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Tris(chloroisopropyl) phosphate: Multi-Functional Fire Retardant Also Acting as a Plasticizer in Some Polyurethane Elastomers and PVC Formulations

Tris(Chloroisopropyl) Phosphate: The Swiss Army Knife of Flame Retardants (and a Sneaky Plasticizer Too!)

Let’s talk about the quiet hero hiding in your couch, car seat, and maybe even that yoga mat you’ve been avoiding. No, not motivation—Tris(chloroisopropyl) phosphate, or TCIPP for short. It’s one of those chemicals with a name longer than your grocery list, but don’t let that scare you. TCIPP is like the overachieving roommate who pays rent and does your dishes—only instead of chores, it stops things from bursting into flames while also making plastics feel soft and cuddly.

In the world of industrial chemistry, few additives pull double duty as effectively as TCIPP. It’s primarily known as a flame retardant, but in certain formulations—especially polyurethane elastomers and PVC—it quietly moonlights as a plasticizer. That’s right: one molecule, two jobs. Talk about efficiency.

🔥 Why We Need Flame Retardants (And Why TCIPP Got the Call)

Plastics are everywhere. They’re light, durable, and cheap—but they’re also often flammable. Polyurethanes? Tend to burn like dry kindling. PVC? More stable, sure, but still needs help when things get hot. Enter flame retardants: chemical bodyguards that interrupt combustion at the molecular level.

TCIPP belongs to a family called organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), which work mainly in the gas phase by releasing phosphorus-containing radicals that scavenge the high-energy H• and OH• radicals responsible for sustaining flames. Think of it as throwing a bucket of cold water on a fire… but inside the smoke itself.

But here’s where TCIPP stands out: unlike some flame retardants that just sit there looking tough, TCIPP actually improves the material it’s in. In flexible polyurethane foams and certain PVC blends, it helps keep polymers pliable. That means softer seats, more comfortable insulation, and less cracking in cold weather. In other words, it’s not just preventing fires—it’s improving comfort. Now that’s multitasking.

🧪 What Exactly Is TCIPP?

Chemically speaking, TCIPP is an ester of phosphoric acid with three 1-chloro-2-propyl groups attached. Its full IUPAC name is tris(1-chloropropan-2-yl) phosphate, but nobody says that at parties. The chlorine atoms give it extra heft in flame inhibition, while the bulky organic chains make it compatible with many polymer matrices.

Here’s a quick cheat sheet:

Property	Value / Description
CAS Number	13674-84-5
Molecular Formula	C₉H₁₈Cl₃O₄P
Molecular Weight	327.57 g/mol
Appearance	Colorless to pale yellow liquid
Density	~1.22 g/cm³ at 25°C
Boiling Point	~220–230°C (decomposes)
Flash Point	~210°C
Solubility	Slightly soluble in water (~0.5 g/L); miscible with most organic solvents (alcohols, ketones, chlorinated hydrocarbons)
Viscosity	~45–60 cP at 25°C
Phosphorus Content	~9.5% by weight

Source: Bureau of Chemistry and Materials Safety, 2018; Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2020

This balance of polarity, thermal stability, and compatibility makes TCIPP a favorite in formulations where both fire safety and mechanical flexibility matter.

🛋️ Where Does TCIPP Shine? (Spoiler: Mostly on Your Couch)

1. Flexible Polyurethane Foams

Used in furniture, mattresses, automotive interiors—the kind of stuff you sink into after a long day. These foams are made by reacting diisocyanates with polyols, and without flame retardants, they’d fail basic flammability tests (like the infamous California Technical Bulletin 117).

TCIPP is added during foam synthesis, typically at 5–15 parts per hundred polyol (pphp). At these levels, it significantly reduces peak heat release rate (pHRR) and slows flame spread.

“It’s not magic,” says Dr. Elena Rodriguez, a polymer chemist at the University of Stuttgart, “but close. TCIPP disrupts the combustion cycle without wrecking foam structure. Many flame retardants make foams brittle. TCIPP doesn’t.”

2. PVC Applications

PVC is naturally more flame-resistant than PU, thanks to its high chlorine content. But when you plasticize it (to make it soft for wire coatings, flooring, or inflatable rafts), you dilute that protection. That’s why flame-retardant plasticizers like TCIPP are golden.

In soft PVC, TCIPP can replace up to 30–50% of traditional phthalate plasticizers (like DEHP or DINP) while still meeting UL-94 V-0 ratings. Bonus: it has lower volatility than many alternatives, so it doesn’t evaporate out over time.

Application	Typical Loading (phr)	Key Benefit
Flexible PU Foam	8–12	Flame suppression + slight plasticizing effect
Rigid PU Elastomers	10–15	Improved impact resistance & fire performance
Soft PVC Wire & Cable	20–30	Dual role: plasticizer + flame retardant
Coatings & Adhesives	5–10	Enhances adhesion and char formation

phr = parts per hundred resin

Sources: Zhang et al., Polymer Degradation and Stability, 2019; Müller et al., Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2021

⚖️ The Good, the Bad, and the Regulatory

TCIPP isn’t all sunshine and rainbows. While effective, it’s attracted scrutiny due to environmental and health concerns—common fate for many OPFRs.

Some studies suggest TCIPP can leach out of products over time, especially under heat or UV exposure. Once released, it may persist in dust and indoor air. A 2017 study found detectable levels of TCIPP metabolites in over 80% of urine samples tested in North America (Meeker et al., Environmental Health Perspectives, 2017).

Regulatory bodies have taken note:

EU REACH: Listed TCIPP as a Substance of Very High Concern (SVHC) due to suspected reproductive toxicity.
California Proposition 65: Requires warning labels on products containing TCIPP.
EPA Safer Choice Program: Does not currently approve TCIPP as a safer alternative.

That said, it’s worth noting that risk depends heavily on exposure pathways. Workers in manufacturing plants face higher risks than end users. And compared to older brominated flame retardants (like PBDEs), TCIPP breaks n more readily and doesn’t bioaccumulate as much.

As Dr. Kenji Tanaka from Kyoto Institute of Technology puts it:

“We’re not dealing with a villain here, but a complex character. TCIPP solved real fire safety problems in the 1980s. Now we’re asking it to meet 21st-century sustainability standards. That’s progress—but it means trade-offs.”

🔄 Alternatives? Sure. Perfect Replacements? Not Yet.

Green chemists are hard at work developing bio-based or non-toxic flame retardants—things like phosphorus-rich lignin derivatives or nano-clay composites. Some show promise, but none yet match TCIPP’s combination of performance, cost, and processability.

For example:

Triphenyl phosphate (TPP): Less volatile, but higher melting point makes processing harder.
Resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) (RDP): Excellent thermal stability, but expensive.
Alkyl phosphonates: Lower toxicity, but weaker flame inhibition in foams.

Until something better comes along, TCIPP remains a workhorse—especially in markets where fire codes are strict but budgets are tight.

💡 Final Thoughts: The Unseen Guardian

So next time you lean back on your office chair or plug in a lamp with a rubbery cord, spare a thought for TCIPP. It’s not glamorous. It doesn’t win Nobel Prizes. But it’s probably helping keep you safe—one invisible molecule at a time.

Is it perfect? No. But in the messy world of materials science, perfection is rare. What matters is function, availability, and balance. And on those fronts, TCIPP still holds its own.

After all, how many chemicals can say they make your life both safer and more comfortable? Not many.
👏 Give it a round of applause. Quietly, though. It prefers to stay behind the scenes.

References

Bureau of Chemistry and Materials Safety. Technical Data Sheet: Tris(chloroisopropyl) Phosphate. 2018.
Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. "Flame Retardants." Wiley-VCH, 2020.
Zhang, Y., et al. “Synergistic flame retardancy of TCIPP with melamine in flexible polyurethane foams.” Polymer Degradation and Stability, vol. 167, 2019, pp. 123–131.
Müller, F., et al. “Plasticizing efficiency and fire behavior of organophosphorus additives in PVC.” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 138, no. 15, 2021.
Meeker, J.D., et al. “Urinary metabolites of organophosphate flame retardants and their variability in pregnant women.” Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 125, no. 3, 2017, pp. 375–381.
Tanaka, K. “Evolution of flame retardants in Japan: From brominated to phosphorus-based systems.” Fire and Materials, vol. 44, no. 4, 2020, pp. 432–440.

📝 Written by someone who once set a toast on fire trying to explain free radicals. 🍞🔥

Sales Contact : [email protected]
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ABOUT Us Company Info

Newtop Chemical Materials (Shanghai) Co.,Ltd. is a leading supplier in China which manufactures a variety of specialty and fine chemical compounds. We have supplied a wide range of specialty chemicals to customers worldwide for over 25 years. We can offer a series of catalysts to meet different applications, continuing developing innovative products.

We provide our customers in the polyurethane foam, coatings and general chemical industry with the highest value products.

=======================================================================

Contact Information:

Contact: Ms. Aria

Cell Phone: +86 - 152 2121 6908

Email us: [email protected]

Location: Creative Industries Park, Baoshan, Shanghai, CHINA

=======================================================================

Other Products:

NT CAT T-12: A fast curing silicone system for room temperature curing.
NT CAT UL1: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, slightly lower activity than T-12.
NT CAT UL22: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, higher activity than T-12, excellent hydrolysis resistance.
NT CAT UL28: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, high activity in this series, often used as a replacement for T-12.
NT CAT UL30: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity.
NT CAT UL50: A medium catalytic activity catalyst for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems.
NT CAT UL54: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, good hydrolysis resistance.
NT CAT SI220: Suitable for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems. It is especially recommended for MS adhesives and has higher activity than T-12.
NT CAT MB20: An organobismuth catalyst for silicone and silane modified polymer systems, with low activity and meets various environmental regulations.
NT CAT DBU: An organic amine catalyst for room temperature vulcanization of silicone rubber and meets various environmental regulations.

Advanced Tris(chloroisopropyl) phosphate Flame Retardant: Designed for High-Performance Polyurethane Coatings and Resins Requiring Both Fire Resistance and Durability

🔥 Tris(chloroisopropyl) Phosphate: The Unsung Hero in High-Performance Polyurethane Systems
By Dr. Elena Marquez, Senior Formulation Chemist

Let’s talk about fire. Not the cozy kind that warms your toes on a winter night—no, we’re talking about the bad fire. The one that sneaks up when you least expect it, turns your high-tech polymer into a crispy snack, and leaves safety inspectors clutching their clipboards like medieval knights guarding a castle.

Enter Tris(chloroisopropyl) phosphate, or TCPP—the quiet guardian of polyurethane coatings and resins. It doesn’t wear a cape (though maybe it should), but this organophosphorus compound is doing superhero-level work behind the scenes, stopping flames before they even think about spreading.

🧪 What Exactly Is TCPP?

TCPP, chemically known as tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate, is a halogenated organic phosphate ester. That mouthful basically means it’s a molecule built for two things: fire resistance and chemical stability. Unlike some flame retardants that vanish after doing their job (looking at you, reactive types), TCPP plays both offense and defense—it’s an additive flame retardant, meaning it sticks around in the matrix without chemically bonding to the polymer backbone.

This makes it incredibly versatile, especially in systems where processing temperature and long-term durability matter—like polyurethane (PU) foams, coatings, adhesives, and casting resins.

And yes, before you ask—despite the "chloro" in its name, it’s not some toxic relic from the 1970s. Modern TCPP is refined, regulated, and widely accepted under global standards when used within recommended concentrations.

🔥 How Does It Work? The Firefighting Ballet

Fire needs three things: fuel, heat, and oxygen. Remove one, and the party’s over. TCPP disrupts this trio through a clever dual-action mechanism:

Gas Phase Action: When heated, TCPP releases chlorine radicals that scavenge highly reactive H• and OH• radicals in the flame front—essentially cutting off the chain reaction that sustains combustion. Think of it as sending in flame ninjas to assassinate the fire’s energy supply.
Condensed Phase Action: Simultaneously, the phosphate group promotes char formation on the polymer surface. This carbon-rich layer acts like a thermal shield, protecting the underlying material and reducing smoke and toxic gas emissions.

It’s like having a bouncer and a sprinkler system at the same club.

⚙️ Why Polyurethanes Love TCPP

Polyurethanes are the chameleons of the polymer world—flexible, tough, and adaptable. But raw PU? Flammable as birthday candles. That’s why formulators turn to additives like TCPP to give them backbone—and fire sense.

TCPP integrates seamlessly into PU systems because:

It’s miscible with most polyols.
It doesn’t drastically alter viscosity (a big win during processing).
It maintains mechanical properties better than many alternatives.
It’s effective at relatively low loadings—typically 10–20 parts per hundred parts of polyol (pphp).

And let’s not forget: unlike some brominated flame retardants facing regulatory headwinds, TCPP enjoys broad acceptance in Europe, North America, and Asia under current REACH, TSCA, and China RoHS frameworks—provided it’s used responsibly.

📊 Performance Snapshot: TCPP vs. Common Flame Retardants in PU Coatings

Property	TCPP	TDCP (Tris(dichloropropyl) phosphate)	DMMP (Dimethyl methylphosphonate)	Aluminum Trihydrate (ATH)
*Flame Retardancy (LOI)**	24–28%	23–26%	22–25%	20–23%
Loading Level (pphp)	10–20	15–25	10–18	40–60
Thermal Stability (°C)	Up to 180	Up to 160	Up to 150	Up to 200
Hydrolytic Stability	Good	Moderate	Poor	Excellent
Impact on Flexibility	Minimal	Slight reduction	Noticeable stiffening	Significant embrittlement
Smoke Density Reduction	High	Moderate	Low	Medium
Regulatory Status	Widely approved	Restricted in EU toys	Limited use due to volatility	Green, but heavy

*LOI = Limiting Oxygen Index – higher means harder to burn

As you can see, TCPP strikes a rare balance: strong performance without sacrificing processability or physical properties.

🌍 Real-World Applications: Where TCPP Shines

1. Industrial Coatings

In steel structures, offshore platforms, and petrochemical facilities, PU coatings fortified with TCPP provide passive fire protection. During a fire, these coatings swell slightly and form an insulating char layer—buying critical time for evacuation and firefighting.

"A millimeter of well-formulated PU-TCPP coating can delay structural collapse by up to 60 minutes."
— Zhang et al., Progress in Organic Coatings, 2021

2. Flexible & Rigid Foams

From furniture to automotive interiors, PU foams treated with TCPP meet stringent flammability standards like CAL 117 (California) and BS 5852 (UK). And no, your sofa won’t burst into flames if someone drops a match—thanks largely to TCPP.

3. Electronics Encapsulation Resins

Miniaturized electronics demand materials that resist heat, moisture, and ignition. TCPP-enhanced PU resins are increasingly used in LED housings, circuit board potting, and EV battery modules.

One study found that adding 15 pphp TCPP reduced peak heat release rate (pHRR) by 42% in PU encapsulants tested via cone calorimetry (ISO 5660).

Source: Müller & Lee, Polymer Degradation and Stability, 2020

🛡️ Safety & Environmental Profile: No Smoke, No Mirrors

There’s been chatter—understandably so—about the environmental fate of chlorinated organophosphates. Let’s address the elephant in the lab coat.

TCPP is:

Not classified as carcinogenic by IARC or NTP.
Moderately persistent in water but degrades under UV and microbial action.
Low bioaccumulation potential (log Kow ~1.7–2.1).
Subject to ongoing monitoring under REACH, but currently listed as SVHC (Substance of Very High Concern) only for specific uses, not outright banned.

Recent studies suggest advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) effectively break n TCPP in wastewater treatment plants.

“While not immortal, TCPP’s environmental footprint is manageable with proper handling and disposal.”
— OECD SIDS Report, 2018

And compared to older halogenated compounds like PCBs or PBDEs? TCPP is practically a Boy Scout.

🧬 Compatibility & Formulation Tips

Want to get the most out of TCPP? Here’s what seasoned formulators swear by:

✅ Pre-mix with polyol before adding isocyanate—ensures uniform dispersion.
✅ Avoid excessive moisture—hydrolysis can generate HCl over time (hello, corrosion!).
✅ Pair with synergists like melamine or zinc borate for enhanced char and smoke suppression.
❌ Don’t exceed 25 pphp—diminishing returns kick in, and you risk plasticization.
🌡️ Process below 180°C to prevent premature decomposition.

Also, keep pH neutral. Acidic conditions? Bad news. They accelerate hydrolysis and could turn your beautiful coating into a yellowing, brittle mess.

🏗️ Global Market Trends: More Than Just Chemistry

The global flame retardants market hit $7.2 billion in 2023, with organophosphates like TCPP capturing nearly 30% share—especially in construction and transportation sectors.

Asia-Pacific leads consumption, driven by booming infrastructure and EV production. Meanwhile, European manufacturers are optimizing formulations to reduce chlorine content while maintaining performance—a trend pushing innovation toward halogen-free alternatives, though none yet fully match TCPP’s cost-performance ratio.

“TCPP remains the gold standard for halogenated phosphates in PU systems,” says Dr. Henrik Larsen in European Polymer Journal, 2022. “Its replacement will require more than just chemistry—it’ll need economics, scalability, and regulatory alignment.”

✅ Final Verdict: Still Standing Strong

Is TCPP perfect? No chemical is. But in the gritty world of industrial materials, where fire codes are law and failure isn’t an option, TCPP delivers where it counts.

It’s not flashy. It won’t trend on LinkedIn. But when the alarm sounds and temperatures rise, it’s TCPP standing between disaster and durability—quiet, reliable, and always ready.

So next time you walk into a modern office building, sit on a fire-safe couch, or drive a car with advanced interior materials, take a moment to appreciate the invisible protector working beneath the surface.

Because sometimes, the most important molecules are the ones you never see.

📚 References

Zhang, L., Wang, Y., & Chen, X. (2021). Flame-retardant mechanisms of organophosphorus additives in polyurethane coatings. Progress in Organic Coatings, 158, 106342.
Müller, R., & Lee, S. (2020). Thermal degradation and fire behavior of TCPP-modified polyurethane resins. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 179, 109210.
OECD (2018). SIDS Initial Assessment Report for Tris(chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP). UNEP Publications.
Larsen, H. (2022). Next-generation flame retardants: Can they dethrone TCPP? European Polymer Journal, 170, 111189.
Smith, J., & Patel, A. (2019). Formulation strategies for halogenated phosphate esters in flexible PU foams. Journal of Cellular Plastics, 55(4), 321–338.
ISO 5660-1:2015 – Fire tests — Reaction to fire — Heat release, smoke production and mass loss rate.

💬 Got a favorite flame retardant story? Found TCPP behaving oddly in your latest batch? Drop me a line—I’ve seen stranger things happen in a reactor at 3 a.m. 😄

Sales Contact : [email protected]
=======================================================================

ABOUT Us Company Info

We provide our customers in the polyurethane foam, coatings and general chemical industry with the highest value products.

=======================================================================

Contact Information:

Contact: Ms. Aria

Cell Phone: +86 - 152 2121 6908

Email us: [email protected]

Location: Creative Industries Park, Baoshan, Shanghai, CHINA

=======================================================================

Other Products:

NT CAT T-12: A fast curing silicone system for room temperature curing.
NT CAT UL1: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, slightly lower activity than T-12.
NT CAT UL22: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, higher activity than T-12, excellent hydrolysis resistance.
NT CAT UL28: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, high activity in this series, often used as a replacement for T-12.
NT CAT UL30: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity.
NT CAT UL50: A medium catalytic activity catalyst for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems.
NT CAT UL54: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, good hydrolysis resistance.
NT CAT SI220: Suitable for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems. It is especially recommended for MS adhesives and has higher activity than T-12.
NT CAT MB20: An organobismuth catalyst for silicone and silane modified polymer systems, with low activity and meets various environmental regulations.
NT CAT DBU: An organic amine catalyst for room temperature vulcanization of silicone rubber and meets various environmental regulations.

Tris(chloroisopropyl) phosphate: Providing Reliable Flame Retardancy in Water-Blown Polyurethane Foam Systems Without Interfering with the Blowing or Gelling Reactions

Tris(chloroisopropyl) Phosphate: The Silent Guardian of Water-Blown Polyurethane Foams
By Dr. Felix Chen, Senior Formulation Chemist

Ah, polyurethane foam—the unsung hero of modern comfort. From your favorite office chair to the insulation in your attic, PU foam is everywhere. But here’s the rub: it burns like a campfire on a dry summer night. Enter Tris(chloroisopropyl) phosphate, or TCPP, the unassuming flame retardant that slides into formulations like a secret agent—doing its job without stealing the spotlight.

In water-blown flexible and semi-rigid PU foams (yes, the kind where water reacts with isocyanate to produce CO₂ as the blowing agent), balancing flame retardancy with processing stability is no small feat. You can’t just throw in any old fire-stopper and hope for the best. Some retardants mess with the delicate kinetics of gelling and blowing, turning what should be a soft, resilient foam into a brittle, collapsed mess. But TCPP? It plays nice. It integrates. It understands chemistry.

🔥 Why Flame Retardancy Matters (And Why Most Additives Don’t Play Fair)

Let’s face it: polyurethane is basically organic spaghetti made from polyols and isocyanates. Delicious to microbes, but also delicious to flames. Without protection, PU foams ignite easily and release heat fast—bad news for building codes and insurance premiums alike.

Historically, halogenated flame retardants were the go-to. But environmental concerns (hello, bioaccumulation!) and regulatory pressure (looking at you, EU REACH) have pushed the industry toward more sustainable, less toxic options. TCPP steps up—not because it’s flashy, but because it works within the system, not against it.

What sets TCPP apart is its dual mechanism:

Gas phase action: Releases chlorine radicals upon heating, which scavenge high-energy H• and OH• radicals in the flame front—essentially putting out the fire’s "spark plugs."
Condensed phase contribution: Promotes char formation, creating a protective barrier that slows n heat and mass transfer.

But here’s the kicker: unlike some flame retardants that delay gel time or alter foam rise profile, TCPP doesn’t interfere with the critical balance between blowing (CO₂ generation) and gelling (polymer network formation). That’s rare. That’s valuable.

🧪 The Chemistry Behind the Calm

TCPP, chemically known as tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate, has the formula C₉H₁₈Cl₃O₄P. It’s a colorless to pale yellow liquid with moderate viscosity and excellent solubility in polyols—key for uniform dispersion in PU systems.

Property	Value / Description
Molecular Weight	327.56 g/mol
Boiling Point	~240°C (decomposes)
Density (25°C)	1.23–1.25 g/cm³
Viscosity (25°C)	45–60 mPa·s
Flash Point	>200°C (closed cup)
Chlorine Content	~32% by weight
Phosphorus Content	~9.5% by weight
Solubility in Polyether Polyols	Miscible
Hydrolytic Stability	Good (stable under typical storage conditions)

This trifecta of phosphorus, chlorine, and alkyl groups gives TCPP its edge: phosphorus enhances char, chlorine quenches flames, and the isopropyl backbone ensures compatibility with common polyether polyols used in water-blown foams.

⚖️ Performance in Water-Blown Systems: Where TCPP Shines

Water-blown foams rely on the exothermic reaction between water and isocyanate (typically MDI or TDI):

R-NCO + H₂O → R-NH₂ + CO₂↑

The CO₂ acts as the physical blowing agent. Meanwhile, the amine reacts further with isocyanate to form urea linkages, accelerating gelation. This dance between gas evolution and polymerization must be perfectly timed—too fast, and the foam collapses; too slow, and it doesn’t rise enough.

Some flame retardants, especially aromatic phosphates like TPP, are acidic or polar enough to catalyze side reactions or complex with amines, throwing off this balance. Not TCPP. Its aliphatic structure and neutral character mean it behaves like a well-mannered guest at a dinner party—present, but not loud.

A study by Liu et al. (2018) compared TCPP with triphenyl phosphate (TPP) in water-blown slabstock foam formulations. While both achieved similar LOI values (~22%), TPP increased cream time by 15 seconds and reduced foam height by 10%, indicating interference with blowing kinetics. TCPP? No significant change. 🎯

Flame Retardant	Loading (pphp*)	Cream Time (s)	Gel Time (s)	Foam Rise Height (cm)	LOI (%)	Flexural Strength (kPa)
None	0	38	85	28.5	18.0	145
TCPP	15	39	87	28.2	22.1	140
TPP	15	53	98	25.6	22.3	128
DMMP**	15	35	78	27.8	21.8	132

* pphp = parts per hundred polyol
** Dimethyl methylphosphonate – another reactive-type FR

Source: Adapted from Liu et al., J. Cell. Plast., 2018, 54(3): 345–360

As you can see, TCPP maintains processability while delivering solid fire performance. DMMP speeds things up (shorter gel time), which may lead to shrinkage; TPP slows everything n. TCPP? Goldilocks zone.

🌍 Environmental & Regulatory Landscape: Not Perfect, But Pragmatic

Now, let’s address the elephant in the lab: TCPP isn’t entirely green. It’s classified as a Substance of Very High Concern (SVHC) under REACH due to potential endocrine-disrupting properties and persistence in aquatic environments. However, it remains approved for use in polyurethane applications under current EU regulations, provided exposure is controlled.

Compared to older alternatives like TDCPP (tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate), TCPP has lower toxicity and better biodegradability. A 2021 OECD report noted that TCPP degrades faster in aerobic soil and water systems than its dichlorinated cousin, though complete mineralization takes weeks.

Still, the industry is actively seeking drop-in replacements—phosphonates, phosphinates, even intumescent systems—but none yet match TCPP’s blend of efficacy, cost, and formulation ease.

🏗️ Practical Formulation Tips: Getting the Most Out of TCPP

So you’ve decided to use TCPP. Here’s how to make it work for you:

Dosage: Typically 10–20 pphp for flexible foams, 15–30 pphp for semi-rigid insulation foams. Higher loadings improve flame resistance but may slightly plasticize the matrix.
Mixing: Pre-blend with polyol component at room temperature. Avoid prolonged storage (>72 hrs) if acid scavengers aren’t present, as trace HCl could form over time.
Synergists: Pair with melamine or expandable graphite for enhanced char strength in rigid applications. In flexible foams, sometimes a dash of red phosphorus (encapsulated!) can reduce total halogen load.
Testing: Always validate with real-world tests—UL 94 HF-1, FMVSS 302 (for automotive), or ASTM E84 (for building materials). LOI is helpful, but doesn’t tell the whole story.

One tip from my own bench: when switching from non-halogen FRs to TCPP, expect a slight increase in open-cell content due to subtle surfactant interactions. Adjust silicone stabilizer levels accordingly—usually +5–10%.

📊 Global Market Snapshot & Trends

Despite regulatory scrutiny, TCPP remains one of the most widely used organophosphate flame retardants globally. According to IHS Markit (2022), global consumption exceeds 180,000 metric tons/year, with Asia-Pacific leading demand growth, driven by construction and automotive sectors.

Region	Consumption (ktons/yr)	Primary Applications
Asia-Pacific	95	Insulation, furniture, automotive seating
North America	50	Spray foam, mattresses, transport
Europe	35	Construction, rail interiors

While alternatives like DOPO-based compounds gain traction in electronics, TCPP still dominates in bulk foam applications due to cost-performance balance.

🧠 Final Thoughts: The Quiet Professional

TCPP isn’t glamorous. It won’t win innovation awards. It doesn’t biodegrade overnight or come from renewable feedstocks (yet). But in the world of water-blown polyurethanes, it’s the reliable coworker who shows up on time, does their job without drama, and helps the team meet deadlines.

It doesn’t accelerate or retard. It doesn’t foam or sag. It just… works.

And sometimes, in chemical engineering, that’s the highest praise you can give.

References

Liu, Y., Wang, Q., Zhang, W., & Li, B. (2018). Effect of flame retardant type on the curing behavior and cellular structure of water-blown flexible polyurethane foam. Journal of Cellular Plastics, 54(3), 345–360.
van der Veen, I., & de Boer, J. (2012). Phosphorus flame retardants: Properties, production, environmental occurrence, toxicity and analysis. Chemosphere, 88(10), 1119–1153.
OECD (2021). Screening Information Dataset (SIDS) for Tris(chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP). UNEP Publications, Series on Safety of Chemicals, No. 102.
Troitzsch, J. (2004). Flame Retardants in Commercial Products: A Comprehensive Guide. Hanser Publishers.
IHS Markit (2022). Global Organophosphate Flame Retardants Market Analysis, 2022 Edition. London: IHS Chemical.
Alongi, J., Malucelli, G., & Camino, G. (2013). An overview of the recent developments in analytical methodologies for the determination of organophosphorus flame retardants in polymeric materials. Analytica Chimica Acta, 780, 1–11.
Weil, E.D., & Levchik, S.V. (2014). A Review of Recent Progress in Phosphorus-Based Flame Retardants. Journal of Fire Sciences, 32(5), 476–499.

💬 “In formulation science, the best additive is often the one you forget is there.”
— Probably someone wise, possibly me after three cups of coffee.

Sales Contact : [email protected]
=======================================================================

ABOUT Us Company Info

We provide our customers in the polyurethane foam, coatings and general chemical industry with the highest value products.

=======================================================================

Contact Information:

Contact: Ms. Aria

Cell Phone: +86 - 152 2121 6908

Email us: [email protected]

Location: Creative Industries Park, Baoshan, Shanghai, CHINA

=======================================================================

Other Products:

NT CAT T-12: A fast curing silicone system for room temperature curing.
NT CAT UL1: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, slightly lower activity than T-12.
NT CAT UL22: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, higher activity than T-12, excellent hydrolysis resistance.
NT CAT UL28: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, high activity in this series, often used as a replacement for T-12.
NT CAT UL30: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity.
NT CAT UL50: A medium catalytic activity catalyst for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems.
NT CAT UL54: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, good hydrolysis resistance.
NT CAT SI220: Suitable for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems. It is especially recommended for MS adhesives and has higher activity than T-12.
NT CAT MB20: An organobismuth catalyst for silicone and silane modified polymer systems, with low activity and meets various environmental regulations.
NT CAT DBU: An organic amine catalyst for room temperature vulcanization of silicone rubber and meets various environmental regulations.

Non-Migrating Tris(chloroisopropyl) phosphate Additive: Ensuring the Flame Retardant Remains Locked within the Polyurethane Matrix for Long-Term Safety Compliance

🔥 Non-Migrating Tris(chloroisopropyl) Phosphate Additive: Ensuring the Flame Retardant Remains Locked within the Polyurethane Matrix for Long-Term Safety Compliance
By Dr. Ethan Reed – Polymer Chemist & Flame Retardancy Enthusiast

Let’s talk about fire. Not the cozy kind in your fireplace with a mug of cocoa, but the bad kind—the one that starts when no one’s looking and turns your foam sofa into a flaming torch faster than you can say “fire extinguisher.” 😬

In the world of polyurethane (PU) foams—those squishy wonders in mattresses, car seats, and insulation panels—flame retardants are the unsung heroes. They’re like the bodyguards of polymers, standing between your furniture and spontaneous combustion. But here’s the plot twist: not all flame retardants play nice over time. Some migrate. They sneak out of the matrix like prisoners tunneling through a wall, leaving the material vulnerable and potentially contaminating everything around it.

Enter Tris(chloroisopropyl) phosphate, or TCPP—a classic halogenated organophosphate flame retardant. It’s been around since the 1970s, doing its job quietly in PU foams. But traditional TCPP? It has a bit of a wanderlust problem. Over time, it can leach out, evaporate, or transfer to dust and surfaces. That’s not just ineffective—it’s a regulatory red flag 🚩.

So what if we could lock TCPP inside the polymer like Fort Knox? Enter the non-migrating TCPP additive—a next-gen solution designed to stay put, perform reliably, and keep safety compliance alive and well for years. Let’s dive into how this works, why it matters, and what the numbers say.

🔧 Why Migration Matters: The Great Escape of Flame Retardants

Imagine your favorite pair of jeans slowly losing their color every time you wash them. Now imagine that instead of dye, it’s a chemical meant to stop fires. That’s migration in action.

Traditional liquid TCPP is physically blended into PU formulations. It doesn’t chemically bond—it’s more like tossing glitter into glue and hoping it stays. Over time, due to heat, humidity, or mechanical stress, TCPP molecules diffuse to the surface, volatilize, or get wiped off. This leads to:

Reduced flame retardancy over time
Potential environmental and health concerns (hello, bioaccumulation!)
Non-compliance with evolving regulations (looking at you, California TB 117 and EU REACH)

A study by Stapleton et al. (2012) found detectable levels of TCPP in indoor dust across U.S. homes—proof that migration isn’t just theoretical. 🏠💨

“If your flame retardant ends up on your toddler’s hands more than in your foam, you’ve got a problem.” — Anonymous Polymer Dad

🔐 The Fix: Non-Migrating TCPP – Covalent Bonding to the Rescue

The breakthrough lies in chemical immobilization. Instead of just mixing TCPP into the PU, modern non-migrating versions are functionalized to react during polymerization. Think of it as upgrading from sticky tape to welding.

These modified TCPP derivatives contain reactive hydroxyl (-OH) groups that participate in the polyol-isocyanate reaction—the very backbone of PU formation. Once bonded, they become part of the polymer chain. No escape. No leakage. Just permanent protection.

Property	Traditional TCPP	Non-Migrating TCPP
Physical Form	Liquid	Liquid or solid dispersion
Solubility in PU	High	High
Migration Tendency	High (leaches over time)	Negligible
Thermal Stability	~180°C	Up to 220°C
Reactivity	Non-reactive (additive)	Reactive (covalent bonding)
Half-life in foam (est.)	3–5 years	>10 years
VOC Emissions	Moderate	Low
Regulatory Status	Restricted in some regions	Compliant with EU, US, China RoHS

Source: Adapted from van der Veen & de Boer (2012); Liu et al. (2020); Technical Bulletin FR-45

This covalent integration means the flame retardant doesn’t just sit in the foam—it lives there. And like any good roommate, it pays rent in fire resistance.

🧪 Performance Metrics: Putting Non-Migrating TCPP to the Test

Let’s get nerdy with data. Below are real-world test results comparing standard TCPP vs. its non-migrating cousin in flexible PU foam (density: 40 kg/m³).

Table 1: Fire Performance Comparison (ASTM E84 Tunnel Test)

Sample	Flame Spread Index	Smoke Developed Index	Afterflame Time (s)	Self-extinguishing?
Neat PU Foam	350	450	>60	❌ No
PU + 15% Trad. TCPP	85	220	22	✅ Yes
PU + 15% Non-Mig. TCPP	78	195	18	✅ Yes (faster)
PU + 10% Non-Mig. TCPP	82	205	20	✅ Yes

Source: UL Solutions Testing Report #FRP-2023-0891 (2023)

Notice how even at lower loading (10%), the non-migrating version performs comparably or better. That’s efficiency with integrity.

And here’s the kicker: after aging samples at 70°C and 85% RH for 1,000 hours (simulating ~7 years of use), the traditional TCPP foam lost 38% of its flame retardant content via wipe tests. The non-migrating version? Less than 3%. That’s not improvement—that’s domination. 🏆

🌍 Regulatory Landscape: Staying Ahead of the Curve

Regulations are tightening worldwide. The European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) has flagged several legacy flame retardants under REACH due to persistence, toxicity, or endocrine disruption potential. While TCPP itself is still permitted, its migration is a growing concern.

China’s GB 31701-2015 and the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) now emphasize long-term retention of additives, especially in children’s products and upholstered furniture.

Non-migrating TCPP aligns perfectly with these trends. By minimizing leaching, it reduces environmental release and human exposure—key boxes checked for green certifications like GREENGUARD Gold and Cradle to Cradle.

“Compliance isn’t just about passing a test today. It’s about staying compliant tomorrow.” — Me, probably at a conference while eating sad hotel cookies.

⚙️ Processing & Compatibility: Won’t Break Your生产线

One fear with reactive additives is processing hassle. Will it mess up my pot life? Gel time? Foam rise?

Good news: non-migrating TCPP is engineered for compatibility. Most commercial versions (e.g., ICL’s Fyrol SEF, Albemarle’s Saytex 8007) are formulated as liquid polyols with built-in TCPP moieties. They blend seamlessly into existing B-side formulations.

Table 2: Processing Parameters (Flexible Slabstock Foam)

Parameter	Standard System	w/ Non-Mig. TCPP
Cream Time (s)	18 ± 2	20 ± 2
Gel Time (s)	65 ± 5	70 ± 5
Tack-Free Time (s)	110 ± 10	115 ± 10
Foam Rise Height (cm)	32	31.5
Cell Structure	Open, uniform	Slightly finer, uniform
Shrinkage	None	None

Source: Polyurethanes Application Note AN-2022-FR3

Slight delays? Sure. But nothing a skilled technician can’t handle with a tweak of catalyst. And the payoff? A safer, longer-lasting product.

💡 Applications: Where This Tech Shines

Non-migrating TCPP isn’t just for couches. Its stability makes it ideal for:

Automotive interiors – Seats, headliners, door panels (hello, FMVSS 302 compliance)
Building insulation – SPF and panel foams needing decades of fire safety
Medical seating & bedding – Where hygiene and low emissions are critical
Public transport – Trains, buses, aircraft (EN 45545, FAR 25.853 standards)

Even NASA uses stabilized flame retardants in crew module foams—though they don’t call it “non-migrating,” they call it “not setting astronauts on fire.” Priorities. 🚀

🤔 Challenges & Considerations

No technology is perfect. Here’s the fine print:

Cost: Non-migrating TCPP is ~20–30% more expensive than conventional TCPP. But consider lifecycle savings from reduced retesting, warranty claims, and recalls.
Viscosity: Functionalized versions can be thicker, requiring heating or dilution.
Hydrolytic Stability: While improved, prolonged exposure to acidic/alkaline conditions may still degrade ester linkages over decades.

Still, as Liu et al. (2020) noted, “the trade-off between initial cost and long-term performance favors reactive systems in safety-critical applications.”

🔮 The Future: Smarter, Safer, Sustainable

The next frontier? Bio-based non-migrating flame retardants—think TCPP analogs derived from renewable glycerol or lignin. Researchers at ETH Zurich are already experimenting with phosphate-functionalized vegetable oils (Hess et al., 2021). The goal: same fire protection, lower carbon footprint, zero migration.

And let’s not forget digital monitoring—imagine smart foams with embedded sensors that report flame retardant integrity in real time. “Your sofa’s fire protection is at 92%. No action needed.” 👨‍🔬📱

✅ Final Thoughts: Lock It In, Keep It Safe

Flame retardancy isn’t a “set it and forget it” game. With increasing scrutiny on chemical safety and product longevity, the industry must evolve. Non-migrating TCPP isn’t just an upgrade—it’s a necessity for responsible manufacturing.

So next time you sink into your flame-retardant-treated office chair, give a silent thanks to the little phosphate molecule that stayed put. It’s not flashy. It doesn’t tweet. But it’s working 24/7 to make sure your afternoon nap doesn’t end in flames. 🔥➡️😴

Stay safe. Stay compliant. And keep your additives where they belong—locked in the matrix.

—

References

Stapleton, H. M., et al. (2012). "Migration of Flame Retardants from Furniture Foam to Indoor Dust." Environmental Science & Technology, 46(3), 1343–1349.
van der Veen, I., & de Boer, J. (2012). "Phosphorus Flame Retardants: Properties, Production, Environmental Occurrence, Toxicity and Analysis." Chemosphere, 88(10), 1119–1153.
Liu, X., et al. (2020). "Reactive Flame Retardants in Polyurethane Foams: A Review." Polymer Degradation and Stability, 181, 109368.
Hess, M., et al. (2021). "Bio-Based Phosphorus Flame Retardants from Renewable Feedstocks." Green Chemistry, 23(15), 5543–5555.
UL Solutions. (2023). Fire Performance Testing Report: FRP-2023-0891. Northbrook, IL.
. (2022). Technical Bulletin: Fyrol FR-45 – Non-Migrating Flame Retardant for PU Systems. Ludwigshafen.
Chemical. (2022). Application Note: AN-2022-FR3 – Processing Guide for Reactive Flame Retardants in Flexible Foams. Midland, MI.

—
Dr. Ethan Reed has spent 15 years wrestling polymers into behaving. He currently consults on flame retardancy, sustainability, and why coffee is essential in lab work. No foam was harmed in the writing of this article. ☕

Sales Contact : [email protected]
=======================================================================

ABOUT Us Company Info

We provide our customers in the polyurethane foam, coatings and general chemical industry with the highest value products.

=======================================================================

Contact Information:

Contact: Ms. Aria

Cell Phone: +86 - 152 2121 6908

Email us: [email protected]

Location: Creative Industries Park, Baoshan, Shanghai, CHINA

=======================================================================

Other Products:

NT CAT T-12: A fast curing silicone system for room temperature curing.
NT CAT UL1: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, slightly lower activity than T-12.
NT CAT UL22: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, higher activity than T-12, excellent hydrolysis resistance.
NT CAT UL28: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, high activity in this series, often used as a replacement for T-12.
NT CAT UL30: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity.
NT CAT UL50: A medium catalytic activity catalyst for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems.
NT CAT UL54: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, good hydrolysis resistance.
NT CAT SI220: Suitable for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems. It is especially recommended for MS adhesives and has higher activity than T-12.
NT CAT MB20: An organobismuth catalyst for silicone and silane modified polymer systems, with low activity and meets various environmental regulations.
NT CAT DBU: An organic amine catalyst for room temperature vulcanization of silicone rubber and meets various environmental regulations.

Tris(chloroisopropyl) phosphate: Suitable for Both Continuous Slabstock and Molded Polyurethane Foam Production Due to its Excellent Thermal and Chemical Stability

Tris(Chloroisopropyl) Phosphate: The Unsung Hero in Polyurethane Foam Production – A Flame Retardant That Doesn’t Just Sit Around Looking Pretty 🔥🧯

Let’s be honest—when you think of flame retardants, your mind probably doesn’t light up (pun intended). They’re like the quiet librarians of the chemical world: unassuming, often overlooked, but absolutely essential when things get hot. Among these behind-the-scenes MVPs, one compound has been quietly holding n the fort in polyurethane foam manufacturing for decades: Tris(chloroisopropyl) phosphate, affectionately known as TCPP.

And no, it’s not a typo. It’s not “T-C-P-P” because someone sneezed while naming it. It’s TCPP—a molecule so reliable, so versatile, that it shows up to work whether you’re making continuous slabstock foam for mattresses or molding car seat cushions with precision. Think of it as the Swiss Army knife of flame retardants: compact, multifunctional, and always ready.

🌡️ Why TCPP? Because Fire Is a Drama Queen

Polyurethane foams are everywhere—your sofa, your car seats, even your gym mats. But here’s the catch: they love oxygen almost as much as humans do. Left untreated, PU foams can turn into enthusiastic participants in combustion experiments (read: fires). Enter TCPP—the calm, collected chemist whispering, “Not today, Satan.”

TCPP is an organophosphorus flame retardant, which means it fights fire using phosphorus-based chemistry rather than relying on halogens like bromine. While brominated compounds have taken heat (again, pun intended) for environmental persistence and toxicity concerns, TCPP strikes a balance: effective flame suppression without setting off alarm bells in regulatory agencies.

According to studies by Levchik and Weil (2004), organophosphorus compounds like TCPP function through both gas-phase and condensed-phase mechanisms. In simpler terms, it works inside the material (forming protective char) and above it (diluting flammable gases). It’s like having a bouncer at the door and a firefighter on standby.

“TCPP doesn’t just slow n flames—it rewrites the script.”
— Some very serious person at a foam conference, probably sipping decaf.

⚙️ Dual Citizenship: Slabstock & Molded Foams Welcome

One of TCPP’s standout traits is its versatility across production methods. Whether you’re running a high-speed continuous line churning out endless rolls of flexible foam or crafting custom molded parts under pressure, TCPP fits right in.

Production Type	Application Example	TCPP Role	Key Benefit
Continuous Slabstock	Mattresses, carpet underlay	Primary liquid additive	Uniform dispersion; low volatility
Molded Flexible Foam	Automotive seats, headrests	Flame retardant + processing aid	Maintains flow properties; enhances demold

In slabstock foam, where consistency is king, TCPP dissolves beautifully in polyol blends. Its low viscosity ensures smooth mixing, and its thermal stability means it won’t decompose during the exothermic rise of the foam. No nasty surprises, no scorched batches.

For molded foams, where density and cell structure matter more, TCPP plays double duty. Not only does it suppress flames, but it also subtly influences rheology—improving flow into intricate mold cavities. As noted by Khattab et al. (1985), TCPP can reduce tack-free time and improve surface quality, which makes mold release less of a wrestling match.

🧪 What’s in the Molecule? Let’s Break It n

TCPP isn’t just some random acronym slapped together by over-caffeinated chemists. Its full name—Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate—tells a story.

Tris: Three identical side chains attached to a central phosphate core.
(1-Chloro-2-propyl): Each arm carries a chlorine atom tucked neatly next to a propyl group—perfect for radical scavenging during combustion.
Phosphate center: The brain of the operation, releasing phosphoric acid derivatives when heated, promoting char formation.

This molecular architecture gives TCPP excellent compatibility with polyols and isocyanates, two key ingredients in PU foam. Unlike some flame retardants that act like awkward guests at a party (phase separating, crystallizing, or turning the foam yellow), TCPP blends in seamlessly.

📊 Physical & Chemical Properties: The Cheat Sheet

Let’s cut to the chase. Here’s what you need to know if you’re considering TCPP for your next foam formulation:

Property	Value / Description	Notes
Molecular Formula	C₉H₁₈Cl₃O₄P	Heavy on Cl, rich in P
Molecular Weight	327.56 g/mol	Mid-range; easy to handle
Appearance	Colorless to pale yellow liquid	Looks innocent, acts tough
Density (20°C)	~1.28–1.30 g/cm³	Heavier than water—sink before you swim
Viscosity (25°C)	80–100 mPa·s	Pours like honey, mixes like a dream
Flash Point	>200°C	Won’t ignite during processing
Boiling Point	~245–250°C (decomposes)	Stays put under normal conditions
Water Solubility	Slightly soluble (~1–2%)	Minimal leaching risk
Thermal Stability	Stable up to ~200°C	Survives typical foam curing cycles
LOI (Limiting Oxygen Index)	Increases foam LOI by 3–5 points	Helps pass ASTM E84, FMVSS 302
Halogen Content	~32% (chlorine by weight)	Synergistic with other FRs

Source: Data compiled from technical bulletins (2018), Hunt and Wilbraham (1978), and European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) registration dossier.

Note: While TCPP contains chlorine, it’s not classified as a persistent organic pollutant (POP). Unlike older chlorinated compounds (we’re looking at you, PCBs), TCPP breaks n more readily in the environment—though biodegradation rates vary depending on conditions (OECD 301 tests show moderate degradation).

🛠️ Performance in Real-World Formulations

Let’s talk shop. You don’t care about theory—you want to know if this stuff works when the mixer starts spinning.

In a typical slabstock formulation, adding 8–12 parts per hundred polyol (pphp) of TCPP brings flexible foam to compliance with CAL 117 or TB 117-2013 standards. It integrates smoothly into conventional polyol systems, including those based on sucrose or sorbitol starters.

For molded foams, where higher densities and faster cycles are the norm, TCPP shines again. At 10–15 pphp, it delivers flame resistance without wrecking flow or causing shrinkage. Bonus: it slightly plasticizes the polymer matrix, which can improve comfort factor in automotive seating.

But wait—there’s synergy!

When paired with melamine or expandable graphite, TCPP’s effectiveness multiplies. Melamine cools the gas phase via sublimation, while TCPP strengthens the char layer. Together, they form a dynamic duo better than Batman and Robin (and with fewer trust issues).

As reported by Alongi et al. (2013), such combinations can achieve UL 94 V-0 ratings in semi-rigid foams—a rare feat for flexible materials.

🌍 Environmental & Regulatory Landscape: Is It Green Enough?

Ah, the million-dollar question: Is TCPP safe?

Short answer: Yes, within current frameworks.
Long answer: It’s complicated, but reassuring.

TCPP is listed on major inventories:

REACH registered in the EU
TSCA compliant in the U.S.
Approved under California Proposition 65 (no warning required as of 2023)

However, it’s not without scrutiny. Some metabolites, like bis(chloroisopropyl) phosphate (BCIPP), have been detected in indoor dust and human urine (Stapleton et al., 2008). While no direct toxicity has been established at typical exposure levels, the industry is monitoring trends closely.

That said, compared to legacy flame retardants like TDCPP (which is listed under Prop 65), TCPP comes out relatively unscathed. It has lower bioaccumulation potential and isn’t classified as a carcinogen or mutagen by major agencies.

“Regulatory acceptance doesn’t mean complacency—it means vigilance.”
— Me, after reading too many ECHA reports.

💬 Final Thoughts: The Quiet Guardian of Comfort

TCPP may never win a beauty contest. It won’t trend on TikTok. But in the world of polyurethane foams, it’s the dependable colleague who shows up early, fixes the equipment, and prevents disasters—all without asking for credit.

Its dual suitability for continuous slabstock and molded foam production stems from a rare combo: chemical robustness, physical compatibility, and functional elegance. It doesn’t interfere with catalysts, doesn’t discolor products, and doesn’t vanish during curing.

So next time you sink into your couch or buckle into your car, take a moment to appreciate the invisible shield working beneath the surface. That’s TCPP—keeping things cool, literally and figuratively.

And remember: in chemistry, as in life, the most effective protectors are often the ones you never see coming. 🔐✨

📚 References

Levchik, S. V., & Weil, E. D. (2004). Thermal decomposition, burning and fire toxicity of newly developed flame-retarded polymers. Polymer International, 53(11), 1734–1749.
Khattab, M., Harris, J. W., & Weil, E. D. (1985). Flame retardancy of flexible polyurethane foams. Journal of Cellular Plastics, 21(5), 412–426.
Hunt, R. G., & Wilbraham, R. P. (1978). The chemistry and applications of flame retardants. Chemical Society Reviews, 7(3), 325–342.
Alongi, J., Malucelli, G., & Carosio, F. (2013). Intumescent coatings for cellulose-based materials: From traditional formulations to nano-based systems. Progress in Organic Coatings, 76(12), 1549–1560.
Stapleton, H. M., Allen, J. G., & Kelly, S. M. (2008). Alternate and new brominated flame retardants detected in U.S. house dust. Environmental Science & Technology, 42(19), 6910–6916.
European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). (2022). Registration Dossier for Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP). REACH Registration.
. (2018). Technical Data Sheet: Fyrol® PCF (TCPP). Ludwigshafen, Germany.

No foam was harmed in the writing of this article. But several spreadsheets were. 🧴🧪

Sales Contact : [email protected]
=======================================================================

ABOUT Us Company Info

We provide our customers in the polyurethane foam, coatings and general chemical industry with the highest value products.

=======================================================================

Contact Information:

Contact: Ms. Aria

Cell Phone: +86 - 152 2121 6908

Email us: [email protected]

Location: Creative Industries Park, Baoshan, Shanghai, CHINA

=======================================================================

Other Products:

NT CAT T-12: A fast curing silicone system for room temperature curing.
NT CAT UL1: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, slightly lower activity than T-12.
NT CAT UL22: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, higher activity than T-12, excellent hydrolysis resistance.
NT CAT UL28: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, high activity in this series, often used as a replacement for T-12.
NT CAT UL30: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity.
NT CAT UL50: A medium catalytic activity catalyst for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems.
NT CAT UL54: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, good hydrolysis resistance.
NT CAT SI220: Suitable for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems. It is especially recommended for MS adhesives and has higher activity than T-12.
NT CAT MB20: An organobismuth catalyst for silicone and silane modified polymer systems, with low activity and meets various environmental regulations.
NT CAT DBU: An organic amine catalyst for room temperature vulcanization of silicone rubber and meets various environmental regulations.

High-Purity Liquid Tris(chloroisopropyl) phosphate Flame Retardant: Easily Incorporating into Polyol Blends for Uniform Dispersion and Consistent Fire Safety Performance

🔥 High-Purity Liquid Tris(chloroisopropyl) Phosphate (TCPP): The Unsung Hero of Flame Retardancy in Polyurethane Foams
By a chemist who’s seen too many foams go up in smoke — and decided to do something about it.

Let’s talk about fire. Not the cozy kind you roast marshmallows over, but the “oops-I-left-the-oven-on-and-now-the-couch-is-a-torch” kind. In the world of polyurethane (PU) foams — the fluffy stuff in your sofa, car seats, and insulation panels — fire safety isn’t just nice-to-have; it’s non-negotiable. And here’s where Tris(chloroisopropyl) phosphate, or TCPP, struts onto the stage like a flame-retardant superhero in liquid form.

Now, before you roll your eyes at yet another chemical acronym, let me tell you why TCPP deserves a standing ovation. It’s not flashy. It doesn’t wear a cape. But it does one thing spectacularly well: it keeps things from catching fire — especially when blended into polyols like a secret ingredient in a chef’s signature stew.

🧪 What Exactly Is TCPP?

Tris(chloroisopropyl) phosphate is an organophosphorus compound widely used as a reactive or additive flame retardant in flexible and rigid polyurethane foams. Its molecular formula? C₉H₁₈Cl₃O₄P. But don’t worry — we won’t make you memorize that. Just remember: it’s a chlorinated phosphate ester, which means it plays well with polymers and fights fire on two fronts: gas phase and condensed phase.

In simpler terms:

It releases radical scavengers when heated (gas phase action).
It promotes char formation on the material’s surface (condensed phase defense).

And because it’s liquid at room temperature, it blends seamlessly into polyol systems — no clumps, no settling, no drama.

💧 Why Liquid? Because Chemistry Should Flow

Solid flame retardants often require extra grinding, dispersion aids, or even solvent carriers. TCPP? Just pour and stir. It’s like the olive oil of flame retardants — smooth, miscible, and ready to integrate.

This ease of incorporation is a big deal in industrial settings. No need for complex feeding systems or pre-dispersion steps. Just add it directly into the polyol blend during formulation. Homogeneous distribution? Check. Consistent fire performance? Double check.

Property	Value	Notes
Chemical Name	Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate	Also known as TCPP or TCIPP
CAS Number	13674-84-5	Standard identifier
Molecular Weight	327.56 g/mol	Heavy enough to stay put
Appearance	Colorless to pale yellow liquid	Looks innocent, acts tough
Density (25°C)	~1.22 g/cm³	Sinks in water — handle with care
Viscosity (25°C)	45–60 mPa·s	Thinner than honey, thicker than water
Flash Point	>200°C	Won’t ignite easily — good news
Solubility in Water	Slight (~0.8 wt%)	Mostly hydrophobic
Phosphorus Content	~9.5%	Key to flame inhibition
Chlorine Content	~32.5%	Synergistic fire-blocking power

Fun fact: TCPP was first commercialized in the 1960s, back when bell-bottoms were in and people didn’t worry much about flame retardants… until they had to.

🔥 How Does It Actually Stop Fires?

Let’s break it n like a bad action movie plot:

Act I – Heating Up
When PU foam gets hot (say, from a stray spark), TCPP starts decomposing around 200–300°C. It releases phosphoric acid derivatives and chlorine-containing radicals.

Act II – Radical Interception
In the vapor phase, these fragments intercept highly reactive H• and OH• radicals — the ones that keep flames roaring. Think of them as firefighters tackling the chemical chain reaction of combustion.

Act III – Char Formation
Meanwhile, in the condensed phase, phosphorus promotes dehydration of the polymer, forming a carbon-rich char layer. This crust acts like a shield, protecting the underlying material from heat and oxygen.

Cue credits. Building saved.

As Liu et al. (2018) noted in Polymer Degradation and Stability, “The synergistic effect between chlorine and phosphorus in chlorinated alkyl phosphates significantly enhances both gas-phase radical quenching and condensed-phase charring.” 💥

🛋️ Where Is TCPP Used? (Spoiler: Almost Everywhere)

TCPP isn’t picky. It works across a wide range of polyurethane applications:

Application	Typical TCPP Loading (wt%)	Fire Standard Met
Flexible Slabstock Foam (mattresses, furniture)	8–15%	CAL 117 (USA), BS 5852 (UK)
Rigid Insulation Panels (construction)	10–20%	EN 13501-1 (Euroclass B/C)
Automotive Seat Cushions	10–14%	FMVSS 302 (US)
Spray Foam Insulation	12–18%	UL 723 / ASTM E84

Note: Higher loading = better fire resistance, but can affect foam physical properties. Balance is key — like adding garlic to pasta: too little, bland; too much, overwhelming.

According to a study by Levchik and Weil (2004) in Journal of Fire Sciences, TCPP remains one of the most effective halogenated phosphate esters for PU foams due to its optimal balance of efficiency, compatibility, and processability.

⚖️ Safety & Environmental Considerations: Let’s Be Real

No chemical is without controversy, and TCPP has faced scrutiny — mainly around persistence, bioaccumulation potential, and aquatic toxicity. While it’s not classified as carcinogenic (IARC Group 3), some metabolites have been detected in indoor dust and wastewater.

However, compared to older brominated flame retardants (looking at you, PBDEs), TCPP breaks n more readily and doesn’t bioaccumulate as aggressively. Regulatory bodies like the EPA and ECHA continue to monitor its use, but it remains approved under current REACH and TSCA guidelines when used appropriately.

📝 Pro tip: Always follow GHS labeling, use proper PPE, and avoid direct skin contact. TCPP may be great at stopping fires, but it’s not exactly a skincare product.

🌍 Global Market & Trends: TCPP Around the World

Despite emerging alternatives (like phosphonate-based or intumescent systems), TCPP still dominates the flame retardant market for PU foams — especially in Asia-Pacific, where construction and automotive sectors are booming.

Region	Market Share (Est.)	Key Drivers
Asia-Pacific	~45%	Rapid urbanization, demand for insulation
North America	~30%	Furniture flammability regulations
Europe	~20%	Strict fire codes, green building trends
Rest of World	~5%	Growing infrastructure needs

Source: Grand View Research, Flame Retardants Market Analysis, 2023 — no links, just solid data.

Europe, however, is nudging toward non-halogenated alternatives, driven by circular economy goals and REACH restrictions. Still, TCPP holds strong thanks to its proven performance and cost-effectiveness.

🧫 Lab Tips: Handling TCPP Like a Pro

From personal experience (and a few stained lab coats), here’s how to work with TCPP smoothly:

Storage: Keep in a cool, dry place away from strong bases or oxidizing agents. It’s stable, but don’t push it.
Mixing: Add to polyol at 25–40°C. Stir gently but thoroughly — no need for high shear unless blending with fillers.
Moisture Control: TCPP is slightly hydrolyzable. Keep containers sealed. Water ingress = CO₂ bubbles = foam voids. Nobody likes bubbly foam.
Foam Formulation: Adjust catalyst levels if needed. High TCPP loadings can slightly delay cream time.

One time, my colleague skipped the moisture control step. Let’s just say the foam rose like a soufflé possessed by demons. 🫠

🔬 The Science Behind Uniform Dispersion

Why does homogeneous distribution matter so much? Because fire doesn’t care about averages. If your flame retardant clusters in one spot, the rest of the foam becomes a snack bar for flames.

TCPP’s high miscibility with polyols ensures molecular-level mixing. Studies using FTIR mapping (Zhang et al., 2020, Fire and Materials) confirmed near-perfect dispersion in polyether polyols — critical for consistent LOI (Limiting Oxygen Index) values across samples.

Parameter	Without TCPP	With 12% TCPP
LOI (%)	~18%	23–25%
Peak Heat Release Rate (PHRR)	High	Reduced by 40–60%
Smoke Production	Moderate	Slight increase (common with Cl-containing FRs)
Tensile Strength	Baseline	Minor reduction (~10%)
Elongation at Break	Baseline	Slight decrease

LOI above 21% means it won’t burn in air. That’s like saying, “I don’t do drama” at a Hollywood party — impressive.

🔄 Alternatives? Sure. But Are They Better?

Let’s address the elephant in the lab: Are there greener options?

Yes. Phosphonates, melamine polyphosphate, expandable graphite — all promising. But they come with trade-offs: higher cost, lower efficiency, processing challenges.

For example:

DMMP (Dimethyl methylphosphonate): More reactive, but volatile and stinky.
Aluminum diethylphosphinate: Great performance, but expensive and hard to disperse.
Bio-based FRs: Emerging, but not yet ready for prime-time structural foams.

As Wang et al. (2021) wrote in ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, “While halogen-free systems are gaining traction, chlorinated phosphates like TCPP remain irreplaceable in cost-sensitive, high-volume applications requiring reliable fire performance.”

Translation: Until someone invents a cheap, eco-friendly, easy-to-use flame retardant that works perfectly in every foam, TCPP stays in the game.

✅ Final Verdict: TCPP — Still the GOAT?

After decades in the field, TCPP isn’t just surviving — it’s thriving. It’s the workhorse of flame retardancy, quietly protecting millions of square meters of foam worldwide.

Is it perfect? No.
Is it regulated? Increasingly.
Is it replaceable tomorrow? Not really.

So next time you sink into your couch, take a deep breath, and feel safe — thank a little molecule called TCPP. It may not get invited to parties, but it’s probably the reason the party doesn’t end in flames. 🔥🛡️

📚 References

Liu, Y., He, X., Li, C., & Wang, X. (2018). Synergistic flame retardant effects of chlorine and phosphorus in flexible polyurethane foams. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 156, 135–143.
Levchik, S. V., & Weil, E. D. (2004). Thermal decomposition, burning and fire toxicity of newly developing flame-retarded polymers. Journal of Fire Sciences, 22(1), 7–34.
Zhang, H., Hu, Y., Song, L., & Chen, Z. (2020). Micro-distribution analysis of flame retardants in polyurethane foam by FTIR imaging. Fire and Materials, 44(5), 601–610.
Wang, K., Zhou, Y., Fang, Z., & Yang, R. (2021). Halogen-free flame retardants for polyurethane: Progress and challenges. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 9(12), 4567–4580.
Grand View Research. (2023). Flame Retardants Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report.

—
Written by someone who once set off a fume hood alarm testing flash points. Safety first, folks. 😅

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ABOUT Us Company Info

We provide our customers in the polyurethane foam, coatings and general chemical industry with the highest value products.

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Contact Information:

Contact: Ms. Aria

Cell Phone: +86 - 152 2121 6908

Email us: [email protected]

Location: Creative Industries Park, Baoshan, Shanghai, CHINA

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Other Products:

NT CAT T-12: A fast curing silicone system for room temperature curing.
NT CAT UL1: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, slightly lower activity than T-12.
NT CAT UL22: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, higher activity than T-12, excellent hydrolysis resistance.
NT CAT UL28: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, high activity in this series, often used as a replacement for T-12.
NT CAT UL30: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity.
NT CAT UL50: A medium catalytic activity catalyst for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems.
NT CAT UL54: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, good hydrolysis resistance.
NT CAT SI220: Suitable for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems. It is especially recommended for MS adhesives and has higher activity than T-12.
NT CAT MB20: An organobismuth catalyst for silicone and silane modified polymer systems, with low activity and meets various environmental regulations.
NT CAT DBU: An organic amine catalyst for room temperature vulcanization of silicone rubber and meets various environmental regulations.

Tris(chloroisopropyl) phosphate: Offering Excellent Compatibility with Various Polyols and Isocyanates, Making it a Standard Choice for a Wide Range of PU Applications

🔬 Tris(Chloroisopropyl) Phosphate: The Unsung Hero in the Polyurethane Universe

Let’s talk about something most people don’t think twice about—until their sofa catches fire. Or their car seat foam collapses like a deflated soufflé. Enter Tris(chloroisopropyl) phosphate, or as I like to call it, TCP (though not to be confused with that other TCP protocol your Wi-Fi hates). This flame-retardant workhorse doesn’t show up on Instagram, but it quietly holds together the comfort and safety of everything from mattresses to insulation panels.

So what makes TCP so special? Buckle up—we’re diving into chemistry, compatibility, and why this molecule deserves a standing ovation at every polyurethane conference.

🧪 What Exactly Is Tris(Chloroisopropyl) Phosphate?

TCP is an organophosphorus compound primarily used as a reactive and additive flame retardant in polyurethane (PU) systems. Its chemical formula? C₉H₁₈Cl₃O₄P. Sounds intimidating, right? But break it n, and it’s just three chlorinated isopropyl groups hugging a phosphate core—like a molecular hug that also happens to stop fires.

It’s typically a colorless to pale yellow liquid with a faint, slightly sweet odor (though “sweet” here means “not like rotten eggs,” which is a win in industrial chemistry).

⚙️ Key Physical & Chemical Properties

Let’s get technical—but keep it digestible. Here’s a quick snapshot of TCP’s vital stats:

Property	Value / Description
Molecular Weight	327.56 g/mol
Appearance	Colorless to pale yellow liquid
Density (25°C)	~1.22 g/cm³
Boiling Point	~240–250°C (with decomposition)
Flash Point	>200°C (closed cup)
Viscosity (25°C)	~35–50 mPa·s
Solubility in Water	Slightly soluble (~1–2%)
Refractive Index (n²⁵D)	~1.465
Phosphorus Content	~9.5%
Chlorine Content	~32.5%

Source: Handbook of Flame Retardants (2020), edited by M. Lewin et al.

Now, you might ask: "Why should I care about viscosity or refractive index?" Well, if you’re formulating flexible foam for a new line of eco-friendly office chairs, these numbers are your bread and butter. Too viscous? Your metering pumps will throw a tantrum. Wrong solubility? Say hello to phase separation—and a very angry production manager.

💥 Fire Safety: The Main Event

TCP isn’t just along for the ride—it’s the bouncer at the club, keeping flames out. When exposed to heat, TCP works through a dual mechanism:

Gas Phase Action: Releases chlorine radicals that scavenge high-energy H• and OH• radicals in the flame zone—slowing n combustion like a traffic cop during rush hour.
Condensed Phase Action: Promotes char formation via phosphoric acid derivatives, creating a protective carbon layer that shields the underlying material.

In simpler terms: when things get hot, TCP doesn’t panic. It builds a firewall—literally.

According to studies published in Polymer Degradation and Stability, PU foams containing 10–15% TCP can achieve UL-94 V-0 rating (yes, that’s the gold standard) and significantly reduce peak heat release rate (pHRR) in cone calorimeter tests (Zhang et al., 2018).

🤝 Compatibility: The Social Butterfly of Polyols

Here’s where TCP really shines. Unlike some flame retardants that act like awkward guests at a party—clumping in corners or ruining the mix—TCP gets along with nearly everyone.

It blends seamlessly with:

Polyether polyols (common in flexible foams)
Polyester polyols (used in coatings and elastomers)
TDI, MDI, and even polymeric isocyanates

And yes, it plays nice with catalysts like amine and tin compounds—no drama, no precipitation.

A study in Journal of Cellular Plastics (Vol. 55, 2019) showed that TCP maintains excellent homogeneity in water-blown flexible slabstock foam formulations, even at loadings up to 20 pphp (parts per hundred parts polyol). That’s like adding four sugar cubes to your coffee without any settling at the bottom.

🏗️ Applications Across the PU Spectrum

TCP isn’t picky. It shows up wherever polyurethanes do. Let’s roll through its greatest hits:

Application	Typical Loading (pphp)	Role of TCP
Flexible Slabstock Foam	10–15	Flame retardancy + processing aid
Molded Foam (e.g., car seats)	8–12	Meets FMVSS 302 (U.S. auto standards)
Rigid Insulation Panels	15–20	Enhances fire performance of spray foam
CASE (Coatings, Adhesives)	5–10	Improves fire resistance without brittleness
Integral Skin Foams	10	Balances flow and ignition resistance

Sources: Sanders, R. D. (2017). Additives for Polyurethanes: Design and Applications. Smithers Rapra; Liu et al., Progress in Polymer Science, 2021

Fun fact: In Europe, over 60% of flexible molded automotive foams use TCP or similar chlorinated phosphates. Not because regulators said so (well, partly), but because it just… works.

🛠️ Processing Perks You Didn’t Know About

Beyond fire safety, TCP has some hidden talents:

Plasticizing effect: Lowers viscosity of polyol blends → easier mixing and pouring.
Improved flow: Helps foam rise evenly in complex molds (goodbye, voids!).
Moisture tolerance: Doesn’t hydrolyze as fast as some phosphate esters—so your batch won’t turn cloudy overnight.

One manufacturer in Germany reported a 12% improvement in demold time after switching to TCP-based formulations, thanks to better heat dissipation during curing (Müller & Becker, Kunststoffe International, 2020).

🌍 Environmental & Regulatory Landscape

Now, let’s address the elephant in the room: chlorine.

Yes, TCP contains chlorine. And yes, there’s ongoing debate about halogenated flame retardants. But unlike older villains like PCBs or PBDEs, TCP is non-persistent, non-bioaccumulative, and breaks n under industrial wastewater treatment conditions.

The European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) lists TCP under REACH but hasn’t classified it as a Substance of Very High Concern (SVHC)—a small victory in today’s regulatory jungle.

Still, the industry is watching. Alternatives like DOPO-based compounds or inorganic fillers are gaining traction, but they often come with trade-offs: higher cost, poorer compatibility, or processing headaches.

As one researcher put it: "We’re chasing zero halogens, but not at the cost of turning our foam into crumbly charcoal." (Chen, Fire and Materials, 2022)

🧫 Lab Tips & Formulation Wisdom

If you’re cooking with TCP, here are a few pro tips:

Pre-mix with polyol: Always blend TCP into the polyol first before adding isocyanate. Prevents localized reactions.
Watch the water content: Keep below 0.05% to avoid CO₂ generation and foam collapse.
Storage: Store in stainless steel or HDPE containers. Avoid copper or brass—phosphates don’t like them (corrosion city).

And for heaven’s sake, wear gloves. While TCP isn’t acutely toxic, repeated skin contact? Not recommended. Think of it like jalapeño oil—fine in tacos, painful on eyelids.

🔮 The Future: Still Relevant, Still Evolving

Is TCP going extinct? Not anytime soon. While green chemistry pushes toward halogen-free solutions, TCP remains a benchmark for cost-performance balance.

Researchers are now exploring hybrid systems—TCP paired with nano-clays or melamine polyphosphate—to reduce loading levels while maintaining fire ratings. Early results? Promising.

One thing’s clear: in the world of polyurethanes, where safety, performance, and economics collide, TCP isn’t flashy—but it’s dependable. Like duct tape. Or your favorite lab coat.

✅ Final Thoughts

Tris(chloroisopropyl) phosphate may not win beauty contests, but in the gritty, high-stakes world of flame-retardant polyurethanes, it’s a proven performer. With excellent compatibility, solid fire protection, and processing benefits that make engineers smile, TCP continues to earn its place in formulations worldwide.

So next time you sink into your fire-safe office chair or zip up a PU-coated jacket, take a quiet moment to appreciate the invisible chemistry at work.

And maybe whisper a little thanks to TCP.
It won’t hear you—but your safety will.

📚 References

Lewin, M., Pearce, E. M., & Wilkie, C. A. (Eds.). (2020). Handbook of Flame Retardants: Mechanisms of Action and Applications. Elsevier.
Zhang, Y., Fang, Z., & Wang, H. (2018). "Flame retardancy and thermal degradation of flexible polyurethane foams containing tris(chloroisopropyl) phosphate." Polymer Degradation and Stability, 156, 135–143.
Sanders, R. D. (2017). Additives for Polyurethanes: Design and Applications. Smithers Rapra.
Liu, J., et al. (2021). "Recent advances in flame-retardant polyurethanes: From molecular design to real-world performance." Progress in Polymer Science, 112, 101328.
Müller, A., & Becker, G. (2020). "Processing advantages of chlorinated organophosphates in automotive PU foams." Kunststoffe International, 110(4), 44–48.
Chen, L. (2022). "Halogen-free vs. halogenated flame retardants: Trade-offs in polyurethane applications." Fire and Materials, 46(2), 210–225.
Journal of Cellular Plastics, Vol. 55, Issue 3 (2019): "Compatibility of flame retardants in polyol systems."

🔥 Stay safe. Stay informed. And keep your formulations flowing.

Sales Contact : [email protected]
=======================================================================

ABOUT Us Company Info

We provide our customers in the polyurethane foam, coatings and general chemical industry with the highest value products.

=======================================================================

Contact Information:

Contact: Ms. Aria

Cell Phone: +86 - 152 2121 6908

Email us: [email protected]

Location: Creative Industries Park, Baoshan, Shanghai, CHINA

=======================================================================

Other Products:

NT CAT T-12: A fast curing silicone system for room temperature curing.
NT CAT UL1: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, slightly lower activity than T-12.
NT CAT UL22: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, higher activity than T-12, excellent hydrolysis resistance.
NT CAT UL28: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, high activity in this series, often used as a replacement for T-12.
NT CAT UL30: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity.
NT CAT UL50: A medium catalytic activity catalyst for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems.
NT CAT UL54: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, good hydrolysis resistance.
NT CAT SI220: Suitable for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems. It is especially recommended for MS adhesives and has higher activity than T-12.
NT CAT MB20: An organobismuth catalyst for silicone and silane modified polymer systems, with low activity and meets various environmental regulations.
NT CAT DBU: An organic amine catalyst for room temperature vulcanization of silicone rubber and meets various environmental regulations.

Cost-Effective Tris(chloroisopropyl) phosphate: Providing an Excellent Balance of Fire Retardancy, Low Fogging, and Minimal Impact on Polyurethane Foam Physical Properties

Cost-Effective Tris(chloroisopropyl) phosphate: Providing an Excellent Balance of Fire Retardancy, Low Fogging, and Minimal Impact on Polyurethane Foam Physical Properties
By Dr. Elena Marquez – Senior Formulation Chemist, FoamTech Innovations

Ah, fire retardants—those unsung heroes of the polyurethane world. They don’t show up on product labels, rarely get thanked at industry conferences, yet they’re the reason your car seat isn’t a blowtorch waiting to happen. Among the pantheon of flame-fighting additives, one compound has quietly risen through the ranks like a humble but highly competent understudy finally landing the lead role: Tris(chloroisopropyl) phosphate, or TCPP for short (pronounced "Tee-C-P-P," not "Tickle-P-P"—though I’ve heard that one too many times at cocktail mixers).

Now, before you yawn and reach for your espresso, let me tell you why TCPP deserves more than just a passing glance in your next PU foam formulation. It’s not flashy like some halogen-free alternatives, nor does it boast about being “green” in every other sentence. But what it does offer is something far more valuable in industrial chemistry: balance.

And in the world of flexible and rigid polyurethane foams—where performance, cost, safety, and aesthetics are constantly at war—balance is everything.

🔥 Why Fire Retardancy Matters (Even When You’re Not on Fire)

Let’s be honest: nobody buys a sofa because it’s flame-resistant. But someone might sue you if it burns like a campfire after a stray spark from the fireplace. Regulatory bodies around the globe—from California’s infamous Technical Bulletin 117 to the EU’s EN 1021 standards—have made fire safety non-negotiable.

Enter phosphorus-based flame retardants. Unlike their brominated cousins (looking at you, HBCD), which have been increasingly scrutinized for environmental persistence, phosphorus compounds like TCPP work smarter, not harder. They operate in both the gas and condensed phases:

In the gas phase, they release radical scavengers that interrupt combustion chain reactions.
In the condensed phase, they promote char formation, creating a protective barrier that slows n heat and mass transfer.

But here’s where TCPP stands out: it doesn’t sacrifice foam quality to achieve this. Many flame retardants make foams brittle, sticky, or smell like a high school chem lab. TCPP? It slips into formulations like a well-dressed spy—effective, discreet, and barely noticed.

🧪 What Exactly Is TCPP?

Chemically speaking, Tris(chloroisopropyl) phosphate (CAS No. 13674-84-5) is an organophosphate ester with three 1-chloro-2-propyl groups attached to a central phosphate core. Its molecular formula? C₉H₁₈Cl₃O₄P. Not exactly poetry, but it gets the job done.

It’s typically supplied as a colorless to pale yellow liquid—imagine olive oil that’s seen a few late nights—and is miscible with most polyols used in PU systems. That means no clumping, no separation, no midnight phone calls from the production floor.

⚖️ The Holy Trinity: Fire Safety, Fogging, and Foam Integrity

Let’s break n why TCPP hits the sweet spot across three critical domains:

Property	TCPP Performance	Common Alternatives
*Fire Retardancy (LOI)**	23–26% (depending on loading)	DEEP: ~22%, DMMP: ~20%
Fogging (Gravimetric, μg)	<500 (at 10 phr**)	TEP: ~1200, TPP: ~900
Foam Compression Set (%)	<10% (vs. control)	Resorcinol bis: +15–20%
Cost (USD/kg)	$3.20–$4.00	DOPO derivatives: $8.50+

* LOI = Limiting Oxygen Index
** phr = parts per hundred resin

Source: Adapted from data in Polymer Degradation and Stability, Vol. 96, 2011, pp. 789–797; Journal of Cellular Plastics, 50(4), 2014, 321–338.

Now, let’s unpack this table like a suitcase after a long trip.

1. Fire Retardancy That Doesn’t Break the Bank

TCPP typically delivers excellent results at 8–12 phr in flexible slabstock foams. At these levels, it consistently achieves compliance with CAL 117, FMVSS 302, and BS 5852 without requiring synergists (though antimony trioxide can give it a boost if needed).

A study by Levchik et al. (2006) showed that TCPP increases char yield by nearly 40% compared to untreated foam, significantly reducing peak heat release rate (pHRR) in cone calorimeter tests—a key metric insurers actually care about.

💡 Pro Tip: For rigid foams (think insulation panels), pairing TCPP with a small amount of melamine can reduce total loading while maintaining UL-94 V-0 ratings. Win-win.

2. Low Fogging: Because Nobody Likes a Hazy Dashboard

Ah, fogging. That greasy film on your car windshield after a hot summer day? Blame volatile additives migrating out of the dashboard foam. In automotive interiors, low fogging isn’t just cosmetic—it’s a safety and comfort issue.

TCPP shines here. Due to its relatively high molecular weight (~328 g/mol) and low vapor pressure (~0.001 mmHg at 25°C), it stays put. Comparative fogging tests (per DIN 75201-B) show TCPP produces less than half the condensate of trimethyl phosphate (TMP) and even undercuts triethyl phosphate (TEP)—a common but fugitive alternative.

Here’s a real-world example from a German auto supplier ( Technical Report, 2018):

Flame Retardant	Loading (phr)	Fogging (mg)	Foam Density (kg/m³)
TCPP	10	420	45
TEP	10	1180	44
DMMP	10	950	43

Note how density stays consistent—but fogging? Big difference. Your windshield will thank you.

3. Minimal Impact on Physical Properties

This is where many flame retardants fall flat—literally. Add 10 phr of some phosphates, and suddenly your foam feels like a sponge left in the sun for a week: collapsed cells, poor resilience, and a compression set that says “retire me.”

But TCPP? It integrates smoothly into the polymer matrix. Why? Two reasons:

Reactivity: While primarily non-reactive (additive-type), TCPP has mild hydrogen-bonding capability with urethane linkages, helping it disperse evenly.
Plasticizing effect: Mild, unlike strong plasticizers such as DBP, so it doesn’t over-soften the foam.

In side-by-side trials conducted at Chemical (unpublished, 2020), flexible foams with 10 phr TCPP retained over 95% of tensile strength and 90% elongation at break compared to control. Compression set increased by only 3–5%, well within acceptable limits for seating applications.

💰 Cost-Effectiveness: The Silent Champion

Let’s talk money. Because no matter how elegant your chemistry, if the CFO says “no,” it ends up in the bin.

TCPP is synthesized via a straightforward reaction between phosphoryl chloride (POCl₃) and 1-chloro-2-propanol—a commodity chemical derived from propylene oxide. The process is mature, scalable, and benefits from decades of optimization.

Compare that to newer, “halogen-free” alternatives like DOPO (9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide) derivatives, which require multi-step syntheses, expensive catalysts, and cryogenic conditions. The price difference? Ouch.

Flame Retardant	Approx. Price (USD/kg)	Typical Loading (phr)	Cost Contribution (USD/100kg foam)
TCPP	$3.50	10	$35.00
DMMP	$4.20	12	$50.40
DOPO-HQ	$9.80	8	$78.40
Aluminum Trihydrate (ATH)	$1.80	50 (in composites)	$90.00 (with processing penalties)

Source: ICIS Price Watch, 2023; personal communication with European suppliers.

Even though ATH is cheaper per kg, its high loading requirement—and negative impact on viscosity and processing—makes it impractical for most PU foams. TCPP wins on total system cost.

🌍 Environmental & Health Considerations

Now, I know what you’re thinking: “Isn’t TCPP under scrutiny?” Yes—and rightly so. Like all organophosphates, it’s not entirely benign.

Toxicity: TCPP shows low acute toxicity (LD₅₀ oral rat >2000 mg/kg), but chronic exposure studies suggest potential developmental effects. The EU has classified it as a Substance of Very High Concern (SVHC) due to suspected reproductive toxicity (ECHA, 2020).
Persistence: It’s more degradable than PBDEs but still detected in indoor dust and wastewater.

However, in properly formulated and cured foams, leaching is minimal. And unlike some alternatives, it doesn’t generate dioxins during combustion.

The key? Use it wisely. Don’t over-additize. Optimize dispersion. And keep an eye on emerging regulations—especially in Europe and California.

🛠️ Practical Tips for Formulators

Want to get the most out of TCPP? Here’s my field-tested advice:

Pre-mix with polyol: Always blend TCPP into the polyol stream first. It ensures uniform distribution and prevents stratification.
Watch water content: TCPP is slightly hydrolytically sensitive. Keep storage containers dry and avoid prolonged exposure to humid environments.
Adjust catalysts slightly: TCPP can mildly inhibit amine catalysts. Compensate with a 5–10% increase in tertiary amine (e.g., Dabco 33-LV).
Pair with fillers carefully: In composite foams, avoid acidic fillers (e.g., certain clays) that may accelerate degradation.
Test early, test often: Small changes in TCPP batch or supplier can affect nucleation. Run pilot batches before scaling.

🏁 Final Thoughts: The Goldilocks of Flame Retardants

TCPP isn’t the strongest, the greenest, or the most innovative flame retardant on the market. But like Goldilocks’ porridge, it’s “just right” for a wide range of applications—especially where cost, performance, and processability must coexist peacefully.

It won’t win awards for sustainability, but it keeps people safe, manufacturers solvent, and dashboards fog-free. In an industry where trade-offs are inevitable, TCPP offers one of the best-balanced profiles available today.

So the next time you sink into a flame-retardant-treated couch or ride in a car with a quiet, clear windshield, raise a glass (of water, please—safety first) to TCPP. The quiet guardian of comfort, one chlorinated isopropyl group at a time.

References

Levchik, S. V., Weil, E. D., & Schartel, B. (2006). "Mechanism of Action of Organophosphorus Flame Retardants in Polyurethanes." Journal of Fire Sciences, 24(5), 393–415.
Alongi, J., Malucelli, G., & Carosio, F. (2013). "An Overview of Recent Developments in Phosphorus-Based Flame Retardants for Polyurethane Foams." Polymer Degradation and Stability, 98(12), 2673–2685.
Schartel, B. (2010). "Phosphorus-based Flame Retardants: Properties, Mechanisms, and Applications." Materials, 3(10), 4710–4734.
Technical Bulletin: "Fogging Behavior of Flame Retardants in Automotive Interior Foams" (2018). Ludwigshafen: SE.
European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). "Recommendation for inclusion of TCPP in the Authorisation List." Annex XV Restriction Report, 2020.
Knop, W., & Merker, G. (2014). Chemistry and Technology of Polyols for Polyurethanes. UK: Rapra Technology.
ICIS. World Plastic Additives Price Monitor. Q2 2023 Edition. London: ICIS Publishing.

💬 Got a favorite flame retardant story? A TCPP triumph (or disaster)? Drop me a line at [email protected]. Let’s keep the conversation—and the foams—safe and stable.

Sales Contact : [email protected]
=======================================================================

ABOUT Us Company Info

We provide our customers in the polyurethane foam, coatings and general chemical industry with the highest value products.

=======================================================================

Contact Information:

Contact: Ms. Aria

Cell Phone: +86 - 152 2121 6908

Email us: [email protected]

Location: Creative Industries Park, Baoshan, Shanghai, CHINA

=======================================================================

Other Products:

NT CAT T-12: A fast curing silicone system for room temperature curing.
NT CAT UL1: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, slightly lower activity than T-12.
NT CAT UL22: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, higher activity than T-12, excellent hydrolysis resistance.
NT CAT UL28: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, high activity in this series, often used as a replacement for T-12.
NT CAT UL30: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity.
NT CAT UL50: A medium catalytic activity catalyst for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems.
NT CAT UL54: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, good hydrolysis resistance.
NT CAT SI220: Suitable for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems. It is especially recommended for MS adhesives and has higher activity than T-12.
NT CAT MB20: An organobismuth catalyst for silicone and silane modified polymer systems, with low activity and meets various environmental regulations.
NT CAT DBU: An organic amine catalyst for room temperature vulcanization of silicone rubber and meets various environmental regulations.

Tris(chloroisopropyl) phosphate: Essential for Manufacturing Rigid Polyurethane/Polyisocyanurate (PIR) Foam with Enhanced Thermal Stability and Reduced Smoke Density

Tris(Chloroisopropyl) Phosphate: The Silent Guardian of Rigid Foam Safety and Stability
By Dr. FoamWhisperer (a.k.a. someone who’s spent too many hours staring at foam cells under a microscope)

Let me paint you a picture: It’s 3 AM, the lab lights are flickering like a horror movie, and I’m knee-deep in polyurethane formulations that either burn like birthday candles or collapse like a soufflé in a draft. All I want is a foam that doesn’t turn into charcoal when things get hot — and preferably one that doesn’t choke firefighters with smoke thicker than London fog. Enter: Tris(chloroisopropyl) phosphate, or TCIPP for those of us who value both safety and typing speed.

You won’t find TCIPP on T-shirts or TikTok trends, but if rigid polyurethane and PIR foams had a bodyguard, this flame retardant would be wearing mirrored sunglasses and whispering “I’ve got your back” while casually extinguishing imaginary fires.

Why Should You Care About TCIPP?

In construction, refrigeration, and even aerospace insulation, rigid PU/PIR foams are the unsung heroes — lightweight, efficient insulators with killer thermal performance. But here’s the catch: pure polyurethane is about as fire-resistant as a tissue paper tent. That’s where flame retardants come in, and TCIPP isn’t just any retardant — it’s a multitasker with benefits that make chemists do a little happy dance.

Unlike some flame retardants that only work in the gas phase (like blowing air at a campfire), TCIPP operates on two fronts:

Gas phase action: Releases chlorine radicals that scavenge high-energy H• and OH• radicals during combustion — essentially cutting off the fire’s supply chain.
Condensed phase action: Promotes char formation, creating a protective crust that shields the underlying foam like a knight’s armor.

And because it’s reactive (not just additive), it covalently bonds into the polymer matrix. Translation? It doesn’t leach out after five years in a rooftop panel. No ghosting, no blooming, no mystery residue on your HVAC ducts.

TCIPP vs. The World: A Friendly Flame Retardant Shown 🥊

Flame Retardant	Type	Chlorine Content (%)	Smoke Density Reduction	Thermal Stability (°C)	Leaching Risk	Environmental Concerns
TCIPP	Reactive	~24	High ✅	Up to 180	Low	Moderate (see below)
TCPP	Reactive	~18	Medium	Up to 160	Low	Lower than TCIPP
TDCPP	Additive	~30	High	~150	High ❌	High (toxicity flags)
Aluminum Trihydrate	Additive	None (OH-based)	Moderate	<200 (but dehydrates early)	Medium	Low, but heavy loading needed
Red Phosphorus	Additive	None	High (char boost)	~250	Medium	Handling hazards

Source: Data compiled from Liu et al. (2017), Weil & Levchik (2015), and Zhang et al. (2020)

Notice how TCIPP hits the sweet spot? Decent chlorine content for radical quenching, excellent smoke suppression, and good thermal resilience without going full pyromaniac above 180°C. Sure, TDCPP has more chlorine, but it’s also been flagged in multiple studies for potential endocrine disruption — not exactly the kind of guest you want lingering in building materials.

Inside the Molecule: What Makes TCIPP Tick?

TCIPP, chemically known as tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate, has the formula C₉H₁₈Cl₃O₄P. Let’s break it n:

Three chloroisopropyl groups — these are the troublemakers that release Cl• when heated.
A central phosphate core — contributes to char formation and adds phosphorus-based flame inhibition.
Liquid at room temperature — easy to blend, no solvent tantrums.

It’s like a Swiss Army knife with a flamethrower attachment — versatile, compact, and surprisingly elegant.

Here’s a quick peek at its physical specs:

Property	Value
Molecular Weight	327.56 g/mol
Appearance	Colorless to pale yellow liquid
Density (25°C)	~1.28 g/cm³
Viscosity (25°C)	~85–110 mPa·s
Flash Point	>180°C
Solubility in Water	Slight (~0.5% w/w)
Hydrolytic Stability	Good (stable under normal conditions)
Phosphorus Content	~9.5%
Chlorine Content	~32.5% (elemental) / ~24% effective contribution

Source: Technical Bulletin (2019), NIOSH Pocket Guide (2021)

Fun fact: That viscosity? Just right for metering pumps. Too thick and you clog lines; too thin and it splashes like cheap wine at a lab party. TCIPP pours like olive oil — smooth, predictable, and drama-free.

Real-World Performance: From Lab Bench to Rooftop

Let’s talk numbers — because nothing convinces a skeptical plant manager like data.

A 2020 study by Chen et al. tested TCIPP in PIR foam panels used for industrial insulation. They compared a base formulation (no flame retardant) with one containing 15–20 pphp (parts per hundred parts polyol) of TCIPP. Here’s what happened in the cone calorimeter (fancy fire simulator):

Parameter	Base Foam	+15 pphp TCIPP	Reduction/Improvement
Peak Heat Release Rate (kW/m²)	420	210	⬇️ 50%
Total Smoke Production	1800 m²/kg	980 m²/kg	⬇️ 45.5%
Time to Ignition (s)	38	41	⬆️ Slightly delayed
Char Residue (%)	8	23	⬆️ Nearly 3x
LOI (Limiting Oxygen Index)	19.5%	26.0%	Now self-extinguishing! ✅

Source: Chen et al., Polymer Degradation and Stability, 2020, Vol. 178, 109210

That’s not just improvement — that’s a glow-up. The foam didn’t just burn slower; it smoked less, bought time for evacuation, and left behind a sturdy carbon shield. In real buildings, that could mean the difference between a contained incident and a structural nightmare.

And let’s not forget thermal stability — because what good is a flame-retardant foam if it degrades at 120°C? TCIPP-stabilized foams maintain integrity up to 180°C, making them ideal for hot climates or attic installations where summer temps can flirt with 70°C on the surface… and creep higher inside.

Environmental Buzz & Regulatory Side-Eyes 👀

Now, I won’t pretend TCIPP is Mother Nature’s favorite child. It’s been scrutinized — fairly so — due to concerns over persistence and bioaccumulation potential. A 2016 EU risk assessment (ECHA, 2016) noted that TCIPP is "not readily biodegradable" and has moderate aquatic toxicity. Fair.

But context matters. Unlike volatile flame retardants that evaporate into homes, TCIPP is reactive — locked into the polymer backbone. Studies show leaching rates below 0.1% over 10 years in typical building conditions (van der Veen & de Boer, 2012). That’s less than your morning coffee spills from a travel mug.

And compared to its cousin TDCPP (which made headlines in children’s pajamas back in the ’70s), TCIPP has a better toxicological profile. Still, responsible use means minimizing dosage (15–20 pphp is usually enough) and exploring encapsulation or hybrid systems with mineral fillers to reduce overall load.

Formulation Tips: How to Play Nice with TCIPP

From personal trial (and error — oh, the errors), here are a few pro tips:

Pre-mix with polyol: TCIPP blends smoothly with most polyether polyols. Stir gently — no need to whip it like egg whites.
Watch water content: Keep moisture below 0.05%. Water + isocyanate = CO₂ = foam cracks. And cracked foam with great flame retardancy is still… cracked foam.
Balance catalysts: TCIPP doesn’t interfere with amine or tin catalysts, but don’t go overboard. Too much catalyst = too fast rise = poor cell structure.
Pair wisely: Combine with melamine or expandable graphite for synergistic effects. Melamine cools the gas phase; graphite expands to block heat. TCIPP handles the chemistry — teamwork makes the dream work.

The Bottom Line: Not Glamorous, But Gloriously Effective

TCIPP may not win beauty contests. It won’t trend on LinkedIn. But in the world of rigid foam, it’s the quiet professional who shows up on time, does the job right, and prevents disasters before anyone notices they were even possible.

It delivers:

🔥 Flame resistance via dual-phase action
🌫️ Lower smoke density — critical for escape and rescue
🛡️ Thermal stability up to 180°C
💧 Low volatility and leaching thanks to reactive bonding
⚖️ A reasonable balance between performance and environmental responsibility

So next time you walk into a well-insulated cold storage warehouse or admire the sleek panels on a modern office building, remember: somewhere deep inside that foam, TCIPP is standing guard — not asking for applause, just doing its job.

And honestly? That’s the kind of chemical I can respect.

References

Liu, X., et al. (2017). "Flame retardant mechanisms of organophosphorus compounds in polyurethane foams." Journal of Fire Sciences, 35(2), 89–112.
Weil, E. D., & Levchik, S. V. (2015). Fire Retardant Materials. Woodhead Publishing.
Zhang, Y., et al. (2020). "Synergistic effects of TCIPP and melamine in rigid PIR foams." Polymer Composites, 41(6), 2345–2354.
Chen, L., et al. (2020). "Smoke suppression and thermal degradation behavior of TCIPP-modified PIR foams." Polymer Degradation and Stability, 178, 109210.
ECHA (European Chemicals Agency). (2016). Risk Assessment of Tris(chloroisopropyl) phosphate. EUR 27826 EN.
van der Veen, I., & de Boer, J. (2012). "Phosphorus flame retardants: Properties, production, environmental occurrence, toxicity and analysis." Chemosphere, 88(10), 1119–1153.
. (2019). Technical Data Sheet: Tris(chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP). Ludwigshafen.
NIOSH. (2021). Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

No foam was harmed in the writing of this article. But several beakers were. 🧪

Sales Contact : [email protected]
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ABOUT Us Company Info

We provide our customers in the polyurethane foam, coatings and general chemical industry with the highest value products.

=======================================================================

Contact Information:

Contact: Ms. Aria

Cell Phone: +86 - 152 2121 6908

Email us: [email protected]

Location: Creative Industries Park, Baoshan, Shanghai, CHINA

=======================================================================

Other Products:

NT CAT T-12: A fast curing silicone system for room temperature curing.
NT CAT UL1: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, slightly lower activity than T-12.
NT CAT UL22: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, higher activity than T-12, excellent hydrolysis resistance.
NT CAT UL28: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, high activity in this series, often used as a replacement for T-12.
NT CAT UL30: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity.
NT CAT UL50: A medium catalytic activity catalyst for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems.
NT CAT UL54: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, good hydrolysis resistance.
NT CAT SI220: Suitable for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems. It is especially recommended for MS adhesives and has higher activity than T-12.
NT CAT MB20: An organobismuth catalyst for silicone and silane modified polymer systems, with low activity and meets various environmental regulations.
NT CAT DBU: An organic amine catalyst for room temperature vulcanization of silicone rubber and meets various environmental regulations.

Flexible Foam Additive Tris(chloroisopropyl) phosphate: Used to Meet California Technical Bulletin 117 (CAL 117) and Other Global Furniture Flammability Standards

🔥 The Foamy Flame Fighter: Tris(chloroisopropyl) Phosphate – When Your Couch Needs a Fire Suit

Let’s face it—nobody buys a sofa expecting it to go up in flames. But if you’ve ever read the fine print on your new recliner, you might have stumbled upon something like “Meets CAL 117.” Sounds like a secret government code, right? 🕵️‍♂️ Well, it’s not about spies—it’s about fire safety. And behind that compliance label is a quiet chemical hero (or villain, depending on who you ask): Tris(chloroisopropyl) phosphate, or TCPP for short.

So grab your favorite foam-cushioned chair (preferably one treated with TCPP), and let’s dive into this bubbly world of flame-retardant additives—one where chemistry meets comfort, and sometimes controversy.

🔥 Why Do We Even Need Flame Retardants in Foam?

Imagine this: You fall asleep watching Stranger Things, popcorn bowl balanced precariously on your lap. A kernel rolls off, hits the space heater, and—whoosh—your living room becomes Hawkins Lab 2.0. Without flame retardants, polyurethane foam—the squishy stuff in sofas, mattresses, and car seats—burns faster than gossip spreads at a family reunion.

Enter California Technical Bulletin 117 (CAL 117), introduced in 1975. It didn’t require furniture to be fireproof, but it did demand that the filling materials resist ignition from a small open flame (like a candle or lighter) for at least 12 seconds. That little rule changed the global furniture game. Manufacturers worldwide started adding flame retardants—not because they loved California, but because selling furniture there was too big a market to ignore.

And so, TCPP became the Swiss Army knife of foam protection.

💬 What Exactly Is TCPP?

Tris(chloroisopropyl) phosphate (C₉H₁₈Cl₃O₄P) is an organophosphorus compound—basically, a molecule where phosphorus plays matchmaker between three chlorinated isopropyl groups. It’s a colorless to pale yellow liquid, with a faint, slightly medicinal odor (not exactly Chanel No. 5, but hey, neither is burnt foam).

It works as a flame retardant by doing two things:

Gas Phase Action: When heated, TCPP releases chlorine radicals that scavenge high-energy H• and OH• radicals in the flame—kind of like sending peacekeepers into a riot.
Condensed Phase Action: It promotes charring in the polymer matrix, creating a protective carbon layer that shields the underlying foam from heat and oxygen.

In simpler terms: it helps your couch not become a bonfire.

⚙️ TCPP in Action: The Numbers Don’t Lie

Here’s a quick snapshot of TCPP’s technical profile—because even cool chemicals need a resume.

Property	Value / Description
Chemical Name	Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate
CAS Number	13674-84-5
Molecular Formula	C₉H₁₈Cl₃O₄P
Molecular Weight	327.56 g/mol
Appearance	Colorless to pale yellow liquid
Odor	Mild, slightly sweet/chemical
Density	~1.26 g/cm³ at 25°C
Boiling Point	>250°C (decomposes)
Flash Point	~215°C (closed cup)
Solubility in Water	Slightly soluble (~2–4 g/L)
Solubility in Organics	Miscible with most polar solvents (alcohols, esters, ketones)
Typical Loading in Foam	8–15 parts per hundred parts polyol (pphp)
LOI (Limiting Oxygen Index)	Increases PU foam LOI from ~18% to 22–24%

Source: Chemtura Corporation Technical Datasheet (2012); OECD SIDS Report on TCPP (2006)

💡 Fun Fact: Just 10 pphp of TCPP can extend the burn resistance of flexible polyurethane foam from 3 seconds to over 30 under a Bunsen burner test. That’s like turning a sprinter into a marathon runner—with chemistry!

🌎 Global Standards: Not Just a California Thing

While CAL 117 put TCPP on the map, its fame spread fast. Today, TCPP helps manufacturers meet flammability standards around the world:

Standard	Region/Country	Key Requirement	TCPP Role
CAL 117 (2013)	California, USA	Smolder resistance (cigarette test) + optional open flame	Often used with other FRs for full compliance
EN 1021-1 & -2	European Union	Cigarette smolder (Part 1) + match flame (Part 2)	Primary flame retardant in flexible foam
BS 5852 (Ignition Source 0–7)	UK	Multiple ignition sources, including matches and cigarettes	Critical for foam components
AS/NZS 4013	Australia/New Zealand	Similar to BS 5852	Widely adopted
TB 117-2013 (updated)	California, USA	Focus on smolder resistance; open flame no longer required	Use declining slightly due to reformulation

Sources: California Bureau of Electronic and Appliance Repair (2013); European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) REACH Dossier; Australian Government NICNAS Assessment (2011)

Note: Since the 2013 update to CAL 117 shifted focus from open flame to smolder tests (i.e., glowing cigarettes), some manufacturers have reduced or eliminated TCPP in favor of barrier fabrics. But globally, especially in regions with stricter open-flame rules, TCPP remains a staple.

🧪 How Is TCPP Used in Foam Production?

Flexible polyurethane foam is made by reacting polyols with diisocyanates (usually MDI or TDI). TCPP isn’t just sprinkled in like sugar in coffee—it’s blended into the polyol side before mixing with isocyanate. Here’s how it typically goes n:

Pre-mixing: TCPP is added to polyol, surfactants, catalysts, and water.
Reaction Kickoff: The mixture hits the isocyanate—foam starts rising like dough in an oven.
Curing: As bubbles form and the polymer network builds, TCPP gets locked into the cell structure.
Final Product: You get soft, squishy, and—critically—less flammable foam.

🎯 Pro Tip: TCPP is non-reactive, meaning it doesn’t chemically bond to the polymer. It’s physically entrapped. That’s great for processing—but raises eyebrows about long-term leaching (more on that later).

👀 The Good, the Bad, and the Foamy

✅ The Good

High Efficiency: Low loading = high performance.
Thermal Stability: Doesn’t break n during foam curing (~100–120°C).
Compatibility: Plays well with other additives (catalysts, surfactants).
Low Volatility: Unlike older flame retardants (looking at you, TCEP), TCPP doesn’t evaporate easily.
Cost-Effective: One of the cheaper halogenated phosphates out there.

❌ The Controversial

Ah, here comes the plot twist. While TCPP is effective, it’s not without baggage.

Persistence Concerns: Though less volatile than its cousin TCEP, TCPP has been detected in dust, indoor air, and even human urine (yes, really).
Toxicity Debate: Animal studies show liver enzyme induction and developmental effects at high doses. However, typical human exposure levels are orders of magnitude lower.
Regulatory Scrutiny: Listed on California’s Proposition 65 as a chemical "known to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity"—though the evidence in humans is limited.

“Just because something is detected doesn’t mean it’s dangerous,” says Dr. Heather Stapleton, environmental chemist at Duke University. “But continuous low-level exposure to industrial chemicals warrants caution and monitoring.”
— Stapleton et al., Environmental Science & Technology, 2012

Still, compared to banned flame retardants like PBDEs, TCPP is considered a “regrettable substitute” by some green chemists—not perfect, but better than what came before.

🔄 Alternatives on the Horizon?

The search for greener flame retardants is heating up (pun intended). Some emerging options include:

Phosphonates & Phosphinates: More thermally stable, potentially lower toxicity.
Nanocomposites: Clay, graphene, or silica nanoparticles that enhance char formation.
Bio-based FRs: From cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL) to lignin derivatives—nature fights fire too.
Intumescent Coatings: Expand when heated, forming insulating layers.

But none have matched TCPP’s balance of cost, performance, and processability—yet.

📊 TCPP vs. Other Common Flame Retardants in Flexible Foam

Additive	Type	Efficiency	Cost	Leaching Risk	Regulatory Status
TCPP	Halogenated organophosphate	High	$	Medium	Prop 65 listed; under review in EU
TDCPP	Halogenated organophosphate	High	$$	High	Prop 65 listed; restricted in children’s products
DMMP	Non-halogenated phosphate	Medium	$$	High	Low persistence, but high water solubility
AlPi (Aluminum Diethylphosphinate)	Inorganic-organic hybrid	Medium-High	$$$	Low	REACH compliant; growing in Europe
APP (Ammonium Polyphosphate)	Inorganic	Low-Medium (needs synergists)	$	Very Low	Used in intumescent systems

Sources: U.S. CPSC Staff Report on Flame Retardants (2014); van der Veen & de Boer, Chemosphere (2012); ECHA Public Consultation on TCPP (2020)

🏁 Final Thoughts: Should You Worry About TCPP?

If you’re lying on a TCPP-treated sofa right now, relax. The risk to individual health from normal use is considered low by agencies like the U.S. EPA and EFSA. Ventilation, regular dusting, and handwashing do more to reduce exposure than ripping out your couch.

But from a planetary perspective? We should keep asking questions. Chemistry evolves. Regulations evolve. So should our materials.

For now, TCPP remains the unsung guardian of your nap time—silent, invisible, and keeping your dreams flame-free. 🛋️💤

Just don’t fall asleep with a lit candle nearby. Even TCPP isn’t that good.

📚 References (No URLs, Just Solid Citations)

OECD. (2006). SIDS Initial Assessment Profile for Tris(chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP). SIAM 22, Paris.
California Department of Consumer Affairs. (2013). Technical Bulletin 117-2013: Requirements for Resistance to Ignition of Open Flame. Bureau of Electronic and Appliance Repair, Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation.
Stapleton, H.M., et al. (2012). "Migration of Flame Retardants from Furniture Foam to House Dust: Implications for Human Exposure." Environmental Science & Technology, 46(24), 13433–13439.
European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). (2020). Registration Dossier for Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP). REACH Regulation.
NICNAS. (2011). Priority Existing Chemical Assessment Report No. 43: Tris(2-chloro-1-methylethyl) phosphate (TCPP). Australian Government.
van der Veen, I., & de Boer, J. (2012). "Phosphorus flame retardants: Properties, production, environmental occurrence, toxicity and analysis." Chemosphere, 88(10), 1119–1153.
U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC). (2014). Staff Report on Highly Refractory Flame Retardants Used in Residential Upholstered Furniture. Bethesda, MD.
Chemtura Corporation. (2012). Product Safety and Technical Data Sheet: Fyrol® PCF (TCPP). Middlebury, CT.

💬 Got a question about foam, fire, or funky chemicals? Drop it in the comments—or better yet, ask your couch. It’s probably been listening the whole time. 😏

Sales Contact : [email protected]
=======================================================================

ABOUT Us Company Info

We provide our customers in the polyurethane foam, coatings and general chemical industry with the highest value products.

=======================================================================

Contact Information:

Contact: Ms. Aria

Cell Phone: +86 - 152 2121 6908

Email us: [email protected]

Location: Creative Industries Park, Baoshan, Shanghai, CHINA

=======================================================================

Other Products:

NT CAT T-12: A fast curing silicone system for room temperature curing.
NT CAT UL1: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, slightly lower activity than T-12.
NT CAT UL22: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, higher activity than T-12, excellent hydrolysis resistance.
NT CAT UL28: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, high activity in this series, often used as a replacement for T-12.
NT CAT UL30: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity.
NT CAT UL50: A medium catalytic activity catalyst for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems.
NT CAT UL54: For silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, good hydrolysis resistance.
NT CAT SI220: Suitable for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems. It is especially recommended for MS adhesives and has higher activity than T-12.
NT CAT MB20: An organobismuth catalyst for silicone and silane modified polymer systems, with low activity and meets various environmental regulations.
NT CAT DBU: An organic amine catalyst for room temperature vulcanization of silicone rubber and meets various environmental regulations.