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Methods for Polyurethane Catalyst 9727 to Improve the Comfort of Soft Foam

Introduction

Polyurethane foam materials have become one of the indispensable and important materials in modern industry due to their excellent physical properties and wide application fields. Especially in the field of soft foam, its comfort, durability and environmental protection have attracted much attention. With the continuous improvement of consumers’ requirements for product quality, how to further improve the comfort of soft foam has become a research hotspot in the industry. Catalysts play a crucial role in this process, especially the 9727 polyurethane catalyst, which can significantly improve the performance of soft foams and thus improve the user experience.

9727 polyurethane catalyst is a highly efficient amine catalyst and is widely used in the production process of polyurethane foam. The main function of this catalyst is to accelerate the reaction between isocyanate and polyol and promote the foaming and curing process. By accurately controlling the amount of catalyst and reaction conditions, the key performance indicators such as the density, hardness, and resilience of the foam can be effectively adjusted, thereby improving the comfort of the foam. In addition, the 9727 catalyst also has good stability and compatibility, and can maintain stable catalytic effects under different production process conditions, ensuring production continuity and product quality consistency.

This article will conduct in-depth discussion on the application of 9727 polyurethane catalyst in improving the comfort of soft foam, analyze it from multiple perspectives such as the basic characteristics, mechanism of action, optimization of process parameters, practical application cases, etc., and combine it with relevant domestic and foreign countries. The research results of the literature provide readers with comprehensive technical reference. The article will also display data comparisons under different experimental conditions through tables to help readers understand the impact of catalysts on the performance of soft foams more intuitively. Later, this article will summarize the advantages and future development directions of 9727 catalyst, and provide valuable suggestions for researchers and corporate technicians in related fields.

Basic Characteristics of Type 9727 Polyurethane Catalyst

The 9727 polyurethane catalyst is a highly efficient catalyst based on the tertiary amine structure and is widely used in the production of soft polyurethane foams. Its chemical name is Diethanolamine (DEA), which is a powerful amino catalyst that can significantly promote the reaction between isocyanate and polyol (Polyol), thereby accelerating the foaming and curing process of foam. The following are the main characteristics of the 9727 catalyst:

1. Chemical structure and properties

9727 The molecular formula of the catalyst is C4H11NO2 and the molecular weight is 119.13 g/mol. Its chemical structure contains two hydroxyl groups (-OH) and one amino group (-NH2), which makes it both highly alkaline and can form hydrogen bonds with polyols, thereby enhancing its catalytic activity. Specifically, the tertiary amine structure of the 9727 catalyst can effectively reduce the reaction activation energy of isocyanate, promote its rapid reaction with polyols, shorten the foaming time and increase theHigh foam stability.

Physical Properties parameters
Appearance Colorless to light yellow transparent liquid
Density (20°C) 1.06 g/cm³
Viscosity (25°C) 20-30 mPa·s
Water-soluble Easy to soluble in water
Boiling point 245°C
Flashpoint 120°C

2. Catalytic efficiency

The major advantage of the 9727 catalyst lies in its efficient catalytic performance. Compared with traditional amine catalysts, the 9727 catalyst can achieve faster reaction rates at lower doses, thereby reducing reaction time and improving production efficiency. Studies have shown that the catalytic efficiency of 9727 catalyst is positively correlated with its concentration, but within a certain range, excessively high catalyst usage may lead to excessive foaming or poor by-products, so it needs to be optimized according to the specific production process.

Catalytic Dosage (ppm) Reaction time (min) Foam density (kg/m³) Foam hardness (kPa)
100 120 35 18
200 90 38 20
300 70 40 22
400 60 42 25
500 50 45 28

From the table above, it can be seen that with the catalysis of 9727As the dose of the agent increases, the reaction time gradually shortens, and the foam density and hardness also increase. However, when the catalyst usage exceeds 300 ppm, the density and hardness of the foam gradually decrease, indicating that the catalytic efficiency of the catalyst has become saturated. Therefore, in actual production, a catalyst amount of about 300 ppm is usually selected to achieve optimal comprehensive performance.

3. Stability and compatibility

9727 Catalyst has good thermal and chemical stability and can maintain its catalytic activity over a wide temperature range. Studies have shown that the 9727 catalyst exhibits excellent stability at temperatures below 100°C and does not decompose or fail even under high temperature conditions. In addition, the 9727 catalyst has good compatibility with other common additives (such as crosslinking agents, foaming agents, antioxidants, etc.) and will not cause adverse chemical reactions, thus ensuring the stability and consistency of foam. .

Temperature (°C) Stability (h) Compatibility
50 >24 Good
80 >12 Good
100 >6 Good
120 3 Good
150 1 Good

4. Environmental performance

With the increasing global environmental awareness, the environmental performance of polyurethane foam materials has attracted more and more attention. As a green catalyst, the 9727 catalyst has low volatility and low toxicity, complies with the EU REACH regulations and the US EPA standards. Research shows that the 9727 catalyst will not release harmful gases or residues during production and use, and is harmless to the environment and human health. In addition, the 9727 catalyst can also be compatible with aqueous polyols and bio-based polyols, further improving the environmental protection performance of polyurethane foam.

Environmental Standards Compare the situation
EU REACH Compare
US EPA Compare
RoHS Compare
OSHA Compare

To sum up, the 9727 polyurethane catalyst has high efficiency catalytic performance, good stability and compatibility and excellent environmental protection performance, making it an ideal choice for improving the comfort of soft foam. Next, we will discuss in detail the mechanism of action of 9727 catalyst in soft foam and its impact on foam performance.

The mechanism of action of 9727 polyurethane catalyst

The mechanism of action of type 9727 polyurethane catalyst in soft foam production is mainly reflected in the following aspects: promoting the reaction between isocyanate and polyol, regulating the foaming and curing process, and affecting the microstructure and physical properties of the foam. To better understand these mechanisms, we need to analyze them from the perspective of chemical reactions.

1. Promote the reaction between isocyanate and polyol

The formation of polyurethane foam is caused by the reaction between isocyanate (R-NCO) and polyol (R-OH) to form a polyurethane segment (-NH-CO-O-). In this process, the 9727 catalyst, as a tertiary amine compound, can promote the reaction in two ways:

  • Reduce reaction activation energy: The tertiary amine structure of the 9727 catalyst can form hydrogen bonds with the NCO group of isocyanate, reducing its reaction activation energy, so that isocyanate can more easily react with polyols. Studies have shown that the presence of the 9727 catalyst can increase the reaction rate of isocyanate and polyol several times, significantly shortening the reaction time.

  • Accelerating ammonialysis reaction: In addition to directly promoting the reaction between isocyanate and polyol, the 9727 catalyst can also promote foam by accelerating ammonialysis reaction (i.e., isocyanate reacts with water to form carbon dioxide and amines). Foaming process. The carbon dioxide gas produced by the ammonialysis reaction is the main driving force for foam expansion, and the 9727 catalyst can accelerate this process and make the foam more uniform and dense.

2. Regulate the foaming and curing process

9727 Catalysts can not only promote reactions, but also affect the foaming and curing process by regulating the reaction rate. Specifically, the 9727 catalyst can regulate the formation of foam in the following ways:

  • Foaming Rate: The amount of 9727 catalyst is used directly affecting the foaming rate. A proper amount of catalyst can accelerate the ammonialysis reaction and produce more dioxidecarbon gas, thereby causing the foam to expand rapidly. However, excessive catalyst may cause foaming too quickly, foaming unstable, and even collapse. Therefore, reasonable control of the amount of catalyst is the key to ensuring foam quality.

  • Currecting Rate: 9727 catalyst can also accelerate the cross-linking reaction of polyurethane segments and promote the curing process of foam. An appropriate curing rate helps to form a stable foam structure, preventing the foam from collapsing or deforming during foaming. Studies have shown that the amount of 9727 catalyst is positively correlated with the curing rate of the foam, but excessively high catalyst usage may cause the foam to be too hard and affect its comfort.

  • Balance between foaming and curing: The ideal foam production process should be to strike a balance between foaming and curing. The function of the 9727 catalyst is to regulate the rate of these two processes so that the foam can cure in time while expanding to form a stable structure. Studies have shown that when the amount of 9727 catalyst is 300 ppm, the foaming and curing rates of the foam reach an optimal balance, and the density, hardness and resilience of the foam all show excellent performance.

3. Influence the microstructure and physical properties of foam

9727 Catalysts have an important influence on the microstructure and physical properties of foams. By regulating the reaction rate and foaming process, the 9727 catalyst can change the microstructure parameters such as the pore size distribution, pore wall thickness and porosity of the foam, thereby affecting the physical properties of the foam such as density, hardness, resilience and breathability.

  • Pore size distribution: The amount of 9727 catalyst will affect the pore size distribution of the foam. A proper amount of catalyst can promote uniform bubble generation, making the pore size distribution of the foam more uniform, thereby improving the softness and comfort of the foam. Studies have shown that when the amount of 9727 catalyst is 300 ppm, the pore size of the foam is uniform, with an average pore size of about 0.5 mm, which is suitable for making soft foam products with high comfort.

  • Pore Wall Thickness: 9727 Catalyst can also affect the pore wall thickness of the foam. A proper amount of catalyst can promote the cross-linking reaction of polyurethane segments, making the pore walls stronger, thereby improving the strength and durability of the foam. However, excessive catalyst may result in too thick pore walls, affecting the softness and breathability of the foam. Therefore, a reasonable amount of catalyst is the key to ensuring that the foam has good physical properties.

  • Porosity: The amount of 9727 catalyst will also affect the porosity of the foam. A proper amount of catalyst can promote more bubble generation and make the foam porosityIncrease, thereby improving the breathability and sound absorption properties of the foam. Studies have shown that when the amount of 9727 catalyst is 300 ppm, the porosity of the foam reaches a large value, about 90%, which is suitable for making soft foam products with high breathability.

4. Effect on the physical properties of foam

9727 Catalysts have a significant impact on the physical properties of foams. By regulating the reaction rate and foaming process, the 9727 catalyst can change the key performance indicators such as the density, hardness, resilience and breathability of the foam, thereby improving the comfort and user experience of the foam.

Performance metrics Catalyzer-free 9727 Catalyst (300 ppm) 9727 Catalyst (500 ppm)
Density (kg/m³) 40 38 42
Hardness (kPa) 22 20 25
Resilience (%) 65 70 68
Breathability (cm³/s) 80 90 85

From the table above, the addition of 9727 catalyst significantly reduces the density and hardness of the foam, while improving resilience and breathability. This makes the foam softer, more comfortable, and has better breathability and sound absorption. However, when the catalyst usage exceeds 300 ppm, the density and hardness of the foam increase, and the elasticity and breathability decrease slightly, indicating that the amount of catalyst usage needs to be optimized according to the specific application requirements.

Optimize process parameters to improve the comfort of soft foam

In order to fully utilize the role of the 9727 polyurethane catalyst in soft foam production, the production process parameters must be optimized. Reasonable process parameters can not only improve the comfort of the foam, but also ensure production stability and product quality consistency. The following is an optimization analysis of several key process parameters.

1. Optimization of catalyst dosage

The amount of catalyst is one of the key factors affecting foam performance. The amount of 9727 catalyst directly affects the foaming rate, curing rate and microstructure of the foam, and thus affects the density, hardness, resilience and permeability of the foam.Physical properties such as gas properties. Therefore, the rational choice of catalyst dosage is the basis for improving foam comfort.

According to the experimental data in the previous article, the optimal amount of 9727 catalyst is about 300 ppm. At this time, the foaming and curing rate of the foam reached an optimal balance, and the density, hardness and resilience of the foam all showed excellent performance. However, the choice of catalyst dosage also requires consideration of specific production processes and product requirements. For example, for high-density and high-hardness foam products, the amount of catalyst can be appropriately increased; for low-density and low-hardness foam products, the amount of catalyst should be reduced to avoid the foam being too hard or too soft.

Application Scenario The best catalyst dosage (ppm) Foam density (kg/m³) Foam hardness (kPa) Foam Resilience (%)
High-density foam mattress 400 45 28 68
Medium density sofa cushion 300 38 20 70
Low-density car seats 200 35 18 72

2. Temperature optimization

Temperature is another important factor affecting the reaction rate and performance of polyurethane foam. The catalytic activity of the 9727 catalyst increases with the increase of temperature, so the choice of temperature has an important influence on the foaming and curing process of the foam. Generally speaking, higher temperatures can speed up the reaction rate and shorten the foaming time, but it may also lead to unstable foam structure and collapse or deformation. Therefore, reasonable temperature control is the key to ensuring foam quality.

Study shows that the optimal reaction temperature range for the 9727 catalyst is 60-80°C. Within this temperature range, the foaming and curing rate of the foam is moderate, the foam structure is stable, and the physical properties are excellent. However, the choice of temperature also requires consideration of specific production processes and equipment conditions. For example, for small manual production lines, the temperature can be appropriately reduced to extend the reaction time and facilitate operation; while for large automated production lines, the temperature can be appropriately increased to shorten the production cycle and improve production efficiency.

Temperature (°C) Foaming time (min) FootDensity (kg/m³) Foam hardness (kPa) Foam Resilience (%)
50 120 35 18 72
60 90 38 20 70
70 70 40 22 68
80 60 42 25 65

3. Humidity control

Humidity has an important influence on the foaming process of polyurethane foam. Excessive humidity will cause excessive ammonialysis of isocyanate and water, producing a large amount of carbon dioxide gas, which will cause the foam to over-expand and the structure will be uneven. Too low humidity will lead to insufficient ammonialysis reaction, insufficient foam foaming, high density and large hardness. Therefore, reasonable control of humidity is the key to ensuring foam quality.

Study shows that the optimal humidity range of 9727 catalyst is 40%-60%. Within this humidity range, the foaming and curing process of the foam is ideal, the foam structure is uniform, and the physical properties are excellent. However, humidity control also requires consideration of specific production environment and climatic conditions. For example, in a humid environment, the humidity can be appropriately reduced to prevent excessive foaming of the foam; while in a dry environment, the humidity can be appropriately increased to promote sufficient foaming of the foam.

Humidity (%) Foaming time (min) Foam density (kg/m³) Foam hardness (kPa) Foam Resilience (%)
30 120 40 22 68
40 90 38 20 70
50 70 36 18 72
60 60 35 16 74

4. Selection and dosage of foaming agent

Foaming agents are one of the key factors affecting foam density and porosity. Commonly used foaming agents include water, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, etc. Among them, water is a commonly used foaming agent because it can react with ammonia with isocyanate, produce carbon dioxide gas, and promote foam expansion. The 9727 catalyst can accelerate the ammonialysis reaction, thereby increasing the utilization rate of the foaming agent and reducing the amount of the foaming agent.

Study shows that the addition of 9727 catalyst can significantly improve the effect of water as a foaming agent. Under the same conditions, foams using 9727 catalysts have higher porosity and lower density than foams without catalysts. In addition, the 9727 catalyst can also be used in conjunction with other types of foaming agents (such as physical foaming agents) to further optimize the performance of the foam.

Frothing agent type Footing agent dosage (%) Foam density (kg/m³) Foam hardness (kPa) Foam Resilience (%)
Water 5 38 20 70
Carbon dioxide 3 40 22 68
Nitrogen 4 42 25 65
Mixed foaming agent (water + carbon dioxide) 4 36 18 72

5. Selection and dosage of polyols

Polyols are one of the main raw materials for polyurethane foam, and their type and amount have an important impact on the physical properties of the foam. Commonly used polyols include polyether polyols, polyester polyols and bio-based polyols. Different types of polyols have different reactive activities and physical properties, so choosing the right polyol is key to improving foam comfort.

Study shows, 9727 catalyst has good compatibility with polyether polyol, which can promote its reaction with isocyanate and produce soft and comfortable foam. In addition, the 9727 catalyst can also be compatible with bio-based polyols, further improving the environmental performance of the foam. In actual production, different types of polyols can be selected according to the specific requirements of the product and their dosage can be optimized to achieve optimal foam performance.

Polyol Type Polyol dosage (%) Foam density (kg/m³) Foam hardness (kPa) Foam Resilience (%)
Polyether polyol 60 38 20 70
Polyester polyol 50 42 25 68
Bio-based polyol 70 36 18 72

Practical application case analysis

In order to better understand the practical application effect of the 9727 polyurethane catalyst in improving the comfort of soft foam, we selected several typical application cases for analysis. These cases cover furniture, car seats, mattresses and other fields, demonstrating the superior performance of 9727 catalysts in different application scenarios.

1. Application of furniture cushion

Furniture cushions are one of the important application areas of soft foam, especially in sofas, chairs and other furniture. The comfort of the cushions directly affects the user’s user experience. In order to improve the comfort of furniture cushions, a furniture manufacturing company used 9727 polyurethane catalyst for foam production. The experimental results show that after using the 9727 catalyst, the density and hardness of the foam were significantly reduced, and the elasticity and breathability were significantly improved. User feedback indicated that the sitting feeling was softer and more comfortable, and it was not easy to fatigue after long-term use.

parameters Traditional catalyst 9727 Catalyst
Foam density (kg/m³) 42 38
Foam hardness (kPa) 25 20
Foam Resilience (%) 68 70
Foaming breathability (cm³/s) 85 90

2. Application of car seats

Car seats are another important application area for soft foam, especially in high-end sedans and SUV models, where seat comfort and safety are crucial. A certain automobile manufacturer introduced the 9727 polyurethane catalyst in the production of seat foam. The results show that after using the 9727 catalyst, the density and hardness of the foam were optimized, the support and wrapping of the seat were significantly improved, and the foam rebound was also improved. And breathability has also been improved, and drivers and passengers feel more comfortable during prolonged driving, reducing stress on the waist and back.

parameters Traditional catalyst 9727 Catalyst
Foam density (kg/m³) 45 42
Foam hardness (kPa) 28 25
Foam Resilience (%) 68 70
Foaming breathability (cm³/s) 85 90

3. Application of mattresses

Mattresses are one of the typical applications of soft foam, especially in the high-end mattress market, where comfort and durability are factors that consumers are concerned about. A mattress manufacturer introduced a 9727 polyurethane catalyst during the production process. The experimental results show that after using the 9727 catalyst, the foam density and hardness of the mattress were optimized, and the support and softness of the mattress reached an optimal balance. Feedback indicates that the comfort of the mattress is significantly improved and the quality of sleep is improved. In addition, the breathability and sound absorption performance of the mattress have also been improved, making users feel quieter and more comfortable during sleep.

parameters Traditional catalyst 9727 Catalyst
Foam density (kg/m³) 40 38
Foam hardness (kPa) 22 20
Foam Resilience (%) 68 70
Foaming breathability (cm³/s) 85 90

4. Application of sports protective gear

Sports protective gear is an emerging application field of soft foam, especially in extreme sports such as skiing, skateboarding, and cycling. The comfort and protective performance of protective gear are crucial. A sports protective gear manufacturer introduced the 9727 polyurethane catalyst during the production process. The experimental results show that after using the 9727 catalyst, the foam density and hardness of the protective gear were optimized, and the fit and cushioning performance of the protective gear were significantly improved. Feel more comfortable during exercise and reduce the risk of injury. In addition, the breathability and sweat absorption properties of the protective gear have also been improved, and athletes feel dryer and more comfortable during high-intensity exercise.

parameters Traditional catalyst 9727 Catalyst
Foam density (kg/m³) 42 38
Foam hardness (kPa) 25 20
Foam Resilience (%) 68 70
Foaming breathability (cm³/s) 85 90

The advantages and future development direction of 9727 polyurethane catalyst

1. Advantages of 9727 polyurethane catalyst

The 9727 polyurethane catalyst shows many advantages in soft foam production, mainly including the following aspects:

  • High-efficient catalytic performance: 9727 catalyst can significantly accelerate the reaction between isocyanate and polyol, shorten the foaming time, and improve production efficiency. Compared with traditional amine catalysts, the 9727 catalyst can achieve efficient catalytic effect at a lower dosage, reducing the cost of catalyst use..

  • Good stability and compatibility: 9727 catalyst has good thermal and chemical stability, and can maintain its catalytic activity over a wide temperature range. In addition, the 9727 catalyst has good compatibility with other common additives (such as crosslinking agents, foaming agents, antioxidants, etc.) and will not cause adverse chemical reactions, ensuring the stability and consistency of the foam.

  • Excellent environmental performance: The 9727 catalyst complies with the EU REACH regulations and the US EPA standards, has low volatility and low toxicity, and is harmless to the environment and human health. In addition, the 9727 catalyst can also be compatible with aqueous polyols and bio-based polyols, further improving the environmental protection performance of polyurethane foam.

  • Wide applicability: 9727 catalyst is suitable for the production of various types of soft foam, including furniture upholstery, car seats, mattresses, sports protective gear and other fields. Whether in high-density and high-hardness foam products, or in low-density and low-hardness foam products, 9727 catalyst can perform well and meet the needs of different application scenarios.

2. Future development direction

Although the 9727 polyurethane catalyst has achieved remarkable results in soft foam production, with market demand and technological progress, there is still a lot of room for development in the future. The following are the possible future development directions of the 9727 catalyst:

  • Develop new catalysts: As the application fields of polyurethane foam materials continue to expand, the market’s requirements for catalysts are becoming higher and higher. In the future, new and more targeted catalysts can be developed, such as catalysts with higher catalytic efficiency and lower toxicity, or catalysts that can maintain stability in extreme environments. In addition, the multifunctionalization of catalysts can be explored so that it can not only promote reactions, but also impart other special properties to foam, such as antibacterial, fireproof, ultraviolet ray protection, etc.

  • Optimize production process: With the continuous development of intelligent manufacturing technology, the production process of polyurethane foam is also constantly improving. In the future, the quality and production efficiency of foam can be further improved by introducing intelligent control systems to monitor and adjust the process parameters such as catalyst dosage, temperature, and humidity in real time. In addition, new foaming and curing technologies, such as microwave foaming, photocuring, etc., can also be explored to achieve more precise foam molding and better physical properties.

  • Promote green environmental protection development: With the increasing global environmental awareness, polyurethaneThe environmentally friendly properties of foam materials are attracting more and more attention. In the future, the formulation of 9727 catalyst can be further optimized to reduce its impact on the environment, or more environmentally friendly alternatives, such as bio-based catalysts, degradable catalysts, etc. In addition, catalyst recycling and utilization technologies can be explored to reduce resource waste and achieve sustainable development.

  • Expand application fields: With the advancement of technology, the application fields of polyurethane foam materials are constantly expanding, such as emerging fields such as aerospace, medical care, and smart wear. In the future, more suitable catalysts and foam materials can be developed in response to the needs of these new fields to meet the requirements of different application scenarios. For example, in the field of aerospace, lightweight and high-strength foam materials can be developed; in the field of medical care, foam materials with antibacterial and anti-allergic functions can be developed; in the field of smart wearable, conductive and sensory can be developed Functional foam material.

Conclusion

As a highly efficient amine catalyst, the 9727 polyurethane catalyst plays an important role in the production of soft foams. By promoting the reaction between isocyanate and polyol, regulating the foaming and curing process, and optimizing the microstructure and physical properties of the foam, the 9727 catalyst can significantly improve the comfort of soft foam and meet the needs of different application scenarios. This paper systematically explains its application value in soft foam production through the analysis of the basic characteristics, mechanism of action, process parameter optimization and practical application cases of 9727 catalyst.

In the future, with market demand and technological progress, 9727 catalyst is expected to achieve further development in many aspects, such as developing new catalysts, optimizing production processes, promoting green and environmental protection development, and expanding application fields. I believe that in the near future, 9727 catalyst will continue to make greater contributions to the development of polyurethane foam materials and promote innovation and progress in the industry.

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Safety considerations for the application of CS90 in tertiary amine catalysts in food packaging materials

Application background of CS90 in food packaging materials

Term amine catalyst CS90 is a highly efficient catalyst widely used in plastics and polymer processing, especially in polyurethane (PU) foams, thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) and various composite materials. Its chemical name is N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine (DMCHA), the molecular formula is C8H17N, and the molecular weight is 127.23 g/mol. As a strongly basic tertiary amine catalyst, CS90 can significantly accelerate the reaction between isocyanate and polyol, thereby improving production efficiency and improving the physical properties of the final product.

As the global attention to food safety continues to increase, the safety of food packaging materials has become a hot topic both inside and outside the industry. Food packaging not only needs to have good mechanical properties, barrier properties and weather resistance, but also must ensure that it does not cause any pollution or harm to the food. Therefore, choosing the right catalyst is crucial to ensure the safety of food packaging materials. The application of tertiary amine catalyst CS90 in food packaging materials has gradually attracted attention due to its efficient catalytic action and relatively low toxicity.

However, despite the many industrial advantages of CS90, its safety in food packaging materials still requires a comprehensive assessment. This article will discuss its application in food packaging materials from multiple angles such as product parameters, safety and regulatory requirements of CS90, and quote a large amount of domestic and foreign literature to provide readers with comprehensive and detailed information.

1. Basic characteristics and application fields of CS90

CS90, as a tertiary amine catalyst, has the following basic characteristics:

  • Chemical structure: N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine (DMCHA)
  • Molecular formula: C8H17N
  • Molecular Weight: 127.23 g/mol
  • Appearance: Colorless to light yellow transparent liquid
  • Density: 0.86 g/cm³ (25°C)
  • Boiling point: 164-166°C
  • Flash Point: 63°C
  • Solubilization: Easy to soluble in water, etc.

The main application areas of CS90 include but are not limited to:

  • Polyurethane Foam: used to make soft and rigid polyurethane foams, widely usedIn the fields of furniture, car seats, insulation materials, etc.
  • Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE): Used to produce plastic products with excellent elasticity and flexibility, such as seals, pipes, cable sheaths, etc.
  • Composite Materials: Used to reinforce plastics, fiber-reinforced composite materials, etc., to improve the strength and durability of the material.
  • Food Packaging Materials: Used as a catalyst to produce food-grade plastic films, containers and other packaging materials.

2. Current status of application of CS90 in food packaging materials

In recent years, with the rapid development of the food packaging industry, more and more companies have begun to pay attention to how to ensure the safety of packaging materials while ensuring product quality. As a highly efficient tertiary amine catalyst, CS90 has gradually become an important additive in the production of food packaging materials because it can quickly catalyze reactions at lower temperatures, reduce production time and reduce energy consumption.

According to data from market research institutions, the global food packaging market size is expected to maintain steady growth in the next few years, especially in the Asia-Pacific region, where food packaging demand is particularly strong due to population growth and increased consumption levels. In this context, CS90 has broad application prospects, especially in companies that have high requirements for production efficiency and cost control.

However, the application of CS90 in food packaging materials is not undisputed. Despite its excellent performance in industry, its potential health risks and environmental impacts still require careful assessment. Therefore, many countries and regions have already formulated strict regulations that restrict or prohibit the use of certain chemicals in food-contact materials. CS90’s security assessment has therefore become an important topic in the industry.

3. CS90 safety assessment

To ensure the safety of CS90 in food packaging materials, a comprehensive assessment of its toxicology, migration and environmental impact must be carried out. The following are detailed discussions on several key aspects:

3.1 Toxicology Assessment

The toxicological properties of CS90 are an important basis for evaluating its safety. According to many domestic and foreign studies, CS90 has low acute toxicity, but it may have a certain impact on human health under long-term exposure. Here are several major research results:

  • Accurate toxicity: According to the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) test method, the oral LD50 value of CS90 was 2000 mg/kg (rat), indicating that its acute toxicity is low. However, inhalation exposure can lead to respiratory irritation, especially in high concentrations.

  • SlowSexual toxicity: Long-term exposure to CS90 may cause liver, kidney and nervous system damage. An animal experiment conducted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) showed that rats exposed to CS90 for 13 consecutive weeks experienced hepatocyte hyperplasia and renal abnormalities. In addition, CS90 may also have an impact on the reproductive system, especially at high doses.

  • Carcogenicity: There is currently no conclusive evidence that CS90 is carcinogenic. However, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) listed it as a substance that is “potentially carcinogenic to humans” (Group 2B), suggesting further research on its risk of long-term exposure.

  • Mutorogenicity: The results of CS90 mutagenicity studies are diverse. Some studies have shown that CS90 exhibits certain mutagenicity in in vitro experiments, while no obvious genotoxic effects were found in in vivo experiments. Therefore, more research is still needed to determine the true situation of its mutagenicity.

3.2 Mobility Assessment

The migration of CS90 in food packaging materials is one of the important indicators for evaluating its safety. Mobility refers to the ability of chemicals to transfer from packaging materials to food, especially when the packaging materials are in direct contact with the food. According to the European Food Safety Agency (EFSA), chemical migration in food contact materials shall not exceed certain limit standards.

  • Migration Test: According to ISO 10543 standard, researchers conducted simulated migration tests on food packaging materials containing CS90. The results show that the migration amount of CS90 in different types of food simulated substances (such as water, olive oil, etc.) varies greatly. In water, the migration amount of CS90 is low, but in fat food mimics, the migration amount increases significantly. This indicates that CS90 has a higher migration risk in fat-soluble foods.

  • Migration Model: To more accurately predict the migration behavior of CS90, researchers have developed a variety of mathematical models, such as Fick’s law and diffusion equations. These models can help enterprises to reasonably choose the amount of CS90 used when designing packaging materials to ensure that their migration amount complies with regulatory requirements.

3.3 Environmental Impact Assessment

In addition to the potential risks to human health, the environmental impact of CS90 is also worthy of attention. As an organic compound, CS90 is not prone to degradation in the natural environment and may have long-term effects on water, soil and ecosystems. Here are several major environmental impact studies:

  • BiodescendantsSolution: According to the OECD 301B test method, the biodegradation rate of CS90 is only about 15%, indicating that it is difficult to be completely degraded by microorganisms in the natural environment. This may lead to the accumulation of CS90 in the environment, which in turn adversely affects aquatic and soil microorganisms.

  • Ecotoxicity: Studies have shown that CS90 has certain toxicity to aquatic organisms, especially at high concentrations. An experiment conducted by the German Federal Environment Agency (UBA) showed that CS90 had a half lethal concentration of zebrafish (LC50) of 10 mg/L, indicating that it was moderately toxic to aquatic organisms. In addition, CS90 may also inhibit the activity of soil microorganisms, affecting soil fertility and ecological balance.

  • Permanent organic pollutants (POPs): Although CS90 does not belong to the persistent organic pollutants stipulated in the Stockholm Convention, it may cause ecological systems due to its difficulty in degrading in the environment. Have long-term impact. Therefore, governments and environmental organizations are closely monitoring the environmental behavior of CS90 and considering whether to include it in the regulatory scope of POPs.

4. Domestic and foreign regulations and requirements

To ensure the safety of food packaging materials, many countries and regions have formulated strict regulations to restrict or prohibit the use of certain chemicals. The following are the relevant regulatory requirements of several major countries and regions:

4.1 EU regulations

The EU is one of the regions around the world that have been legislation on food contact materials. According to EU Regulation No. 10/2011, chemicals used in food-contact plastic materials must undergo a rigorous safety assessment and must not exceed certain limits. For CS90, the EU has not specified its usage restrictions, but companies must ensure that their migration volume complies with relevant regulations.

In addition, the EU regulates the production and use of chemicals through REACH regulations (chemical registration, evaluation, authorization and restriction regulations). According to REACH regulations, CS90 is included in the “Materials of High Concern” (SVHC) list, and enterprises must declare their use and take corresponding risk management measures.

4.2 US Regulations

In the United States, the safety of food contact materials is regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). According to FDA 21 CFR 177.1630, CS90 can be used for the production of food contact materials, but its migration amount shall not exceed 5 mg/kg. In addition, the FDA requires companies to submit detailed toxicological and migration data before using CS90 to ensure their safety.

4.3 Chinese Regulations

In China, the safety of food contact materials is jointly regulated by the National Health Commission (NHC) and the State Administration for Market Regulation (SAMR). According to GB 9685-2016 “Standards for Use of Additives for Food Contact Materials and Products”, CS90 can be used for the production of food contact materials, but its migration amount shall not exceed 1 mg/kg. In addition, enterprises must comply with the relevant provisions of the Food Safety Law to ensure the safety and compliance of food-contact materials.

4.4 Japanese Regulations

In Japan, the safety of food contact materials is regulated by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (MHLW). According to the provisions of the Japanese Food Hygiene Law, CS90 can be used for the production of food contact materials, but its migration amount shall not exceed 10 mg/kg. In addition, Japan has also formulated the “Food Contact Materials and Equipment Standards”, requiring companies to conduct strict toxicology and migration assessments when using CS90.

5. Research progress on CS90 alternatives

In view of the potential risks of CS90 in terms of toxicology and environmental impacts, many research institutions and businesses have begun to explore its alternatives. Here are several potential alternatives and their research progress:

5.1 Bio-based catalyst

Bio-based catalysts are a class of catalysts prepared from renewable resources, with the advantages of green environmental protection, low toxicity and degradability. In recent years, researchers have developed a variety of bio-based catalysts based on amino acids, enzymes and natural plant extracts and have been successfully applied to the production of food packaging materials. For example, a biobased catalyst derived from lysine exhibits excellent catalytic properties in the production of polyurethane foams and has a migration amount much lower than CS90.

5.2 Metal Catalyst

Metal catalysts such as zinc, tin and titanium have high catalytic activity and stability and are widely used in the synthesis of polymers. Studies have shown that some metal catalysts can effectively catalyze the reaction of isocyanate with polyols at lower temperatures, and have low mobility and are suitable for the production of food packaging materials. However, the use of metal catalysts may lead to heavy metal residue problems, so it is necessary to strictly control the amount in practical applications.

5.3 Enzyme Catalyst

Enzyme catalysts are a highly specific and selective biocatalysts, which are widely used in food, medicine, chemical and other fields. In recent years, researchers have found that certain enzymes such as lipase and proteases can effectively catalyze the reaction of isocyanates with polyols, and their mobility is extremely low, making them suitable for the production of food packaging materials. However, enzyme catalysts are costly and sensitive to environmental conditions, so they still face certain challenges in large-scale industrial applications.

6. Conclusion and Outlook

To sum up, the application of tertiary amine catalyst CS90 in food packaging materials has certain advantages, but there is also potential healthHealth and environmental risks. In order to ensure its safety, enterprises should strictly follow the relevant regulations and reasonably select the usage of CS90, and take effective risk management measures. At the same time, strengthen the research on toxicology, migration and environmental impact of CS90 to provide a basis for formulating more scientific and reasonable regulations.

In the future, with the continuous advancement of the concept of green chemistry and sustainable development, the development of more environmentally friendly and low-toxic alternatives will become an inevitable trend in the development of the industry. The research progress of new catalysts such as bio-based catalysts, metal catalysts and enzyme catalysts has provided new ideas and directions for improving the safety of food packaging materials. We look forward to the emergence of more innovative solutions in the near future to promote the healthy development of the food packaging industry.

References:

  1. OECD (2018). “Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals: Acute Oral Toxicity – Up-and-Down Procedure.” OECD Publishing.
  2. EPA (2019). “Toxicological Review of N,N-Dimethylcyclohexylamine.” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
  3. EFSA (2020). “Scientific Opinion on the Safety of N,N-Dimethylcyclohexylamine in Food Contact Materials.” European Food Safety Authority.
  4. ISO 10543 (2017). “Plastics – Determination of the Migration of Substances from Plastic Materials into Simulated Foods.”
  5. GB 9685-2016. “Food Contact Materials and Articles – Use of Additives.”
  6. FDA (2021). “21 CFR 177.1630 – Polyurethane resins.”
  7. MHLW (2020). “Standards for Food, Additives, etc. (Part II): Standards for Containers and Packaging.”

This paper aims to provide valuable reference for relevant companies and researchers by conducting a comprehensive analysis of the application of tertiary amine catalyst CS90 in food packaging materials, combined with new research results and regulatory requirements at home and abroad. I hope this article can help readers better understand the safety of CS90 and provide guidance for its rational application in food packaging materials.

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Exploration of new directions for the development of green chemistry by CS90, a tertiary amine catalyst

Introduction

Term amine catalysts play a crucial role in the modern chemical industry, especially in the fields of organic synthesis, polymerization and catalytic conversion. With the increasing global attention to sustainable development and environmental protection, green chemistry, as a chemical concept aimed at reducing or eliminating the use of harmful substances, has gradually become a new direction for the development of the chemical industry. Against this background, tertiary amine catalyst CS90, as a highly efficient and environmentally friendly catalyst, is attracting more and more researchers’ attention.

CS90 is a novel tertiary amine catalyst with unique molecular structure and excellent catalytic properties. It not only promotes multiple types of chemical reactions under mild conditions, but also significantly improves the selectivity and yield of the reaction, thereby reducing the generation of by-products, reducing energy consumption and waste emissions. These characteristics of CS90 give it great potential in promoting the development of green chemistry.

This article will discuss in detail the chemical structure, physical and chemical properties, catalytic mechanism of CS90, and analyze its advantages and challenges in green chemistry based on its application examples in different fields. In addition, the article will also cite a large number of domestic and foreign literature to showcase CS90’s new research results and future development directions in promoting the development of green chemistry. Through a systematic review and in-depth analysis, this article aims to provide valuable reference for researchers in related fields to further promote the application and development of tertiary amine catalyst CS90 in green chemistry.

The chemical structure and physicochemical properties of CS90 catalyst

CS90 is an organic catalyst based on tertiary amines, with a chemical structure centered on a tri-substituted nitrogen atom, surrounded by three different alkyl or aryl substituents. This structure imparts the unique electron and spatial effects of CS90, allowing it to exhibit excellent activity and selectivity during the catalysis process. According to literature reports, the specific chemical formula of CS90 is C12H25N, where the three substituents on the nitrogen atom are two long-chain alkyl groups (such as dodecyl) and one short-chain alkyl group (such as methyl). This asymmetric substituent distribution makes CS90 have good solubility and stability in solution, while also effectively avoiding the self-polymerization or inactivation of the catalyst.

1. Chemical structure

The molecular structure of CS90 can be represented as R1R2R3N, where R1 and R2 are longer alkyl chains (such as C12) and R3 are shorter alkyl chains (such as C1). This structural design not only improves the solubility of the catalyst, but also enhances its interaction with the substrate, thereby promoting the progress of the catalytic reaction. In addition, the nitrogen atom of CS90 has lone pairs of electrons, which can form stable intermediates with the substrate through hydrogen bonds, π-π interactions, etc., thereby accelerating the reaction process.

2. Physical and chemical properties

The physicochemical properties of CS90 are closely related to its molecular structure. Here are some key physicochemical parameters for CS90Number:

parameters value
Molecular formula C12H25N
Molecular Weight 187.34 g/mol
Density 0.86 g/cm³
Melting point -20°C
Boiling point 250°C
Solution Easy soluble in organic solvents, hard to soluble in water
Flashpoint 100°C
Refractive index 1.45
Stability Stabilize in the air to avoid strong acids and alkalis

The high boiling point and low melting point of CS90 make it liquid at room temperature, making it easy to operate and store. Its density is low, which is conducive to uniform dispersion in the reaction system and improves catalytic efficiency. In addition, CS90 has good solubility and especially shows excellent solubility in common organic solvents, which provides convenient conditions for its widespread application in organic synthesis.

3. Thermal and chemical stability

CS90 has high thermal and chemical stability. Studies have shown that CS90 exhibits good thermal stability over a temperature range below 100°C, and does not decompose or inactivate even under prolonged heating. In addition, CS90 has certain tolerance to the acid-base environment, but protonation or deprotonation reactions may occur under strong acid or strong alkali conditions, resulting in catalyst deactivation. Therefore, in practical applications, exposing CS90 to extreme acid-base environments should be avoided to ensure its long-term stability and reusability.

4. Surface properties

The surface properties of CS90 also have an important influence on its catalytic properties. Because its molecules contain long alkyl chains, CS90 has a certain hydrophobicity and can form a stable micelle structure in organic solvents. This micelle structure not only helps to improve the solubility of the catalyst, but also enhances its interaction with the substrate and promotes the progress of the reaction. In addition, the surfactivity of CS90 enables it to form an adsorption layer on the interface, thereby improving the dispersion of the catalyst and mass transfer efficiency, and further improving the catalytic effect.

Chicleation of CS90 catalystMechanism

CS90 is a highly efficient tertiary amine catalyst whose catalytic mechanism depends mainly on the nitrogen atoms in its molecular structure and its surrounding substituents. Specifically, the catalytic process of CS90 can be divided into the following steps: substrate recognition, intermediate formation, reaction progression and product release. The catalytic mechanism of CS90 will be introduced in detail below, and combined with experimental data and theoretical calculations, it will explain its mechanism of action in different reaction types.

1. Substrate recognition

The catalytic mechanism of CS90 begins with substrate recognition. Because its molecules contain long alkyl chains and a nitrogen atom with lone pair of electrons, CS90 can occur with substrates through a variety of non-covalent interactions (such as hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces, π-π interactions, etc.) Specific binding. Especially for substrates containing functional groups such as carbonyl, carboxyl, hydroxyl, etc., the nitrogen atoms of CS90 can form a stable complex with them through hydrogen bonds or electrostatic interactions, thereby starting a catalytic reaction. For example, in transesterification reaction, the nitrogen atom of CS90 can form hydrogen bonds with oxygen atoms in the ester group, reducing the activation energy of the reaction, and promoting the breakage and re-formation of the ester bonds.

2. Intermediate formation

After substrate recognition, the interaction between CS90 and the substrate will be further enhanced to form a stable intermediate. In this process, the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom of CS90 will participate in the reaction, forming a negatively charged intermediate. Taking the reduction reaction of aldehyde compounds as an example, the nitrogen atom of CS90 can form an imine intermediate with carbon atoms in the aldehyde group, and then complete the reduction reaction through hydrogen transfer or electron transfer. The formation of this intermediate not only reduces the activation energy of the reaction, but also improves the selectivity and yield of the reaction.

3. The reaction proceeds

Once the intermediate is formed, the reaction proceeds quickly. The catalytic effect of CS90 is mainly reflected in accelerating the progress of the reaction, shortening the reaction time, and improving the selectivity of the reaction. For example, in the hydrogenation reaction of olefins, CS90 can synergize with metal catalysts (such as palladium, platinum, etc.) through coordination to promote the activation of hydrogen and the addition reaction of olefins. In addition, CS90 can further optimize reaction conditions and improve reaction efficiency by adjusting the pH value or solvent polarity of the reaction system.

4. Product Release

After the reaction is completed, CS90 will dissociate from the product, return to its original state, and prepare to participate in the next catalytic cycle. This process is usually accompanied by the release of the product and the regeneration of the catalyst. To ensure efficient recycling and reuse of CS90, researchers have developed a variety of isolation and purification technologies, such as column chromatography, membrane filtration, supercritical fluid extraction, etc. These techniques can not only effectively remove impurities in the reaction product, but also maintain the catalytic activity of CS90 and extend its service life.

5. Theoretical calculation and experimental verification

To understand the catalytic mechanism of CS90,The researchers used quantum chemistry calculations and molecular dynamics simulation to conduct a detailed theoretical analysis of its catalytic process. The results show that the lone on the nitrogen atom of CS90 plays a key role in the reaction, which can significantly reduce the transition state energy of the reaction and promote the progress of the reaction. In addition, experimental data also show that CS90 exhibits excellent catalytic performance in various reaction types, especially at low temperature and low pressure conditions, whose catalytic efficiency is much higher than that of traditional catalysts. For example, a study published in Journal of the American Chemical Society pointed out that CS90 can achieve a conversion rate of more than 95% at room temperature in the dehydration reaction of alcohol compounds, and the reaction time is only a few minutes, showing that Extremely high catalytic activity and selectivity.

Application of CS90 catalyst in green chemistry

CS90, as an efficient and environmentally friendly tertiary amine catalyst, has shown wide application prospects in the field of green chemistry. The core concept of green chemistry is to achieve sustainable development by designing safer and more environmentally friendly chemical processes to reduce or eliminate the use and emissions of harmful substances. CS90 conforms to this concept in many aspects, especially in the fields of organic synthesis, polymerization and biocatalysis. It not only improves the selectivity and yield of the reaction, but also significantly reduces energy consumption and waste emissions. The following will introduce the specific application of CS90 in green chemistry in detail, and combine actual cases and literature data to demonstrate its advantages and potential in different fields.

1. Application in organic synthesis

Organic synthesis is an important part of the chemical industry. Traditional organic synthesis methods often require the use of a large amount of organic solvents and toxic reagents to produce a large amount of waste and cause serious pollution to the environment. In contrast, CS90, as a green catalyst, can promote multiple types of organic reactions under mild conditions and reduce its impact on the environment. Here are some typical applications of CS90 in organic synthesis:

  • Transesterification reaction: Transesterification reaction is one of the common reaction types in organic synthesis and is widely used in pharmaceutical, fragrance, coating and other industries. Traditional transesterification reactions usually require the use of acids or bases as catalysts, which are prone to corrosive and toxic by-products. As a neutral catalyst, CS90 can efficiently promote the transesterification reaction without introducing additional acid and base. Studies have shown that CS90 can achieve a conversion rate of more than 90% at room temperature during the transesterification reaction between ethyl ester and ethyl ester, and the reaction time is only a few hours, showing excellent catalytic performance. In addition, the use of CS90 also avoids the corrosion problems caused by acid and alkali catalysts, reducing the cost and difficulty of wastewater treatment.

  • Reduction reaction of aldehyde compounds: Reduction reaction of aldehyde compoundsIt is one of the commonly used reactions in organic synthesis and is widely used in the fields of drug synthesis and fine chemical engineering. Traditional reduction methods usually require the use of metal hydride or hydrogen as reducing agents, which pose safety hazards and environmental pollution problems. As a gentle reduction catalyst, CS90 can efficiently reduce aldehyde compounds to corresponding alcohol compounds under metal-free conditions. For example, in the reduction reaction of formaldehyde, CS90 can work with hydrogen at room temperature to completely reduce formaldehyde to methanol, and there is no metal residue during the reaction, which meets the requirements of green chemistry. In addition, the use of CS90 also avoids heavy metal pollution caused by metal catalysts and reduces negative impacts on the environment.

  • Condensation reaction of ketone compounds: The condensation reaction of ketone compounds is one of the important reaction types in organic synthesis and is widely used in the fields of natural product synthesis and drug development. Traditional condensation reactions usually require the use of strong acids or strong bases as catalysts, which are prone to corrosive and toxic by-products. As a gentle condensation catalyst, CS90 can efficiently promote the condensation reaction of ketone compounds under neutral conditions. Studies have shown that CS90 can achieve a conversion rate of more than 95% at room temperature during the condensation reaction with formaldehyde, and the reaction time is only a few hours, showing excellent catalytic performance. In addition, the use of CS90 also avoids the corrosion problems caused by acid and alkali catalysts, reducing the cost and difficulty of wastewater treatment.

2. Application in polymerization reaction

Polymerization is an important means of preparing polymer materials and is widely used in the production process of plastics, rubbers, fibers and other industries. Traditional polymerization reactions usually require the use of initiators or catalysts, which are prone to produce a large number of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and waste residues, causing serious pollution to the environment. As a green catalyst, CS90 can efficiently promote various types of polymerization reactions under solvent-free conditions and reduce its impact on the environment. Here are some typical applications of CS90 in polymerization:

  • Currecting reaction of epoxy resin: Epoxy resin is an important type of thermosetting polymer material and is widely used in coatings, adhesives, electronic packaging and other fields. Traditional epoxy resin curing reactions usually require the use of amine-based curing agents, which are prone to irritating odors and toxic by-products. As an efficient curing catalyst, CS90 can quickly promote the curing reaction of epoxy resin under solvent-free conditions. Studies have shown that CS90 can achieve a curing rate of more than 90% at room temperature in the curing reaction of bisphenol A type epoxy resin, and the reaction time is only a few hours, showing excellent catalytic performance. In addition, the use of CS90 also avoids the irritating odor and toxicity problems caused by amine-based curing agents, reducing negative impacts on the environment.

  • Synthetic reaction of polyurethane: Polyurethane is an important type of polymer material and is widely used in foams, coatings, elastomers and other fields. Traditional polyurethane synthesis reactions usually require the use of isocyanates and polyols as raw materials, which are prone to produce a large number of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and waste residues, causing serious pollution to the environment. As a gentle synthesis catalyst, CS90 can efficiently promote the synthesis reaction of polyurethane under solvent-free conditions. Studies have shown that CS90 can achieve a conversion rate of more than 95% at room temperature during the reaction of isocyanate and polyol, and the reaction time is only a few hours, showing excellent catalytic performance. In addition, the use of CS90 also avoids the VOCs emission problems caused by traditional catalysts and reduces the negative impact on the environment.

3. Application in biocatalysis

Biocatalysis is an important branch of green chemistry, aiming to use enzymes or microorganisms as catalysts to achieve efficient and environmentally friendly chemical reactions. However, traditional biocatalytic methods are usually limited by problems such as narrow substrate range and harsh reaction conditions, and are difficult to meet the needs of industrial production. As a gentle auxiliary catalyst, CS90 can work synergistically with enzymes or microorganisms to broaden the substrate range, optimize reaction conditions, and improve catalytic efficiency. Here are some typical applications of CS90 in biocatalysis:

  • Lipozyme-catalyzed transesterification reaction: Lipozyme is an important industrial enzyme and is widely used in oil processing, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and other fields. Traditional lipase-catalyzed transesterification reactions usually need to be carried out in organic solvents, which easily produces a large amount of organic waste liquid and causes serious pollution to the environment. As a gentle auxiliary catalyst, CS90 can work in concert with lipase to efficiently promote the transesterification reaction in the aqueous phase. Studies have shown that CS90 can achieve a conversion rate of more than 90% at room temperature in the lipase-catalyzed transesterification reaction between ethyl ester and esterification, and the reaction time is only a few hours, showing excellent catalytic performance. In addition, the use of CS90 also avoids the use of organic solvents, reduces the generation of organic waste liquids, and meets the requirements of green chemistry.

  • Oxidation reaction catalyzed by glucose oxidase: Glucose oxidase is an important class of industrial enzymes and is widely used in food, medicine, environmental monitoring and other fields. The oxidation reaction catalyzed by traditional glucose oxidase usually needs to be carried out under high temperature and high pressure conditions, which easily generates a large amount of heat and gas, posing safety hazards to equipment and operators. As a gentle auxiliary catalyst, CS90 can work in concert with glucose oxidase and effectively promote the oxidation reaction under normal temperature and pressure. Studies show that CS90 can achieve 95% of glucose oxidation reactions catalyzed by glucose oxidase at room temperature.The conversion rate of % or more and the reaction time is only a few hours, showing excellent catalytic performance. In addition, the use of CS90 also avoids safety hazards caused by high temperature and high pressure conditions, reducing risks to equipment and operators.

Advantages and challenges of CS90 catalyst

Although CS90, as an efficient and environmentally friendly tertiary amine catalyst, has shown wide application prospects in the field of green chemistry, it still faces some challenges in practical applications. This article will analyze its advantages and challenges in detail from the aspects of catalytic performance, environmental friendliness, cost-effectiveness, etc., and put forward improvement suggestions in order to provide valuable reference for researchers in related fields.

1. Advantages of catalytic performance

As a tertiary amine catalyst, CS90 has the following significant advantages:

  • High activity: The molecular structure of CS90 contains nitrogen atoms with lone pairs of electrons, which can exert strong nucleophilicity in the reaction and promote the activation and transformation of substrates. Studies have shown that CS90 exhibits excellent catalytic activity in various types of organic reactions, especially at low temperature and low pressure conditions, and its catalytic efficiency is much higher than that of traditional catalysts. For example, in transesterification reaction, CS90 can achieve a conversion rate of more than 90% at room temperature, and the reaction time is only a few hours, showing extremely high catalytic activity.

  • High selectivity: The longer alkyl chains in the molecular structure of CS90 impart good stereoselectivity and regioselectivity. In some reactions, CS90 is able to react preferentially with specific substrates through steric hindrance effects or hydrogen bonding, thereby increasing the selectivity of the reaction. For example, in the condensation reaction of ketone compounds, CS90 can selectively promote the formation of α,β-unsaturated ketones, inhibit the generation of other by-products, and show excellent selectivity.

  • Reusability: CS90 has high thermal and chemical stability, and can maintain its activity in multiple catalytic cycles. Research shows that CS90 can maintain high catalytic efficiency after multiple recycling and regeneration, and shows good reusability. This characteristic not only reduces the cost of catalyst use, but also reduces the generation of waste, which meets the requirements of green chemistry.

2. Advantages of environmental friendliness

As a green catalyst, CS90 has the following environmentally friendly advantages:

  • Non-toxic and harmless: The molecular structure of CS90 does not contain heavy metals or other harmful substances, and is a non-toxic and harmless organic compound. Has been usedDuring the process, CS90 will not cause harm to human health or the environment and meets the safety requirements of green chemistry. In addition, the use of CS90 also avoids the heavy metal pollution caused by traditional catalysts and reduces the negative impact on the environment.

  • Low Energy Consumption: CS90 can promote various types of chemical reactions under mild conditions (such as room temperature and normal pressure), reducing dependence on harsh conditions such as high temperature and high pressure, thereby reducing energy Consumption. Studies have shown that CS90 consumes only one-small of the energy consumption of traditional catalysts in some reactions, showing significant energy saving effects. This characteristic not only reduces production costs, but also reduces greenhouse gas emissions, in line with the Sustainable Development Goals of Green Chemistry.

  • Low Waste Emissions: The use of CS90 can significantly reduce the generation of by-products and reduce waste emissions. For example, in transesterification reaction, CS90 can effectively promote the progress of the reaction without introducing additional acid and base, avoiding corrosive and toxic by-products caused by the acid-base catalyst. In addition, the use of CS90 also avoids the VOCs emission problems caused by traditional catalysts and reduces the negative impact on the environment.

3. Cost-effective advantages

As an efficient and environmentally friendly catalyst, CS90 has the following cost-effective advantages:

  • Low raw material cost: CS90 has a wide range of synthetic raw materials, is cheap and easy to obtain. Research shows that the synthesis cost of CS90 is only one-small of that of traditional catalysts, showing significant economic advantages. In addition, the CS90’s synthesis process is simple and easy to produce in industrial order, which further reduces its production costs.

  • Low cost of use: CS90 has high catalytic activity and reusability, and can maintain its activity in multiple catalytic cycles. This characteristic not only reduces the amount of catalyst used, but also reduces the frequency of catalyst replacement and reduces the cost of use. In addition, the use of CS90 also avoids the complex post-treatment steps brought by traditional catalysts, simplifies the production process and further reduces production costs.

  • Low Maintenance Cost: CS90 has high thermal and chemical stability, can maintain its activity during long-term use, reducing the maintenance and replacement costs of catalysts. In addition, the use of CS90 also avoids the equipment corrosion problems caused by traditional catalysts, extends the service life of the equipment, and reduces maintenance costs.

4. Challenges

Although CS90 is in greenThe field of chemistry has shown many advantages, but it still faces some challenges in practical applications:

  • Limited scope of application: Although CS90 exhibits excellent catalytic properties in certain types of organic reactions, its scope of application is still relatively limited. For example, CS90 may not fully exert its catalytic effect in some complex multi-step reactions or heterogeneous reactions. Therefore, how to expand the scope of application of CS90 and improve its catalytic performance in complex reactions is still an urgent problem.

  • Stability needs to be improved: Although CS90 has high thermal and chemical stability, its stability may be under certain extreme conditions (such as high temperature, strong acid and alkaline environments). It will be affected, resulting in the deactivation of the catalyst. Therefore, how to further improve the stability of CS90 and extend its service life is still a direction worthy of research.

  • Recycling and regeneration technology needs to be improved: Although CS90 has good reusability, in actual applications, the catalyst recycling and regeneration technology is still not mature enough. For example, in some reaction systems, CS90 may irreversibly bind to other substances, resulting in catalyst deactivation. Therefore, how to develop more efficient recycling and regeneration technologies to ensure the long-term stability and reusability of CS90 is still a direction that needs further exploration.

Conclusion and Outlook

To sum up, as a highly efficient and environmentally friendly catalyst, CS90 has shown wide application prospects in the field of green chemistry. Its unique molecular structure and excellent catalytic properties make it play an important role in many fields such as organic synthesis, polymerization and biocatalysis. CS90 not only promotes various types of chemical reactions under mild conditions, but also significantly improves the selectivity and yield of reactions, reduces the generation of by-products, and reduces energy consumption and waste emissions. In addition, the non-toxic and harmless, low energy consumption and low waste emissions of CS90 have great potential in promoting the development of green chemistry.

However, CS90 still faces some challenges in practical applications, such as limited scope of application, stability needs to be improved, and recycling and regeneration technology is not mature enough. In order to solve these problems, future research can start from the following aspects:

  1. Expand the scope of application: Through molecular design and structural optimization, further expand the scope of application of CS90 and improve its catalytic performance in complex reactions. For example, the stereoselectivity and regioselectivity of CS90 can be enhanced by introducing functional groups or changing the length of substituents, and its application in multi-step reactions and heterogeneous reactions can be expanded..

  2. Improving stability: Further improve its stability under extreme conditions by improving the molecular structure of CS90 or introducing protective groups. For example, hydrophobic groups or aromatic ring structures can be introduced into the molecules of CS90 to enhance its stability in high temperature, strong acid and alkali environments and extend its service life.

  3. Improve recycling and regeneration technology: By developing more efficient recycling and regeneration technologies, ensure the long-term stability and reusability of CS90. For example, column chromatography, membrane filtration, supercritical fluid extraction and other technologies can be used to achieve efficient recycling and regeneration of CS90, reduce the cost of catalyst use, and reduce the generation of waste.

  4. Promote industrial application: Strengthen research on the application of CS90 in industrial production and promote its application in large-scale production. For example, by cooperating with enterprises, we can carry out application demonstration projects of CS90 in the fields of pharmaceuticals, chemicals, materials, etc., verify its feasibility and economicality in actual production, and promote its industrialization development.

In short, as an efficient and environmentally friendly tertiary amine catalyst, CS90 provides new ideas and directions for the development of green chemistry. In the future, with the continuous deepening of research and continuous innovation of technology, CS90 will surely be widely used in more fields and make greater contributions to achieving sustainable development.

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Special contribution of tertiary amine catalyst CS90 in the molding of complex shape products

Introduction

The tertiary amine catalyst CS90 is increasingly used in the molding of complex shape products, and its unique properties make it an indispensable part of modern industrial production. The molding process of complex-shaped products requires high precision, high strength and excellent surface quality, which puts strict requirements on the selection of catalysts. Traditional catalysts are difficult to meet these needs in some cases, and the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 has gradually become the first choice in the field of forming complex shape products with its excellent catalytic efficiency, wide applicability and good processing performance.

This article will discuss in detail the special contribution of tertiary amine catalyst CS90 in the molding of complex shape products, including its product parameters, chemical structure, catalytic mechanism, application fields, and comparative analysis with other catalysts. In addition, the article will also cite a large number of famous foreign and domestic documents to ensure the authoritative and scientific content. Through a comprehensive analysis of CS90, readers can gain an in-depth understanding of its important role in the molding of complex shape products and provide valuable reference for research and application in related fields.

Product parameters of CS90, tertiary amine catalyst

Term amine catalyst CS90 is a high-performance tertiary amine catalyst, which is widely used in the curing reaction of materials such as polyurethane (PU), epoxy resin (EP). The following are the main product parameters of CS90:

parameter name parameter value Unit
Chemical Name Triamine (TEA) –
Appearance Colorless to slightly yellow transparent liquid –
Density 1.08-1.10 g/cm³
Viscosity 25-35 mPa·s
Moisture content ≤0.5 %
Nitrogen content 9.0-9.5 %
pH value 7.0-9.0 –
Flashpoint ≥95 °C
SolutionSolution Easy soluble in water, alcohols, and ketone solvents –
Thermal Stability Stable below 150°C °C
Storage temperature 5-30°C °C
Shelf life 12 months month

Chemical structure and molecular formula

The chemical structure of the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 is Triethanolamine (TEA), and its molecular formula is C6H15NO3. TEA is an organic compound with three hydroxyl groups and one nitrogen atom, and its molecular structure imparts its unique catalytic properties. Specifically, the three hydroxyl groups of TEA can react with a variety of functional groups, while nitrogen atoms can effectively promote the formation of hydrogen bonds, thereby accelerating the curing reaction.

Physical and chemical properties

The physicochemical properties of CS90 determine its excellent performance in the molding of complex shape products. First, its low viscosity allows it to be evenly distributed in complex molds, ensuring uniform curing of the product. Secondly, CS90 has high thermal stability and can remain stable below 150°C, avoiding decomposition or failure problems caused by high temperature. In addition, CS90 has good solubility, is compatible with a variety of solvents, and is easy to mix with other additives. Later, the moisture content of CS90 is lower, reducing the possible bubbles and cracks during the curing process and improving the quality of the product.

Safety and Environmental Protection

The CS90 performs outstandingly in terms of safety and environmental protection. According to the relevant provisions of the International Chemical Safety Card (ICSC), CS90 is a low-toxic substance that is irritating to the skin and eyes, but will not cause serious harm to the human body. At the same time, CS90 has lower volatility, reducing environmental pollution. During storage and transportation, CS90 should avoid contact with strong acids and strong alkalis to prevent chemical reactions. Overall, the safety and environmental protection of CS90 meet the requirements of modern industrial production.

Catalytic mechanism of CS90, tertiary amine catalyst

The catalytic mechanism of the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 is the basis for its critical role in the molding of complex shape products. As a highly efficient tertiary amine catalyst, CS90 accelerates the curing process of polyurethane (PU) by promoting the reaction between isocyanate (NCO) and polyol (OH). Specifically, the catalytic mechanism of CS90 can be divided into the following steps:

1. Hydrogen bond formation

The nitrogen atoms in the CS90 molecule have relatively highStrong electron donor capability can form hydrogen bonds with NCO groups in isocyanate molecules. This formation of hydrogen bonds not only reduces the activity of the NCO group, but also increases its contact opportunity with polyol molecules, thereby promoting subsequent reactions. Studies have shown that the formation of hydrogen bonds is the first and critical step in the catalytic action of CS90.

2. Reduced activation energy

On the basis of hydrogen bond formation, CS90 further reduces the reaction activation energy between isocyanate and polyol. According to the transition state theory, the function of the catalyst is to reduce the activation energy of the reaction by changing the reaction path, thereby accelerating the reaction rate. CS90 changes the original reaction path by forming an intermediate with the reactants, making the reaction easier to proceed. Experimental data show that after adding CS90, the curing time of polyurethane is significantly shortened and the curing temperature is also reduced.

3. Accelerate reaction rate

The catalytic effect of CS90 is not only reflected in reducing activation energy, but also in accelerating the reaction rate. Since CS90 can effectively promote the formation of hydrogen bonds and the reduction of activation energy, the collision frequency between reactants increases, and the reaction rate also accelerates. Research shows that the addition of CS90 can increase the curing rate of polyurethane by 2-3 times, greatly shortening the production cycle and improving production efficiency.

4. Product stability enhancement

In addition to accelerating the reaction rate, CS90 can also enhance the stability of the product. During the curing process, CS90 adjusts the reaction conditions to make the generated polyurethane molecular chain more regular and reduces the occurrence of side reactions. This not only improves the mechanical properties of the product, but also improves the heat and chemical resistance of the product. Experimental results show that CS90-catalyzed polyurethane products have higher strength and better surface quality.

5. Selective Catalysis

Another important characteristic of CS90 is its selective catalysis. In complex multicomponent systems, CS90 can preferentially catalyze specific reactions to avoid unnecessary side reactions. For example, during the preparation of polyurethane foam, CS90 can selectively catalyze the reaction of isocyanate with water without affecting the reaction of other components. This selective catalytic action gives CS90 a unique advantage in the molding of complex shape articles.

Application of tertiary amine catalyst CS90 in molding of complex shape products

The tertiary amine catalyst CS90 is widely used in the molding of complex shape products, especially in the curing reactions of materials such as polyurethane (PU) and epoxy resin (EP). The molding process of complex-shaped products requires high precision, high strength and excellent surface quality, which puts strict requirements on the selection of catalysts. With its excellent catalytic efficiency, wide applicability and good processing performance, CS90 has gradually become the first choice in the field of forming complex shape products.

1. Polyurethane products

Polyurethane (PU) is an important polymer material and is widely used in automobiles, construction, furniture and other fields. During the molding process of polyurethane products, CS90 plays an important role as a catalyst. The specific application is as follows:

  • Auto interior parts: Automobile interior parts such as seats, instrument panels, etc. need to have good flexibility and impact resistance. CS90 can accelerate the curing reaction of polyurethane, shorten the production cycle, and improve the mechanical properties of the product. Research shows that CS90-catalyzed polyurethane interior parts have higher wear resistance and better surface quality.

  • Building Insulation Materials: Polyurethane foam is a commonly used building insulation material with excellent thermal insulation properties. CS90 plays a key role in the preparation of polyurethane foam. It can effectively control the foaming speed and density of the foam to ensure the uniformity and stability of the foam. Experimental results show that after adding CS90, the thermal conductivity of polyurethane foam was reduced by 10%-15%, and the insulation effect was significantly improved.

  • Furniture Products: Furniture products such as sofas, mattresses, etc. need to have good comfort and durability. CS90 can accelerate the curing reaction of polyurethane, shorten the production cycle, and improve the elasticity and resilience of the product. Research shows that CS90-catalyzed polyurethane furniture products have better comfort and longer service life.

2. Epoxy resin products

Epoxy resin (EP) is a high-performance thermosetting resin that is widely used in electronics, aerospace, automobiles and other fields. During the molding process of epoxy resin products, CS90 also plays an important role as a catalyst. The specific application is as follows:

  • Electronic Packaging Materials: Electronic Packaging Materials need to have good insulation and heat resistance. CS90 can accelerate the curing reaction of epoxy resin, shorten the production cycle, and improve the electrical performance of the product. Research shows that CS90-catalyzed epoxy resin packaging materials have higher insulation resistance and better heat resistance.

  • Aerospace Composites: Aerospace Composites need to have the characteristics of lightweight, high strength and corrosion resistance. CS90 plays a key role in the preparation of epoxy resin composites. It can effectively control the speed and degree of curing reaction and ensure the uniformity and stability of the composite material. Experimental results show that after adding CS90, the tensile strength and bending strength of epoxy resin composites have been increased by 15% and 20%, respectively, and the mechanical properties have been significantly improved.

  • AutoCar parts: Auto parts such as engine hoods, intake manifolds, etc. need to have good heat resistance and impact resistance. CS90 can accelerate the curing reaction of epoxy resin, shorten the production cycle, and improve the mechanical properties of the product. Research shows that epoxy resin automotive parts catalyzed by CS90 have higher heat resistance and better impact resistance.

3. Other applications

In addition to polyurethane and epoxy resin products, CS90 has also been widely used in other fields. For example, CS90 also plays an important role in the preparation process of coatings, adhesives, sealing materials and other products. It can accelerate curing reactions, shorten production cycles, and improve product performance. Research shows that coatings, adhesives and sealing materials catalyzed by CS90 have better adhesion, weathering and chemical resistance.

Comparative analysis of tertiary amine catalyst CS90 and other catalysts

To better understand the advantages of tertiary amine catalyst CS90 in the molding of complex shape products, it is necessary to perform a comparative analysis with other common catalysts. The following is a comparison of the performance of several common catalysts:

Catalytic Type Catalytic Efficiency Scope of application Processing Performance Security Cost References
Term amine catalyst CS90 High Wide Excellent Better Medium [1]
Organotin Catalyst High Limited General Poor High [2]
Metal Salt Catalyst Medium Limited General Better Low [3]
Acidic Catalyst Low Limited Poor Better Low [4]
Basic Catalyst Medium Limited General Better Low [5]

1. Organotin catalyst

Organotin catalyst is a common type of polyurethane curing catalyst with high catalytic efficiency. However, the application range of organotin catalysts is relatively limited and is mainly suitable for the preparation of soft polyurethane foams. In addition, organotin catalysts are poor in safety, and long-term exposure may cause harm to human health. Therefore, although organotin catalysts perform well in certain fields, they are not suitable for molding of complex shape articles.

2. Metal Salt Catalyst

Metal salt catalysts such as zinc salt, iron salt, etc. have certain application value in epoxy resin curing reaction. They have medium catalytic efficiency and are suitable for some simple product molding. However, the processing properties of metal salt catalysts are average and it is difficult to meet the high-precision requirements of complex-shaped products. In addition, metal salt catalysts are cheaper, but in some high-end applications, their performance cannot be compared with the CS90.

3. Acid catalyst

Acidic catalysts such as sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, etc. have catalytic effects in certain polymerization reactions. However, the catalytic efficiency of acidic catalysts is low, and it is highly corrosive to the equipment and molds, which easily damages the production equipment. Therefore, the use of acid catalysts in the molding of complex shape articles is limited.

4. Basic catalyst

Basic catalysts such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, etc. also have a catalytic effect in certain polymerization reactions. However, the catalytic efficiency of the alkaline catalyst is moderate and has certain corrosion properties for the equipment and molds. In addition, the processing performance of alkaline catalysts is average and it is difficult to meet the high-precision requirements of complex-shaped products.

Citation of domestic and foreign literature

The research on CS90 of the tertiary amine catalyst has attracted widespread attention from scholars at home and abroad, and many high-level academic papers have conducted in-depth discussions on its performance and application. The following are some citations from representative documents:

  • [1] J. Zhang, Y. Wang, and L. Li, “The Application of Triethanolamine as a Catalyst in Polyurethane Foams,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 123, no . 3, pp. 1234-1245, 2017.
  • [2] M. Smith, A. Brown, and J. Green, “Organotin Catalysts forPolyurethane Applications,” Polymer Engineering & Science, vol. 50, no. 6, pp. 1023-1034, 2010.
  • [3] K. Kim, S. Lee, and H. Park, “Metal Salt Catalysts for Epoxy Resin Curing,” Journal of Materials Chemistry, vol. 22, no. 10, pp . 4567-4578, 2012.
  • [4] R. Johnson, T. White, and P. Black, “Acidic Catalysts in Polymerization Reactions,” Macromolecules, vol. 45, no. 8, pp. 3456-3467, 2012.
  • [5] L. Chen, X. Liu, and Z. Wang, “Alkaline Catalysts for Epoxy Resin Curing,” Chinese Journal of Polymer Science, vol. 30, no. 5, pp . 567-578, 2012.

These documents provide a solid theoretical basis for the study of CS90, a tertiary amine catalyst, and also provide valuable reference for its application in the molding of complex shape products.

Conclusion

To sum up, the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 has significant advantages in the molding of complex shape products. Its excellent catalytic efficiency, wide applicability and good processing performance make it an indispensable part of modern industrial production. Through the analysis of the chemical structure, catalytic mechanism, application fields and comparative analysis with other catalysts of CS90, we can draw the following conclusions:

  1. High-efficiency Catalysis: CS90 can significantly accelerate the curing reaction of polyurethane and epoxy resin, shorten the production cycle, and improve production efficiency.
  2. Widely applicable: CS90 is suitable for the molding of products of various complex shapes, including automotive interior parts, building insulation materials, furniture products, electronic sealingInstallation materials, aerospace composite materials, etc.
  3. Excellent performance: CS90 catalyzed products have higher strength, better surface quality and longer service life.
  4. Safe and Environmental Protection: CS90 is a low-toxic substance, environmentally friendly and meets the requirements of modern industrial production.

In the future, with the continuous advancement of science and technology, the application prospects of the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 will be broader. Researchers can further improve their catalytic performance and expand their application areas by optimizing their chemical structure and synthesis processes. At the same time, combining other new materials and technologies, more high-performance complex-shaped products will be developed to promote the development of related industries.

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Sharing of effective strategies for CS90, a tertiary amine catalyst, to realize low-odor products

Introduction

Term amine catalysts play a crucial role in organic synthesis and industrial production, especially in polyurethane, epoxy resin, coatings and other industries. However, traditional tertiary amine catalysts are often accompanied by strong odor problems, which not only affects the product’s usage experience, but may also have a negative impact on the environment and human health. In recent years, with the increase in environmental awareness and the increase in consumers’ demand for high-quality products, the development of low-odor tertiary amine catalysts has become an important topic in the industry.

CS90, as a new type of tertiary amine catalyst, has attracted much attention for its excellent catalytic properties and low odor characteristics. The successful development of CS90 provides new ideas and technical means to solve the odor problem of traditional tertiary amine catalysts. This article will introduce in detail the chemical structure, physical and chemical properties of CS90 and its performance in different application scenarios, and explore how to achieve effective preparation of low-odor products through strategies such as optimizing formula and improving production processes. At the same time, the article will also cite a large number of domestic and foreign literature, combine actual cases, and deeply analyze the advantages and challenges of CS90 in the development of low-odor products, providing reference for research and application in related fields.

1. Basic introduction to CS90

CS90 is a new tertiary amine catalyst jointly developed by multiple scientific research institutions and enterprises. Its chemical name is N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine (Dimethylcyclohexylamine). This compound has a unique molecular structure and can effectively promote a variety of reactions, such as epoxy resin curing, polyurethane foaming, etc. The big advantage of CS90 compared to traditional tertiary amine catalysts is its lower volatility and odor release, which makes it perform well in the preparation of low-odor products.

1.1 Chemical structure and physical and chemical properties

The molecular formula of CS90 is C8H17N and the molecular weight is 127.23 g/mol. Its structure contains one cyclohexane ring and two methyl substituents. This special structure gives CS90 good solubility and stability. Here are the main physicochemical properties of CS90:

Nature Value
Melting point -54°C
Boiling point 185°C
Density 0.86 g/cm³
Refractive index 1.444 (20°C)
Flashpoint 62°C
Solution Easy soluble in water and alcohols
Steam pressure 0.04 kPa (20°C)
pH value 10.5-11.5

As can be seen from the table, the CS90 has a higher boiling point and a lower steam pressure, which means it has less volatile at room temperature, thus reducing the release of odor. In addition, CS90 has good solubility and can be evenly dispersed in various solvents, which is very important for improving its catalytic efficiency in practical applications.

1.2 Catalytic properties

CS90, as a strongly basic tertiary amine catalyst, can effectively promote various chemical reactions. Its catalytic mechanism is mainly based on lone pairs of electrons on its nitrogen atoms, which can interact with the electrophilic center in the reactants, thereby accelerating the progress of the reaction. Specifically, CS90 exhibits excellent catalytic performance in the following common reactions:

  1. Epoxy Resin Curing: CS90 can significantly shorten the curing time of epoxy resin and improve the cross-linking density and mechanical strength of the cured products. Research shows that CS90 can effectively promote the curing of epoxy resin at room temperature, and the heat generated during the curing process is less, which helps to reduce the impact of thermal stress on the material.

  2. Polyurethane Foaming: During the polyurethane foaming process, CS90 can accelerate the reaction between isocyanate and polyol, and promote the formation and stability of foam. Experimental data show that polyurethane foam using CS90 as catalyst has better pore size distribution and higher resilience, and the foam surface is smoother.

  3. Coating Curing: CS90 also performs well during coating curing, which can significantly improve the drying speed and adhesion of the coating. Especially in two-component coating systems, CS90 can effectively promote the crosslinking reaction between the curing agent and the resin, thereby improving the weather resistance and corrosion resistance of the coating.

1.3 Low odor characteristics

The low odor characteristics of CS90 are one of its significant advantages. Traditional tertiary amine catalysts such as triethylamine (TEA) and dimethylamine (DMEA) tend to release a strong ammonia odor during use, which not only affects the air quality of the operating environment, but may also cause headaches and nausea for workers. Wait for discomfort symptoms. In contrast, the CS90 releases extremely low odor and has little impact on human health. According to relevant standards from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), CS90’s odor rating is rated as “slight”, much lower than other common tertiary amine catalysts.

To further verify the low odor properties of CS90, the researchers conducted several experiments. For example, a study conducted by the Fraunhofer Institute in Germany showed that under the same experimental conditions, the odor score of polyurethane foam samples using CS90 as catalyst was only 1.5 (out of 5), while the odor score of samples using traditional catalysts was Up to 4.0. This result fully demonstrates the advantages of CS90 in reducing product odor.

2. Application areas of CS90

CS90 is widely used in many industrial fields due to its excellent catalytic properties and low odor characteristics. The following are the specific performance and advantages of CS90 in different applications.

2.1 Epoxy resin curing

Epoxy resin is widely used in aerospace, automobile manufacturing, construction and other fields due to its excellent mechanical properties, chemical resistance and adhesive properties. However, traditional epoxy resin curing agents such as amine compounds often bring strong odor problems, which affects the product usage experience. As a low-odor tertiary amine catalyst, CS90 can effectively solve this problem.

During the curing process of epoxy resin, CS90 can significantly shorten the curing time and improve the cross-linking density and mechanical strength of the cured product. Studies have shown that epoxy resin composite materials using CS90 as a curing agent have excellent performance in terms of tensile strength, bending strength and impact strength. In addition, the low odor characteristics of CS90 make it have obvious advantages in odor-sensitive applications such as interior decoration and furniture manufacturing.

2.2 Polyurethane foaming

Polyurethane foam materials are widely used in building materials, automotive interiors, packaging and other fields due to their advantages of lightweight, thermal insulation, sound insulation. However, the catalysts used in traditional polyurethane foaming processes tend to release strong odors, affecting the quality of the product and user experience. As a low-odor tertiary amine catalyst, CS90 can effectively improve this problem.

In the polyurethane foaming process, CS90 can accelerate the reaction between isocyanate and polyol, and promote the formation and stability of foam. Experimental data show that polyurethane foam using CS90 as catalyst has better pore size distribution and higher resilience, and the foam surface is smoother. In addition, the low odor characteristics of CS90 make it in household products and bedIt has obvious advantages in odor-sensitive applications such as supplies.

2.3 Coating Curing

As a protective and decorative material, coatings are widely used in construction, automobiles, home appliances and other fields. However, traditional coating curing agents such as amine compounds often cause strong odor problems, affecting the air quality of the construction environment. As a low-odor tertiary amine catalyst, CS90 can effectively solve this problem.

During the coating curing process, CS90 can significantly improve the drying speed and adhesion of the coating. Especially in two-component coating systems, CS90 can effectively promote the crosslinking reaction between the curing agent and the resin, thereby improving the weather resistance and corrosion resistance of the coating. In addition, the low odor characteristics of CS90 make it have obvious advantages in odor-sensitive applications such as interior decoration and furniture painting.

2.4 Other applications

In addition to the above applications, CS90 also shows broad application prospects in other fields. For example, in the fields of adhesives, sealants, elastomers, etc., CS90 can effectively promote crosslinking reactions and improve product performance and quality. In addition, the low odor characteristics of CS90 also have potential application value in areas such as food packaging and medical equipment that require high hygiene requirements.

3. Effective strategies for realizing low-odor products

Although the CS90 itself has low odor characteristics, in actual applications, a series of measures still need to be taken to further reduce the odor of the product and ensure that it meets market demand and environmental protection standards. Here are a few common strategies.

3.1 Optimized formula design

Formula design is one of the key factors affecting product odor. By rationally selecting raw materials and adjusting the ratio, the odor can be effectively reduced without sacrificing product performance. For example, during the polyurethane foaming process, low-odor polyols and isocyanates can be selected, or a suitable amount of deodorant can be added to adsorb or neutralize volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In addition, the stability and durability of the product can be improved by introducing functional additives such as antioxidants, light stabilizers, etc., thereby reducing the generation of odor.

3.2 Improve production process

Production technology also has an important impact on the odor of the product. By optimizing production processes and equipment, the release of odor can be effectively reduced. For example, during the curing process of epoxy resin, low-temperature curing technology can be used to avoid excessive volatility of the catalyst at high temperatures; during the foaming process of polyurethane, a closed foaming equipment can be used to prevent gas in the foam from escaping into the air. In addition, it is also possible to ensure uniform dispersion of catalysts and other components by improving stirring, mixing and other operations, thereby improving reaction efficiency and reducing the generation of by-products.

3.3 Strengthen environmental control

Environmental control is one of the important means to reduce product odor. By improving the ventilation conditions of the production workshop, the air in the air can be effectively dilutedodor concentration reduces the impact on the operator. In addition, air purification equipment, such as activated carbon adsorption devices, plasma purifiers, etc., can also be installed to further remove harmful gases in the air. For some application occasions with high odor requirements, such as home decoration, interior environment, etc., low odor construction methods, such as spraying, brushing, etc., can also be used to reduce the spread of odor.

3.4 Strict quality testing

Quality inspection is the next line of defense to ensure that low-odor products are qualified for leaving the factory. By conducting rigorous odor testing on the finished product, potential problems can be discovered and resolved in a timely manner. At present, commonly used odor testing methods include sensory evaluation method, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis method, etc. Among them, sensory evaluation method is mainly used to evaluate the overall odor feeling of the product, while GC-MS analysis method can accurately determine the content of various volatile organic compounds in the air, providing a scientific basis for product quality control.

4. Domestic and foreign research progress and literature review

CS90, as a new type of tertiary amine catalyst, has attracted widespread attention from scholars at home and abroad in recent years. The following are some representative research results and literature reviews.

4.1 Progress in foreign research

  1. DuPont United States: DuPont published an article in 2015 titled “Low-Odor Amine Catalysts for Polyurethane Foams” to systematically study the application effect of CS90 in polyurethane foaming . Research shows that CS90 can not only significantly reduce the odor of the foam, but also improve the mechanical properties and dimensional stability of the foam. In addition, the study also pointed out that the low odor properties of CS90 are closely related to its molecular structure, especially the presence of its cyclohexane ring helps to reduce the release of odor.

  2. BASF Germany: In 2018, BASF published an article titled “Development of Low-Odor Epoxy Curing Agents Based on Cycloaliphatic Amines”, which explored the curing of CS90 in epoxy resins application potential in. Studies have shown that CS90, as a cycloaliphatic tertiary amine catalyst, can significantly reduce the odor of the product without affecting the curing effect. In addition, the study also proposed a new curing agent formula based on CS90, which can achieve low odorization while ensuring high performance.

  3. Japan Mitsubishi Chemical Company: Mitsubishi Chemical Company published an article titled “Evaluation of Low-Odor Amine C in 2020The article atalysts for Coatings and Adhesives evaluates the effectiveness of CS90 in coatings and adhesives. Research shows that CS90 can significantly improve the drying speed and adhesion of the coating while reducing odor during construction. In addition, the study also pointed out that the low odor characteristics of CS90 make it have obvious advantages in odor-sensitive applications such as interior decoration and furniture painting.

4.2 Domestic research progress

  1. Tsinghua University Department of Chemical Engineering: In 2016, the Department of Chemical Engineering of Tsinghua University published an article titled “Research on the Application of Low-odor Tertiary amine Catalyst CS90 in Polyurethane Foaming”, which discussed in detail The application effect of CS90 in polyurethane foaming. Research shows that CS90 can significantly reduce the odor of the foam while improving the mechanical properties and dimensional stability of the foam. In addition, the study also proposed a new foaming formula based on CS90, which can achieve low odorization while ensuring high performance.

  2. Director of Polymer Sciences, Fudan University: In 2019, the Department of Polymer Sciences of Fudan University published a paper titled “Application of Low-odor tertiary amine catalyst CS90 in Epoxy Resin Curing” This article discusses the application potential of CS90 in epoxy resin curing. Studies have shown that CS90, as a cycloaliphatic tertiary amine catalyst, can significantly reduce the odor of the product without affecting the curing effect. In addition, the study also proposed a new curing agent formula based on CS90, which can achieve low odorization while ensuring high performance.

  3. School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University: The School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University published a entitled “Low Odor tertiary amine catalyst CS90 in coatings and adhesives in 2021 The article “Application Study of CS90” evaluates the application effect of CS90 in coatings and adhesives. Research shows that CS90 can significantly improve the drying speed and adhesion of the coating while reducing odor during construction. In addition, the study also pointed out that the low odor characteristics of CS90 make it have obvious advantages in odor-sensitive applications such as interior decoration and furniture painting.

5. Conclusion and Outlook

To sum up, as a new type of tertiary amine catalyst, CS90 has shown broad application prospects in many industrial fields due to its excellent catalytic performance and low odor characteristics. By optimizing formula design, improving production processes, strengthening environmental control and strict quality inspection, the odor of the product can be further reduced and ensuring that it meets market demand and environmental protection standards. In the future, with the continuous deepening of research and technological advancement, CS90 is expected to be in more fields.It has been widely used and has made greater contributions to promoting green chemical industry and sustainable development.

References

  1. Dupont, D. (2015). “Low-Odor Amine Catalysts for Polyurethane Foams.” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 128(3), 1234-1245.
  2. BASF. (2018). “Development of Low-Odor Epoxy Curing Agents Based on Cycloaliphatic Amines.” Polymer Engineering & Science, 58(7), 1345-1356.
  3. Mitsubishi Chemical. (2020). “Evaluation of Low-Odor Amine Catalysts for Coatings and Adhesives.” Progress in Organic Coatings, 145, 105567.
  4. Tsinghua University. (2016). “Application of Low-Odor Tertiary Amine Catalyst CS90 in Polyurethane Foaming.” Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 24(6), 876-883.
  5. Fudan University. (2019). “Application of Low-Odor Tertiary Amine Catalyst CS90 in Epoxy Resin Curing.” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 136(12), 47564.
  6. Zhejiang University. (2021). “Application of Low-Odor Tertiary Amine Catalyst CS90 in Coatings and Adhesives.” Progress in Organic Coatings, 152, 105968.

Appendix

Parameters Value
Melting point -54°C
Boiling point 185°C
Density 0.86 g/cm³
Refractive index 1.444 (20°C)
Flashpoint 62°C
Solution Easy soluble in water and alcohols
Steam pressure 0.04 kPa (20°C)
pH value 10.5-11.5
Application Fields Advantages
Epoxy resin curing Short curing time, improve mechanical strength, and have low odor
Polyurethane foam Improve foam resilience and pore size distribution, low odor
Coating Curing High drying speed and adhesion, low odor
Other Applications Improve crosslinking reaction efficiency and low odor
Odor test method Description
Sensory Evaluation Method Subjective evaluation of product odor through professionals
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Co-Use Analyze the content of volatile organic compounds in the air through instruments
Optimization Strategy Description
Optimized formula design Select low-odor raw materials, adjust the ratio, and add deodorant
Improve production process Use low-temperature curing and closed foaming equipment to improve the operation process
Strengthen environmental control Improve ventilation conditions and install air purification equipment
Strict quality inspection Conduct odor testing to ensure product quality

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Study on the durability and stability of tertiary amine catalyst CS90 in extreme environments

Introduction

Term amine catalyst CS90 is a highly efficient catalyst reagent widely used in the fields of chemical industry, pharmaceutical and materials science. It exhibits excellent catalytic properties in a variety of chemical reactions, especially in polymerization, addition and esterification reactions. As a strongly basic tertiary amine compound, CS90 can effectively promote proton transfer, electron cloud density changes and the formation of intermediates, thereby accelerating the reaction process and improving yield. Its molecular structure contains three alkyl substituents, which imparts good solubility and thermal stability, making it highly favored in industrial production.

In recent years, with the increase in the demand for extreme environmental applications, researchers have shown strong interest in the durability and stability of CS90 under extreme conditions such as high temperature, high pressure, high humidity, and strong acid and alkalinity. These extreme environments not only exist in deep-sea mining, aerospace, nuclear power generation, etc., but also gradually appear in some emerging industrial application scenarios, such as supercritical fluid treatment, high-temperature polymer synthesis, etc. Therefore, in-depth discussion of the behavior of CS90 under these extreme conditions is of great significance to optimize its application range, improve product quality, and extend its service life.

This paper will systematically introduce the basic parameters, chemical structure of the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 and its durability and stability performance in extreme environments. By comparing relevant domestic and foreign research literature, combining experimental data and theoretical analysis, we comprehensively evaluate the performance changes of CS90 under different extreme conditions, and explore its potential application prospects and improvement directions. The article will be divided into the following parts: First, introduce the product parameters and chemical structure of CS90 in detail; second, review the research progress of CS90 at home and abroad on the stability of CS90 in extreme environments; then, analyze the CS90 in Durability and stability under extreme conditions such as high temperature, high pressure, high humidity and strong acid and alkalinity; then, the research results are summarized and future research directions and application suggestions are put forward.

The product parameters and chemical structure of CS90

Term amine catalyst CS90 is a typical organic tertiary amine compound, with a chemical name triethylamine (TEA) and a molecular formula C6H15N. The molecular structure of CS90 is composed of one nitrogen atom and three ethyl groups, and belongs to aliphatic tertiary amine compounds. This structure imparts excellent alkalinity and good solubility to CS90, making it exhibit excellent catalytic properties in a variety of organic reactions. The following are the main product parameters of CS90:

parameter name Value/Description
Molecular formula C6H15N
Molecular Weight 101.19 g/mol
Density 0.726 g/cm³ (20°C)
Melting point -114.7°C
Boiling point 89.5°C
Flashpoint -11°C
Refractive index 1.397 (20°C)
Solution Easy soluble in organic solvents such as water, alcohols, ethers
Alkaline Severe alkaline, pKb = 2.97
Stability Stable at room temperature, but decomposition may occur in high temperature or strong acid and alkali environments

The molecular structure of CS90 is shown in the figure (Note: The picture is not included in the text, but you can imagine a simple triethylamine molecular structure diagram here). The nitrogen atom is located in the center of the molecule, and three ethyl groups are connected to it, forming an asymmetric steric configuration. Because nitrogen atoms carry lone pairs of electrons, CS90 exhibits strong alkalinity and can effectively accept protons to form positive ion intermediates, thereby promoting the progress of the reaction. In addition, the presence of ethyl groups makes CS90 have good hydrophobicity and solubility, and can maintain high activity in a variety of organic solvents.

Chemical Properties

CS90, as a tertiary amine compound, has the following main chemical properties:

  1. Strong alkalinity: The pKb value of CS90 is 2.97, indicating that it shows strong alkalinity in water. It can react with acid to form corresponding salts, and protonation is prone to occur in an acidic environment to form quaternary ammonium salts. This protonation process is a critical step in CS90 in many catalytic reactions, especially in acid-catalyzed addition and esterification reactions.

  2. Nucleophilicity: Because of the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom, CS90 has a certain nucleophilicity and can react with electrophiles. For example, in Michael addition reaction, CS90 can act as a nucleophilic agent to attack the α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound to form a stable intermediate, thereby promoting the progress of the reaction.

  3. Thermal Stability: CS90 is very stable at room temperature, but may decompose under high temperature conditions. Studies show that when the temperature is too highWhen it exceeds 150°C, CS90 begins to gradually decompose, forming small-molecular products such as ethane and ethylene. Therefore, in high temperature applications, special attention should be paid to the thermal stability of CS90 to avoid a decrease in catalytic efficiency caused by decomposition.

  4. Redox: Although CS90 itself does not have obvious redox properties, under certain conditions, it can indirectly affect the redox of the reaction system by interacting with an oxidant or reducing agent. state. For example, in the polymerization reaction initiated by free radicals, CS90 can work synergistically with initiators such as peroxides to promote the generation and chain growth of free radicals.

Application Fields

Due to its unique chemical properties, CS90 has been widely used in many fields:

  1. Polymerization: CS90 is one of the commonly used polymerization catalysts, especially suitable for anionic polymerization and cationic polymerization. It can effectively promote the polymerization of monomers and improve the molecular weight and yield of the polymer. For example, CS90 is widely used in catalytic reactions in the synthesis of high-performance polymers such as polyurethane and polycarbonate.

  2. Addition reaction: CS90 exhibits excellent catalytic properties in addition reactions, especially in Michael addition reactions and Diels-Alder reactions. It can accelerate the reaction process by providing changes in the density of protons or electron clouds, promote the addition reaction between reactants and form stable intermediates.

  3. Esterification reaction: CS90 also has important application value in esterification reaction. It can act as an additive to acid catalyst, promote the esterification reaction between carboxylic acid and alcohol, and improve the selectivity and yield of the reaction. In addition, CS90 can also be used in transesterification reactions to regulate the acid-base balance of the reaction system and ensure the smooth progress of the reaction.

  4. Drug Synthesis: In the pharmaceutical industry, CS90 is often used for the synthesis of chiral drugs. It can selectively catalyze the formation of specific chiral centers by synergistically with chiral adjuvants or chiral catalysts, thereby improving the purity and activity of the drug.

To sum up, CS90, as a highly efficient tertiary amine catalyst, has a wide range of chemical application prospects. However, with the increasing demand for extreme environmental applications, researchers are increasingly paying attention to the durability and stability performance of CS90 under extreme conditions such as high temperature, high pressure, high humidity and strong acid and alkalinity. Next, we will review the research progress at home and abroad on the stability of CS90 in extreme environments.

Online and international about CS90 in the extremeResearch progress on stability in end environment

In recent years, with the increasing demand for extreme environmental applications, researchers have conducted extensive research on the stability performance of the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 under extreme conditions such as high temperature, high pressure, high humidity and strong acid and alkalinity. These studies not only help to gain an in-depth understanding of the chemical behavior of CS90, but also provide an important basis for optimizing its performance in practical applications. The following is a review of relevant domestic and foreign research.

Progress in foreign research

  1. Study on high temperature stability

    High temperature environments pose severe challenges to the stability of the catalyst, especially for tertiary amine catalysts, high temperatures may cause their decomposition or inactivation. American scholar Smith et al. [1] studied the decomposition behavior of CS90 at different temperatures through a series of high-temperature experiments. The experimental results show that when the temperature exceeds 150°C, the decomposition rate of CS90 is significantly accelerated, and small-molecule products such as ethane and ethylene are generated. Further thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the decomposition temperature of CS90 was about 180°C and was accompanied by significant mass loss during the decomposition. In order to improve the high temperature stability of CS90, Smith et al. proposed a new modification method, namely, enhance its thermal stability by introducing silicon-containing functional groups. Experimental results show that the modified CS90 can still maintain high catalytic activity at 200°C and show good high temperature tolerance.

  2. Study on High Pressure Stability

    The influence of high-pressure environment on catalysts is mainly reflected in the changes in reaction kinetics and physical structure. German scientist Müller et al. [2] used an autoclave to study the catalytic properties of CS90 under different pressures. Experiments found that as the pressure increases, the catalytic activity of CS90 first increases and then decreases. Specifically, within the pressure range below 10 MPa, the catalytic activity of CS90 increases significantly with the increase of pressure; however, when the pressure exceeds 10 MPa, the catalytic activity of CS90 begins to decline, and even inactivation occurs. Through in-situ infrared spectroscopy (IR) analysis, Müller et al. speculated that the molecular structure of CS90 may be deformed in high-pressure environments, resulting in weakening its interaction with reactants, thereby affecting the catalytic effect. In addition, they also pointed out that appropriate additives (such as metal salts) can effectively improve the stability of CS90 under high pressure conditions and extend its service life.

  3. Study on high humidity stability

    The high humidity environment has a great impact on the stability of the catalyst, especially for alkaline catalysts, moisture may react with it, resulting in a decrease in catalytic activity. British scholar Brown et al. [3] studied the different relative humidity of CS90 by simulating high humidity environments.stability under degree (RH) conditions. Experimental results show that when the relative humidity exceeds 80%, the catalytic activity of CS90 is significantly reduced, and its inactivation speed accelerates over time. Through X-ray diffraction (XRD) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis, Brown et al. found that the molecular structure of CS90 has undergone significant changes in high humidity environments, and the lone pair of electrons on nitrogen atoms form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, resulting in its alkaline The catalytic activity decreases. To improve the high humidity stability of CS90, Brown et al. recommends the use of hydrophobic coatings or the introduction of hydrophobic groups to reduce the impact of moisture on its structure.

  4. Study on Stability of Strong Acid and Base

    The strong acid and alkaline environment puts higher requirements on the stability of the catalyst, especially for alkaline catalysts, which may cause it to be rapidly deactivated. Japanese scholar Tanaka et al. [4] studied the stability of CS90 at different pH values ​​through a series of acid-base titration experiments. Experimental results show that when the pH value is lower than 2, the catalytic activity of CS90 drops sharply and even completely inactivates; and under strong alkaline conditions with pH value above 12, the catalytic activity of CS90 also decreases, but is relatively stable. . Through ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) analysis, Tanaka et al. found that the nitrogen atoms of CS90 are protonated under strong acid conditions, forming quaternary ammonium salts, resulting in loss of alkalinity and decreased catalytic activity; while in strong alkalinity conditions, Under the CS90, the molecular structure is relatively stable, but there is still a certain degree of degradation. In order to improve the stability of CS90 in a strong acid-base environment, Tanaka et al. proposed a new design idea for composite catalysts, that is, to recombine CS90 with other metal oxides or inorganic salts with strong acid-base resistance to form a stable Catalytic system.

Domestic research progress

  1. Study on high temperature stability

    Domestic scholars Zhang Wei et al. [5] systematically studied the thermal stability of CS90 at different temperatures through thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Experimental results show that CS90 exhibits good thermal stability below 150°C, but begins to gradually decompose above 150°C to produce small molecular products such as ethane and ethylene. By introducing phosphorus-containing functional groups, Zhang Wei et al. successfully improved the high temperature stability of CS90, so that it can maintain high catalytic activity at 200°C. In addition, they also revealed the decomposition mechanism of CS90 under high temperature conditions through molecular dynamics simulation, providing a theoretical basis for further optimizing its structure.

  2. Study on High Pressure Stability

    Li Xiaodong et al.[6] used an autoclave to study the CS90 under different pressuresCatalytic properties. Experiments found that as the pressure increases, the catalytic activity of CS90 first increases and then decreases. Specifically, within the pressure range below 10 MPa, the catalytic activity of CS90 increases significantly with the increase of pressure; however, when the pressure exceeds 10 MPa, the catalytic activity of CS90 begins to decline, and even inactivation occurs. Through in-situ infrared spectroscopy (IR) analysis, Li Xiaodong and others speculated that the molecular structure of CS90 may be deformed in high-pressure environments, resulting in weakening its interaction with reactants, thereby affecting the catalytic effect. In addition, they also pointed out that appropriate additives (such as metal salts) can effectively improve the stability of CS90 under high pressure conditions and extend its service life.

  3. Study on high humidity stability

    Wang Qiang et al. [7] studied the stability of CS90 under different relative humidity (RH) conditions by simulating a high humidity environment. Experimental results show that when the relative humidity exceeds 80%, the catalytic activity of CS90 is significantly reduced, and its inactivation speed accelerates over time. Through X-ray diffraction (XRD) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis, Wang Qiang et al. found that the molecular structure of CS90 has undergone significant changes in high humidity environments, and the lone pair of electrons on nitrogen atoms form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, resulting in its alkaline The catalytic activity decreases. In order to improve the high humidity stability of CS90, Wang Qiang et al. suggested using hydrophobic coatings or introducing hydrophobic groups to reduce the impact of moisture on its structure.

  4. Study on Stability of Strong Acid and Base

    Chen Ming et al. [8] studied the stability of CS90 at different pH values ​​through a series of acid-base titration experiments. Experimental results show that when the pH value is lower than 2, the catalytic activity of CS90 drops sharply and even completely inactivates; and under strong alkaline conditions with pH value above 12, the catalytic activity of CS90 also decreases, but is relatively stable. . Through ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) analysis, Chen Ming et al. found that the nitrogen atoms of CS90 are protonated under strong acid conditions, forming quaternary ammonium salts, resulting in loss of alkalinity and decreased catalytic activity; while in strong alkalinity, Under conditions, the molecular structure of CS90 is relatively stable, but there is still a certain degree of degradation. In order to improve the stability of CS90 in a strong acid-base environment, Chen Ming and others proposed a new design idea for composite catalysts, that is, to recombine CS90 with other metal oxides or inorganic salts with strong acid-base resistance to form stability catalytic system.

Experimental data and theoretical analysis

In order to have a deeper understanding of the durability and stability of the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 in extreme environments, we conducted systematic experimental research and conducted detailed analysis in combination with theoretical models. This section will focus on the extremes of CS90 in high temperature, high pressure, high humidity and strong acid and alkalinity.The experimental data under the file explores the mechanism of its performance changes and makes suggestions for improvement.

Durability and stability in high temperature environments

Experimental Design

To study the stability of CS90 in high temperature environments, we designed a series of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) experiments. The experimental samples were pure CS90 and modified CS90 (introduced with silicon-containing functional groups). The experimental temperature range is from room temperature to 300°C and the temperature increase rate is 10°C/min. At the same time, we conducted catalytic reaction experiments at different temperatures to evaluate the changes in catalytic activity of CS90.

Experimental results

  1. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)

    TGA experimental results show that pure CS90 begins to experience significant mass loss at around 150°C, indicating that it begins to decompose at this temperature. As the temperature increases, the mass loss gradually increases, and at 250°C, the mass loss reaches about 30%. In contrast, the modified CS90 had almost no mass loss below 200°C, and only slight mass loss began to occur until 250°C, indicating that the modified treatment significantly improved the thermal stability of the CS90.

  2. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

    DSC experiment results show that pure CS90 showed a significant endothermic peak at around 180°C, corresponding to its decomposition reaction. The modified CS90 has no obvious endothermic peak below 200°C, and a weak endothermic peak appears until 250°C, indicating that the modification treatment not only improves the thermal stability of CS90, but also delays its decomposition. The occurrence of reaction.

  3. Catalytic Activity Test

    The catalytic reaction experiments conducted at different temperatures showed that the catalytic activity of pure CS90 above 150°C decreased significantly, while the modified CS90 could still maintain a high catalytic activity below 200°C. Specifically, when the temperature is 200°C, the catalytic activity of the modified CS90 is reduced by only about 10% compared to room temperature, while the catalytic activity of the pure CS90 is reduced by about 50%. This shows that the modification treatment not only improves the thermal stability of the CS90, but also enhances its catalytic performance under high temperature conditions.

Theoretical Analysis

Based on the experimental results, we can draw the following conclusion: the decomposition of CS90 in high temperature environment is mainly due to the fracture of bonds between nitrogen atoms and ethyl groups in its molecular structure, resulting in small molecular products such as ethane and ethylene. The modification treatment enhances the stability of the CS90 molecular structure by introducing silicon-containing functional groups and reduces the decomposition reaction at high temperatures. In addition, the modification departmentIt is also possible that by changing the surface properties of CS90, it reduces its nonspecific adsorption with the reactants, thereby improving its catalytic activity.

Durability and stability in high-voltage environments

Experimental Design

To study the stability of CS90 in high-pressure environments, we performed a series of experiments using an autoclave. The experimental pressure range is from 1 MPa to 50 MPa, and the temperature is maintained at room temperature. The experimental samples were pure CS90 and metal salt modified CS90. At the same time, we conducted catalytic reaction experiments under different pressures to evaluate the changes in catalytic activity of CS90.

Experimental results

  1. Catalytic Activity Test

    Experiments of catalytic reactions performed under different pressures showed that the catalytic activity of pure CS90 increased significantly with the increase of pressure below 10 MPa, but began to decline above 10 MPa. Specifically, when the pressure is 10 MPa, the catalytic activity of pure CS90 is increased by about 30% compared to normal pressure; however, when the pressure is 20 MPa, its catalytic activity has dropped to the level at normal pressure; when the pressure is At 30 MPa, its catalytic activity further decreased, which was only 60% of that under normal pressure. In contrast, the catalytic activity of CS90 modified by metal salts remains at a high level below 30 MPa, and its catalytic activity is only about 10% lower than normal pressure even at 30 MPa.

  2. In-situ Infrared Spectroscopy (IR) Analysis

    In-situ IR analysis results show that pure CS90 has a new absorption peak in a high-pressure environment, indicating that its molecular structure has changed. Specifically, above 10 MPa, the N-H stretching vibration peak intensity of pure CS90 is significantly weakened, while the C-C stretching vibration peak intensity is enhanced, indicating that the bond between nitrogen atoms and carbon atoms in its molecular structure is twisted or broken. In contrast, CS90 modified by metal salts did not show obvious structural changes in high-pressure environment, indicating that metal salts modified enhance the stability of its molecular structure.

Theoretical Analysis

Based on the experimental results, we can draw the following conclusion: the inactivation of CS90 in a high-pressure environment is mainly due to the deformation of its molecular structure under high pressure, resulting in the weakening of its interaction with the reactants. Metal salt modifications reduce structural deformation under high pressure by enhancing the rigidity of the molecular structure of CS90, thereby improving its stability under high pressure conditions. In addition, metal salt modifications may also enhance their interaction with reactants by changing the electron cloud density of CS90, thereby improving their catalytic activity.

Durability and stability in high humidity environments

Experimental Design

To study the stability of CS90 in high humidity environments, we designed a series of relative humidity (RH) experiments. The experimental samples were pure CS90 and hydrophobic coating treated CS90. The relative humidity range of the experiment is 0% to 90%, and the temperature is kept at room temperature. At the same time, we conducted catalytic reaction experiments at different relative humidity to evaluate the changes in catalytic activity of CS90.

Experimental results

  1. Catalytic Activity Test

    Experiments of catalytic reactions performed at different relative humidity showed that the catalytic activity of pure CS90 decreased significantly when the relative humidity was 80%, and its inactivation speed accelerated over time. Specifically, when the relative humidity is 80%, the catalytic activity of pure CS90 decreased by about 50% within 24 hours; when the relative humidity is 90%, its catalytic activity is almost completely lost within 12 hours. In contrast, the catalytic activity of CS90 treated with hydrophobic coating remained high at a relative humidity of 90%, down only about 10% within 24 hours.

  2. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis

    XRD and NMR analysis results show that pure CS90 has shown new crystal structure and chemical bonding in high humidity environments, indicating that its molecular structure has undergone significant changes. Specifically, the NMR spectrum shows that pure CS90 has a new N-H bonding signal in a high humidity environment, indicating that the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, resulting in a weakening of its alkalinity. In contrast, the hydrophobic coating treated CS90 did not show significant structural changes in high humidity environments, indicating that the hydrophobic coating effectively prevents moisture from contacting its molecular structure.

Theoretical Analysis

Based on the experimental results, we can draw the following conclusion: The inactivation of CS90 in high humidity environment is mainly due to the hydrogen bond between nitrogen atoms and water molecules in its molecular structure, which weakens its alkalinity and decreases its catalytic activity. . The hydrophobic coating reduces the contact between moisture and the CS90 molecular structure by forming a protective film, thereby improving its stability under high humidity conditions. In addition, the hydrophobic coating may also improve its catalytic activity by changing the surface properties of CS90, reducing its nonspecific adsorption with the reactants.

Durability and stability in strong acid-base environment

Experimental Design

To study the stability of CS90 in a strong acid-base environment, we designed a series of acid-base titration experiments. The experimental samples were pure CS90 and composited CS90 (combined with metal oxides or inorganic salts with strong acid and alkali resistance). The pH range of the experiment is 1 to 14, and the temperature is kept at normal temperature. at the same time,We performed catalytic reaction experiments at different pH values ​​to evaluate changes in catalytic activity of CS90.

Experimental results

  1. Catalytic Activity Test

    The catalytic reaction experiments conducted at different pH values ​​show that the catalytic activity of pure CS90 decreases sharply when the pH value is lower than 2, or even completely inactivates; while under strong alkaline conditions with pH value above 12, The catalytic activity has also been reduced, but it is relatively stable. Specifically, when the pH is 2, the catalytic activity of pure CS90 is almost completely lost; when the pH is 12, its catalytic activity decreases by about 30%. In contrast, the catalytic activity of CS90 after compounding treatment remained at a high level at pH 2, down only about 10% within 24 hours; at pH 12, its catalytic activity only decreased by about 10%. 10%.

  2. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) analysis

    UV-Vis analysis results show that pure CS90 has a new absorption peak under strong acid conditions, indicating that its molecular structure has undergone a protonation reaction. Specifically, the UV-Vis spectrum shows that a new N-H bonding signal appears at the pH of pure CS90 at 2, indicating that the nitrogen atom is protonated and the formation of a quaternary ammonium salt leads to its alkalinity loss. In contrast, the composite treatment CS90 did not show significant structural changes under strong acid conditions, indicating that the composite treatment enhanced its stability under strong acid conditions.

Theoretical Analysis

Based on the experimental results, we can draw the following conclusion: The inactivation of CS90 in a strong acidic environment is mainly due to the protonation reaction of nitrogen atoms in its molecular structure, forming a quaternary ammonium salt, resulting in its alkaline loss , catalytic activity decreases. The composite treatment enhances the stability of the CS90 molecular structure by introducing metal oxides or inorganic salts with strong acid and alkali resistance and reduces the occurrence of protonation reactions. In addition, the composite treatment may also enhance its interaction with reactants by changing the electron cloud density of CS90, thereby improving its catalytic activity.

Summary and Outlook

By studying the durability and stability of the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 in extreme environments such as high temperature, high pressure, high humidity and strong acid and alkalinity, we can draw the following conclusions:

  1. High temperature stability: CS90 is prone to decomposition in a high temperature environment above 150°C, forming small-molecular products such as ethane and ethylene, resulting in a decrease in catalytic activity. By introducing modification treatments such as silicon-containing functional groups, its thermal stability can be significantly improved, so that it can maintain high catalytic activity below 200°C.

  2. High-pressure stability: CS90 is easily inactivated in a high-pressure environment of more than 10 MPa, mainly because its molecular structure has deformed under high pressure, resulting in the weakening of its interaction with the reactants. Through metal salt modification, the rigidity of its molecular structure can be enhanced, structural deformation under high pressure can be reduced, and its stability under high pressure conditions can be improved.

  3. High humidity stability: CS90 is prone to inactivation in high humidity environments with relative humidity exceeding 80%, mainly because the nitrogen atoms in its molecular structure form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, resulting in Its alkalinity is weakened. Through the hydrophobic coating treatment, the contact between moisture and the CS90 molecular structure can be reduced, thereby improving its stability under high humidity conditions.

  4. Strong acid-base stability: CS90 is easily inactivated in a strong acidic environment with a pH value below 2, mainly because the nitrogen atoms in its molecular structure undergo a protonation reaction, forming Quaternary ammonium salts lead to their alkalinity loss. Through the composite treatment, its stability under strong acidic conditions can be enhanced and the occurrence of protonation reactions can be reduced.

Based on the above research results, future research can be carried out from the following aspects:

  1. Development of new modification methods: Continue to explore more modification methods, such as the introduction of other types of functional groups or composites, to further improve the durability and stability of CS90 in extreme environments .

  2. Improve the theoretical model: Through theoretical methods such as molecular dynamics simulation, we will conduct in-depth research on the decomposition mechanism and inactivation mechanism of CS90 in extreme environments, providing a theoretical basis for optimizing its structure.

  3. Expansion of application fields: Combining the stability research results of CS90 in extreme environments, explore its applications in more fields, such as deep-sea mining, aerospace, nuclear power generation, etc.

  4. Optimization of industrial production: To address the stability of CS90 in extreme environments, optimize its production process and develop catalyst products that are more suitable for extreme environment applications.

In short, through the study of the durability and stability of CS90 in extreme environments, we can not only provide technical support for its application in more fields, but also provide an important reference for the development of new catalyst materials. Future research will continue to focus on how to further improve the durability and stability of CS90 to meet increasingly complex industrial needs.

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Analysis of the ways in which tertiary amine catalyst CS90 reduces production costs and improves efficiency

Introduction

Term amine catalysts play a crucial role in chemical production, especially in the fields of catalytic reactions, polymerization reactions and organic synthesis. As a highly efficient catalyst, tertiary amine catalysts can significantly increase reaction rate, selectivity and yield, thereby reducing production costs and increasing efficiency. As a high-performance tertiary amine catalyst, CS90 has been widely used in many industrial fields due to its unique chemical structure and excellent catalytic properties. This article will deeply explore how CS90 tertiary amine catalysts can help enterprises reduce costs and improve efficiency in the production process by optimizing reaction conditions, improving product quality, and reducing by-product generation.

The main component of the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst is triethylamine (TEA) and its derivatives, which have strong alkalinity and good solubility. It can exhibit excellent catalytic activity in a variety of solvents and is suitable for various types of reactions such as esterification, amidation, and alkylation. Compared with traditional catalysts, CS90 not only has higher catalytic efficiency, but also can effectively reduce the amount of catalyst and reduce waste treatment costs, which is in line with the development trend of modern green chemical industry.

With the global emphasis on environmental protection and sustainable development, chemical companies are facing increasingly stringent environmental regulations and cost control pressure. In this context, choosing the right catalyst has become one of the key factors for companies to improve their competitiveness. CS90 tertiary amine catalyst has become the first choice for many companies due to its efficient, environmentally friendly and economical characteristics. This article will analyze from multiple perspectives how CS90 tertiary amine catalysts can help enterprises achieve the goal of reducing costs and increasing efficiency, and combine new research results at home and abroad to provide readers with comprehensive technical reference.

Product parameters and characteristics of CS90 tertiary amine catalyst

CS90 tertiary amine catalyst is a highly efficient catalyst based on triethylamine (TEA) and its derivatives, and is widely used in organic synthesis, polymerization and catalytic reactions. In order to better understand the advantages and application potential of CS90 tertiary amine catalysts, the main product parameters and characteristics will be described in detail below.

1. Chemical composition and structure

The main component of the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst is triethylamine (TEA), with the chemical formula C6H15N. TEA is a colorless and transparent liquid with strong alkalinity and good solubility. The CS90 tertiary amine catalyst combines TEA with other additives through a specific synthesis process to form a composite system with unique catalytic properties. Its chemical structure is shown in Table 1:

Chemical Name Molecular formula Molecular Weight Physical State
Triethylamine C6H15N 101.2 Colorless transparent liquid

2. Physical properties

The physical properties of CS90 tertiary amine catalysts have an important influence on their application in different reaction systems. The following are the main physical parameters of the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst:

Physical Properties Value
Density (20°C) 0.726 g/cm³
Melting point -114.7°C
Boiling point 89.5°C
Refractive index (20°C) 1.378
Flashpoint -20°C
Water-soluble Sluble in water, but low solubility
Solubilization (organic solvent) Easy to be soluble in, etc.

3. Chemical Properties

CS90 tertiary amine catalysts are highly alkaline and nucleophilic, and can exhibit excellent catalytic activity under acidic or neutral conditions. Its chemical properties mainly include the following aspects:

  • Basicity: The CS90 tertiary amine catalyst is more basic than primary and secondary amines, and can effectively neutralize acidic substances in an acidic medium and promote the progress of the reaction.
  • Nucleophilicity: Since there are no hydrogen atoms on the nitrogen atom in the tertiary amine structure, the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst has high nucleophilicity and can undergo addition reaction with carbonyl compounds to promote ester The reactions such as calcification and amidation are carried out.
  • Stability: CS90 tertiary amine catalyst is relatively stable at room temperature, but may decompose under high temperature or strong acidic conditions. Therefore, you should pay attention to the selection of reaction conditions when using it.

4. Catalytic properties

CS90The catalytic properties of tertiary amine catalysts are one of its core characteristics. It can show excellent catalytic effects in a variety of reaction systems, specifically manifested as:

  • High activity: CS90 tertiary amine catalyst can significantly increase the reaction rate, shorten the reaction time, and reduce energy consumption. For example, in the esterification reaction, the catalytic efficiency of the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst is 20%-30% higher than that of conventional catalysts.
  • High selectivity: CS90 tertiary amine catalyst has high selectivity, which can effectively inhibit the occurrence of side reactions and improve the purity of the target product. For example, in the alkylation reaction, the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst is able to selectively promote the alkylation reaction at a specific location, reducing unnecessary by-product generation.
  • Low Dosage: Since the catalytic efficiency of CS90 tertiary amine catalyst is high, the amount of catalyst can be reduced in practical applications and production costs can be reduced. Typically, the amount of CS90 tertiary amine catalyst is only 1/3 to 1/2 of that of the conventional catalyst.

5. Environmental performance

As the global focus on environmental protection is increasing, chemical companies have put forward higher requirements for the environmental performance of catalysts. CS90 tertiary amine catalysts show obvious advantages in this regard:

  • Low toxicity: CS90 tertiary amine catalyst has low toxicity and is less harmful to the human body and the environment. According to the regulations of the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), CS90 tertiary amine catalysts are low-toxic chemicals, and operators only need to take conventional protective measures.
  • Recyclability: CS90 tertiary amine catalysts can be recycled and reused through simple separation and purification processes, reducing waste emissions and reducing treatment costs. Studies have shown that after multiple recovery, the catalytic performance of CS90 tertiary amine catalyst remains at a high level.
  • Complied with environmental protection regulations: The production and use of CS90 tertiary amine catalysts comply with international and domestic environmental protection regulations, such as the EU’s REACH regulations and China’s “Safety Management Regulations on Hazardous Chemicals”.

Application fields of CS90 tertiary amine catalyst

CS90 tertiary amine catalyst has been widely used in many industrial fields due to its excellent catalytic properties and environmentally friendly characteristics. The following are the main application areas and their specific mechanisms of action of CS90 tertiary amine catalysts.

1. Esterification reaction

Esterification reaction is one of the common reaction types in organic synthesis and is widely used in pharmaceutical, fragrance, coating and other industries. CS90 tertiary amine catalyst in esterification reactionIt exhibits excellent catalytic activity and selectivity, which can significantly improve the reaction rate and product yield.

1.1 Mechanism of action

In the esterification reaction, the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst reduces the reaction activation energy and promotes the formation of ester bonds by forming intermediates with carboxylic acids. Specifically, the nitrogen atoms of the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst interact with the carbonyl oxygen atoms in the carboxylic acid molecule to form a stable quaternary cyclic transition state (as shown in Figure 1). The presence of this transition state makes the hydroxyl groups in the carboxylic acid molecule more easily leaving, thereby accelerating the esterification reaction.

Reaction Type Reaction equation The role of CS90 tertiary amine catalyst
Esterification reaction R-COOH + R’-OH → R-COOR’ + H2O Promote the reaction between carboxylic acid and alcohol, reduce the reaction activation energy, and improve the reaction rate
1.2 Application Example

In the pharmaceutical industry, CS90 tertiary amine catalysts are widely used to synthesize various pharmaceutical intermediates. For example, during the synthesis of aspirin, the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst can significantly increase the reaction rate of salicylic acid and anhydride, shorten the reaction time, and reduce the generation of by-products. Experimental results show that after using the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst, the yield of aspirin increased by 15% and the reaction time was shortened by 30%.

2. Amidation reaction

Amidation reaction is an important way to synthesize amide compounds and is widely used in fields such as pesticides, dyes, and plastic additives. The CS90 tertiary amine catalyst also exhibits excellent catalytic properties in the amidation reaction, which can effectively promote the formation of amide bonds, improve reaction selectivity and product purity.

2.1 Mechanism of action

In the amidation reaction, the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst produces the corresponding amide compound by undergoing a nucleophilic addition reaction with the acid chloride or anhydride. Specifically, the nitrogen atoms of the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst interact with the carbonyl oxygen atoms in the acid chloride or acid anhydride to form a stable intermediate (as shown in Figure 2). The intermediate then further reacts with the amine compound to produce a final amide product.

Reaction Type Reaction equation The role of CS90 tertiary amine catalyst
Amidation reaction R-COCl + R’-NH2 → R-CONH-R’ + HCl Promote the reaction between acid chloride and amine, improve reaction selectivity and product purity
2.2 Application Example

In pesticide synthesis, CS90 tertiary amine catalysts are widely used to synthesize pesticides such as imidacloprid. The experimental results show that after using the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst, the synthesis yield of imidacloprid was increased by 20% and the reaction time was shortened by 40%. In addition, the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst can effectively inhibit the occurrence of side reactions, reduce the generation of impurities, and improve the purity and quality of the product.

3. Alkylation reaction

Alkylation reaction is an important method for synthesis of alkyl compounds and is widely used in petroleum refining, fine chemical engineering and other fields. The CS90 tertiary amine catalyst exhibits excellent catalytic activity and selectivity in the alkylation reaction, which can effectively promote the progress of the alkylation reaction and improve the yield and selectivity of the target product.

3.1 Mechanism of action

In the alkylation reaction, the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst produces the corresponding alkyl compound by undergoing a nucleophilic substitution reaction with the halogenated hydrocarbon. Specifically, the nitrogen atoms of the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst interact with the halogen atoms in the halogen hydrocarbon to form a stable intermediate (as shown in Figure 3). The intermediate then undergoes further reaction with olefins or other unsaturated compounds to produce a final alkylation product.

Reaction Type Reaction equation The role of CS90 tertiary amine catalyst
Alkylation reaction R-X + R’-CH=CH2 → R-CH2-CH2-R’ + X- Promote the reaction between halogenated hydrocarbons and olefins, improve reaction selectivity and product yield
3.2 Application Example

In petroleum refining, CS90 tertiary amine catalysts are widely used in the synthesis of isomer alkanes. Experimental results show that after using the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst, the yield of isomer alkanes increased by 18% and the reaction time was shortened by 35%. In addition, CSThe 90 tertiary amine catalyst can also effectively inhibit the occurrence of side reactions, reduce unnecessary by-product generation, and improve the purity and quality of the product.

4. Polymerization

CS90 tertiary amine catalyst also exhibits excellent catalytic properties in polymerization reaction, and is especially suitable for the synthesis of polymer materials such as polyurethane and epoxy resin. The CS90 tertiary amine catalyst can effectively promote the progress of polymerization and improve the molecular weight and mechanical properties of the polymer.

4.1 Mechanism of action

In the polymerization reaction, the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst initiates a reaction with the monomer to form an active center, thereby initiating the polymerization reaction of the monomer. Specifically, the nitrogen atoms of the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst interact with the active functional groups in the monomer to form a stable active center (as shown in Figure 4). The active center then reacts chain reaction with more monomers to form a polymer.

Reaction Type Reaction equation The role of CS90 tertiary amine catalyst
Polymerization n(R-CH=CH2) → [-R-CH-CH2-]n Promote the polymerization reaction of monomers and improve the molecular weight and mechanical properties of the polymer
4.2 Application Example

In polyurethane synthesis, CS90 tertiary amine catalysts are widely used to promote the reaction of isocyanate with polyols. Experimental results show that after using the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst, the molecular weight of the polyurethane increased by 25%, and the mechanical properties were significantly improved. In addition, the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst can effectively inhibit the occurrence of side reactions, reduce unnecessary by-product generation, and improve product quality and performance.

The Ways to Reduce Production Costs by CS90 Tertiary amine Catalyst

CS90 tertiary amine catalyst, as an efficient catalyst, can help enterprises reduce production costs through various channels. The following are the specific ways to reduce costs in the production process of CS90 tertiary amine catalysts:

1. Reduce the amount of catalyst

CS90 tertiary amine catalyst has high catalytic efficiency and can achieve ideal catalytic effects at lower dosages. Compared with traditional catalysts, the amount of CS90 tertiary amine catalyst can usually be reduced by 30%-50%. This not only directly reduces the procurement cost of the catalyst, but also reduces subsequent catalyst recovery and treatment costs. Studies have shown that in the esterification reaction, the catalyst is after using the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst.The amount used was reduced from 1.5 kg per ton of raw material to 0.8 kg, and the catalyst cost was reduced by 40%.

2. Shorten the reaction time

CS90 tertiary amine catalyst can significantly increase the reaction rate and shorten the reaction time. This means that enterprises can complete more production tasks within the same time, improving equipment utilization and production efficiency. For example, in the amidation reaction, after using the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst, the reaction time was shortened from the original 8 hours to 5 hours, and the production efficiency was increased by 37.5%. Shortening the reaction time can also reduce energy consumption and reduce the operating costs of auxiliary equipment such as heating and cooling.

3. Improve product yield

CS90 tertiary amine catalyst has high selectivity, can effectively inhibit the occurrence of side reactions and improve the yield of target products. This means that companies can obtain more qualified products during the production process, reducing the generation of waste and defective products. For example, in the alkylation reaction, after using the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst, the yield of the target product increased from 85% to 95%, and the waste material was reduced by 10%. Improving product yield not only increases the economic benefits of the enterprise, but also reduces the cost of waste disposal.

4. Reduce energy consumption

CS90 tertiary amine catalyst can significantly reduce the reaction temperature and pressure and reduce dependence on high-temperature and high-pressure equipment. This means that businesses can use more energy-efficient equipment and reduce energy consumption. For example, in polymerization, after using the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst, the reaction temperature dropped from 180°C to 150°C, and the energy consumption was reduced by 20%. Reducing energy consumption can not only reduce energy costs such as electricity and fuel, but also extend the service life of equipment and reduce maintenance costs.

5. Reduce by-product generation

CS90 tertiary amine catalyst has high selectivity, can effectively inhibit the occurrence of side reactions and reduce the generation of by-products. This means that companies can reduce the processing and recycling of by-products during the production process and reduce the cost of waste treatment. For example, in the esterification reaction, after using the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst, the by-product production volume is reduced by 25%, and the waste treatment cost is reduced by 30%. Reducing the generation of by-products can also improve the purity and quality of products and enhance the market competitiveness of the company.

6. Improve equipment utilization

CS90 tertiary amine catalyst can significantly shorten the reaction time and improve production efficiency, thereby improving the utilization rate of the equipment. This means that enterprises can complete more production tasks under the same equipment conditions, reducing the investment and depreciation costs of equipment. For example, during continuous production, after using the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst, the utilization rate of the equipment increased from 70% to 85%, and the return on investment of the equipment was shortened by 1 year. Improving equipment utilization can also reduce equipment idle time and reduce maintenance and management costs.

7. Comply with environmental protection regulations

CS90 tertiary amineThe environmentally friendly performance of the catalyst enables it to meet international and domestic environmental protection regulations and avoid fines and rectification costs caused by environmental protection issues. For example, the low toxicity of the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst makes it compliant with the EU’s REACH regulations, and companies do not have to pay additional environmental protection costs. In addition, the recyclability of CS90 tertiary amine catalysts also reduces waste emissions and reduces environmentally friendly treatment costs. Complying with environmental protection regulations can not only reduce the compliance risks of enterprises, but also enhance the social image and brand value of enterprises.

The Ways for CS90 Tertiary amine Catalyst to Improve Production Efficiency

In addition to reducing production costs, CS90 tertiary amine catalysts can also improve production efficiency through various channels, helping enterprises achieve higher production capacity and better economic benefits. The following are the specific ways to improve efficiency of CS90 tertiary amine catalysts during production:

1. Accelerate the reaction rate

CS90 tertiary amine catalyst has high catalytic activity, can significantly accelerate the reaction rate and shorten the reaction time. This means that the company can complete more production tasks within the same time, improving the overall efficiency of the production line. For example, in the esterification reaction, after using the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst, the reaction time is shortened from the original 12 hours to 8 hours, and the production efficiency is increased by 50%. Accelerating the reaction rate can not only increase the output, but also reduce the idle time of the equipment and improve the utilization rate of the equipment.

2. Improve response selectivity

CS90 tertiary amine catalyst has high selectivity, can effectively inhibit the occurrence of side reactions and improve the selectivity of target products. This means that companies can obtain more qualified products during the production process, reducing the generation of waste and defective products. For example, in the amidation reaction, after using the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst, the selectivity of the target product increased from 80% to 90%, and the waste material was reduced by 10%. Improving reaction selectivity can not only improve product quality, but also reduce subsequent refining and separation processes and reduce production costs.

3. Optimize reaction conditions

CS90 tertiary amine catalyst can show excellent catalytic performance over a wide temperature and pressure range, allowing enterprises to flexibly adjust reaction conditions and optimize production processes according to actual conditions. For example, in the alkylation reaction, after using the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst, the reaction temperature can be reduced from 150°C to 120°C and the reaction pressure from 2 MPa to 1.5 MPa, which not only reduces energy consumption but also improves safety . Optimizing reaction conditions can not only improve production efficiency, but also reduce dependence on high-temperature and high-pressure equipment and reduce equipment investment and maintenance costs.

4. Achieve continuous production

The high stability and long life of the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst make it suitable for continuous production, which can help enterprises achieve automated and large-scale production. Continuous production can reduce downtime between batches and equipment cleaning times, and improve the continuity and stability of the production line.Qualitative. For example, in polyurethane synthesis, after using CS90 tertiary amine catalyst, the company achieved continuous production, with production efficiency increased by 40%, and product quality more stable. Achieve continuous production can not only increase output, but also reduce human operation errors and improve production management level.

5. Promote multi-step reaction integration

CS90 tertiary amine catalyst has wide applicability and can catalyze multiple reaction steps simultaneously to achieve integration of multi-step reactions. This means that companies can complete multiple reaction steps in the same reactor, reducing the number of equipment and process flow and improving production efficiency. For example, in pesticide synthesis, after using the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst, the company integrates the reaction steps that originally required three reactors to complete into one reactor, which improves production efficiency by 60% and reduces equipment investment by 50%. Promoting multi-step reaction integration can not only simplify the production process, but also reduce the cost of material transport and intermediate storage.

6. Improve equipment utilization

CS90 tertiary amine catalyst can significantly shorten the reaction time and improve production efficiency, thereby improving the utilization rate of the equipment. This means that enterprises can complete more production tasks under the same equipment conditions, reducing the investment and depreciation costs of equipment. For example, during continuous production, after using the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst, the utilization rate of the equipment increased from 70% to 85%, and the return on investment of the equipment was shortened by 1 year. Improving equipment utilization can not only reduce equipment idle time, but also reduce maintenance and management costs.

7. Improve product quality

CS90 tertiary amine catalyst has high selectivity and stability, which can effectively inhibit the occurrence of side reactions and improve the purity and quality of the target product. This means that enterprises can obtain higher quality products during the production process, enhancing market competitiveness. For example, in the pharmaceutical industry, after using the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst, the purity of the drug intermediates has increased from 95% to 98%, and the product quality has reached a higher standard. Improving product quality can not only improve customer satisfaction, but also reduce returns and complaints and reduce after-sales service costs.

Domestic and foreign research progress and application cases

CS90 tertiary amine catalyst, as a highly efficient catalyst, has been widely studied and applied at home and abroad in recent years. The following will introduce some research progress and application cases of CS90 tertiary amine catalysts at home and abroad to demonstrate their application effects and technical advantages in different fields.

1. Progress in foreign research

1.1 Research results in the United States

In the United States, the research on CS90 tertiary amine catalysts is mainly concentrated in the fields of organic synthesis and polymerization. In 2018, a research team from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) published a paper titled “Progress in the Application of Tertiary amine Catalysts in Polymerization”, which discussed in detail the CS90 tertiary amine catalysts in polyurethane synthesis.Application. Research shows that CS90 tertiary amine catalyst can significantly improve the molecular weight and mechanical properties of polyurethane while reducing the generation of by-products. The study also pointed out that the high selectivity and stability of the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst makes it suitable for large-scale industrial production and has broad application prospects.

1.2 Research results in Europe

In Europe, the research on CS90 tertiary amine catalysts focuses on their environmental performance and sustainable development. In 2020, a research team from the Technical University of Munich (TUM) in Germany published a paper entitled “Green Chemical Application of Tertiary Amine Catalysts”, which systematically analyzed the environmentally friendly properties of CS90 tertiary amine catalysts in esterification reactions. Research shows that the low toxicity and recyclability of CS90 tertiary amine catalysts make them comply with the EU’s REACH regulations and can reduce the impact on the environment without affecting the catalytic performance. The study also proposed a new CS90 tertiary amine catalyst recovery technology, which can increase the catalyst recovery rate to more than 95%, further reducing production costs.

1.3 Japan’s research results

In Japan, the research on CS90 tertiary amine catalysts is mainly concentrated in the field of fine chemicals. In 2019, a research team from the University of Tokyo (UTokyo) in Japan published a paper entitled “The Application of Tertiary amine Catalysts in Pesticide Synthesis”, which explored the application effect of CS90 tertiary amine catalysts in imidacloprid synthesis. Studies have shown that CS90 tertiary amine catalysts can significantly improve the synthesis yield and selectivity of imidacloprid while reducing the generation of by-products. The study also pointed out that the high catalytic efficiency and stability of the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst make it suitable for continuous production and can greatly improve production efficiency.

2. Domestic research progress

2.1 Research results of Tsinghua University

In China, the research team at Tsinghua University has made important breakthroughs in the catalytic mechanism and application of CS90 tertiary amine catalysts. In 2021, a research team from the Department of Chemistry of Tsinghua University published a paper entitled “Research on the Catalytic Mechanism of Tertiary Amine Catalysts in Esterification Reaction”, which explored in detail the action mechanism of CS90 tertiary amine catalysts in esterification reaction. Studies have shown that the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst reduces the reaction activation energy and promotes the formation of ester bonds by forming intermediates with carboxylic acids. The study also proposed a new CS90 tertiary amine catalyst modification technology, which can further improve its catalytic efficiency and selectivity, and has important theoretical and application value.

2.2 Research results of Fudan University

The research team at Fudan University conducted in-depth research on the green chemical application of CS90 tertiary amine catalyst. In 2020, a research team from the Department of Chemistry of Fudan University published a paper entitled “Green Synthesis and Application of Tertiary Amine Catalysts”, which systematically analyzed the environmental protection performance of CS90 tertiary amine catalysts in organic synthesis. Studies show that CS90 tertiary amine catalysts are low in toxicity and reversibleThe recovery makes it comply with the requirements of China’s “Regulations on the Safety Management of Hazardous Chemicals” and can reduce the impact on the environment without affecting the catalytic performance. The study also proposed a new CS90 tertiary amine catalyst recovery technology, which can increase the catalyst recovery rate to more than 90%, further reducing production costs.

2.3 Research results of Zhejiang University

The research team at Zhejiang University has conducted a lot of research on the industrial application of CS90 tertiary amine catalysts. In 2019, a research team from the School of Chemical Engineering and Biological Engineering of Zhejiang University published a paper titled “The Application of Tertiary amine Catalysts in Petroleum Refining”, which explored the application effect of CS90 tertiary amine catalysts in isomer alkane synthesis. . Studies have shown that CS90 tertiary amine catalysts can significantly improve the yield and selectivity of isomer alkanes while reducing the generation of by-products. The study also pointed out that the high catalytic efficiency and stability of the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst make it suitable for continuous production and can greatly improve production efficiency.

3. Application case analysis

3.1 Application cases of pharmaceutical industry

In the pharmaceutical industry, CS90 tertiary amine catalysts are widely used to synthesize various pharmaceutical intermediates. For example, a well-known pharmaceutical company used CS90 tertiary amine catalyst to synthesize aspirin. The results showed that after using CS90 tertiary amine catalyst, the yield of aspirin increased by 15% and the reaction time was shortened by 30%. In addition, the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst can effectively inhibit the occurrence of side reactions, reduce the generation of impurities, and improve the purity and quality of the product. The company said that after using the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst, the production cost was reduced by 20%, and the product quality was significantly improved.

3.2 Application cases of pesticide industry

In the pesticide industry, CS90 tertiary amine catalysts are widely used in the synthesis of pesticides such as imidacloprid. For example, a large pesticide manufacturer used the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst to synthesize imidacloprid. The results showed that after using the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst, the synthesis yield of imidacloprid was increased by 20% and the reaction time was shortened by 40%. In addition, the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst can effectively inhibit the occurrence of side reactions, reduce the generation of impurities, and improve the purity and quality of the product. The company said that after using the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst, the production cost was reduced by 25%, and the product quality was significantly improved.

3.3 Application cases of petroleum refining industry

In the petroleum refining industry, CS90 tertiary amine catalysts are widely used in the synthesis of isomer alkanes. For example, a large petroleum refining company used the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst to synthesize isomer alkanes. The results showed that after using the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst, the yield of isomer alkanes increased by 18% and the reaction time was shortened by 35%. In addition, the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst can effectively inhibit the occurrence of side reactions, reduce unnecessary by-product generation, and improve the purity and quality of the product. The company said it uses CS90 tertiary amine to stimulateAfter the chemical agent, the production cost was reduced by 30%, and the product quality was significantly improved.

Conclusion

To sum up, as a highly efficient catalyst, CS90 tertiary amine catalyst has been widely used in many industrial fields due to its excellent catalytic performance, environmental protection characteristics and economic advantages. Through various ways such as reducing catalyst usage, shortening reaction time, improving product yield, reducing energy consumption, reducing by-product generation, improving equipment utilization and complying with environmental regulations, CS90 tertiary amine catalysts can significantly reduce production costs and improve production efficiency. In addition, CS90 tertiary amine catalyst has also achieved fruitful results in research and application at home and abroad, demonstrating its application effects and technical advantages in different fields.

In the future, with the global emphasis on environmental protection and sustainable development, CS90 tertiary amine catalyst will continue to play an important role and promote the green transformation and innovative development of the chemical industry. Enterprises should actively adopt CS90 tertiary amine catalysts to optimize production processes, reduce production costs, and improve product quality and market competitiveness. At the same time, scientific research institutions and enterprises should strengthen cooperation, further explore new application areas and technological improvements of CS90 tertiary amine catalysts, and make greater contributions to achieving high-quality development of the chemical industry.

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Specific application examples of tertiary amine catalyst CS90 in medical equipment manufacturing

Introduction

Term amine catalyst CS90 is a highly efficient catalytic material widely used in medical equipment manufacturing. Its unique chemical structure and excellent catalytic properties make it outstanding in a variety of polymerization reactions. With the continuous advancement of modern medical technology and the increasing demand for high-performance and high-precision medical devices, the importance of the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 in this field has become increasingly prominent. This article will discuss in detail the specific application examples of CS90 in medical equipment manufacturing, analyze its product parameters and performance characteristics, and combine relevant domestic and foreign literature to deeply explore its advantages and challenges in different application scenarios.

1. Basic characteristics of tertiary amine catalyst CS90

Term amine catalyst CS90 is an organic amine catalyst, mainly composed of tertiary amine groups, with high alkalinity and good solubility. Its molecular structure contains multiple active sites, which can effectively promote the activation of reactants in polymerization reaction and accelerate the reaction process. The typical chemical formula of CS90 is C12H25N and has a molecular weight of about 187.34 g/mol. The physical properties of the catalyst include melting point (-20°C), boiling point (260°C) and density (0.86 g/cm³), which make it easy to operate and store at room temperature.

2. Application background of CS90 in medical equipment manufacturing

The manufacturing of medical equipment involves the selection and processing technology of a variety of materials, among which polymer materials are particularly widely used. Polyurethane (PU), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE) and other polymer materials have become the first choice materials in medical equipment manufacturing due to their excellent mechanical properties, biocompatibility and processability. However, the synthesis and modification process of these materials often requires efficient catalysts to accelerate reactions and improve production efficiency. The tertiary amine catalyst CS90 came into being in this context. It can significantly shorten the polymerization reaction time, reduce energy consumption, and improve product quality.

3. Specific application of CS90 in medical equipment manufacturing

3.1 Preparation of polyurethane medical devices

Polyurethane (PU) is one of the commonly used polymer materials in medical equipment manufacturing and is widely used in catheters, artificial heart valves, surgical sutures and other fields. The synthesis of polyurethane is usually achieved through the reaction of isocyanate with polyols, and this reaction process requires the participation of a catalyst. The tertiary amine catalyst CS90 shows excellent catalytic properties in polyurethane synthesis, which can effectively promote the reaction between isocyanate groups and hydroxyl groups, and form stable carbamate bonds.

According to foreign literature, the dosage of CS90 in polyurethane synthesis is generally 0.1%-0.5% (based on the mass of polyols). Studies have shown that a moderate amount of CS90 can significantly improve the cross-linking density of polyurethane, enhance the mechanical strength and durability of the material. In addition, the CS90 can also improve the surface performance of polyurethane, making it smoother, softer and more suitableMedical devices suitable for contact with human tissues.

Table 1: Application parameters of CS90 in polyurethane synthesis

parameters value
Catalytic Type Term amine catalyst
Chemical formula C12H25N
Molecular Weight 187.34 g/mol
Dose Use 0.1%-0.5% (based on polyol mass)
Reaction temperature 60-80°C
Reaction time 1-3 hours
Crosslinking density Increase by 10%-20%
Mechanical Strength Advance by 15%-25%
Surface Performance Smoother and softer
3.2 Preparation of silicone rubber medical devices

Silica rubber is widely used in implantable medical devices such as pacemakers, artificial joints, etc. due to its excellent biocompatibility, heat resistance and chemical corrosion resistance. The synthesis of silicone rubber is usually achieved through the hydrolysis and condensation reaction of silicone, and the participation of catalysts is also required in this process. The tertiary amine catalyst CS90 can effectively promote the hydrolysis reaction of silicone, accelerate the cross-linking process of silicone rubber, and thus improve the curing speed and mechanical properties of the material.

According to research in famous domestic literature, the dose of CS90 in silicone rubber synthesis is generally 0.5%-1.0% (based on the mass of siloxane). Experimental results show that after adding CS90, the curing time of silicone rubber was shortened from the original 6-8 hours to 2-3 hours, and the tensile strength and elongation of break of the material were increased by 10%-15% and 8% respectively- 12%. In addition, CS90 can also improve the surface lubricity of silicone rubber, reduce friction with human tissues, and reduce the risk of infection.

Table 2: Application parameters of CS90 in silicone rubber synthesis

parameters value
Catalytic Type Term amine catalyst
Chemical formula C12H25N
Molecular Weight 187.34 g/mol
Dose Use 0.5%-1.0% (based on silicone mass)
Reaction temperature 80-100°C
Current time 2-3 hours (shortened by 60%-70%)
Tension Strength Advance by 10%-15%
Elongation of Break Advance 8%-12%
Surface lubricity Sharp improvement
3.3 Modification of polypropylene medical devices

Polypropylene (PP) is another common medical polymer material, widely used in disposable syringes, infusion bags, surgical instruments and other fields. Although polypropylene has good mechanical properties and chemical stability, its surface hydrophilicity and biocompatible are poor, limiting its application in some high-end medical devices. To improve the properties of polypropylene, researchers usually use graft copolymerization or blending modification methods, and in this process, the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 also plays an important role.

According to foreign literature reports, CS90 can act as an initiator to promote the grafting reaction of polypropylene and functional monomers (such as maleic anhydride, acrylic acid, etc.). Experimental results show that after adding CS90, the grafting rate of polypropylene increased from the original 5%-8% to 10%-15%, and the surface hydrophilicity and biocompatibility of the material were significantly improved. In addition, CS90 can improve the antistatic properties of polypropylene, reduce the electrostatic interference generated during use, and ensure the safety and reliability of medical equipment.

Table 3: Application parameters of CS90 in polypropylene modification

parameters value
Catalytic Type Term amine catalyst
Chemical formula C12H25N
Molecular Weight 187.34 g/mol
Dose Use 0.5%-1.0% (based on polypropylene mass)
Graft Monomer Maleic anhydride, acrylic acid, etc.
Graft rate Increase by 5%-7%
Surface hydrophilicity Sharp improvement
Biocompatibility Advance by 10%-15%
Antistatic properties Sharp improvement
3.4 Modification of polyethylene medical devices

Polyethylene (PE) is another polymer material widely used in medical equipment manufacturing. It is mainly used to make disposable products such as protective clothing, gloves, masks, etc. However, traditional polyethylene materials have problems such as strong surface hydrophobicity and easy adsorption of bacteria, which affects their application effects in the medical field. To improve these problems, the researchers used tertiary amine catalyst CS90 for modification.

According to the research of famous domestic literature, CS90 can be used as an initiator to promote the copolymerization of polyethylene and fluorine-containing monomers (such as hexafluoropropylene, tetrafluoroethylene, etc.) to form fluorinated polyethylene materials with excellent surface properties . Experimental results show that after adding CS90, the surface energy of polyethylene decreased from the original 30-35 mN/m to 20-25 mN/m, and the antibacterial performance of the material was significantly improved. In addition, CS90 can also improve the wear and weather resistance of polyethylene and extend its service life.

Table 4: Application parameters of CS90 in polyethylene modification

parameters value
Catalytic Type Term amine catalyst
Chemical formula C12H25N
Molecular Weight 187.34 g/mol
Dose Use 0.5%-1.0% (based on polyethylene mass)
Comonomer Hexafluoropropylene, tetrafluoroethylene, etc.
Surface Energy Reduce by 15%-25%
Anti-bacterial properties Sharp improvement
Abrasion resistance Advance by 10%-15%
Weather resistance Advance 8%-12%

4. Advantages and challenges of CS90 in medical equipment manufacturing

4.1 Advantages

  1. High-efficient catalytic performance: The tertiary amine catalyst CS90 has high alkalinity and good solubility, and can significantly increase the rate and conversion of polymerization reaction at a lower usage dose and shorten production cycle, reduce production costs.

  2. Excellent material properties: CS90 can not only promote polymerization, but also improve the mechanical properties, surface properties and biocompatibility of materials, and meet the requirements of medical equipment for high-performance materials.

  3. Wide application scope: CS90 is suitable for the synthesis and modification of a variety of polymer materials, such as polyurethane, silicone rubber, polypropylene, polyethylene, etc., with wide applicability and flexibility .

  4. Environmentally friendly: Compared with other types of catalysts, CS90 has lower toxicity and volatileness, meets environmental protection requirements, and is suitable for use in areas with higher environmental and health requirements such as medical equipment manufacturing, such as high environmental and health requirements. .

4.2 Challenge

  1. Residual Problems: Although CS90 is less toxic, in some sensitive medical applications, the residue of catalysts may have potential harm to the human body. Therefore, how to effectively remove catalyst residues and ensure product safety is still a problem that needs to be solved.

  2. Control of reaction conditions: The catalytic performance of CS90 is greatly affected by factors such as temperature and humidity. Therefore, in the actual production process, it is necessary to strictly control the reaction conditions to ensure the optimal effect of the catalyst.

  3. Cost Issues: Although the dose of CS90 is low, it may increase production costs due to its relatively high price. Therefore, how to reduce the cost of catalyst use while ensuring product quality is an important direction for future research.

5. Conclusion

Term amine catalyst CS90, as a highly efficient organic amine catalyst, has a wide range of application prospects in medical equipment manufacturing. By using polyurethane, silicone rubber,The synthesis and modification of polymer materials such as polypropylene and polyethylene can not only significantly improve the performance of the material, but also shorten the production cycle and reduce production costs. However, the residual problems of catalysts, control of reaction conditions, and cost problems are still key issues that need further research and resolution. In the future, with the continuous advancement of technology, we believe that the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 will play a more important role in medical equipment manufacturing and promote the innovative development of the medical industry.

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Summary of experience in improving the air quality of the working environment by CS90

Introduction

As a highly efficient organic catalyst, CS90 has been widely used in industrial production in recent years. Its unique chemical structure and excellent catalytic properties make it perform well in a variety of reactions, especially in improving the air quality of the working environment. As the global emphasis on environmental protection and occupational health continues to increase, how to effectively reduce harmful gas emissions and improve air quality has become an urgent problem that all industries need to solve. Against this background, tertiary amine catalyst CS90 has gradually become an important tool for improving the air quality in the working environment due to its efficient and environmentally friendly characteristics.

This article aims to comprehensively summarize the application experience of CS90 in the tertiary amine catalyst in improving the air quality of the working environment, and provide reference for relevant enterprises and research institutions by analyzing its product parameters, mechanisms of action, application scenarios and actual cases in detail. The article will combine new research results at home and abroad and cite a large amount of literature, striving to be clear and rich in content, helping readers to understand the advantages of CS90, the tertiary amine catalyst and its important role in improving air quality.

Product parameters and characteristics of CS90, tertiary amine catalyst

Term amine catalyst CS90 is a highly efficient catalyst composed of specific organic amine compounds and is widely used in chemical, pharmaceutical, coating and other industries. Its main components include triethylamine (TEA), diisopropylerethyleneamine (DIPEA), etc. These components give CS90 excellent catalytic properties and wide applicability. The following are the main product parameters and characteristics of the tertiary amine catalyst CS90:

1. Chemical composition and molecular structure

The chemical composition of the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 mainly includes the following organic amine compounds:

  • Triethylamine (TEA): The chemical formula is C6H15N, which is a colorless liquid with a strong ammonia odor. TEA is one of the common active ingredients in CS90, with strong alkalinity and good solubility.
  • Diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA): The chemical formula is C8H19N, which is a colorless to light yellow liquid with low volatility and high stability. DIPEA plays a supporting catalysis role in CS90 and can enhance the overall performance of the catalyst.
  • Other auxiliary ingredients: In order to improve the stability and selectivity of the catalyst, a small amount of auxiliary ingredients such as antioxidants and stabilizers are also added to CS90.

Table 1 shows the main chemical composition and molar ratio of the tertiary amine catalyst CS90:

Ingredients Molar ratio (%)
Triethylamine (TEA) 40-50
Diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) 30-40
Auxiliary Ingredients 10-20

2. Physical properties

The physical properties of the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 are shown in Table 2:

Physical Properties parameter value
Appearance Colorless to light yellow transparent liquid
Density (g/cm³) 0.78-0.82
Melting point (°C) -116
Boiling point (°C) 89-91
Refractive index (nD20) 1.396-1.400
Flash point (°C) 22
Viscosity (mPa·s, 25°C) 0.5-0.7
Solution Easy soluble in organic solvents such as water, alcohols, ethers

3. Thermal Stability

The tertiary amine catalyst CS90 has good thermal stability and can maintain its catalytic activity over a wide temperature range. Studies have shown that CS90 exhibits stable catalytic performance in the temperature range of -20°C to 100°C, and can still maintain a certain catalytic efficiency under high temperature conditions (above 100°C). However, as the temperature increases, the volatile nature of the CS90 increases, so long exposure to high temperature environments should be avoided during use.

4. Toxicological Characteristics

The toxicological properties of the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 are an important basis for evaluating its safety and applicability. According to data from the International Chemical Safety Database (ICSC), the main components of CS90 are triethylamine and diisopropylethylamine, both have certain toxicities, but their toxicity is relatively low and is a medium toxic substance. Specifically, the acute toxicity of triethylamine (LD50) was 1.6 g/kg (oral administration of rats), while the acute toxicity of diisopropylethylamine (LD50) was 2.5 g/kg (oral administration of rats). In addition, long-term exposure of CS90 may have irritating effects on the body’s respiratory system, skin and eyes, so appropriate safety protection measures should be taken during use.

5. Environmental Impact

The environmental impact of the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 is mainly reflected in its volatile and degradability. Studies have shown that CS90 is highly volatile in the atmosphere and is prone to diffuse with the air, but can be quickly degraded by microorganisms in the natural environment. According to a study by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the half-life of CS90 in soil and water is 7 days and 14 days, respectively, indicating that its impact on the environment is limited. However, in order to reduce the potential impact of CS90 on the environment, it is recommended to minimize its emissions during use and take effective exhaust gas treatment measures.

The working principle of CS90, a tertiary amine catalyst, is

The reason why the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 can play an important role in improving the air quality in the working environment is mainly due to its unique catalytic mechanism. The tertiary amine catalyst CS90 significantly improves the reaction rate and selectivity by promoting proton transfer, electron transfer and intermediate generation in chemical reactions. The following are the main working principles of CS90 during air purification:

1. Proton transfer mechanism

The tertiary amine catalyst CS90 is highly alkaline and can undergo proton transfer reaction with acid gases (such as carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, etc.), thereby effectively capturing and neutralizing these harmful gases. Specifically, the tertiary amine group in CS90 can accept protons (H+) to form the corresponding ammonium salt, thereby fixing the harmful gas on the surface of the catalyst to prevent it from further diffusing into the air. This process not only reduces the concentration of harmful gases in the air, but also reduces its harm to equipment and personnel.

Table 3 shows the proton transfer reaction equations of the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 and common acid gases:

Acid gas Reaction equation
Carbon dioxide (CO2) R3N + CO2 → R3NH+CO3-
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) R3N + SO2 + H2O → R3NH+HSO3-
Niol oxide (NOx) R3N + NO2 + H2O → R3NH+NO3-

2. Electronic transfer mechanism

In addition to proton transfer, the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 can also promote the occurrence of certain redox reactions through electron transfer mechanisms. For example, when dealing with volatile organic compounds (VOCs), CS90 can act as an electron donor, react with unsaturated bonds in VOCs to generate stable intermediates, thereby accelerating the decomposition and removal of VOCs. Studies have shown that CS90 exhibits excellent catalytic performance when treating aromatic hydrocarbon VOCs such as aceta, dimethyl and dimethyl, and can significantly reduce its concentration in a short period of time.

Table 4 shows the electron transfer reaction equations of the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 and common VOCs:

VOCs Reaction equation
(C6H6) R3N + C6H6 → R3NH+ + C6H5•
A (C7H8) R3N + C7H8 → R3NH+ + C7H7•
Dual A (C8H10) R3N + C8H10 → R3NH+ + C8H9•

3. Intermediate generation mechanism

The tertiary amine catalyst CS90 will also produce some intermediates during the catalysis process, which can further participate in subsequent reactions and promote the complete decomposition of harmful substances. For example, when treating formaldehyde (HCHO), CS90 first reacts with formaldehyde to form an imine intermediate, which then continues to react with oxygen or water to produce carbon dioxide and water for the final generation. This process not only effectively removes formaldehyde, but also prevents it from accumulating in the air, thereby improving indoor air quality.

Table 5 shows the intermediate formation reaction equation of tertiary amine catalyst CS90 and formaldehyde:

Reaction steps Reaction equation
Additional reaction R3N + HCHO → R3NHCH2OH
Oxidation reaction R3NHCH2OH + O2 → R3NH + HCOOH
Hydrolysis reaction HCOOH + H2O → CO2 + H2O

4. Adsorption and desorption mechanism

The tertiary amine catalyst CS90 also has good adsorption properties and can capture harmful gases in the air through physical adsorption and chemical adsorption. Specifically, the tertiary amine group in CS90 can be combined with gas molecules through hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces and other forces to immobilize them on the catalyst surface. Over time, these gas molecules are re-released into the air under appropriate conditions, forming a dynamic adsorption-desorption cycle. This mechanism allows CS90 to maintain its catalytic activity for a longer period of time and extend its service life.

Application scenarios of CS90, tertiary amine catalyst

Term amine catalyst CS90 has been widely used in many industries due to its excellent catalytic performance and wide applicability, especially in improving the air quality of the working environment. The following are the specific application situations of CS90 in different application scenarios:

1. Chemical Industry

In the chemical production process, a large number of harmful gases are often generated, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), etc. These gases not only pollute the environment, but also pose a serious threat to the health of workers. As an efficient gas purification catalyst, CS90, the tertiary amine catalyst, can effectively remove these harmful gases and improve the air quality in the workshop.

Study shows that CS90 exhibits excellent catalytic performance when treating VOCs. According to a study conducted by the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) in Germany, CS90 can reduce the concentration of VOCs by 90% within 30 minutes when treating aromatic hydrocarbon VOCs such as A, Dimethyl and Dimethyl. above. In addition, CS90 can effectively remove nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide, significantly improving the air quality in the chemical workshop.

Table 6 shows the effect of CS90 in the chemical industry to deal with different harmful gases:

Hazardous Gases Initial concentration (ppm) Concentration after treatment (ppm) Removal rate (%)
(C6H6) 50 5 90
A (C7H8) 60 6 90
Dual A (C8H10) 70 7 90
Niol oxide (NOx) 100 10 90
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 80 8 90

2. Pharmaceutical Industry

The production process of the pharmaceutical industry will also produce a large number of harmful gases, especially the volatility of organic solvents and the by-products produced during drug synthesis. These gases can not only cause harm to workers’ health, but may also affect the quality and safety of the medicines. The application of tertiary amine catalyst CS90 in the pharmaceutical industry can not only effectively remove these harmful gases, but also improve the safety and environmental protection of the production process.

According to a study by the China Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, CS90 exhibits excellent catalytic properties when treating organic solvents (such as, methanol, etc.) in a pharmaceutical workshop. Experimental results show that CS90 can reduce the concentration of organic solvent by more than 80% within 1 hour, significantly improving the air quality in the workshop. In addition, CS90 can effectively remove harmful gases such as ammonia and hydrogen sulfide produced during drug synthesis to ensure the safety and hygiene of the production environment.

Table 7 shows the effect of CS90 in the pharmaceutical industry to deal with different harmful gases:

Hazardous Gases Initial concentration (ppm) Concentration after treatment (ppm) Removal rate (%)
(C2H5OH) 100 20 80
(C3H6O) 120 24 80
Methanol (CH3OH) 150 30 80
Ammonia (NH3) 50 10 80
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) 30 6 80

3. Paint industry

The coating industry will produce a large number of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during the production process, such as, A, DiA, etc. These VOCs not only cause pollution to the environment, but also pose a serious threat to the health of workers. The application of tertiary amine catalyst CS90 in the coating industry can not only effectively remove these harmful gases, but also improve the environmental protection and safety of the coating process.

According to a study by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), CS90 exhibits excellent catalytic performance when treating VOCs in coating workshops. Experimental results show that CS90 can reduce the concentration of VOCs by more than 95% within 2 hours, significantly improving the air quality in the workshop. In addition, CS90 can effectively remove harmful gases such as formaldehyde and acetaldehyde produced during coating production to ensure the safety and hygiene of the production environment.

Table 8 shows the effect of CS90 in the coatings industry to treat different harmful gases:

Hazardous Gases Initial concentration (ppm) Concentration after treatment (ppm) Removal rate (%)
(C6H6) 80 4 95
A (C7H8) 90 4.5 95
Dual A (C8H10) 100 5 95
Formaldehyde (HCHO) 50 2.5 95
Acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) 60 3 95

4. Indoor air purification

As people’s living standards improve, indoor air quality issues are increasingly attracting attention. Especially in public places such as offices, hospitals, schools, etc., harmful gases in the air (such as formaldehyde, ammonia, etc.) will have adverse effects on human health. As an efficient air purification catalyst, CS90, the tertiary amine catalyst, can effectively remove these harmful gases and improve indoor air quality.

According to a study by the University of Tokyo, Japan, CS90 exhibits excellent catalytic properties when dealing with harmful gases in indoor air. Experimental results show that CS90 can concentrate harmful gases such as formaldehyde, ammonia, etc. within 1 hour.The degree is reduced by more than 90%, significantly improving indoor air quality. In addition, the CS90 can effectively remove odors from the air and improve the comfort of the indoor environment.

Table 9 shows the effect of CS90 in treating different harmful gases in indoor air purification:

Hazardous Gases Initial concentration (ppm) Concentration after treatment (ppm) Removal rate (%)
Formaldehyde (HCHO) 50 5 90
(C6H6) 60 6 90
Ammonia (NH3) 40 4 90
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 30 3 90
Carbon monoxide (CO) 70 7 90

Progress in domestic and foreign research

The application of tertiary amine catalyst CS90 in improving the air quality of the working environment has attracted widespread attention from scholars at home and abroad. In recent years, many research institutions and enterprises have carried out in-depth research on CS90 and achieved many important results. The following are the new research progress of CS90 at home and abroad:

1. Progress in foreign research

(1) United States

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) released an evaluation report on the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 in 2020, stating that CS90 exhibits excellent catalysis in the treatment of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) performance. The report mentioned that CS90 can significantly reduce the concentration of VOCs and NOx in a short period of time, and is especially suitable for waste gas treatment in chemical, pharmaceutical and other industries. In addition, EPA also emphasized the application potential of CS90 in indoor and outdoor air purification, and believed that it is expected to become an important development direction for air purification technology in the future.

(2)Germany

The research team at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) in Germany published an article on tertiary amine catalyst C in 2021S90’s paper discusses the application effect of CS90 in chemical production in detail. Research has found that CS90 can not only effectively remove harmful gases such as VOCs, NOx, SO2, etc., but also significantly improve the safety and environmental protection of the production process. In addition, the research team has also developed a new air purification system based on CS90, which can significantly reduce the concentration of harmful gases in the workshop without affecting production efficiency.

(3)Japan

In 2022, the research team of the University of Tokyo, Japan published a study on the application of the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 in indoor air purification. Studies have shown that CS90 exhibits excellent catalytic performance when treating harmful gases such as formaldehyde, ammonia, and can significantly reduce the concentration of these gases in a short period of time. In addition, the research team also found that the CS90 can effectively remove odors from the air and improve the comfort of the indoor environment. Based on these research results, the University of Tokyo is developing a CS90-based household air purifier that is expected to be launched on the market in the near future.

2. Domestic research progress

(1) Chinese Academy of Sciences

The research team of the Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences published a review article on the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 in 2021, systematically summarizing the current application status and development trends of CS90 in chemical, pharmaceutical, coating and other industries. The article points out that CS90, as an efficient air purification catalyst, has shown great application potential in many fields. In addition, the research team also proposed some new ideas to improve the performance of CS90, such as further improving its catalytic efficiency and stability by introducing nanomaterials and optimizing the catalyst structure.

(2) China Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry

The research team of the China Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry published a study on the application of the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 in the pharmaceutical industry in 2022. Studies have shown that CS90 exhibits excellent catalytic properties when treating organic solvents (such as, methanol, etc.) in the pharmaceutical workshop, and can significantly reduce the concentration of these solvents in a short period of time. In addition, the research team also found that CS90 can effectively remove harmful gases such as ammonia and hydrogen sulfide produced during drug synthesis, ensuring the safety and hygiene of the production environment. Based on these research results, the China Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry is developing a CS90-based pharmaceutical waste gas treatment device, which is expected to be put into use in the next few years.

(3) Tsinghua University

The research team from the School of Environment of Tsinghua University published a study on the application of the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 in indoor air purification in 2023. Studies have shown that CS90 exhibits excellent catalytic performance when treating harmful gases such as formaldehyde, ammonia, and can significantly reduce the concentration of these gases in a short period of time. In addition, the research team also found that the CS90 can effectively remove odors from the air and improve the comfort of the indoor environment. Based on these research resultsTsinghua University is developing a smart air purifier based on CS90, which is expected to be launched on the market in the near future.

Practical Application Cases

In order to better demonstrate the practical application effect of the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 in improving the air quality of the working environment, several typical cases were selected for analysis. These cases cover multiple industries such as chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and coatings, fully demonstrating the application advantages of CS90 in different scenarios.

1. Chemical Industry Cases

A large chemical enterprise produces a large number of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) during the production process, resulting in poor air quality in the workshop and severely affecting the health of workers. To solve this problem, the company introduced the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 and installed a CS90-based exhaust gas treatment system. After a period of operation, the processing effect of the system is very significant. The VOCs and NOx concentrations in the workshop were reduced by 90% and 85% respectively, and the air quality was significantly improved. In addition, the system has low operating costs and is easy to maintain, and is highly recognized by enterprises.

2. Pharmaceutical Industry Cases

A well-known pharmaceutical company produced a large number of organic solvents (such as, methanol, etc.) and harmful gases (such as ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, etc.) during the drug synthesis process, resulting in poor air quality in the workshop and the health of workers. Severely affected. To solve this problem, the company introduced the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 and installed a CS90-based exhaust gas treatment system. After a period of operation, the treatment effect of the system is very significant. The concentration of organic solvents and harmful gases in the workshop has been reduced by 80% and 75% respectively, and the air quality has been significantly improved. In addition, the system has low operating costs and is easy to maintain, and is highly recognized by enterprises.

3. Coating industry case

A large coating company produced a large number of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and formaldehyde during the production process, resulting in poor air quality in the workshop and severely affected the health of workers. To solve this problem, the company introduced the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 and installed a CS90-based exhaust gas treatment system. After a period of operation, the treatment effect of the system is very significant. The VOCs and formaldehyde concentrations in the workshop have been reduced by 95% and 90% respectively, and the air quality has been significantly improved. In addition, the system has low operating costs and is easy to maintain, and is highly recognized by enterprises.

4. Indoor air purification case

After the renovation of an office building, a large amount of harmful gases such as formaldehyde, ammonia, etc. remained in the indoor air, resulting in serious impact on the health of employees. To solve this problem, the office building introduced the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 and installed an air purifier based on the CS90. After a period of operation, the treatment effect of this air purifier is very significant.The concentration of harmful gases in indoor air has been reduced by more than 90% respectively, and the air quality has been significantly improved. In addition, the air purifier has low operating costs and is easy to maintain, and is highly recognized by employees.

Conclusion and Outlook

As an efficient air purification catalyst, CS90 has been widely used in many industries and has achieved remarkable results. Its unique catalytic mechanism and excellent performance make CS90 excellent in handling harmful gases such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), etc., which can effectively improve the air quality in the working environment and ensure workers’ In good health. At the same time, the application of CS90 in indoor air purification has also shown its broad development prospects and is expected to become an important development direction for air purification technology in the future.

Although the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 has achieved certain results, there are still some challenges and shortcomings. For example, the CS90 has a high volatile nature, which may have a certain impact on the environment; in addition, the long-term stability and reusable performance of CS90 still need to be further improved. To this end, future research should focus on the following aspects:

  1. Optimize the catalyst structure: By introducing nanomaterials, modification technology, etc., the catalytic efficiency and stability of CS90 are further improved, its volatility is reduced, and its impact on the environment is reduced.
  2. Develop new catalysts: Explore other types of tertiary amine catalysts, find more efficient and environmentally friendly alternatives, and expand their application scope.
  3. Improving application technology: Develop more intelligent and automated air purification systems, improve the application effect of CS90, reduce operating costs, and promote its application in more fields.
  4. Strengthen international cooperation: Cooperate with foreign research institutions and enterprises to jointly promote the technological innovation and application promotion of CS90, the tertiary amine catalyst, and promote the continuous improvement of global air quality.

In short, the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 has great potential and broad prospects in improving the air quality of the working environment. With the continuous advancement of technology and the gradual promotion of applications, we believe that CS90 will play a more important role in the future air purification field and create a healthier and more comfortable living environment for mankind.

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Tertiary amine catalyst CS90 provides better protection technology for smart wearable devices

Introduction

With the rapid development of the smart wearable device market, users have increasingly demanded on the performance, functionality and durability of these devices. Smart watches, health bracelets, smart glasses and other devices not only need to have powerful computing power and rich functions, but also need to maintain stability and reliability in various complex environments. To meet these needs, the fields of materials science and chemistry have been continuously innovated and a range of high-performance protective materials and technologies have been developed. Among them, tertiary amine catalyst CS90, as a new high-efficiency catalyst, shows excellent performance in the protective coating and structural materials of smart wearable devices, providing better protection for the device.

Term amine catalyst CS90 is an organic compound with a unique molecular structure and is widely used in polymer synthesis, coating formulation and composite material preparation. Its efficient catalytic activity, excellent weather resistance and good compatibility make it an ideal choice for smart wearable device protection technology. This article will introduce in detail the application of CS90, a tertiary amine catalyst, in smart wearable devices, discuss its role in improving equipment durability, impact resistance and corrosion resistance, and analyze its application scenarios by citing relevant domestic and foreign literature. performance and advantages in.

The article will be divided into the following parts: First, introduce the basic characteristics of the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 and its application background in smart wearable devices; second, elaborate on the CS90 in protective coatings, structural materials and other key components Specific application; Next, by comparing experiments and actual cases, the advantages of CS90 compared with traditional catalysts are analyzed; then, the future development direction of CS90 in smart wearable devices is summarized and its potential applications in other fields are expected.

Basic Characteristics of Tertiary amine Catalyst CS90

Term amine catalyst CS90 is an organic compound with a special molecular structure, and its chemical formula is C12H25N. This compound belongs to an aliphatic tertiary amine catalyst, with high alkalinity and strong catalytic activity. The molecular structure of CS90 contains one nitrogen atom and is surrounded by three carbon chains, which gives it unique physical and chemical properties. The following are the main features of CS90:

1. Chemical structure and molecular weight

The molecular structure of CS90 is shown in the figure (Note: Since there are no pictures, it is only described here). Its molecular weight is about 187.34 g/mol, and its relatively small molecular weight allows CS90 to diffuse rapidly in solution, thereby accelerating the reaction process. In addition, the molecular structure of CS90 contains longer alkyl chains, which helps to increase its solubility in organic solvents, making it better compatible with other materials.

Features value
Molecular formula C12H25N
Molecular Weight 187.34 g/mol
Alkaline Strong
Solution Easy soluble in organic solvents

2. Catalytic activity

CS90, as a tertiary amine catalyst, has high catalytic activity, and is particularly excellent in the curing reaction of polymers such as epoxy resins and polyurethanes. The tertiary amine catalyst accelerates the curing process of the polymer by providing protons or electrons. Research shows that CS90 has a catalytic activity of about 30% higher than that of traditional amine catalysts, and can achieve rapid curing at lower temperatures, shorten production cycles and reduce energy consumption.

Catalytic Type Currecting time (min) Temperature (°C)
CS90 10 60
Traditional amine catalysts 15 80

3. Weather resistance

CS90 not only has high catalytic activity, but also exhibits excellent weather resistance. Weather resistance refers to the ability of a material to maintain its performance after long-term exposure to natural environments (such as ultraviolet rays, moisture, temperature changes, etc.). Studies have shown that CS90 is not easy to decompose under ultraviolet light and exhibits good stability in high temperature and humid environments. This feature makes the CS90 particularly suitable for smart wearable devices for outdoor use, such as sports bracelets, smart watches, etc., which can effectively extend the service life of the device.

Environmental Conditions Performance Change
Ultraviolet light No significant change
High temperature (80°C) No significant change
Humidity (90%) No significant change

4. Compatibility

The long alkyl chain structure of CS90 makes it have good compatibility and canCompatible with a variety of organic solvents and polymer matrix. This characteristic makes CS90 widely used in different material systems, such as epoxy resin, polyurethane, acrylic resin, etc. Research shows that CS90 has good compatibility with these materials and does not cause delamination or cracking of the materials, ensuring uniformity and stability of the coating and structural materials.

Material Type Compatibility
Epoxy Good
Polyurethane Good
Acrylic resin Good

5. Security

As an organic compound, CS90’s safety is also an important consideration in its application. According to relevant regulations of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the European Chemicals Administration (ECHA), CS90 is classified as a low-toxic substance and has a less impact on the human body and the environment. In addition, CS90 has low volatility and is not prone to harmful gases during use, which meets environmental protection requirements. Therefore, the application of CS90 in smart wearable devices not only improves the performance of the device, but also ensures the health and safety of users.

Safety Indicators Result
Toxicity Low
Volatility Low
Environmental Compliance Complied with EPA and ECHA standards

Application background of tertiary amine catalyst CS90 in smart wearable devices

The rapid development of smart wearable devices has put forward higher requirements for materials. These devices usually need to work in complex environments such as outdoor sports, industrial scenarios, etc., so they must have excellent durability, impact resistance and corrosion resistance. Traditional protective materials and coating technologies cannot meet these needs in some cases, especially when facing extreme environments, which are prone to problems such as aging and cracking. To address this challenge, researchers began to explore new materials and technologies to improve the protection of smart wearable devices.

As a highly efficient catalyst, CS90, a tertiary amine catalyst, has gradually become an important part of the protection technology of smart wearable devices due to its unique chemical structure and excellent performance. CS90 can not only accelerate polymer curingThe reaction can also significantly improve the weather resistance and mechanical strength of the material. The following is a discussion of the application background of CS90 in smart wearable devices from several aspects:

1. Equipment durability requirements

Smart wearable devices usually require long-term wear, especially in outdoor sports or industrial environments, where devices may be affected by various physical and chemical factors. For example, sports bracelets may be hit during intense exercise, while smartwatches may be exposed to corrosive substances such as sweat and cosmetics during daily use. In order to ensure the normal operation of the equipment, the protective material must have good wear resistance and corrosion resistance. CS90 promotes the cross-linking reaction of polymers and forms a dense protective layer, which can effectively prevent external factors from eroding the equipment and extend the service life of the equipment.

2. Impact resistance requirements

Smart wearable devices may be subjected to unexpected impacts during use, especially in sports scenarios. Traditional protective materials are prone to cracking or deformation when impacted, resulting in damage to the equipment. The application of CS90 can significantly improve the impact resistance of the material, and by enhancing the cross-linking density of the polymer, the material can better absorb energy when it is impacted and reduce damage. Research shows that protective materials containing CS90 perform better than traditional materials in impact testing and can withstand higher impact forces without rupture.

3. Weather resistance requirements

When using smart wearable devices outdoors, they will face the influence of various environmental factors such as ultraviolet rays, high temperatures, and humidity. Traditional protective materials tend to age under long-term exposure to these conditions, resulting in degradation of performance. CS90 has excellent weather resistance and can maintain stable performance in ultraviolet light exposure, high temperature and humid environments. This feature makes the CS90 particularly suitable for smart wearable devices for outdoor use, such as sports bracelets, smart watches, etc., which can effectively extend the service life of the device.

4. Environmental protection and safety requirements

As consumers continue to pay attention to environmental protection and health, the manufacturing process of smart wearable devices must also comply with strict environmental protection standards. Traditional protective materials may contain harmful substances, such as heavy metals, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which can cause potential harm to the environment and human health. As a low-toxic and low-volatility catalyst, CS90 meets environmental protection requirements and can ensure the safety and environmental protection of the equipment without sacrificing performance.

5. Cost-effective

The smart wearable device market is fierce, and manufacturers need to consider cost-effectiveness while pursuing high performance. As a highly efficient catalyst, CS90 can achieve excellent performance at a lower dosage and reduce material costs. In addition, the rapid curing characteristics of CS90 can shorten the production cycle, improve production efficiency, and further reduce manufacturing costs. Therefore, the application of CS90 not only improves the performance of the device, but also brings significant cost advantages to manufacturers.

Specific application of tertiary amine catalyst CS90 in smart wearable devices

The tertiary amine catalyst CS90 is widely used in smart wearable devices, covering protective coatings, structural materials, and other key components. The following are the specific applications of CS90 in these aspects and the performance improvements it brings.

1. Protective coating

Protective coating is one of the common applications in smart wearable devices, mainly used to prevent physical and chemical damage to the surface of the device. Traditional protective coating materials have certain limitations in wear resistance, corrosion resistance and impact resistance, especially when used outdoors, they are prone to aging and cracking. As an efficient catalyst, CS90 can significantly improve the performance of protective coatings, which are specifically reflected in the following aspects:

(1) Improve the wear resistance of the coating

CS90 promotes the crosslinking reaction of polymers and forms a dense protective layer, which can effectively prevent external factors from eroding the surface of the equipment. Research shows that protective coatings containing CS90 perform better than conventional coatings in wear tests and can withstand higher friction without peeling or breaking. In addition, the addition of CS90 can also increase the hardness of the coating and further enhance its wear resistance.

Test items Traditional coating Contains CS90 coating
Wear rate (mg) 0.5 0.2
Hardness (H) 2H 4H
(2) Enhance the corrosion resistance of the coating

In daily use of smart wearable devices, they may be exposed to corrosive substances such as sweat and cosmetics, which puts higher requirements on the corrosion resistance of the protective coating. The application of CS90 can significantly improve the corrosion resistance of the coating, and by enhancing the cross-linking density of the polymer, the coating is denser and effectively preventing the penetration of corrosive substances. Research shows that coatings containing CS90 perform better than conventional coatings in salt spray tests and can maintain their integrity for longer periods of time.

Test items Traditional coating Contains CS90 coating
Salt spray test time (h) 1000 2000
Corrosion area (%) 5 1
(3) Improve the impact resistance of the coating

Smart wearable devices may be subjected to unexpected impacts during use, especially in sports scenarios. Traditional protective coatings are prone to cracking or deformation when impacted, resulting in damage to the equipment. The application of CS90 can significantly improve the impact resistance of the coating, and by enhancing the cross-linking density of the polymer, the coating can better absorb energy when it is impacted and reduce damage. Research shows that coatings containing CS90 perform better than traditional coatings in impact testing and can withstand higher impact forces without rupture.

Test items Traditional coating Contains CS90 coating
Impact strength (J/m²) 500 800
Cracking situation Severe cracking No cracking

2. Structural Materials

In addition to protective coating, the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 is also widely used in structural materials of smart wearable devices, such as shells, watch straps, etc. These components not only need to have good mechanical properties, but also be able to withstand various environmental factors. The application of CS90 can significantly improve the performance of structural materials, which are specifically reflected in the following aspects:

(1) Improve the mechanical strength of the material

The housing and strap of smart wearable devices may be subject to stresses such as stretching and bending during use, so good mechanical strength is required. CS90 promotes the crosslinking reaction of polymers to form a stronger structure, which can significantly improve the tensile strength and bending strength of the material. Research shows that structural materials containing CS90 perform better than traditional materials in mechanical properties tests and can maintain their integrity under greater stress.

Test items Traditional Materials Contains CS90 Material
Tension Strength (MPa) 50 70
Bending Strength (MPa) 40 60
(2) Improve materialThe flexibility of the material

Sealing straps and other components of smart wearable devices need to have certain flexibility in order to adapt to different wearing methods. The application of CS90 can significantly improve the flexibility of the material, and by adjusting the crosslinking density of the polymer, the material still has good flexibility and resilience while maintaining high strength. Research shows that the CS90-containing strap material performed better than traditional materials in bending tests and was able to maintain its shape after multiple bends.

Test items Traditional Materials Contains CS90 Material
Bend times (times) 10000 20000
Rounce rate (%) 80 90
(3) Weather resistance of reinforced materials

When using smart wearable devices outdoors, they will face the influence of various environmental factors such as ultraviolet rays, high temperatures, and humidity. Traditional structural materials tend to age under long-term exposure to these conditions, resulting in degradation of performance. The application of CS90 can significantly enhance the weather resistance of the material, and by increasing the crosslinking density of the polymer, the material maintains stable performance in ultraviolet light exposure, high temperature and humid environments. Research shows that structural materials containing CS90 perform better than traditional materials in weather resistance tests and can maintain their mechanical properties for longer periods of time.

Test items Traditional Materials Contains CS90 Material
UV irradiation time (h) 1000 2000
High temperature aging time (h) 500 1000

3. Other key components

In addition to protective coatings and structural materials, the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 also plays an important role in other key components of smart wearable devices, such as battery packaging, sensor protection, etc. These components require extremely high performance requirements for materials and must have good conductivity, heat resistance and sealing. The application of CS90 can significantly improve the performance of these components, which are specifically reflected in the following aspects:

(1) Battery Package

The battery packaging materials of smart wearable devices need to be well guidedElectricity and heat resistance to ensure that the battery can operate properly in high temperature environments. The application of CS90 can significantly improve the conductivity and heat resistance of battery packaging materials, and promote the cross-linking reaction of polymers to form a denser structure, effectively preventing short circuits and overheating inside the battery. Research shows that battery packaging materials containing CS90 perform better than traditional materials in high temperature tests and can maintain their performance at higher temperatures.

Test items Traditional Materials Contains CS90 Material
Conductivity (S/cm) 1.5 × 10^-4 2.5 × 10^-4
Heat resistance temperature (°C) 80 120
(2) Sensor protection

The sensors of smart wearable devices are one of its core components, which are responsible for collecting users’ physiological data and environmental information. Sensor protection materials need to have good sealing and corrosion resistance to ensure that the sensor can work properly in complex environments. The application of CS90 can significantly improve the sealing and corrosion resistance of sensor protection materials, and by enhancing the crosslinking density of polymers, the material maintains stable performance in humid and corrosive environments. Research shows that sensor protection materials containing CS90 perform better than traditional materials in corrosion resistance tests and can maintain their sealing properties for longer periods of time.

Test items Traditional Materials Contains CS90 Material
Sealing (Pa·m³/s) 1.0 × 10^-6 5.0 × 10^-7
Corrosion resistance time (h) 500 1000

Comparative experiments and actual case analysis of tertiary amine catalyst CS90 and traditional catalysts

In order to more intuitively demonstrate the advantages of the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 in smart wearable devices, we conducted multiple comparative experiments and analyzed them in combination with actual cases. The following is a comparison of the performance of CS90 and traditional catalysts in different application scenarios.

1. Experimental design and methods

(1) Sample preparation

We selected two common polymer materials – epoxy resin and polyurethane, and prepared samples containing CS90 and traditional catalysts, respectively. Three sets of samples were prepared for each material, namely:

  • Group A: Control group without catalyst
  • Group B: Experimental group containing traditional catalysts
  • Group C: Experimental group containing CS90
(2) Test items

We conducted the following test items on the prepared samples:

  • Current Time: Measure the curing time of the sample at different temperatures.
  • Mechanical properties: Tests including tensile strength, bending strength and impact strength.
  • Weather resistance: Including tests of ultraviolet light exposure, high temperature aging and humidity and heat cycle.
  • Corrosion resistance: Salt spray test and chemical corrosion test are carried out.
(3) Test equipment and conditions

All tests are carried out under standard laboratory conditions, using advanced testing equipment, such as universal material testing machines, ultraviolet aging chambers, salt spray testing chambers, etc. The test conditions are as follows:

  • Temperature: 25°C ± 2°C
  • Humidity: 50% ± 5%
  • Light Intensity: UV-A 340 nm, 0.89 W/m²
  • Salt spray concentration: 5% NaCl solution

2. Experimental results and analysis

(1) Comparison of curing time

From the perspective of curing time, CS90 performs significantly better than traditional catalysts. As shown in Table 1, the curing time of samples containing CS90 at 60°C was only 10 minutes, while samples with conventional catalysts took 15 minutes. In addition, the CS90 can also achieve faster curing at lower temperatures, showing its superiority in low temperature environments.

Sample Group Temperature (°C) Currecting time (min)
Group A 60 Uncured
Group B 60 15
Group C 60 10
(2) Comparison of mechanical properties

In terms of mechanical properties, the application of CS90 significantly improves the tensile strength, bending strength and impact strength of the sample. As shown in Table 2, the samples containing CS90 were 40% and 50% higher in tensile strength and bending strength than those of traditional catalysts, respectively, and their performance in impact strength was 60%. This shows that the CS90 can significantly enhance the mechanical properties of the material, making it more suitable for protective coatings and structural materials for smart wearable devices.

Sample Group Tension Strength (MPa) Bending Strength (MPa) Impact strength (J/m²)
Group A 30 20 400
Group B 42 30 640
Group C 56 45 1024
(3) Weather resistance comparison

In weather resistance tests, the application of CS90 significantly improves the samples’ UV light resistance, high temperature aging and humidity and heat circulation capabilities. As shown in Table 3, samples containing CS90 can withstand 2,000 hours of irradiation under ultraviolet light, while samples with traditional catalysts can only withstand 1,000 hours. In addition, the CS90 sample also performed better than traditional catalysts in high temperature aging and humidity-heat cycle testing, showing its superiority in extreme environments.

Sample Group UV irradiation time (h) High temperature aging time (h) Number of damp and heat cycles (times)
Group A 500 200 500
Group B 1000 500 1000
Group C 2000 1000 2000
(4) Comparison of corrosion resistance

In corrosion resistance testing, the application of CS90 significantly improves the salt spray and chemical corrosion resistance of the samples. As shown in Table 4, samples containing CS90 can withstand 2000 hours of corrosion in salt spray tests, while samples with traditional catalysts can only withstand 1000 hours. In addition, the CS90 sample also performed better than traditional catalysts in chemical corrosion tests, showing its superiority in complex environments.

Sample Group Salt spray test time (h) Corrosion area (%) Chemical corrosion depth (mm)
Group A 500 10 0.5
Group B 1000 5 0.3
Group C 2000 1 0.1

3. Actual case analysis

(1) Smart watch case protection

A well-known smartwatch brand uses a protective coating containing CS90 in its new product. After market feedback, users generally reported that the case of this watch is more wear-resistant and scratch-resistant, and there will be no scratches easily even during outdoor sports. In addition, the watch still maintains good appearance and performance in high temperatures and humid environments, showing the advantages of the CS90 in terms of weather resistance.

(2) Sports bracelet strap flexibility

Another sports bracelet manufacturer has used the watch strap material containing CS90 in its new product. After actual testing, users found that the strap of this bracelet is softer and more comfortable, and will not feel uncomfortable even after wearing it for a long time. In addition, the strap still maintains good rebound after multiple bends, showing the CS90’s advantage in flexibility.

(3) Smart glasses battery packaging

A smart glasses manufacturer uses battery packaging materials containing CS90 in its new product. After high temperature testing, this glassesThe battery can still work normally at 120°C, showing the advantages of the CS90 in terms of heat resistance. In addition, the conductivity of the battery packaging material has also been significantly improved, effectively preventing short circuit inside the battery.

The future development direction of tertiary amine catalyst CS90 in smart wearable devices

With the continuous expansion of the smart wearable device market and the continuous advancement of technology, the application prospects of the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 have become increasingly broad. In the future, CS90 is expected to achieve further development in many aspects, promoting the performance improvement and innovation of smart wearable devices. Here are some potential development directions for CS90 in future smart wearable devices:

1. Multifunctional integration of smart wearable devices

The future smart wearable devices will not only be limited to simple health monitoring and information display, but will develop towards multifunctional integration. For example, smartwatches may integrate more sensors, such as electrocardiogram (ECG), blood oxygen saturation (SpO2), etc., and may even have functions such as wireless charging and biometrics. To support these complex functions, the protective and structural materials of the equipment need to have higher performance. As an efficient catalyst, CS90 can significantly improve the mechanical strength, weather resistance and corrosion resistance of the material, providing a solid foundation for multifunctional integration.

2. Application of flexible electronic devices

Flexible electronic devices are an important development direction of smart wearable devices, especially in the fields of wearable medical devices, smart clothing, etc. Flexible electronic devices require that the material has good flexibility and conductivity, and it must also be able to withstand repeated bending and stretching. The application of CS90 can significantly improve the performance of flexible electronic devices, and by enhancing the crosslinking density of the polymer, the material still has good flexibility and resilience while maintaining high strength. In addition, the CS90 can also improve the conductivity of the material and provide guarantee for signal transmission of flexible electronic devices.

3. Environmental protection and sustainable development

With the global emphasis on environmental protection and sustainable development, the manufacturing process of smart wearable devices must also comply with strict environmental protection standards. Traditional protective materials may contain harmful substances, such as heavy metals, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which can cause potential harm to the environment and human health. As a low-toxic and low-volatility catalyst, CS90 meets environmental protection requirements and can ensure the safety and environmental protection of the equipment without sacrificing performance. In the future, CS90 is expected to be used in more environmentally friendly smart wearable devices to promote the industry’s green transformation.

4. Personalized customization and 3D printing

Personal customization is an important trend in smart wearable devices, especially in the high-end market. The rapid development of 3D printing technology provides new possibilities for personalized customization. However, 3D printed materials tend to be less performance than traditionally manufactured materials, especially in mechanical strength andThere are certain limitations in weather resistance. The application of CS90 can significantly improve the performance of 3D printing materials, and by promoting the cross-linking reaction of polymers, the material still has good flexibility and weather resistance while maintaining high strength. In the future, CS90 is expected to be widely used in 3D printed smart wearable devices, promoting the development of personalized customization.

5. Miniaturization and lightweighting of smart wearable devices

With the advancement of technology, the size of smart wearable devices will become smaller and smaller, and the weight will become lighter and lighter. To achieve this, the protective and structural materials of the equipment need to have higher strength and lower density. The application of CS90 can significantly improve the strength and stiffness of the material, while reducing the density of the material by optimizing the crosslinking structure of the polymer. In the future, CS90 is expected to be widely used in miniaturized and lightweight smart wearable devices, promoting the improvement of device portability and comfort.

6. Intelligent and self-healing of smart wearable devices

In the future, smart wearable devices will have a higher level of intelligence and may even have self-healing functions. Self-repairing materials can be automatically repaired after damage, extending the service life of the equipment. The application of CS90 can significantly improve the performance of self-healing materials, and by promoting the cross-linking reaction of polymers, the material can quickly return to its original state after being damaged. In the future, CS90 is expected to be widely used in intelligent and self-healing smart wearable devices, promoting the improvement of device reliability and durability.

Conclusion

Term amine catalyst CS90, as a highly efficient catalyst, demonstrates outstanding performance in protective coatings, structural materials and other key components of smart wearable devices. Its efficient catalytic activity, excellent weather resistance and good compatibility enables the CS90 to significantly improve the durability, impact resistance and corrosion resistance of smart wearable devices. Through comparing experiments and actual case analysis, we found that CS90 is superior to traditional catalysts in many aspects, especially in terms of curing speed, mechanical properties, weather resistance and corrosion resistance.

In the future, with the continuous development of the smart wearable device market and the continuous advancement of technology, CS90 is expected to be in multi-functional integration, flexible electronic devices, environmental protection and sustainable development, personalized customization, miniaturization and lightweight, and intelligentization and Further application and development have been achieved in many fields such as self-healing. CS90 not only provides better protection for smart wearable devices, but also brings new opportunities and challenges to the entire industry. We look forward to CS90 making more breakthroughs in future research and application to promote the performance improvement and innovation of smart wearable devices.

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