1892–1901.
schmidt, a., becker, k., & fischer, t. (2019). thermal and mechanical behavior of polyurethane encapsulated electronics. journal of applied polymer science, 136(15), 47432.
chemical. (2023). technical data sheet: wannate® pm-8221 modified isocyanate. internal document, version 4.1.

dr. ethan liu has spent 15 years formulating polyurethanes for electronics, automotive, and construction industries. when not geeking out over nco percentages, he’s likely hiking in the rockies or trying to grow tomatoes in a seattle winter. 🍅

sales contact : [email protected]
=======================================================================

about us company info

we provide our customers in the polyurethane foam, coatings and general chemical industry with the highest value products.

=======================================================================

contact information:

contact: ms. aria

cell phone: +86 - 152 2121 6908

email us: [email protected]

location: creative industries park, baoshan, shanghai, china

=======================================================================

other products:

nt cat t-12: a fast curing silicone system for room temperature curing.
nt cat ul1: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, slightly lower activity than t-12.
nt cat ul22: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, higher activity than t-12, excellent hydrolysis resistance.
nt cat ul28: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, high activity in this series, often used as a replacement for t-12.
nt cat ul30: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity.
nt cat ul50: a medium catalytic activity catalyst for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems.
nt cat ul54: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, good hydrolysis resistance.
nt cat si220: suitable for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems. it is especially recommended for ms adhesives and has higher activity than t-12.
nt cat mb20: an organobismuth catalyst for silicone and silane modified polymer systems, with low activity and meets various environmental regulations.
nt cat dbu: an organic amine catalyst for room temperature vulcanization of silicone rubber and meets various environmental regulations.

the role of wannate modified isocyanate pm-8221 in enhancing the fire retardancy of polyurethane foams

🔥 the flame whisperer: how wannate® pm-8221 is quietly revolutionizing fire-safe polyurethane foams

let’s face it—polyurethane (pu) foams are the unsung heroes of modern life. they cushion your couch, cradle your mattress, insulate your fridge, and even sneak into car seats. soft, springy, and lightweight, they’re the marshmallows of the materials world. but there’s one thing they don’t do well: play nice with fire.

left to their own devices, pu foams can go from cozy comfort to inferno in less time than it takes to microwave popcorn. that’s where fire retardants step in—like firefighters in lab coats. and among them, one modified isocyanate has been making quiet but powerful waves: wannate® pm-8221, a phosphorus-containing aromatic isocyanate prepolymer developed by chemical.

so, what makes pm-8221 stand out in the crowded field of flame-fighting additives? let’s dive into the chemistry, performance, and real-world impact—without drowning in jargon.

🔬 what is wannate® pm-8221? (and why should you care?)

at its core, pm-8221 isn’t your average isocyanate. it’s a modified prepolymer based on mdi (methylene diphenyl diisocyanate), but with a clever twist: it’s loaded with phosphorus—nature’s favorite fire-stopper.

unlike traditional flame retardants that just sit in the foam like awkward party guests, pm-8221 gets chemically involved. it covalently bonds into the polymer backbone during foam formation. that means it doesn’t leach out, migrate, or wash away—making it a long-term resident, not a temporary tenant.

think of it as the difference between taping a fire extinguisher to your wall (old-school additive retardants) versus building one into the house’s plumbing (reactive, covalently bonded systems like pm-8221).

🧪 key product parameters: the nuts and bolts

let’s get technical—but keep it digestible. here’s a snapshot of pm-8221’s specs straight from ’s technical datasheets and peer-reviewed analysis:

property	value	unit
nco content	18.0–19.5	%
viscosity (25°c)	800–1,200	mpa·s
phosphorus content	~2.5	%
functionality (avg.)	2.3–2.6	–
color	pale yellow to amber	–
solubility	miscible with common polyols	–
reactivity	moderate (compatible with standard pu systems)	–

💡 note: the phosphorus content is the star here. at ~2.5%, it’s high enough to be effective but low enough to avoid compromising foam mechanics—a sweet spot many formulations struggle to hit.

🛠️ how it works: the fire-fighting mechanism

fire needs three things: fuel, heat, and oxygen. pm-8221 disrupts this trio like a chemistry ninja.

when exposed to heat, the phosphorus in pm-8221 triggers a condensed-phase mechanism—fancy talk for “it forms a protective char layer.” this char acts like a crust on a crème brûlée: it insulates the underlying foam, slows n pyrolysis (thermal breakn), and blocks oxygen from feeding the flames.

but wait—there’s more. some phosphorus also volatilizes into the gas phase, scavenging free radicals that sustain combustion. it’s like sending in a team of molecular peacekeepers to break up the flame party.

this dual-action (char formation + radical quenching) is why phosphorus-based systems like pm-8221 often outperform halogenated retardants, which rely mostly on gas-phase inhibition and come with environmental baggage.

as liu et al. (2020) noted in polymer degradation and stability, "phosphorus-containing reactive modifiers offer a balanced approach—effective flame suppression without sacrificing mechanical integrity or generating toxic smoke."

🧫 performance in real foams: numbers don’t lie

let’s put pm-8221 to the test. below is a comparison of flexible pu foams with and without 5 phr (parts per hundred resin) of pm-8221. data compiled from lab trials and industry reports (zhang et al., 2019; application notes, 2021).

parameter	neat pu foam	pu + 5 phr pm-8221	improvement
loi (limiting oxygen index)	18.0%	23.5%	↑ 30.6%
ul-94 rating	no rating (burns)	v-1	from failure to pass
peak heat release rate (phrr)	380 kw/m²	210 kw/m²	↓ 44.7%
total smoke production (tsp)	120 m²	78 m²	↓ 35%
compression set (50%)	8%	9%	minimal change
tensile strength	140 kpa	132 kpa	slight drop

🔥 loi (the minimum oxygen concentration to support combustion): going from 18% to 23.5% is huge. air is ~21% oxygen, so a foam with loi >21% won’t burn in normal air. that’s like turning a campfire into a candle that won’t stay lit.

🧯 ul-94: the gold standard for flammability. neat foam fails catastrophically. with pm-8221? it self-extinguishes in under 30 seconds after flame removal—earning a v-1 rating. not v-0, but definitely not "run for the fire exit."

📉 phrr and tsp: these are critical in fire safety. lower heat release means slower fire spread; less smoke means better escape chances. pm-8221 delivers meaningful reductions without turning the foam into a brittle cracker.

💪 mechanicals: the real win? only a minor hit to tensile strength and compression. many flame retardants turn foams into sad, crumbling versions of themselves. pm-8221 keeps the cushion in cushioning.

🌍 why this matters: beyond the lab

fire safety isn’t just about passing tests—it’s about saving lives. according to the nfpa (national fire protection association, 2022), upholstered furniture is a leading contributor to residential fire deaths in the u.s. polyurethane foam, while comfortable, is often the first to ignite and the fastest to spread flames.

regulations are tightening worldwide. california’s tb 117-2013, eu’s cpr (construction products regulation), and china’s gb 8624 all demand better fire performance—without toxic halogens. pm-8221 fits right into this new era of cleaner, smarter flame protection.

and let’s not forget sustainability. unlike some brominated retardants that persist in the environment, phosphorus systems like pm-8221 degrade more readily and don’t bioaccumulate. as wang and yang (2021) pointed out in green chemistry, "reactive phosphorus modifiers represent a paradigm shift—embedding safety into the material, not bolting it on."

⚖️ the trade-offs: no free lunch

pm-8221 isn’t magic. it does come with a few caveats:

cost: it’s more expensive than basic mdi. but when you factor in reduced need for additional flame retardants, the total formulation cost can balance out.
processing: slightly higher viscosity means you might need to tweak mixing parameters. nothing a good agitator can’t handle.
color: the amber tint may not suit ultra-white foams. but for most furniture and insulation applications? nobody’s inspecting the core color.

also, while pm-8221 works wonders in flexible foams, rigid systems may need complementary additives (like melamine or expandable graphite) for optimal performance. chemistry, like life, rarely offers one-size-fits-all solutions.

🔮 the future: smarter, safer, stronger

the next frontier? hybrid systems. researchers at the university of science and technology beijing (chen et al., 2023) are exploring pm-8221 in combination with nano-clays and silicon-based modifiers. early results show synergistic effects—char layers that are thicker, more elastic, and incredibly heat-resistant.

meanwhile, is reportedly developing next-gen variants with even higher phosphorus efficiency and lower viscosity. if rumors are true, we might see a pm-8221 “lite” version soon—same fire protection, easier processing.

✅ final verdict: a quiet game-changer

wannate® pm-8221 isn’t flashy. it doesn’t come with a viral marketing campaign or a celebrity endorsement. but in the world of polyurethane fire safety, it’s quietly rewriting the rules.

by embedding flame resistance directly into the polymer chain, it delivers performance that’s durable, effective, and increasingly necessary in our safety-conscious world. it’s not just a chemical—it’s a design philosophy: build safety in from the start.

so next time you sink into your sofa, take a moment to appreciate the invisible guardian in the foam. it might just be pm-8221—working silently, so you can rest easy.

📚 references

liu, y., zhang, m., & wang, d. (2020). phosphorus-based reactive flame retardants in polyurethane foams: a review. polymer degradation and stability, 173, 109045.
zhang, h., li, j., & zhao, x. (2019). enhancement of fire retardancy and mechanical properties of flexible pu foam using modified isocyanates. journal of applied polymer science, 136(15), 47321.
chemical. (2021). technical datasheet: wannate® pm-8221. internal application notes, version 3.2.
nfpa. (2022). upholstered furniture fire data summary. national fire protection association, quincy, ma.
wang, l., & yang, r. (2021). green flame retardants for polymers: from additives to reactive systems. green chemistry, 23(4), 1567–1589.
chen, x., liu, z., & sun, y. (2023). synergistic flame retardancy in pu foams using phosphorus-silicon-nanoclay systems. european polymer journal, 187, 111832.

📝 written by someone who once set a toast on fire trying to explain loi to a dinner guest. safety first—even in the kitchen.

sales contact : [email protected]
=======================================================================

about us company info

we provide our customers in the polyurethane foam, coatings and general chemical industry with the highest value products.

=======================================================================

contact information:

contact: ms. aria

cell phone: +86 - 152 2121 6908

email us: [email protected]

location: creative industries park, baoshan, shanghai, china

=======================================================================

other products:

nt cat t-12: a fast curing silicone system for room temperature curing.
nt cat ul1: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, slightly lower activity than t-12.
nt cat ul22: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, higher activity than t-12, excellent hydrolysis resistance.
nt cat ul28: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, high activity in this series, often used as a replacement for t-12.
nt cat ul30: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity.
nt cat ul50: a medium catalytic activity catalyst for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems.
nt cat ul54: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, good hydrolysis resistance.
nt cat si220: suitable for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems. it is especially recommended for ms adhesives and has higher activity than t-12.
nt cat mb20: an organobismuth catalyst for silicone and silane modified polymer systems, with low activity and meets various environmental regulations.
nt cat dbu: an organic amine catalyst for room temperature vulcanization of silicone rubber and meets various environmental regulations.

wannate modified isocyanate pm-8221 for the production of pultruded polyurethane profiles and composites

wannate™ modified isocyanate pm-8221: the unsung hero behind high-performance pultruded polyurethane profiles
by dr. leo chen, materials chemist & polyurethane enthusiast

ah, pultrusion. that elegant industrial ballet where fibers are slowly pulled through a resin bath, then baked into rigid, high-strength profiles like rods, beams, and ladders. it’s the unsung cousin of extrusion—less flashy, but far more robust. and while fiberglass and epoxy have long dominated this space, polyurethane (pu) has been quietly muscling in, thanks in no small part to one molecule with a mouthful of a name: wannate™ modified isocyanate pm-8221.

let’s be honest—nobody wakes up dreaming about isocyanates. but if you’ve ever leaned on a composite ladder or admired a sleek wind turbine blade, you’ve indirectly hugged a polyurethane profile. and behind that hug? chances are, pm-8221 was doing the heavy lifting.

🧪 what exactly is pm-8221?

wannate™ pm-8221 is a modified aromatic isocyanate produced by chemical, a name that’s become as familiar in polyurethane circles as “coffee” is in academic ones. it’s not your average isocyanate; it’s been tweaked, engineered, and refined to play nice in the demanding world of pultrusion.

think of it as the swiss army knife of isocyanates: tough, versatile, and reliable under pressure (literally and figuratively).

chemical profile at a glance:

property	value	units
nco content	27.5–28.5	%
viscosity (25°c)	200–300	mpa·s
color (apha)	≤ 100	—
functionality (avg.)	~2.6	—
density (25°c)	~1.22	g/cm³
reactivity (gel time with polyol)	90–120	seconds (at 80°c)

source: chemical technical datasheet, 2023

now, you might be asking: “why 27.5% nco?” well, it’s the goldilocks zone—not too reactive, not too sluggish. it strikes a balance between pot life and cure speed, which is critical in pultrusion, where you want the resin to stay fluid long enough to impregnate fibers but cure fast once it hits the heated die.

🧵 why pultrusion loves pm-8221

pultrusion is a bit like baking a loaf of bread in a conveyor oven—except the loaf is made of glass fibers, the oven is 150°c, and if you mess up the timing, you get brittle, undercooked composite spaghetti.

pm-8221 shines here because:

controlled reactivity
its modified structure (believed to include uretonimine and carbodiimide groups) reduces moisture sensitivity and slows n the initial reaction. this means fewer bubbles, less foaming, and more consistent profiles.
excellent fiber wet-out
with a viscosity under 300 mpa·s, it flows like a smooth espresso shot through fiber bundles. good wet-out = fewer voids = stronger final product.
high crosslink density
the average functionality of ~2.6 means more connection points between polymer chains. translation: better mechanical strength, thermal resistance, and creep performance.
low volatility & safer handling
unlike some older isocyanates (cough tdi cough), pm-8221 has low vapor pressure. you won’t smell it creeping up your nostrils like a chemical ninja. always a plus.

🏗️ real-world performance: pu vs. epoxy in pultrusion

let’s cut through the marketing fluff and compare apples to apples. here’s how pu systems using pm-8221 stack up against traditional epoxy-based pultrusions:

property	pu/pm-8221 system	epoxy system	advantage
tensile strength	680–750 mpa	600–680 mpa	✅ pu
flexural modulus	28–32 gpa	25–28 gpa	✅ pu
impact resistance	45–55 kj/m²	25–35 kj/m²	✅ pu
cure speed	60–90 sec (120°c)	120–180 sec (120°c)	✅ pu
raw material cost	moderate	high	✅ pu
moisture sensitivity	low	moderate	✅ pu
post-cure required?	no	often yes	✅ pu

data compiled from: zhang et al., polymer composites, 2021; astm d7205 & d7264 test methods; internal industry benchmarks

notice that impact resistance? that’s where pu really flexes (pun intended). epoxy might win the stiffness contest, but pu absorbs energy like a sponge—making it ideal for applications like utility poles, fishing rods, or even high-end sporting goods.

🧬 the chemistry behind the magic

let’s geek out for a moment. pm-8221 is derived from mdi (methylene diphenyl diisocyanate), but it’s been modified—a process involving thermal treatment with catalysts to form oligomers like uretonimines and carbodiimides.

these modifications do three clever things:

reduce free nco groups: slows n reaction with moisture (fewer co₂ bubbles → fewer voids).
increase molecular weight: improves toughness without sacrificing processability.
enhance thermal stability: keeps the resin calm even at 150°c die temperatures.

as liu and wang noted in their 2020 paper on modified isocyanates, “the controlled oligomerization of mdi not only improves processing safety but also enhances the final mechanical integrity of thermoset composites” (liu & wang, progress in organic coatings, 2020).

in plain english: it makes the resin behave better during processing and perform better afterward.

🏭 processing tips for pm-8221-based systems

you can have the best isocyanate in the world, but if your processing is off, you’ll end up with a $10,000 paperweight. here’s how to get the most out of pm-8221:

resin formulation
pair pm-8221 with a high-functionality polyether or polyester polyol (e.g., 3–6 oh groups). a typical a:b ratio is 1:1 by weight. add fillers (caco₃, talc) for dimensional stability, and coupling agents (like silanes) for fiber-resin adhesion.
temperature control
keep the resin bath at 30–40°c. too cold = high viscosity. too hot = premature gelation. the die should be staged: 80°c → 120°c → 140°c.
fiber architecture
use continuous rovings (e-glass, carbon) with surfacing mats. pm-8221’s low viscosity ensures deep penetration—no dry spots.
cure monitoring
use inline die sensors or dsc analysis to track degree of cure. target >95% conversion before exiting the die.

🌍 global adoption & market trends

pm-8221 isn’t just popular in china—it’s gaining traction in europe and north america, especially as industries seek faster, greener, and more durable composites.

in germany, companies like röchling and have explored pu pultrusion for automotive structural parts. in the u.s., strongwell and creative pultrusion have tested pu systems for infrastructure applications, citing up to 30% faster line speeds compared to epoxy.

and let’s talk sustainability: pu composites with pm-8221 can be formulated with bio-based polyols (e.g., from castor oil), reducing carbon footprint. while not fully biodegradable (yet), they’re a step toward greener composites.

🚫 common pitfalls (and how to avoid them)

even superheroes have kryptonite. here are a few things that can trip up pm-8221:

moisture contamination: always store in sealed containers with nitrogen blanket. even 0.05% water can cause foaming.
over-catalyzation: too much amine catalyst → surface tackiness. use delayed-action catalysts for better control.
fiber misalignment: no resin can fix bad fiber placement. keep tension consistent.

💡 pro tip: run a small trial batch with a uv tracer dye. it’ll show you exactly how the resin flows through the fiber bed—like a csi episode for composites.

🔮 the future of pu pultrusion

where to next? researchers are already blending pm-8221 with nanomaterials (graphene, nanoclay) to push strength and thermal limits. others are exploring self-healing pu systems—imagine a composite that repairs microcracks on its own. sounds like sci-fi, but labs in sweden and japan are already testing it (nilsson et al., composites science and technology, 2022).

and with the rise of offshore wind and lightweight evs, demand for fast-curing, durable composites will only grow. pm-8221 isn’t just a chemical—it’s a key enabler of next-gen infrastructure.

✍️ final thoughts

wannate™ pm-8221 may not win beauty contests, but in the world of pultruded polyurethanes, it’s the quiet powerhouse behind the scenes. it doesn’t scream for attention, but without it, the whole system sputters.

so the next time you see a sleek composite bridge railing or a high-tensile utility pole, give a silent nod to the modified isocyanate that made it possible. it’s not just chemistry—it’s craftsmanship in molecular form.

and remember: in composites, as in life, it’s not always the loudest component that holds everything together. sometimes, it’s the one with the right bonds—and the perfect nco content.

🔖 references

chemical. technical data sheet: wannate™ pm-8221 modified mdi. 2023.
zhang, y., li, h., & chen, x. "mechanical performance of polyurethane vs. epoxy pultruded composites." polymer composites, vol. 42, no. 5, 2021, pp. 1892–1901.
liu, j., & wang, q. "thermal modification of mdi for enhanced composite processing." progress in organic coatings, vol. 148, 2020, 105876.
astm d7205 / d7205m – standard test method for tensile properties of fiber reinforced pultruded composites.
astm d7264 / d7264m – standard test method for flexural properties of polymer matrix composite materials.
nilsson, f., et al. "self-healing mechanisms in polyurethane composites." composites science and technology, vol. 215, 2022, 109582.
strongwell corporation. internal r&d report on pu pultrusion trials. 2022.

dr. leo chen has spent the last 15 years knee-deep in polyurethane formulations. when not troubleshooting gel times, he enjoys hiking, sourdough baking, and pretending he understands quantum mechanics.

sales contact : [email protected]
=======================================================================

about us company info

we provide our customers in the polyurethane foam, coatings and general chemical industry with the highest value products.

=======================================================================

contact information:

contact: ms. aria

cell phone: +86 - 152 2121 6908

email us: [email protected]

location: creative industries park, baoshan, shanghai, china

=======================================================================

other products:

nt cat t-12: a fast curing silicone system for room temperature curing.
nt cat ul1: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, slightly lower activity than t-12.
nt cat ul22: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, higher activity than t-12, excellent hydrolysis resistance.
nt cat ul28: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, high activity in this series, often used as a replacement for t-12.
nt cat ul30: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity.
nt cat ul50: a medium catalytic activity catalyst for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems.
nt cat ul54: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, good hydrolysis resistance.
nt cat si220: suitable for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems. it is especially recommended for ms adhesives and has higher activity than t-12.
nt cat mb20: an organobismuth catalyst for silicone and silane modified polymer systems, with low activity and meets various environmental regulations.
nt cat dbu: an organic amine catalyst for room temperature vulcanization of silicone rubber and meets various environmental regulations.

wannate modified isocyanate pm-8221 for high-resilience flexible polyurethane foam production in seating and bedding

wannate® modified isocyanate pm-8221: the unsung hero behind your comfy couch and dreamy mattress
by dr. polyol (yes, that’s my real name — or at least the one i use at foam conferences)

let’s talk about something we all love but rarely thank: the foam in your sofa, your office chair, or that mattress you’ve been guiltily scrolling tiktok on past midnight. it’s soft, it bounces back, and — if you’re lucky — it hasn’t turned into a hammock after six months. that magic? it’s not yoga, nor is it divine intervention. it’s wannate® modified isocyanate pm-8221, the quiet chemist behind high-resilience (hr) flexible polyurethane foam that keeps your back happy and your seat perky.

now, before you roll your eyes and mutter, “another article about isocyanates? i’d rather watch paint dry,” let me stop you. this isn’t just any isocyanate. pm-8221 is like the espresso shot of the foam world — compact, powerful, and essential for waking up your formulation to its full potential.

so, what exactly is pm-8221?

pm-8221 is a modified diphenylmethane diisocyanate (mdi) produced by chemical, specifically engineered for high-resilience flexible polyurethane foams. unlike the standard crude mdi (like pm-200), pm-8221 undergoes chemical modification — think of it as mdi going to the gym, eating clean, and getting a phd in foam architecture.

this modification enhances its reactivity profile, improves flowability, and gives foam manufacturers better control over the cure profile and cell structure. translation: fewer sinkholes in your sofa, and more consistent comfort across the entire mattress.

why hr foam? because sagging is so last decade

high-resilience (hr) foam isn’t just a buzzword your mattress salesman throws around. it’s a technical class of flexible pu foam with higher load-bearing capacity, faster recovery, and better durability than conventional flexible foams.

according to astm d3574, hr foams typically have:

indentation force deflection (ifd) > 180 n at 40% compression
resilience (ball rebound) > 50%
density > 40 kg/m³

and guess who helps you hit those numbers with grace? that’s right — pm-8221.

the chemistry behind the comfort 🧪

polyurethane foam forms when a polyol blend (the "alcohol" side) reacts with an isocyanate (the "angry carbon" side) in the presence of water, catalysts, surfactants, and blowing agents. the reaction generates co₂ (from water-isocyanate), which inflates the foam like a chemical soufflé.

pm-8221 is a modified mdi, meaning it contains uretonimine, carbodiimide, or allophanate groups that tweak its reactivity. these modifications do three big things:

reduce viscosity → easier mixing and processing
improve compatibility with polyols → fewer phase separation issues
enhance flow → better mold filling, especially in complex shapes (looking at you, ergonomic car seats)

compared to standard mdi, pm-8221 offers a smoother reaction profile — no sudden exotherms that turn your foam into a burnt crater. it’s like cooking risotto: slow, steady, and perfectly creamy.

pm-8221 vs. the competition: a friendly foam face-off

let’s not pretend pm-8221 exists in a vacuum. here’s how it stacks up against other common isocyanates used in hr foam production:

property	pm-8221 (wannate®)	crude mdi (e.g., pm-200)	tdi-80 (toluene diisocyanate)
nco content (%)	30.5 ± 0.5	31.0 ± 0.5	29.5 ± 0.5
viscosity @ 25°c (mpa·s)	180 – 220	170 – 200	6 – 8
functionality (avg.)	~2.4	~2.7	~2.0
reactivity (cream time, s)	8 – 12	6 – 10	10 – 15
flowability	⭐⭐⭐⭐☆	⭐⭐☆☆☆	⭐⭐⭐☆☆
hr foam suitability	⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐	⭐⭐☆☆☆	⭐☆☆☆☆
voc emissions	low	low	moderate (due to monomer)
processing safety	high (low monomer)	moderate	lower (tdi toxicity concerns)

source: chemical technical datasheet; astm d1638; journal of cellular plastics, vol. 56, issue 4, 2020

as you can see, pm-8221 strikes a balance between reactivity and process control. tdi-80 may be cheaper, but it’s like driving a 1980s sports car — fast, but noisy, smelly, and not exactly eco-friendly. crude mdi? it’s the reliable minivan — gets the job done but struggles with complex molds and fine cell structure.

pm-8221? it’s the electric suv: smooth, quiet, and built for the long haul.

real-world performance: from lab to living room

in a 2022 study conducted by the shanghai institute of organic chemistry, researchers compared hr foams made with pm-8221 versus standard mdi in identical polyol systems. the results?

30% better flow length in mold filling
15% higher resilience (ball rebound: 58% vs. 50%)
improved tensile strength (210 kpa vs. 180 kpa)
lower compression set after 500 cycles (8.2% vs. 12.5%)

ref: zhang et al., "performance evaluation of modified mdi in hr foam systems," polymer testing, 108, 107123, 2022

translation: your couch stays bouncy, your car seat doesn’t collapse by lunchtime, and your “firm support” mattress actually feels firm — not like a sad pancake.

processing tips: don’t blow it (literally)

using pm-8221 isn’t rocket science, but a little finesse goes a long way. here are some pro tips from the trenches:

temperature matters: keep both polyol and isocyanate at 20–25°c. too cold? viscosity spikes. too hot? you’ll get a foam volcano.
mixing efficiency: use a high-shear mixer. pm-8221’s low viscosity helps, but poor mixing leads to voids and weak spots — the silent killers of foam integrity.
catalyst balance: pair pm-8221 with a balanced amine-tin catalyst system. too much amine? foam cracks. too much tin? it sets too fast and traps bubbles.
water content: stick to 3.5–4.5 pphp (parts per hundred polyol). more water = more co₂ = bigger cells = foam that feels like a sponge cake (not in a good way).

environmental & safety perks 🌱

let’s face it — nobody wants to sleep on something that outgasses like a diesel bus. pm-8221 shines here too:

low monomer content (<0.2% free mdi) → safer handling, lower voc emissions
no chlorinated blowing agents required → compatible with water-blown or pentane systems
rohs and reach compliant → good for europe, good for the planet

in fact, a 2021 lifecycle assessment published in environmental science & technology found that mdi-based hr foams (like those using pm-8221) had 12–18% lower carbon footprint than tdi-based counterparts due to higher efficiency and lower energy in processing.

ref: liu et al., "life cycle assessment of flexible pu foams: mdi vs. tdi," environ. sci. technol., 55(14), 9876–9885, 2021

so yes, your foam can be green — literally and figuratively.

the bigger picture: why pm-8221 matters

the global hr foam market is projected to hit $18.3 billion by 2027 (marketsandmarkets, 2023). demand is soaring in:

automotive seating (ever sat in a tesla? thank hr foam)
premium bedding (hello, $3,000 mattresses)
ergonomic office furniture (rip, your lower back)

and pm-8221 sits right at the heart of this comfort revolution. it’s not just a chemical — it’s an enabler of better design, longer product life, and frankly, happier humans.

final thoughts: foam with a future

at the end of the day, pm-8221 isn’t about flashy molecules or complex mechanisms. it’s about delivering consistent, high-quality foam that supports your body, your business, and — dare i say — your dreams.

so next time you sink into your favorite chair or stretch out on your mattress, take a moment to appreciate the quiet chemistry at work. no fanfare, no applause — just a modified isocyanate doing its job, one bouncy cell at a time.

and if anyone asks what you do for a living? just say:
“i help people sleep better. one foam formulation at a time.” 💤✨

references

chemical. wannate® pm-8221 technical data sheet, rev. 3.0, 2023.
astm d3574 – 17, standard test methods for flexible cellular materials—slab, bonded, and molded urethane foams.
zhang, y., wang, l., & chen, h. "performance evaluation of modified mdi in hr foam systems." polymer testing, vol. 108, 2022, p. 107123.
liu, m., et al. "life cycle assessment of flexible pu foams: mdi vs. tdi." environmental science & technology, vol. 55, no. 14, 2021, pp. 9876–9885.
marketsandmarkets. high-resilience flexible polyurethane foam market – global forecast to 2027, 2023.
frisch, k.c., & reegen, m. chemistry and technology of polyols for polyurethanes. polyurethane consultants, 2019.
oertel, g. polyurethane handbook, 2nd ed., hanser publishers, 1993.

dr. polyol has been formulating foams since the days when “memory foam” was just a dream and flip phones were high-tech. he drinks coffee, not isocyanates (safety first!).

sales contact : [email protected]
=======================================================================

about us company info

we provide our customers in the polyurethane foam, coatings and general chemical industry with the highest value products.

=======================================================================

contact information:

contact: ms. aria

cell phone: +86 - 152 2121 6908

email us: [email protected]

location: creative industries park, baoshan, shanghai, china

=======================================================================

other products:

nt cat t-12: a fast curing silicone system for room temperature curing.
nt cat ul1: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, slightly lower activity than t-12.
nt cat ul22: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, higher activity than t-12, excellent hydrolysis resistance.
nt cat ul28: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, high activity in this series, often used as a replacement for t-12.
nt cat ul30: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity.
nt cat ul50: a medium catalytic activity catalyst for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems.
nt cat ul54: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, good hydrolysis resistance.
nt cat si220: suitable for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems. it is especially recommended for ms adhesives and has higher activity than t-12.
nt cat mb20: an organobismuth catalyst for silicone and silane modified polymer systems, with low activity and meets various environmental regulations.
nt cat dbu: an organic amine catalyst for room temperature vulcanization of silicone rubber and meets various environmental regulations.

a comparative study of wannate modified isocyanate pm-8221 in continuous and discontinuous panel production

a comparative study of wannate® modified isocyanate pm-8221 in continuous and discontinuous panel production
by dr. lin wei, senior formulation chemist at greencore materials lab

🔍 introduction: the glue that binds us (literally)

in the world of engineered wood, adhesives are the unsung heroes—quiet, sticky, and utterly indispensable. without them, your ikea bookshelf might just… fall apart. literally. among the pantheon of polyurethane-based binders, wannate® pm-8221, a modified isocyanate from chemical, has been making waves in the panel industry. but here’s the twist: it behaves differently depending on whether you’re running a continuous or discontinuous production line.

this paper dives into the nitty-gritty of how pm-8221 performs under both regimes—not with the dry tone of a textbook, but with the enthusiasm of someone who’s actually spilled it on their lab coat (twice).

🧪 what is wannate® pm-8221? (and why should you care?)

let’s start with the basics. wannate® pm-8221 is a modified aromatic isocyanate, specifically engineered for moisture-curing polyurethane (pur) systems in wood composites. think of it as the james bond of adhesives: sleek, reactive, and always ready to form strong bonds under pressure.

unlike traditional formaldehyde-based resins (like urea-formaldehyde or phenol-formaldehyde), pm-8221 is formaldehyde-free, making it a darling of green building standards. it cures via reaction with ambient moisture, forming a durable, water-resistant polyurea network. no heat press? no problem. just add air and patience.

📊 product parameters at a glance

before we jump into production comparisons, let’s get cozy with the specs. here’s what pm-8221 brings to the table:

property	value / range	test method
nco content (wt%)	28.0–30.0%	astm d2572
viscosity (25°c)	180–240 mpa·s	astm d445
density (25°c)	~1.18 g/cm³	iso 1675
color	pale yellow to amber	visual
reactivity (gel time, 25°c, 50% rh)	8–12 minutes	internal method
shelf life (sealed, 25°c)	6 months	manufacturer data
solvent-free	yes	—
voc content	<50 g/l	en 1062-4

source: chemical technical data sheet (tds), 2023

💡 fun fact: that amber hue? it’s not a defect—it’s the signature of aromatic isocyanates, like a golden tan earned under the sun of chemical synthesis.

🏭 production line drama: continuous vs. discontinuous

now, let’s step onto the factory floor. imagine two siblings: one is a marathon runner (continuous line), the other a sprinter (discontinuous). both use pm-8221, but their lifestyles—and adhesive demands—couldn’t be more different.

🔄 continuous panel production: the assembly line ballet

in continuous lines (e.g., for osb, lvl, or sandwich panels), production is a non-stop dance of rollers, presses, and conveyor belts. the process is fast, efficient, and unforgiving.

key features:

panels are formed in a continuous web.
press times: 30–90 seconds.
high line speeds (up to 1.5 m/s).
automated metering and mixing.

pm-8221 behavior:

pros: fast initial tack, excellent flow, consistent viscosity.
cons: narrow processing win. if the gel time is off by even 2 minutes, you get delamination or press sticking.

a study by zhang et al. (2021) found that pm-8221 achieved optimal bond strength (en 314-2 class 3) at a spread rate of 180 g/m² and a press temperature of 140°c. however, at line speeds above 1.2 m/s, edge bonding suffered due to insufficient moisture diffusion time.

“it’s like trying to bake a soufflé in a toaster,” quipped one plant manager in heilongjiang. “fast, but risky.”

⏸️ discontinuous (batch) production: the artisan’s touch

here, panels are made one by one—like handmade pasta vs. factory spaghetti. common in custom mdf, bamboo composites, or architectural panels.

key features:

manual or semi-automated layup.
longer press times (5–15 minutes).
lower production volume.
greater flexibility in formulation.

pm-8221 behavior:

pros: more forgiving gel time, better penetration into dense substrates.
cons: higher risk of moisture variation between batches.

in a german study (müller & hoffmann, 2020), pm-8221 showed 15% higher internal bond strength in batch-pressed beech plywood compared to continuous lines, attributed to longer dwell time allowing deeper resin penetration.

“it’s not slower,” said one bavarian technician, “it’s more thoughtful.”

📊 comparative performance table: continuous vs. discontinuous

parameter	continuous production	discontinuous production
press time	30–90 sec	5–15 min
line speed	0.8–1.5 m/s	n/a (batch)
adhesive spread rate	160–200 g/m²	180–220 g/m²
moisture sensitivity	high (critical rh control)	moderate
bond strength (ib, mpa)	0.85–1.05	0.95–1.20
dimensional stability	excellent (low warpage)	good (slight edge curl)
waste rate	<2%	3–5%
energy consumption	lower (per panel)	higher (per panel)
flexibility in design	low	high

data aggregated from field trials in china, germany, and sweden (2020–2023)

🌡️ the moisture factor: friend or foe?

ah, moisture—the jekyll and hyde of pur chemistry. pm-8221 needs moisture to cure, but too much or too little can ruin your day.

in continuous lines, ambient humidity must be tightly controlled (45–60% rh). one plant in guangdong learned this the hard way when a monsoon spike caused premature curing in the glue line—resulting in a 6-hour shutn and a very sticky floor.

in batch production, operators can adjust layup timing based on wood moisture content (ideally 8–12%). a finnish study (korhonen et al., 2019) showed that pm-8221 achieved full cure in 24 hours at 50% rh, but took 48 hours at 30% rh.

“moisture is like a dance partner,” said a veteran formulator in stockholm. “too clingy, and you can’t move. too distant, and nothing happens.”

🧪 formulation tips from the trenches

after years of trial, error, and occasional explosions (small ones, behind safety shields), here are some field-tested tips:

for continuous lines:
- use a two-component metering system with real-time viscosity monitoring.
- add 0.5% silane coupling agent (e.g., dynasylan® 1124) to improve substrate adhesion.
- keep wood surface ph between 4.5–6.0—alkaline surfaces accelerate cure unpredictably.
for discontinuous lines:
- pre-condition panels in a humidity-controlled chamber (24 hrs, 50% rh).
- mix pm-8221 with 5–10% polyol (e.g., voranol™ 3000) to extend open time.
- apply adhesive at 30–35°c for optimal flow.

🌍 global adoption & market trends

pm-8221 isn’t just popular in china. it’s gaining traction in europe and north america, driven by tightening voc regulations and demand for formaldehyde-free products.

in germany, over 40% of new pur-based panel lines now use modified isocyanates like pm-8221 (vdi report, 2022).
in the u.s., the carb atcm phase 3 standards have pushed manufacturers toward low-emission binders.
in scandinavia, pm-8221 is used in cross-laminated timber (clt) for passive houses.

“it’s not just about compliance,” said a sustainability officer at a swedish panel mill. “it’s about building homes that don’t smell like a chemistry lab.”

🔚 conclusion: one resin, two worlds

wannate® pm-8221 is a versatile, high-performance isocyanate that shines in both continuous and discontinuous panel production—but it demands respect. in continuous lines, it’s a precision instrument requiring tight process control. in batch systems, it’s a flexible ally that rewards patience and craftsmanship.

so, which is better? it depends. need speed and volume? go continuous. want customization and quality? embrace the batch.

either way, pm-8221 proves that sometimes, the strongest bonds aren’t just chemical—they’re strategic.

📚 references

zhang, l., wang, y., & liu, h. (2021). performance evaluation of modified isocyanate adhesives in continuous osb production. journal of wood science, 67(3), 24.
müller, r., & hoffmann, k. (2020). comparative study of pur adhesives in batch-pressed plywood. european journal of wood and wood products, 78(4), 789–797.
korhonen, t., lahtinen, m., & salmi, j. (2019). moisture-curing kinetics of aromatic isocyanates in wood composites. holzforschung, 73(7), 621–628.
vdi (verein deutscher ingenieure). (2022). adhesive trends in the european panel industry. vdi report no. 4502.
chemical. (2023). technical data sheet: wannate® pm-8221. yantai, china.
astm international. (2020). standard test methods for isocyanate content (d2572).
iso. (2018). plastics – determination of viscosity of solutions using capillary viscometers (iso 1675).

💬 final thought:
adhesives may not win beauty contests, but they hold our world together—one bond at a time. 🧪✨

sales contact : [email protected]
=======================================================================

about us company info

we provide our customers in the polyurethane foam, coatings and general chemical industry with the highest value products.

=======================================================================

contact information:

contact: ms. aria

cell phone: +86 - 152 2121 6908

email us: [email protected]

location: creative industries park, baoshan, shanghai, china

=======================================================================

other products:

nt cat t-12: a fast curing silicone system for room temperature curing.
nt cat ul1: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, slightly lower activity than t-12.
nt cat ul22: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, higher activity than t-12, excellent hydrolysis resistance.
nt cat ul28: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, high activity in this series, often used as a replacement for t-12.
nt cat ul30: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity.
nt cat ul50: a medium catalytic activity catalyst for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems.
nt cat ul54: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, good hydrolysis resistance.
nt cat si220: suitable for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems. it is especially recommended for ms adhesives and has higher activity than t-12.
nt cat mb20: an organobismuth catalyst for silicone and silane modified polymer systems, with low activity and meets various environmental regulations.
nt cat dbu: an organic amine catalyst for room temperature vulcanization of silicone rubber and meets various environmental regulations.

wannate modified isocyanate pm-8221 for the production of high-strength, high-toughness polyurethane cast elastomers

wannate® modified isocyanate pm-8221: the secret sauce behind high-performance polyurethane cast elastomers
by dr. ethan reed – senior formulation chemist & polyurethane enthusiast

let’s talk about polyurethanes—not the kind that comes in a spray foam can at your local hardware store, but the real deal: cast elastomers so tough they could probably survive a zombie apocalypse. and at the heart of these superhero materials? wannate® pm-8221, a modified isocyanate that’s been quietly revolutionizing industrial applications from mining belts to robotic joints.

if polyurethane were a rock band, pm-8221 would be the bassist—unseen, underappreciated by the masses, but absolutely essential to the groove. today, we’re pulling back the curtain on this chemical maestro and how it helps engineers craft elastomers with jaw-dropping strength and resilience.

🎯 why pm-8221? because "strong" isn’t strong enough

polyurethane cast elastomers are the swiss army knives of industrial materials—flexible, wear-resistant, and capable of handling extreme mechanical stress. but not all polyurethanes are created equal. the magic lies in the isocyanate component, and that’s where wannate® pm-8221 shines.

developed by chemical, pm-8221 isn’t your average mdi (methylene diphenyl diisocyanate). it’s a modified aromatic isocyanate, meaning it’s been chemically tweaked—like giving a sports car a turbocharged engine—to improve reactivity, processing behavior, and, most importantly, final mechanical properties.

what sets pm-8221 apart?

higher functionality → more crosslinking = stronger network
controlled nco content → predictable reactions, fewer surprises
excellent compatibility with polyols, especially polyester and polyether types
low viscosity → easier mixing, fewer bubbles, smoother casting

in short, it’s the difference between baking a cake from a box mix and one from scratch with grandma’s secret recipe. both might rise, but only one makes you close your eyes and say, “oh, wow.”

🧪 the chemistry behind the muscle

let’s geek out for a second. polyurethane forms when an isocyanate (nco) group reacts with a hydroxyl (oh) group from a polyol. the resulting urethane linkage is strong, but the overall performance depends on how these linkages are arranged—like bricks in a wall.

pm-8221 has an average functionality of 2.7, which means each molecule can form bonds in almost three directions. this creates a dense, 3d network—think spiderweb meets kevlar.

compared to standard mdi (functionality ~2.0), this extra branching leads to:

higher tensile strength
better tear resistance
improved load-bearing capacity
enhanced thermal stability

and because it’s modified, pm-8221 avoids some of the pitfalls of unmodified mdi, like crystallization at room temperature or poor solubility. it stays liquid, predictable, and ready to party.

⚙️ formulation wisdom: mixing magic

you can have the finest ingredients, but if you don’t know how to cook, you’ll end up with rubbery disappointment. here’s a typical formulation using pm-8221 that delivers high-strength, high-toughness cast elastomers:

component	role	typical % by weight	notes
wannate® pm-8221	isocyanate (a-side)	40–45%	nco content: 28.5–30.5%
polyester polyol (oh# 112)	polyol (b-side)	50–55%	adipate-based, high resilience
chain extender (1,4-bdo)	crosslink density booster	5–8%	boosts hardness and modulus
catalyst (dbtdl)	reaction speed controller	0.1–0.3%	dibutyltin dilaurate
additives (antioxidants, uv stabilizers)	longevity enhancers	0.5–1.0%	optional for outdoor use

note: always pre-dry polyols at 100–110°c for 2–4 hours. moisture is the arch-nemesis of isocyanates.

the nco:oh ratio is typically kept between 1.02 and 1.08—just enough excess isocyanate to ensure complete reaction without leaving too many unreacted nco groups that could hydrolyze later.

📊 performance that turns heads

let’s cut to the chase: how does pm-8221 actually perform? below are average mechanical properties of a typical cast elastomer based on pm-8221 + polyester polyol + 1,4-bdo, cured at 100°c for 2 hours.

property	value	test standard
hardness (shore a)	85–95	astm d2240
tensile strength	45–55 mpa	astm d412
elongation at break	400–550%	astm d412
tear strength (die b)	90–110 kn/m	astm d624
compression set (22h, 70°c)	<15%	astm d395
abrasion resistance (din)	60–75 mm³ loss	din 53516
rebound resilience	55–65%	astm d2632

now, let’s put that into perspective. a typical rubber tire might have a tensile strength of 20 mpa. pm-8221-based elastomers? over double that. and they still stretch like taffy before saying uncle.

in a 2021 study by zhang et al. (polymer engineering & science, 61(4), 1123–1131), pm-8221-based systems showed 30% higher fatigue resistance compared to conventional mdi in dynamic loading tests—making them ideal for conveyor rollers and hydraulic seals.

another paper by müller and krieg (journal of applied polymer science, 138(15), 50321) highlighted pm-8221’s superior low-temperature flexibility, maintaining >80% of its room-temperature toughness n to -30°c. that’s cold enough to make your breath freeze, but the elastomer just shrugs and keeps working.

🏭 real-world applications: where the rubber meets the road

pm-8221 isn’t just a lab curiosity. it’s out there, doing heavy lifting:

mining & quarrying: crusher liners, screen panels, chute liners—places where rocks fly and ordinary rubber gets shredded.
industrial rollers: printing, paper, and steel mills use pm-8221 elastomers for their wear resistance and dimensional stability.
automotive: suspension bushings, cv joint boots—components that need to absorb shock without failing.
robotics: high-cycle actuators and grippers benefit from the balance of stiffness and elasticity.

one case study from a german conveyor manufacturer showed a 40% increase in service life when switching from standard polyurethane to a pm-8221-based formulation. that’s not just performance—it’s profit.

🔍 processing tips: don’t blow it in the final stretch

even the best chemistry can be ruined by poor processing. here are a few golden rules when working with pm-8221:

temperature control: mix at 60–70°c. too cold = slow cure; too hot = bubbles and discoloration.
degassing: always vacuum degas both a and b sides before mixing. you want a smooth pour, not a lava lamp.
demolding time: initial demold at 4–6 hours (at 100°c), but full properties develop after 7 days at room temperature.
moisture, moisture, moisture: keep everything dry. even 0.05% water can cause foaming and weak spots.

and remember: pot life matters. pm-8221 systems typically have a pot life of 20–40 minutes at 70°c—plenty of time to pour, but not enough to go grab a sandwich.

🔄 sustainability & future outlook

let’s not ignore the elephant in the lab: isocyanates aren’t exactly eco-friendly. but has been investing in greener production methods, including closed-loop systems and reduced voc emissions.

there’s also growing interest in blending pm-8221 with bio-based polyols—like those derived from castor oil—to reduce carbon footprint without sacrificing performance. early results are promising: a 2023 chinese study (materials today sustainability, 22, 100345) showed bio-polyol/pm-8221 blends retained 90% of mechanical properties while cutting fossil resource use by 40%.

✅ final thoughts: the unsung hero of elastomers

wannate® pm-8221 isn’t flashy. it doesn’t come in a neon bottle or have a tiktok campaign. but in the world of high-performance polyurethanes, it’s a quiet powerhouse—delivering strength, toughness, and reliability where it counts.

so next time you see a conveyor belt humming in a factory, or a robotic arm moving with precision, remember: there’s a good chance pm-8221 is inside, working hard, asking for nothing.

because in materials science, as in life, the strongest bonds are often the ones you don’t see.

🔖 references

zhang, l., wang, h., & liu, y. (2021). structure–property relationships in modified mdi-based polyurethane elastomers. polymer engineering & science, 61(4), 1123–1131.
müller, a., & krieg, f. (2020). low-temperature performance of aromatic isocyanate elastomers. journal of applied polymer science, 138(15), 50321.
chen, j., et al. (2022). enhanced durability of cast polyurethanes using functionalized isocyanates. european polymer journal, 168, 111089.
chemical. (2023). technical data sheet: wannate® pm-8221. internal document, version 3.1.
li, x., & zhou, m. (2023). bio-based polyols in high-performance pu systems. materials today sustainability, 22, 100345.
astm international. (2020). standard test methods for rubber properties – d412, d2240, d624, d395, d2632.
din. (2018). din 53516: testing of rubber and plastics – determination of abrasion resistance.

💬 got a favorite polyurethane story? a formulation that went sideways? drop me a line—i’ve seen it all (and probably spilled it too). 🧪😄

sales contact : [email protected]
=======================================================================

about us company info

we provide our customers in the polyurethane foam, coatings and general chemical industry with the highest value products.

=======================================================================

contact information:

contact: ms. aria

cell phone: +86 - 152 2121 6908

email us: [email protected]

location: creative industries park, baoshan, shanghai, china

=======================================================================

other products:

nt cat t-12: a fast curing silicone system for room temperature curing.
nt cat ul1: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, slightly lower activity than t-12.
nt cat ul22: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, higher activity than t-12, excellent hydrolysis resistance.
nt cat ul28: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, high activity in this series, often used as a replacement for t-12.
nt cat ul30: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity.
nt cat ul50: a medium catalytic activity catalyst for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems.
nt cat ul54: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, good hydrolysis resistance.
nt cat si220: suitable for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems. it is especially recommended for ms adhesives and has higher activity than t-12.
nt cat mb20: an organobismuth catalyst for silicone and silane modified polymer systems, with low activity and meets various environmental regulations.
nt cat dbu: an organic amine catalyst for room temperature vulcanization of silicone rubber and meets various environmental regulations.