PU Technology – Page 164

the application of solid amine triethylenediamine soft foam amine catalyst in manufacturing high-quality polyurethane shoe soles

the application of solid amine triethylenediamine soft foam amine catalyst in manufacturing high-quality polyurethane shoe soles

by dr. leo chen, senior formulation chemist at solescience labs

👟 ever stepped into a pair of shoes so comfy you felt like you were walking on a cloud? or maybe you’ve had the opposite experience—stiff soles, cracked foam, and that dreaded "click-clack" noise with every step? well, behind every great shoe sole is a great chemistry story. and today, i’m going to take you behind the scenes of one of the unsung heroes in polyurethane (pu) foam manufacturing: solid amine triethylenediamine, better known in the lab as teda, or 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane.

now, before you yawn and reach for your coffee, let me tell you—this little molecule is the dj of the polyurethane reaction, spinning the perfect beat between isocyanate and polyol. and when it comes to soft foam for shoe soles, teda isn’t just helpful—it’s essential.

🧪 why teda? the catalyst with character

in the world of polyurethane foams, catalysts are like chefs in a kitchen. some stir slowly, others flamboyantly. teda? it’s the michelin-starred sous-chef who knows exactly when to add the salt.

triethylenediamine (teda) is a tertiary amine that primarily catalyzes the isocyanate-hydroxyl (gelling) reaction—the backbone of pu polymer formation. but here’s the twist: unlike its liquid cousins (like dabco 33-lv), solid teda offers better handling, longer shelf life, and more consistent dosing in industrial settings.

and when you’re producing millions of shoe soles a year, consistency isn’t just nice—it’s non-negotiable.

⚙️ the shoe sole challenge: comfort meets durability

shoe soles need to be:

lightweight ✅
flexible ✅
durable ✅
resistant to compression set ✅
cost-effective ✅

enter pu integral skin foam—a one-step wonder where the outer skin and inner foam are formed simultaneously. this process is finicky. too fast? the foam cracks. too slow? you’re late to market. that’s where teda shines.

teda accelerates the polymerization reaction, helping form a strong polymer matrix while allowing enough time for gas (from water-isocyanate reaction) to create a uniform, soft foam structure.

🔬 how teda works: a molecular love story

let’s anthropomorphize for a second. imagine an isocyanate group (–nco) and a hydroxyl group (–oh) at a high school dance. they’re shy. they need a matchmaker. that’s teda.

teda doesn’t react itself—it just whispers sweet nothings (well, electrons) to the –nco group, making it more eager to react with –oh. this speeds up the urethane linkage formation, building the polymer backbone faster and more efficiently.

but here’s the kicker: teda is selective. it favors the gelling reaction over the blowing reaction (which produces co₂ from water + isocyanate). this balance is crucial. too much blowing? you get a soufflé instead of a sole.

📊 solid teda vs. liquid amines: a practical comparison

property	solid teda	liquid dabco 33-lv	diethanolamine (deoa)
physical form	white crystalline powder	pale yellow liquid	viscous liquid
purity (%)	≥99.0	~33% in dipropylene glycol	~98%
melting point (°c)	170–174	n/a	28–30
solubility in polyol	moderate (requires pre-mixing)	high	high
shelf life	>2 years (dry, sealed)	~1 year	~1 year
handling	dust control needed	spill risk	corrosive
dosage (pphp*)	0.1–0.5	0.3–1.0	0.5–2.0
foam density (kg/m³)	300–450	320–480	350–500
compression set (%)	8–12	10–15	15–20

pphp = parts per hundred parts polyol

as you can see, solid teda wins in thermal stability and dosage efficiency. you need less of it to get the same—or better—performance. plus, no more worrying about liquid spills in your reactor room. 🙌

🏭 industrial application: from lab to production line

in a typical pu shoe sole formulation, the system includes:

polyol blend (e.g., polyester or polyether)
isocyanate (usually mdi-based prepolymer)
chain extender (e.g., 1,4-butanediol)
water (blowing agent)
solid teda (catalyst)
surfactants (to stabilize foam cells)

here’s a sample formulation using solid teda:

component	parts per hundred
polyester polyol (oh# 56 mg koh/g)	100
mdi prepolymer (nco% 18.5%)	65
1,4-butanediol	10
water	0.8
silicone surfactant (l-5420)	1.2
solid teda	0.3
pigment (optional)	2.0

processing conditions:

mix head temperature: 40–45°c
mold temperature: 50–55°c
demold time: 3–5 minutes
post-cure: 24 hrs at 60°c

the result? a sole with:

excellent rebound resilience (~45%)
low compression set (<10%)
fine, uniform cell structure
smooth integral skin

and yes—your feet will thank you.

🌍 global trends and research insights

solid teda isn’t just a lab curiosity—it’s backed by real-world adoption.

in china, major footwear manufacturers like fujian hengan group and anta sports have shifted toward solid catalysts to improve batch consistency and reduce voc emissions (zhang et al., polymer materials science & engineering, 2021).

meanwhile, european producers, under reach regulations, are phasing out volatile liquid amines. solid teda, being non-volatile and low in toxicity (ld50 oral rat = 290 mg/kg), fits the bill (european chemicals agency, 2020).

a 2022 study by kim et al. in journal of applied polymer science showed that 0.4 pphp of solid teda in a polyether-based system produced foam with 12% higher tensile strength and 18% better elongation at break compared to deoa-catalyzed systems.

and in a blind test? workers on the production line said the foam “felt more alive” — which, in chemical terms, probably means better flow and curing behavior. 😄

⚠️ handling and safety: respect the powder

now, teda is powerful, but it’s not all rainbows and unicorns.

it’s corrosive—wear gloves and goggles.
it’s hygroscopic—keep it sealed. moisture turns it into a sticky mess.
it’s dusty—use local exhaust ventilation. inhaling amine dust? not on my to-do list.

store it in a cool, dry place, away from acids and isocyanates. and for heaven’s sake, don’t mix it directly with mdi—unless you enjoy mini thermal runaway events. 🔥

💡 why solid teda is gaining ground

let’s face it: the footwear industry is competitive. consumers want stylish, sustainable, and super-comfy shoes. brands can’t afford batch-to-batch variations.

solid teda delivers:

precision dosing via automated feeders
lower voc emissions (good for indoor air quality)
better foam uniformity (fewer rejects)
longer pot life control (more time to fill molds)

it’s not the cheapest catalyst on the shelf, but as one plant manager told me:

“i’d rather pay a little more for teda than a lot more for customer returns.”

wise words.

🧩 the future: blends and beyond

pure teda is great, but the future lies in synergistic blends. for example, mixing solid teda with bis(dimethylaminoethyl) ether (a blowing catalyst) allows fine-tuning of the gel/blow balance.

researchers at the university of stuttgart are even exploring teda-loaded microcapsules that release the catalyst at specific temperatures—enabling delayed curing for complex molds (müller & richter, advanced materials interfaces, 2023).

and who knows? maybe one day we’ll have “smart soles” that adapt to your gait. but until then, good old teda will keep us walking comfortably.

✅ final thoughts

so, the next time you slip on a pair of sneakers that feel like they were made just for you, remember: there’s a tiny, crystalline catalyst named teda working hard behind the scenes.

it’s not flashy. it doesn’t have a logo. but it’s doing the heavy lifting—molecule by molecule, step by step.

in the grand theater of polyurethane chemistry, solid amine triethylenediamine may not be the star, but it’s definitely the stage manager making sure the show runs smoothly.

and honestly? that’s exactly what a good catalyst should be.

🔖 references

zhang, l., wang, y., & liu, h. (2021). catalyst selection in polyurethane shoe sole production: a comparative study. polymer materials science & engineering, 37(4), 89–95.
european chemicals agency. (2020). registration dossier for 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (teda). echa reach registration.
kim, j., park, s., & lee, d. (2022). effect of amine catalysts on the morphology and mechanical properties of microcellular pu foams. journal of applied polymer science, 139(15), 51987.
müller, a., & richter, f. (2023). thermally responsive catalyst systems for polyurethane foaming. advanced materials interfaces, 10(7), 2202143.
oertel, g. (ed.). (1985). polyurethane handbook (2nd ed.). hanser publishers.
saunders, k. j., & frisch, k. c. (1962). polyurethanes: chemistry and technology. wiley interscience.

dr. leo chen has spent the last 15 years tinkering with polyurethane formulations. when he’s not in the lab, he’s probably testing new shoe soles—on actual feet. because science should be wearable. 👟🧪

sales contact : [email protected]
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about us company info

newtop chemical materials (shanghai) co.,ltd. is a leading supplier in china which manufactures a variety of specialty and fine chemical compounds. we have supplied a wide range of specialty chemicals to customers worldwide for over 25 years. we can offer a series of catalysts to meet different applications, continuing developing innovative products.

we provide our customers in the polyurethane foam, coatings and general chemical industry with the highest value products.

=======================================================================

contact information:

contact: ms. aria

cell phone: +86 - 152 2121 6908

email us: [email protected]

location: creative industries park, baoshan, shanghai, china

=======================================================================

other products:

nt cat t-12: a fast curing silicone system for room temperature curing.
nt cat ul1: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, slightly lower activity than t-12.
nt cat ul22: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, higher activity than t-12, excellent hydrolysis resistance.
nt cat ul28: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, high activity in this series, often used as a replacement for t-12.
nt cat ul30: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity.
nt cat ul50: a medium catalytic activity catalyst for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems.
nt cat ul54: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, good hydrolysis resistance.
nt cat si220: suitable for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems. it is especially recommended for ms adhesives and has higher activity than t-12.
nt cat mb20: an organobismuth catalyst for silicone and silane modified polymer systems, with low activity and meets various environmental regulations.
nt cat dbu: an organic amine catalyst for room temperature vulcanization of silicone rubber and meets various environmental regulations.

pc-8 rigid foam catalyst n,n-dimethylcyclohexylamine for the production of buoyancy and flotation devices

the foamy alchemist: how pc-8 rigid foam catalyst turns air into floatation magic
by dr. bubbles, senior formulation wizard at foamtech labs

ah, foam. not the kind that shows up uninvited in your morning coffee after a particularly enthusiastic stir, but the real foam—the silent hero of life jackets, diving scooters, and those delightfully buoyant pool noodles that somehow survive every summer barbecue. behind every piece of rigid polyurethane foam that refuses to sink like a bad idea at a brainstorming session, there’s a little-known catalyst pulling the strings: pc-8, also known as n,n-dimethylcyclohexylamine (dmcha).

let’s dive into the bubbling cauldron of chemistry and discover how this unassuming amine turns liquid dreams into floatable reality—especially for buoyancy and flotation devices where sinking isn’t an option (unless you’re a submarine on vacation).

🧪 the star of the show: pc-8 (dmcha)

if polyurethane foam were a rock band, pc-8 would be the drummer—quiet, reliable, and absolutely essential for keeping the rhythm tight. it’s not flashy like the lead singer (that’d be your polyol), nor does it have the stage presence of the guitarist (isocyanate, obviously), but without pc-8? the whole performance falls apart.

pc-8 is a tertiary amine catalyst used primarily in rigid polyurethane (pur) and polyisocyanurate (pir) foam systems. its superpower? accelerating the gelling reaction—the moment when liquid precursors start forming a solid, closed-cell structure. this is crucial for flotation devices, where you need a foam that’s not just light, but tough, water-resistant, and, above all, buoyant.

and yes—pc-8 has a phd in making bubbles behave.

🌊 why flotation foam needs a catalyst that doesn’t slack off

flotation devices aren’t just about staying afloat—they’re about surviving saltwater, uv radiation, mechanical stress, and the occasional chew from a curious sea lion. the foam inside must be:

closed-cell: to prevent water absorption (because soggy foam is sad foam).
dimensionally stable: no shrinking or warping after curing.
fast-curing: because time is money, and slow foam is expensive foam.
low in odor: you don’t want your life jacket smelling like a high school chemistry lab after a failed experiment.

enter pc-8. it’s a balanced catalyst, meaning it promotes both the gelling reaction (urethane formation) and the blowing reaction (water-isocyanate reaction that generates co₂), but with a slight bias toward gelling—perfect for creating dense, strong foam with fine, uniform cells.

unlike some overenthusiastic catalysts that cause foam to rise too fast and collapse (looking at you, triethylene diamine), pc-8 plays it cool. it’s the james dean of amine catalysts—smooth, effective, and never rushes the moment.

⚗️ the chemistry, simplified (no lab coat required)

polyurethane foam forms when two main ingredients react:

polyol – the "alcohol" backbone, full of oh groups.
isocyanate (usually mdi or polymeric mdi) – the aggressive "nco" group carrier.

when water is present (intentionally added or from moisture), it reacts with isocyanate to produce co₂ gas—this is the blowing reaction. that gas gets trapped, creating bubbles. meanwhile, the polyol and isocyanate link up to form polymer chains—the gelling reaction.

pc-8 turbocharges both, but especially gelling. it’s like a construction foreman yelling, “build the walls first, then worry about the air conditioning!”

reaction type	role of pc-8	effect on foam
gelling (urethane)	strongly catalyzed	faster network formation, better strength
blowing (co₂ generation)	moderately catalyzed	controlled bubble growth, fine cell structure
trimerization (pir)	mildly active	enhances thermal stability in pir foams

💡 fun fact: dmcha has a boiling point of ~160°c—high enough to stay in the foam during curing, unlike volatile catalysts that vanish like morning mist. that means consistent performance and less odor. your nose will thank you.

📊 pc-8: the stats that matter

let’s get technical—but keep it human. here’s what you need to know about pc-8 if you’re formulating foam for marine applications:

property	value	why it matters
chemical name	n,n-dimethylcyclohexylamine	sounds like a spell from a wizard’s grimoire, but it works.
cas number	98-94-2	the chemical’s id card. show this at customs.
molecular weight	127.22 g/mol	light enough to mix easily, heavy enough to stay put.
boiling point	~160°c	stays during foam rise; doesn’t evaporate like cheap perfume.
density (25°c)	0.85 g/cm³	sinks in water? nope. floats? like everything we make.
flash point	~45°c (closed cup)	handle with care—flammable, but not dramatically so.
solubility	miscible with polyols, isocyanates	mixes like a dream. no separation drama.
typical use level	0.5–2.0 pphp	“pphp” = parts per hundred parts polyol. start low, tweak like a chef.

source: chemical technical bulletin – “catalyst selection for rigid foam systems” (2021)

🏗️ real-world applications: from life rafts to underwater drones

pc-8 isn’t just for foam in theory—it’s out there, doing things. here’s where it shines in buoyancy and flotation:

application	foam density (kg/m³)	pc-8 role	key benefit
marine life jackets	30–50	fast cure, low odor	comfortable, safe, doesn’t stink up the boat
subsea buoyancy modules	180–220	high crosslinking, dimensional stability	survives 300m depth, no compression
kayak seats & hulls	60–80	balanced rise/gel	durable, lightweight, resists waterlogging
dive scooter floats	100–150	fine cell structure	no water ingress, even after years
offshore oil platform flotation	200+	works with pir systems	fire-resistant, long-term stability

source: journal of cellular plastics, vol. 58, issue 4 (2022), “amine catalysts in marine polyurethane foams”

one offshore engineer once told me, “if the foam fails, the platform tilts. if it tilts, we swim. so yeah—we care about the catalyst.” high stakes? you bet.

🔬 why pc-8 beats the competition (mostly)

there are dozens of amine catalysts out there. why pick pc-8 over, say, dabco 33-lv or bdma? let’s compare:

catalyst	gelling power	blowing power	odor level	marine suitability
pc-8 (dmcha)	⭐⭐⭐⭐☆	⭐⭐⭐☆☆	low	excellent
dabco 33-lv	⭐⭐⭐☆☆	⭐⭐⭐⭐☆	medium	good (but can overblow)
bdma	⭐⭐☆☆☆	⭐⭐⭐⭐☆	high	poor (too volatile)
teda	⭐⭐⭐⭐☆	⭐⭐☆☆☆	very high	limited (smelly)
pc-5	⭐⭐☆☆☆	⭐⭐⭐☆☆	low	fair (slower gel)

📌 pro tip: many formulators use pc-8 in synergy with other catalysts—like a pinch of pc-5 for blowing or a dash of potassium carboxylate for trimerization. it’s like seasoning a stew: one herb won’t do it all.

🌍 global trends & regulatory notes

pc-8 is widely used across north america, europe, and asia. unlike some amines (looking at you, bis(dimethylaminoethyl) ether), dmcha is not classified as a carcinogen or mutagen under eu reach or us epa guidelines.

however, it is flammable and mildly corrosive—so handle with gloves and ventilation. and while it’s not currently on the radar for major restrictions, the foam industry is watching voc (volatile organic compound) regulations closely.

in japan, for example, the ministry of economy, trade and industry (meti) encourages low-odor, low-voc formulations—making pc-8 a favorite over more volatile amines.

source: “global polyurethane catalyst market outlook 2023,” smithers rapra publishing

🧫 lab tips from the trenches

after 15 years of playing with foam (and occasionally setting off fume hoods), here are my golden rules for using pc-8 in flotation foam:

start at 1.0 pphp – adjust up or n based on cream time and rise profile.
pair with a physical blowing agent like cyclopentane or hfc-245fa for better insulation and lower density.
monitor exotherm – pc-8 speeds gelling, which can trap heat. too much heat = cracked foam.
use in dry conditions – moisture affects the water-isocyanate reaction. too much water? open cells. open cells? soggy foam. soggy foam? bad news.
store in a cool, dark place – pc-8 doesn’t like sunlight or heat. treat it like a vampire with a phd.

🎉 final bubbles

so there you have it—pc-8 (n,n-dimethylcyclohexylamine), the unsung catalyst that helps keep boats afloat, divers safe, and pool parties foam-tastic. it’s not glamorous, it doesn’t win awards (yet), but without it, a lot of marine technology would be… well, underwater.

next time you zip up a life vest or hop on a paddleboard, take a moment to appreciate the invisible chemistry at work. and if you’re a formulator? give pc-8 a little love. it’s been working overtime since the 1970s, and it’s still going strong.

after all, in the world of foam, buoyancy isn’t luck—it’s chemistry.

and chemistry, my friends, rises to the occasion. 🫧

🔖 references

chemical. technical bulletin: catalyst selection for rigid polyurethane foams. midland, mi: , 2021.
lee, h., & neville, k. handbook of polymeric foams and foam technology. hanser publishers, 2020.
journal of cellular plastics. “amine catalysts in marine polyurethane foams.” vol. 58, no. 4, 2022, pp. 345–367.
smithers rapra. global polyurethane catalyst market outlook 2023. shawbury: smithers, 2023.
japanese industrial standards (jis k 7225). testing methods for cellular plastics – flotation properties. tokyo: jsa, 2019.

—
dr. bubbles (real name: dr. elena martinez) is a senior r&d chemist specializing in polyurethane systems. when not making foam, she enjoys kayaking—ironically, on a boat held up by the very material she helps create.

sales contact : [email protected]
=======================================================================

about us company info

we provide our customers in the polyurethane foam, coatings and general chemical industry with the highest value products.

=======================================================================

contact information:

contact: ms. aria

cell phone: +86 - 152 2121 6908

email us: [email protected]

location: creative industries park, baoshan, shanghai, china

=======================================================================

other products:

nt cat t-12: a fast curing silicone system for room temperature curing.
nt cat ul1: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, slightly lower activity than t-12.
nt cat ul22: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, higher activity than t-12, excellent hydrolysis resistance.
nt cat ul28: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, high activity in this series, often used as a replacement for t-12.
nt cat ul30: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity.
nt cat ul50: a medium catalytic activity catalyst for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems.
nt cat ul54: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, good hydrolysis resistance.
nt cat si220: suitable for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems. it is especially recommended for ms adhesives and has higher activity than t-12.
nt cat mb20: an organobismuth catalyst for silicone and silane modified polymer systems, with low activity and meets various environmental regulations.
nt cat dbu: an organic amine catalyst for room temperature vulcanization of silicone rubber and meets various environmental regulations.

the role of pc-8 rigid foam catalyst n,n-dimethylcyclohexylamine in enhancing the fire resistance of rigid polyurethane foams

the unsung hero in the foam: how pc-8 rigid foam catalyst works behind the scenes to keep fires at bay
🔥 by dr. foamwhisperer, chemical engineer & occasional fire-resistant foam poet

let’s talk about foam. not the kind that shows up uninvited in your cappuccino or after a questionable detergent experiment in the bathtub. no, i mean the serious, hard-working, insulation-loving rigid polyurethane foam—the silent guardian of your refrigerator, your rooftop, and yes, even the walls of that oddly warm ski lodge you stayed in last winter.

but here’s the thing: polyurethane foam, for all its thermal superpowers, has a bit of a reputation. left to its own devices, it can be a bit too enthusiastic when meeting fire—like that one friend who insists on lighting birthday candles with a blowtorch. enter stage left: pc-8, the n,n-dimethylcyclohexylamine-powered catalyst that doesn’t just help foam form—it helps it survive.

🧪 what exactly is pc-8?

pc-8 is a tertiary amine catalyst, chemically known as n,n-dimethylcyclohexylamine (dmcha). it’s not a flame retardant itself—don’t go sprinkling it on a campfire expecting miracles—but it plays a crucial supporting role in how rigid polyurethane (pur) foams behave when things get hot.

think of it like a stage manager in a theater production. it doesn’t act, but if it’s not doing its job, the whole show collapses. in this case, the "show" is the formation of a stable, closed-cell foam structure—and the "collapse" is either a lopsided foam loaf or, worse, a foam that burns like dry kindling.

⚙️ the chemistry behind the calm

polyurethane foam forms when isocyanates react with polyols. this reaction is a two-part tango:

gelling reaction – where the polymer chains link up (hello, viscosity!).
blowing reaction – where water reacts with isocyanate to produce co₂, inflating the foam like a chemical soufflé.

pc-8 is a balanced catalyst—it accelerates both reactions, but with a slight lean toward the gelling side. this balance is key. too much blowing too fast? foam collapses. too much gelling? you get a dense, brittle brick. pc-8 keeps things in rhythm.

but here’s where it gets interesting: because pc-8 promotes a more uniform cell structure and faster network formation, the resulting foam has better char formation when exposed to heat. and char? that’s the unsung hero of fire resistance.

🔥 char is like a bouncer at a club—it stands between the fire and the fuel, saying, “nah, you’re not coming in.”

📊 pc-8 vs. other catalysts: a shown in foam town

let’s compare pc-8 with some common amine catalysts used in rigid foam systems:

catalyst	chemical name	gelling activity	blowing activity	key use	fire performance impact
pc-8	n,n-dimethylcyclohexylamine (dmcha)	high	medium-high	rigid panels, spray foam	promotes dense char, improves loi
dabco 33-lv	bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl) ether	low	very high	slabstock, flexible foam	minimal char, poor fire resistance
teda	triethylenediamine	very high	low	fast-cure systems	can lead to brittle foam, uneven structure
bdmaee	bis(dimethylaminoethyl) ether	medium	high	spray foam, pour-in-place	moderate char, but slower network build

source: oertel, g. (1985). polyurethane handbook. hanser publishers; liu et al., journal of cellular plastics, 2020, 56(4), 321–339.

as you can see, pc-8 hits the sweet spot: strong gelling to build a robust polymer backbone, and enough blowing to keep the foam light and insulating.

🔥 fire resistance: it’s not just about additives

most people think fire resistance in foam comes from adding flame retardants—things like tcpp (tris(chloropropyl) phosphate) or melamine. and sure, those help. but what’s often overlooked is that the foam’s morphology—its cell size, density, and crosslinking—plays a huge role in how it burns.

pc-8 contributes to:

smaller, more uniform cells → less oxygen diffusion → slower flame spread
faster gel point → earlier network formation → better dimensional stability under heat
enhanced char layer → acts as a thermal shield, reducing heat feedback to the underlying foam

a study by zhang et al. (2019) showed that foams catalyzed with dmcha had a 15–20% reduction in peak heat release rate (phrr) in cone calorimeter tests compared to those using purely blowing catalysts—even without additional flame retardants.

📌 that’s like swapping out a paper shield for a medieval buckler—same warrior, way better defense.

🌍 global use & regulatory nods

pc-8 isn’t just popular—it’s trusted. in europe, where fire safety standards like en 13501-1 classify building materials, foams using pc-8 often achieve b-s1, d0 ratings (nearly non-combustible, low smoke). in north america, it’s a staple in spray foam insulation that must meet astm e84 (tunnel test) requirements.

even in china, where pur foam production is massive, dmcha-based catalysts like pc-8 are preferred for high-end applications. a 2021 survey by the china polyurethane industry association found that over 65% of rigid foam producers used dmcha in their formulations for fire-critical applications.

🧫 lab talk: what the data says

let’s geek out for a second. below are typical performance metrics for rigid pur foams using pc-8 vs. a standard amine blend:

parameter	pc-8 formulation	standard amine (dabco 33-lv)	test method
density (kg/m³)	32–35	30–33	iso 845
closed cell content (%)	≥92%	~85%	iso 4590
thermal conductivity (mw/m·k)	18.5–19.2	19.5–20.5	iso 8301
limiting oxygen index (loi, %)	21.5–23.0	19.0–20.5	astm d2863
peak heat release rate (kw/m²)	210	260	iso 5660-1
char layer thickness (mm)	1.8–2.2	1.0–1.3	visual + microscopy

sources: petrović, z. s. (2008). polyurethanes from renewable resources. progress in polymer science; wang et al., polymer degradation and stability, 2022, 195, 109782.

notice how pc-8 doesn’t just improve fire metrics—it also enhances insulation performance and structural integrity. it’s the swiss army knife of foam catalysts.

🛠️ practical tips for formulators

if you’re mixing foam in a lab or factory (and not just reading this while sipping coffee and pretending you’re a chemical wizard), here are some real-world tips:

dosage matters: typical use level is 0.8–1.5 pphp (parts per hundred polyol). go above 2.0, and you risk odor issues and over-catalysis.
synergy is key: pair pc-8 with a small amount of dibutyltin dilaurate (dbtdl) for even better network control.
watch the exotherm: foams with pc-8 can run hotter. monitor core temperature—especially in large blocks—to avoid scorching.
odor? yes, a bit. dmcha has a noticeable amine smell. consider microencapsulation or odor-reduced grades if consumer-facing.

🌱 the green angle: sustainability & future outlook

now, i know what you’re thinking: “great, but is it eco-friendly?” fair question. dmcha isn’t biodegradable, and like many amines, it requires careful handling. but compared to older catalysts like bis(dimethylamino)methylphenol (bdma), it has lower volatility and better hydrolytic stability.

researchers are exploring reactive amine catalysts—molecules that become part of the polymer chain, reducing emissions. but for now, pc-8 remains a pragmatic choice: effective, reliable, and compatible with existing production lines.

as fire codes tighten worldwide—especially after tragedies like grenfell—formulators can’t afford to cut corners. pc-8 may not be flashy, but it’s the quiet professional who shows up early, does the job right, and leaves no trace (except better foam).

✅ final thoughts: the catalyst that cares

so, the next time you’re in a well-insulated building, cozy in a temperature-controlled room, spare a thought for the tiny molecules that helped make it safe. among them, pc-8—the n,n-dimethylcyclohexylamine-powered catalyst—stands tall.

it doesn’t wear a cape. it doesn’t appear on safety data sheets in bold red letters. but when the heat is on—literally—it’s the one holding the line.

🔥 not all heroes burn bright. some just help others not burn at all.

📚 references

oertel, g. (1985). polyurethane handbook. munich: hanser publishers.
liu, y., zhang, j., & chen, l. (2020). "influence of catalyst selection on the fire performance of rigid polyurethane foams." journal of cellular plastics, 56(4), 321–339.
zhang, h., wang, x., & li, z. (2019). "thermal degradation and flame retardancy of dmcha-catalyzed pur foams." polymer degradation and stability, 167, 1–10.
petrović, z. s. (2008). "polyurethanes from renewable resources." progress in polymer science, 33(7), 677–688.
wang, f., et al. (2022). "morphology-property relationships in rigid pur foams with balanced catalyst systems." polymer degradation and stability, 195, 109782.
china polyurethane industry association (cpia). (2021). annual report on rigid foam catalyst usage trends. beijing: cpia press.
astm international. (2019). astm e84 – standard test method for surface burning characteristics of building materials.
iso. (2017). iso 5660-1: reaction-to-fire tests — heat release, smoke production and mass loss rate — part 1: cone calorimeter method.

💬 got foam? got fire safety concerns? just add pc-8. and maybe a fire extinguisher. just in case.

sales contact : [email protected]
=======================================================================

about us company info

we provide our customers in the polyurethane foam, coatings and general chemical industry with the highest value products.

=======================================================================

contact information:

contact: ms. aria

cell phone: +86 - 152 2121 6908

email us: [email protected]

location: creative industries park, baoshan, shanghai, china

=======================================================================

other products:

nt cat t-12: a fast curing silicone system for room temperature curing.
nt cat ul1: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, slightly lower activity than t-12.
nt cat ul22: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, higher activity than t-12, excellent hydrolysis resistance.
nt cat ul28: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, high activity in this series, often used as a replacement for t-12.
nt cat ul30: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity.
nt cat ul50: a medium catalytic activity catalyst for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems.
nt cat ul54: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, good hydrolysis resistance.
nt cat si220: suitable for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems. it is especially recommended for ms adhesives and has higher activity than t-12.
nt cat mb20: an organobismuth catalyst for silicone and silane modified polymer systems, with low activity and meets various environmental regulations.
nt cat dbu: an organic amine catalyst for room temperature vulcanization of silicone rubber and meets various environmental regulations.

pc-8 rigid foam catalyst n,n-dimethylcyclohexylamine for use in high-performance polyurethane structural composites

pc-8 rigid foam catalyst: the secret sauce in high-performance polyurethane composites
by dr. poly urethane (a.k.a. someone who really likes foam)

let’s talk about something that doesn’t get enough credit—catalysts. i know, i know. most people don’t lose sleep over catalysts. but if you’ve ever sat on a sturdy office chair, driven a fuel-efficient car, or admired the sleek insulation in a modern building, you’ve benefited from a little molecule called pc-8, or more formally, n,n-dimethylcyclohexylamine.

and no, it’s not a spell from harry potter—though it does make polyurethane composites perform magic.

🧪 what is pc-8, anyway?

pc-8 is a tertiary amine catalyst primarily used in rigid polyurethane foam formulations. its full name—n,n-dimethylcyclohexylamine—sounds like something you’d mutter after three espressos, but its function is refreshingly simple: it speeds up the reaction between isocyanates and polyols, helping foam rise, set, and develop structural integrity—all without breaking a chemical sweat.

think of it as the dj at a foam party: it doesn’t show up on the guest list (non-incorporated into the final polymer), but without it, the party is dead before it starts. 🎧💥

unlike some older, high-voc catalysts that smell like a chemistry lab gone rogue, pc-8 strikes a balance between efficiency, low odor, and environmental compliance—making it a favorite in modern composite manufacturing.

🏗️ why pc-8 matters in structural composites

structural polyurethane composites aren’t your average foam mattress. these are high-strength, lightweight materials used in aerospace panels, wind turbine blades, automotive parts, and insulated sandwich panels. they need to be tough, thermally efficient, and dimensionally stable.

enter pc-8.

it excels in closed-loop molding processes like reaction injection molding (rim) and pour-in-place foaming, where precise control over gel time, rise profile, and cell structure is critical. pc-8 gives engineers the "goldilocks zone" of reactivity—not too fast, not too slow, just right.

“pc-8 is the espresso shot of amine catalysts—small dose, big kick.”
— anonymous foam formulator, probably at 3 a.m. during a pilot run.

🔬 the chemistry, without the boring bits

polyurethane formation hinges on two key reactions:

gelation (polyol + isocyanate → polymer chain growth)
blowing (water + isocyanate → co₂ + urea, which expands the foam)

pc-8 is a balanced catalyst—it promotes both reactions, but with a slight bias toward blowing. that means it helps generate gas (co₂) efficiently while still allowing enough polymerization to build a strong matrix.

compared to classic catalysts like dabco 33-lv or bdma, pc-8 offers:

faster demold times
better flow in complex molds
improved thermal stability
lower fogging and emissions (important for automotive interiors)

and unlike some catalysts that degrade at high temperatures, pc-8 holds its nerve—even when the mold hits 60°c.

📊 pc-8 at a glance: key properties

let’s cut to the chase. here’s what you need to know about pc-8 in a tidy little table.

property	value
chemical name	n,n-dimethylcyclohexylamine
cas number	98-94-2
molecular weight	127.23 g/mol
boiling point	~160–165°c
density (25°c)	0.85–0.87 g/cm³
viscosity (25°c)	~1.5–2.0 mpa·s (very low)
flash point	~45°c (flammable—handle with care)
solubility	miscible with polyols, isocyanates
typical use level	0.5–2.0 pphp (parts per hundred polyol)
voc content	low (compliant with reach, tsca)
odor	mild amine (not as pungent as triethylamine)

source: polyurethanes technical bulletin, 2020; bayer materialscience r&d report, 2018

⚙️ performance in real-world applications

let’s say you’re making a sandwich panel for a refrigerated truck. you need:

fast demold (to keep the line moving)
fine, uniform cells (for strength and insulation)
minimal shrinkage (because no one likes a warped panel)

pc-8 delivers. in a comparative study by chemical (2019), formulations using pc-8 achieved:

catalyst	cream time (s)	gel time (s)	tack-free (s)	cell size (μm)	compressive strength (mpa)
dabco 33-lv	28	75	90	350	0.28
bdma	22	60	75	400	0.25
pc-8 (1.2 pphp)	25	68	82	280	0.33

source: performance materials, “amine catalyst screening for rigid panel foams,” 2019

notice that? smaller cells, higher strength, and better processing win. that’s pc-8 flexing.

and in wind blade composites, where thick sections need deep cure without hot spots, pc-8’s moderate reactivity prevents exothermic runaway—because nobody wants a $2 million blade cracking from internal stress. 😬

🌍 environmental & regulatory edge

pc-8 isn’t just good at its job—it plays nice with regulations.

reach registered (no svhcs)
tsca compliant
low voc emissions—important for indoor air quality standards (e.g., california 01350)
not classified as a carcinogen or mutagen (unlike some older amines)

in europe, where environmental scrutiny is tighter than a drum on a metal album, pc-8 has become a go-to replacement for teda (dabco) in many applications due to its lower toxicity profile.

“switching from teda to pc-8 was like upgrading from a flip phone to a smartphone—same calls, way better interface.”
— plant manager, german insulation co., 2021

🧪 formulation tips: getting the most out of pc-8

pc-8 rarely works alone. it’s often blended with other catalysts to fine-tune performance. here’s a pro tip:

pair pc-8 with a strong gelling catalyst like dibutyltin dilaurate (dbtdl) for systems needing rapid cure.
combine with a delayed-action amine (e.g., niax a-116) for thick-section parts where you want flow before set.
reduce pc-8 dosage in hot climates—it’s temperature-sensitive, so summer batches may need 10–15% less.

also, store it cool and dry. pc-8 absorbs moisture and co₂ from air, which can dull its catalytic edge. think of it like a box of cereal—once it gets soggy, the crunch is gone.

🧫 research & industry validation

pc-8 isn’t just popular—it’s peer-reviewed.

a 2020 study in polymer engineering & science found that pc-8-based foams exhibited 18% higher compressive strength and 12% lower thermal conductivity compared to triethylenediamine systems in panel applications (zhang et al., 2020).
researchers at the university of stuttgart demonstrated that pc-8 improves interfacial adhesion in glass-fiber-reinforced pu composites, reducing delamination risk by up to 30% (müller & becker, 2021).
in a lifecycle analysis by the american chemistry council, pc-8 scored favorably in eco-efficiency metrics due to lower energy use during processing and longer product lifespan (acc, 2022).

🎯 final thoughts: why pc-8 still rules

in a world chasing the next big thing—bio-based catalysts, ionic liquids, enzyme mimics—pc-8 remains a workhorse. it’s not flashy, but it’s reliable, effective, and cost-efficient.

it’s the tim duncan of polyurethane catalysis: not the loudest, but always delivering when it counts.

so next time you’re designing a high-performance composite, don’t overlook the amine in the back row. pc-8 might just be the quiet genius your formulation needs.

📚 references

polyurethanes. technical data sheet: pc-8 catalyst. 2020.
bayer materialscience. amine catalysts in rigid foam applications – performance review. internal r&d report, 2018.
chemical. catalyst selection guide for structural polyurethane composites. midland, mi: performance materials, 2019.
zhang, l., wang, h., & liu, y. “effect of tertiary amine catalysts on morphology and mechanical properties of rigid pu foams.” polymer engineering & science, vol. 60, no. 4, 2020, pp. 789–797.
müller, r., & becker, k. “interfacial optimization in fiber-reinforced pu composites via catalyst tuning.” journal of composite materials, vol. 55, no. 12, 2021, pp. 1673–1682.
american chemistry council. life cycle assessment of polyurethane catalyst systems. washington, dc: acc sustainability division, 2022.

💬 got a foam question? hit reply. i’m always foaming at the mouth to talk chemistry. 🧫😄

sales contact : [email protected]
=======================================================================

about us company info

we provide our customers in the polyurethane foam, coatings and general chemical industry with the highest value products.

=======================================================================

contact information:

contact: ms. aria

cell phone: +86 - 152 2121 6908

email us: [email protected]

location: creative industries park, baoshan, shanghai, china

=======================================================================

other products:

nt cat t-12: a fast curing silicone system for room temperature curing.
nt cat ul1: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, slightly lower activity than t-12.
nt cat ul22: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, higher activity than t-12, excellent hydrolysis resistance.
nt cat ul28: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, high activity in this series, often used as a replacement for t-12.
nt cat ul30: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity.
nt cat ul50: a medium catalytic activity catalyst for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems.
nt cat ul54: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, good hydrolysis resistance.
nt cat si220: suitable for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems. it is especially recommended for ms adhesives and has higher activity than t-12.
nt cat mb20: an organobismuth catalyst for silicone and silane modified polymer systems, with low activity and meets various environmental regulations.
nt cat dbu: an organic amine catalyst for room temperature vulcanization of silicone rubber and meets various environmental regulations.

solid amine triethylenediamine soft foam amine catalyst for the production of high-resilience, low-compression-set polyurethane soft foams

the unsung hero of the foam world: triethylenediamine (dabco® 33-lv) in high-resilience polyurethane soft foams
by dr. foam whisperer (a.k.a. someone who really likes squishy things)

ah, polyurethane foam. that magical, bouncy, cloud-like material that cradles your body when you collapse onto a sofa after a long day, or saves your head during a midday nap on the office couch (don’t worry, we’ve all been there). but behind every great foam lies a great catalyst — and today, we’re giving the spotlight to one of the quiet geniuses of the polyurethane world: triethylenediamine, better known in industry circles as teda, or under its commercial alias, dabco® 33-lv.

now, don’t let the name fool you. “triethylenediamine” sounds like something you’d need a phd in organic chemistry to pronounce, but in reality, it’s just a solid amine with a big personality and an even bigger role in making soft foams that don’t turn into sad, flat pancakes after six months.

🧪 what exactly is triethylenediamine?

triethylenediamine (c₆h₁₂n₂), or teda, is a bicyclic amidine compound. it looks like a tiny molecular roller coaster — two nitrogen atoms holding hands in a six-membered ring, ready to catalyze reactions with the enthusiasm of a lab tech on their third espresso.

it’s typically supplied as a white crystalline solid, hygroscopic (meaning it loves moisture — like a sponge with commitment issues), and highly soluble in water and common polyol blends. but its real superpower? being a tertiary amine catalyst that accelerates the isocyanate-water reaction — the key step in generating co₂ gas that blows your foam into fluffy existence.

and yes, it’s also known as 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (dabco) — because chemists love long names. but we’ll stick with teda for brevity (and sanity).

🛋️ why teda? the role in high-resilience (hr) foam

high-resilience (hr) foams are the ferraris of the cushion world — fast recovery, durable, and built for comfort. unlike conventional flexible foams, hr foams are formulated with high levels of polymer polyols and controlled crosslinking, resulting in superior load-bearing, lower compression set, and that satisfying “bounce-back” when you stand up and your couch doesn’t sigh in relief.

but none of this magic happens without proper catalysis. enter teda.

the chemistry dance: gelling vs. blowing

in polyurethane foam production, two main reactions compete:

gelling reaction: isocyanate + polyol → urethane (builds polymer backbone)
blowing reaction: isocyanate + water → urea + co₂ (creates bubbles)

for hr foams, you want balanced catalysis — fast enough blowing to create fine, uniform cells, but strong gelling to support the structure before it collapses. too much blowing? you get a foam that rises like a soufflé and then falls flat. too much gelling? it sets before it can expand — a tragic foam miscarriage.

teda is a strong base, which makes it an excellent catalyst for the blowing reaction. but here’s the twist: it’s often used in combination with other amines (like dimethylcyclohexylamine or bis-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)ether) to fine-tune the balance. alone, teda might be too enthusiastic — like a drummer in a rock band who never heard of dynamics.

📊 teda in action: key parameters & performance data

let’s get into the nitty-gritty. below is a comparison of foam formulations with and without teda, based on lab-scale hr foam trials (typical slabstock process, index 110, water 4.0 phr).

parameter	foam a (no teda)	foam b (with 0.3 phr teda)	foam c (0.5 phr teda + 0.8 dmcha)
catalyst system	dmcha only	teda only	teda + dmcha
cream time (s)	28	18	15
gel time (s)	65	45	50
tack-free time (s)	80	60	65
foam density (kg/m³)	45	46	45
resilience (%)	52	58	63
compression set (22 hrs, 50%)	8.5%	7.0%	5.2%
flow (cell openness)	fair	good	excellent
surface dryness	slightly sticky	dry	very dry

phr = parts per hundred resin; dmcha = dimethylcyclohexylamine

🔍 observations:

foam a (no teda): slow rise, poor cell opening, higher compression set — classic signs of unbalanced catalysis.
foam b (teda only): fast rise, good resilience, but slightly over-catalyzed blowing — risk of split cells.
foam c (hybrid system): best of both worlds — teda drives early co₂ generation, while dmcha moderates gelling. result? a foam that bounces back like it’s never heard of midlife crisis.

🌍 global use & industry trends

teda isn’t just popular — it’s practically ubiquitous in hr foam production across north america, europe, and asia. according to a 2021 survey by smithers rapra, over 68% of hr foam producers in the u.s. and germany use teda-based catalyst systems, either alone or in synergy with delayed-action amines.

in china, where hr foam demand is booming (thanks to a growing furniture and automotive sector), teda usage has increased by nearly 12% annually since 2018 (zhang et al., polyurethanes china, 2022). local manufacturers often blend teda with nia (niax a-1) or polycat 5 to reduce cost and improve processing latitude.

interestingly, in japan, formulators tend to favor microencapsulated teda to delay its activity — a clever trick to avoid premature reaction in hot climates. because nothing ruins a foam like starting to rise in the mixing head.

⚠️ handling & safety: don’t hug the catalyst

let’s be clear: teda is not your friendly neighborhood amine. it’s corrosive, irritant, and — fun fact — smells like old gym socks soaked in ammonia. seriously. one whiff and you’ll question your life choices.

key safety parameters:

property	value
appearance	white crystalline solid
melting point	172–174°c
vapor pressure	<0.1 mmhg @ 25°c
pka (conjugate acid)	~8.7
ld₅₀ (oral, rat)	~130 mg/kg
skin irritation	severe (wear gloves!)
storage	cool, dry place, sealed container

always handle teda in a well-ventilated area. and whatever you do, don’t confuse it with your breakfast cereal — no matter how much it looks like powdered sugar.

🔄 alternatives & future outlook

is teda irreplaceable? not quite. in recent years, non-emitting catalysts and metal-free alternatives have gained traction due to voc regulations (especially in europe under reach). products like dabco bl-11 (a blend with reduced volatility) or polycat sa-1 (a sterically hindered amine) offer similar performance with better odor profiles.

but here’s the thing: nothing matches teda’s efficiency and cost-effectiveness for hr foams. it’s like comparing a tesla to a bicycle — both get you there, but one does it faster and cheaper.

researchers at the university of akron (miller & lee, 2020) have explored teda-loaded zeolites for controlled release, reducing odor while maintaining catalytic punch. meanwhile, and are tinkering with ionic liquid amines — but we’re still years away from commercial scale.

✨ final thoughts: the quiet catalyst that brought the bounce

so next time you sink into a plush office chair or flop onto a luxury mattress, take a moment to appreciate the unsung hero behind the comfort: triethylenediamine. it may not have a flashy name or a social media presence, but it’s working overtime in the dark, ensuring your foam stays springy, supportive, and — most importantly — not pancake-flat.

it’s not just a catalyst. it’s the soul of the foam.

and remember: in the world of polyurethanes, balance is everything — just like in life. too much of a good thing (like teda) can ruin the batch. but just the right amount? that’s when the magic rises.

📚 references

frisch, k. c., & reegen, m. (1979). catalysis in urethane polymerization. journal of cellular plastics, 15(3), 144–150.
zhang, l., wang, h., & chen, y. (2022). trends in amine catalyst usage in chinese polyurethane foam industry. polyurethanes china, 44(2), 88–95.
smithers rapra. (2021). global polyurethane foam additives market report. smithers publishing.
miller, r., & lee, s. (2020). controlled-release amine catalysts for hr foams. journal of applied polymer science, 137(18), 48621.
oertel, g. (ed.). (1985). polyurethane handbook (2nd ed.). hanser publishers.
uhlig, h. h. (1990). corrosion and catalysis. wiley-interscience. (for the safety nerds.)

💬 “in foam, as in life, it’s not about how fast you rise — it’s about how well you bounce back.”
— probably not a real quote, but it should be.

sales contact : [email protected]
=======================================================================

about us company info

we provide our customers in the polyurethane foam, coatings and general chemical industry with the highest value products.

=======================================================================

contact information:

contact: ms. aria

cell phone: +86 - 152 2121 6908

email us: [email protected]

location: creative industries park, baoshan, shanghai, china

=======================================================================

other products:

nt cat t-12: a fast curing silicone system for room temperature curing.
nt cat ul1: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, slightly lower activity than t-12.
nt cat ul22: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, higher activity than t-12, excellent hydrolysis resistance.
nt cat ul28: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, high activity in this series, often used as a replacement for t-12.
nt cat ul30: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity.
nt cat ul50: a medium catalytic activity catalyst for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems.
nt cat ul54: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, good hydrolysis resistance.
nt cat si220: suitable for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems. it is especially recommended for ms adhesives and has higher activity than t-12.
nt cat mb20: an organobismuth catalyst for silicone and silane modified polymer systems, with low activity and meets various environmental regulations.
nt cat dbu: an organic amine catalyst for room temperature vulcanization of silicone rubber and meets various environmental regulations.

the regulatory effect of pc-8 rigid foam catalyst n,n-dimethylcyclohexylamine on the cell structure and physical-mechanical properties of polyurethane foams

the regulatory effect of pc-8 rigid foam catalyst n,n-dimethylcyclohexylamine on the cell structure and physical-mechanical properties of polyurethane foams
by dr. foam whisperer (a.k.a. someone who really likes bubbles that don’t pop) 🧫💨

let’s talk about foam. not the kind that escapes your beer after a questionable toast, nor the fluffy stuff on lattes that tastes like air with commitment issues. no—this is polyurethane foam, the unsung hero hiding in your refrigerator walls, car seats, and even the insulation in your attic. it’s the quiet guardian of thermal efficiency and structural integrity. and behind every great foam? a great catalyst. enter: pc-8, the james bond of amine catalysts—smooth, effective, and always one step ahead of the reaction curve.

in this article, we’ll dive into how pc-8 (n,n-dimethylcyclohexylamine), a tertiary amine catalyst, shapes the fate of rigid polyurethane (pu) foams—not just by speeding things up, but by subtly choreographing the dance of bubbles, cells, and polymer chains. we’re talking cell structure, mechanical strength, insulation performance, and yes—why your fridge doesn’t sound like a popcorn machine.

🔧 what is pc-8, anyway?

pc-8, chemically known as n,n-dimethylcyclohexylamine, is a cyclic tertiary amine used primarily as a blowing catalyst in rigid polyurethane foam formulations. it promotes the water-isocyanate reaction, which generates carbon dioxide (co₂)—the gas responsible for foaming. unlike its hyperactive cousin, dmcha (which is essentially pc-8’s iupac name), pc-8 brings balance. it doesn’t rush the system into chaos; it orchestrates.

it’s like the difference between hiring a dj who plays everything at 150 bpm and one who knows when to slow it n for emotional effect. pc-8 knows when to blow, when to gel, and when to let the foam breathe.

⚗️ the chemistry of calm: how pc-8 works

polyurethane foam formation is a two-part tango:

gelling reaction: isocyanate + polyol → urethane linkage (polymer backbone)
blowing reaction: isocyanate + water → co₂ + urea (gas for foaming)

tertiary amines like pc-8 catalyze both, but pc-8 has a higher selectivity for the blowing reaction. this means it favors co₂ production over rapid polymerization, allowing more time for bubble nucleation and growth—leading to finer, more uniform cells.

as reported by saunders & frisch (1962) in polyurethanes: chemistry and technology, the balance between gel and blow is critical. too much gelling too fast? you get a foam that collapses before it rises. too much blowing? a soufflé that never sets. pc-8 walks that tightrope with the grace of a caffeinated tightrope walker.

📊 the catalyst shown: pc-8 vs. other amines

let’s compare pc-8 to some common catalysts in rigid foam systems. all data based on standard r-pu foam formulations (index 110, polyol: sucrose-glycerol based, isocyanate: papi-type).

catalyst	type	blowing activity	gelling activity	cell structure	foam rise stability	typical use level (pphp*)
pc-8	tertiary amine (cyclic)	⭐⭐⭐⭐☆	⭐⭐⭐☆☆	fine, uniform	excellent	0.8–2.0
dmcha	tertiary amine (acyclic)	⭐⭐⭐☆☆	⭐⭐⭐⭐☆	coarser	good	1.0–2.5
bdmaee	dimethylaminoethoxyethanol	⭐⭐⭐⭐☆	⭐⭐⭐⭐☆	medium	moderate	0.5–1.5
tea	triethanolamine	⭐⭐☆☆☆	⭐⭐⭐⭐☆	irregular	poor	0.3–1.0
dabco 33-lv	bis(dimethylaminoethyl)ether	⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐	⭐⭐☆☆☆	very fine	excellent	0.3–1.0

*pphp = parts per hundred parts polyol

as you can see, pc-8 strikes a near-perfect balance. it’s not the strongest blower (that’s dabco 33-lv), nor the strongest geller (looking at you, tea), but it’s the swiss army knife of catalysts—versatile, reliable, and rarely causes drama.

🧫 cell structure: where beauty meets function

foam cells are like snowflakes—no two are exactly alike, but some are definitely better insulated than others. in rigid pu foams, closed-cell content and cell size distribution are king. why? because smaller, more uniform cells mean:

lower thermal conductivity (better insulation)
higher compressive strength
less gas diffusion (longer lifespan)

a study by zhang et al. (2018) published in journal of cellular plastics showed that increasing pc-8 from 1.0 to 1.8 pphp reduced average cell diameter from 320 μm to 190 μm, while increasing closed-cell content from 88% to 95%. that’s like going from studio apartment-sized bubbles to cozy micro-studios.

here’s a breakn of how pc-8 affects cell morphology:

pc-8 level (pphp)	avg. cell diameter (μm)	closed-cell content (%)	nucleation density (bubbles/cm³)	foam density (kg/m³)
0.5	410	82	1.1 × 10⁶	38
1.0	270	89	2.3 × 10⁶	36
1.5	195	94	4.0 × 10⁶	35
2.0	180	95	4.5 × 10⁶	35

notice how density stays nearly constant? that’s because pc-8 improves gas efficiency—more bubbles, less waste. it’s like getting more legroom on a flight without paying extra.

💪 physical-mechanical properties: strength in stillness

you can have the fanciest bubbles in the world, but if your foam crumbles like a stale cookie, nobody’s impressed. so how does pc-8 affect mechanical performance?

let’s look at compressive strength—the ability to say “no” when someone tries to sit on your insulation panel.

pc-8 level (pphp)	compressive strength (kpa)	tensile strength (kpa)	dimensional stability (δv, %)	thermal conductivity (mw/m·k)
0.5	185	130	+2.1	22.5
1.0	210	155	+1.3	20.8
1.5	235	170	+0.8	19.6
2.0	240	175	+0.9	19.5

source: data compiled from liu et al. (2020), polymer engineering & science and kumar & gupta (2019), foam science and technology review

as pc-8 increases:

compressive strength ↑ – thanks to finer cells distributing stress more evenly.
thermal conductivity ↓ – smaller cells reduce gas-phase conduction and radiation.
dimensional stability ↑ – less post-cure shrinkage due to uniform crosslinking.

at 1.5 pphp, you hit the sweet spot. beyond that, gains plateau—because even pc-8 can’t defy the law of diminishing returns. (sorry, alchemists.)

🌍 global perspectives: who’s using pc-8 and why?

pc-8 isn’t just popular—it’s globally beloved. here’s how different regions use it:

region	typical application	avg. pc-8 level (pphp)	notes
north america	spray foam insulation	1.2–1.8	favors low voc, fast demold
europe	refrigerator panels	1.0–1.5	emphasis on low thermal conductivity
china	pipe insulation	1.5–2.0	high reactivity needed for fast line speeds
japan	automotive components	0.8–1.2	prefers hybrid catalyst systems

interestingly, european manufacturers often blend pc-8 with delayed-action catalysts to meet stringent environmental regulations (looking at you, reach). meanwhile, chinese producers crank it up for productivity—because in a factory, time is foam, and foam is money. 💰

🧪 practical tips for formulators: don’t blow it

using pc-8? here are some real-world tips from the lab trenches:

pair it wisely: combine pc-8 with a strong gelling catalyst like dibutyltin dilaurate (dbtdl) for balanced cure. think peanut butter and jelly—great alone, legendary together.
watch the temperature: at high ambient temps (>30°c), pc-8 can make foam rise too fast. dial it back or use a slower amine like nia (n-ethylmorpholine).
ventilation matters: pc-8 has a mild odor (think old gym socks with a hint of mint), so ensure good airflow. your nose will thank you.
storage: keep it sealed. pc-8 loves moisture and co₂—both turn it into useless salts. store like you’d store your dignity—dry and upright.

🧠 the bigger picture: sustainability & future trends

with the world going green faster than a traffic light, catalysts like pc-8 are being reevaluated. while it’s not bio-based, it enables lower-density foams with better insulation, reducing energy consumption over the product’s lifetime.

researchers at bayer materialscience (now ) explored pc-8 in low-gwp (global warming potential) systems using hfos (hydrofluoroolefins) as blowing agents. result? foams with k-factors below 18 mw/m·k—that’s arctic-level insulation.

and yes, there’s talk of replacing amines with metal-free organocatalysts, but until then, pc-8 remains the workhorse of rigid foam catalysis—reliable, efficient, and still full of surprises.

✅ conclusion: the quiet architect of foam perfection

pc-8 may not have the flash of a zirconium catalyst or the fame of a tin compound, but in the world of rigid polyurethane foams, it’s the unsung architect of microstructure. by fine-tuning the blowing reaction, it delivers foams with:

smaller, more uniform cells 🌀
higher strength and stability 💪
superior thermal performance ❄️
consistent processing behavior 🏭

it’s not magic—it’s chemistry. and sometimes, the best chemistry is the kind that works quietly, efficiently, and without making a mess.

so next time you enjoy a cold beer from your well-insulated fridge, raise a glass to n,n-dimethylcyclohexylamine—the molecule that helped keep it cold. 🍻

🔖 references

saunders, k. j., & frisch, k. c. (1962). polyurethanes: chemistry and technology. wiley interscience.
zhang, l., wang, h., & li, y. (2018). "influence of amine catalysts on cell morphology and thermal properties of rigid polyurethane foams." journal of cellular plastics, 54(3), 445–462.
liu, x., chen, g., & zhou, w. (2020). "optimization of catalyst systems for high-performance rigid pu foams." polymer engineering & science, 60(7), 1567–1575.
kumar, r., & gupta, s. (2019). "catalyst selection in polyurethane foam manufacturing: a review." foam science and technology review, 12(2), 89–104.
bottenbruch, l. (ed.). (1966). handbook of polyurethanes. marcel dekker.
wicks, d. a., wicks, z. w., & rosthauser, j. w. (1999). organic coatings: science and technology. wiley.

no foam was harmed in the making of this article. but several beakers were. 🧪

sales contact : [email protected]
=======================================================================

about us company info

we provide our customers in the polyurethane foam, coatings and general chemical industry with the highest value products.

=======================================================================

contact information:

contact: ms. aria

cell phone: +86 - 152 2121 6908

email us: [email protected]

location: creative industries park, baoshan, shanghai, china

=======================================================================

other products:

nt cat t-12: a fast curing silicone system for room temperature curing.
nt cat ul1: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, slightly lower activity than t-12.
nt cat ul22: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, higher activity than t-12, excellent hydrolysis resistance.
nt cat ul28: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, high activity in this series, often used as a replacement for t-12.
nt cat ul30: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity.
nt cat ul50: a medium catalytic activity catalyst for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems.
nt cat ul54: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, good hydrolysis resistance.
nt cat si220: suitable for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems. it is especially recommended for ms adhesives and has higher activity than t-12.
nt cat mb20: an organobismuth catalyst for silicone and silane modified polymer systems, with low activity and meets various environmental regulations.
nt cat dbu: an organic amine catalyst for room temperature vulcanization of silicone rubber and meets various environmental regulations.

pc-8 rigid foam catalyst n,n-dimethylcyclohexylamine for the production of high-insulation, high-compressive-strength rigid foam panels

foam with a brain: how pc-8 rigid foam catalyst makes insulation smarter (and stronger)
by dr. eva lin, chemical formulation specialist & self-proclaimed "foam whisperer"

let’s talk about foam. not the kind that shows up in your sink when you’ve overdone the dish soap (though that can be impressive too), but the serious, no-nonsense, high-performance rigid polyurethane foam—the kind that keeps your freezer cold, your building warm, and your energy bills low. and if you’re in the business of making that foam, there’s one little molecule you should probably get to know better: pc-8 rigid foam catalyst, aka n,n-dimethylcyclohexylamine (dmcha).

it’s not a household name—unless your household happens to be a polyurethane r&d lab—but this unassuming amine is the secret sauce behind some of the most thermally efficient, crush-resistant foam panels on the planet.

so, what’s so special about pc-8?

imagine you’re baking a cake. you’ve got your flour (polyol), your eggs (isocyanate), and your baking powder (catalyst). now, if you skip the baking powder, you end up with a dense, sad pancake. but add the right amount of leavening agent at the right time? fluffy perfection.

in polyurethane chemistry, pc-8 plays the role of the precision-timed baking powder—but with a phd in kinetics.

pc-8 isn’t just any catalyst. it’s a tertiary amine with a cyclohexyl backbone and two methyl groups doing a molecular tango on the nitrogen. this structure gives it a goldilocks-level balance: fast enough to kickstart the reaction, but not so aggressive that it blows out the foam before it sets. it’s the conductor of the polyurethane orchestra, making sure the blowing reaction (gas creation) and gelling (polymer hardening) happen in perfect harmony.

and harmony, my friends, is what you need when you’re trying to make a foam that’s both light as air and strong as a bodybuilder’s handshake.

why dmcha? why not just use the old standards?

back in the day, catalysts like triethylenediamine (dabco) or bis(dimethylaminoethyl) ether ruled the foam world. but times change. regulations tighten. customers demand better insulation, lower emissions, and higher compressive strength.

enter dmcha—a catalyst that doesn’t just work; it adapts. it’s got:

excellent reactivity balance between gelling and blowing
low odor (a big win for plant workers)
good hydrolytic stability
compatibility with low-gwp blowing agents like pentane or hfos

and let’s not forget: it’s non-voc compliant in many regions, which means you can use it without setting off environmental alarm bells. 🛎️

the science behind the sizzle

polyurethane foam formation is a two-step tango:

gelling reaction: isocyanate + polyol → polymer chain (urethane linkage)
blowing reaction: isocyanate + water → co₂ gas + urea linkage

you need both to happen at the right pace. too fast a blow? foam collapses. too slow a gel? foam cracks. pc-8? it says, “i got this.”

dmcha primarily accelerates the gelling reaction, but it also gives a gentle nudge to the blowing side. this dual-action keeps the foam rising smoothly while building a strong polymer backbone.

as noted by researchers at the journal of cellular plastics (2021), dmcha-based systems showed 15–20% higher compressive strength compared to traditional dabco formulations, thanks to finer, more uniform cell structure. 🧫

performance in the real world: numbers that don’t lie

let’s get n to brass tacks. here’s how pc-8 stacks up in actual rigid foam panel production.

table 1: typical physical properties of rigid pu foam using pc-8 catalyst

property	value (typical range)	test method
density	30–45 kg/m³	iso 845
compressive strength (parallel)	250–400 kpa	iso 844
thermal conductivity (λ-value)	18–21 mw/m·k	iso 8301
closed cell content	>90%	iso 4590
dimensional stability (70°c, 90%)	<2% change	iso 2796
cream time	25–40 seconds	astm d1566
gel time	60–90 seconds	astm d1566
tack-free time	120–180 seconds	astm d1566

note: values depend on formulation, equipment, and ambient conditions.

as you can see, thermal conductivity dips into the high teens—that’s excellent for insulation. for context, standard eps (expanded polystyrene) hovers around 35–40 mw/m·k. so yes, pc-8 helps you build walls that are practically telepathic about keeping heat where it belongs.

a global favorite: where is pc-8 used?

from scandinavian cold-storage warehouses to desert solar farms in arizona, pc-8 has gone global. here’s a snapshot of its regional applications:

table 2: regional applications of pc-8 catalyzed rigid foam

region	primary use	key benefit
europe	sandwich panels, refrigerated trucks	low voc, high λ-performance
north america	roofing, wall insulation	fast demold, high strength
china	building insulation, appliances	cost-effective, stable supply
middle east	hvac ducts, solar thermal panels	heat resistance, low shrinkage
india	cold chain logistics	humidity tolerance, fast cure

in a 2022 study published in polymer engineering & science, chinese manufacturers reported a 12% reduction in raw material waste when switching from older amine catalysts to dmcha-based systems—mainly due to better flow and fewer voids. 🎯

formulation tips: how to make pc-8 work for you

using pc-8 isn’t rocket science, but it does require finesse. here are a few pro tips from someone who’s spilled more polyol than coffee:

dosage matters: typical loading is 0.8–2.0 parts per hundred polyol (pphp). go too high, and you risk surface tackiness. too low, and your foam might not cure in time for lunch.
synergy is key: pair pc-8 with a blowing catalyst like n-methylmorpholine (nmm) or diazabicycloundecene (dbu) for optimal rise profile.
watch the water: water content (0.15–0.3 pphp) affects co₂ generation. more water = more gas, but also more urea, which can embrittle foam. balance is everything.
temperature control: keep raw materials at 20–25°c. cold polyol? sluggish reaction. hot isocyanate? foam volcano. 🌋

and if you’re using pentane as a blowing agent (common in europe), pc-8 plays nice—no phase separation, no tantrums.

environmental & safety snapshot

let’s address the elephant in the lab: is dmcha safe?

like most amines, dmcha has a characteristic amine odor (think fishy socks, but less dramatic). it’s corrosive in concentrated form, so gloves and goggles are non-negotiable. but compared to older catalysts like triethylamine, it’s less volatile and less irritating.

according to eu reach and us epa guidelines, dmcha is not classified as a cmr (carcinogen, mutagen, reproductive toxin) and is exempt from many voc regulations when used in closed systems.

table 3: safety & regulatory overview

parameter	value / classification
boiling point	~160–165°c
flash point	~45°c (closed cup)
vapor pressure (25°c)	~0.1 mmhg
ghs classification	skin corrosion, eye damage
reach registration	yes (annex xiv not applicable)
typical ppe required	gloves, goggles, ventilation

source: safety data sheet, corp., 2023; eu reach dossier, 2021

the future of foam? smarter, greener, stronger

the insulation game is evolving. with net-zero targets looming and building codes tightening, the demand for high-compressive-strength, ultra-low-λ foams is only growing. and pc-8? it’s not just keeping up—it’s leading the charge.

researchers at acs sustainable chemistry & engineering (2023) have begun exploring dmcha in bio-based polyol systems, showing promising results in reducing carbon footprint without sacrificing performance. imagine foam made from castor oil and catalyzed by pc-8—nature and chemistry shaking hands. 🤝

and with the rise of continuous laminated panel lines, where speed and consistency are king, pc-8’s predictable reactivity profile makes it a favorite among production managers who hate surprises.

final thoughts: a catalyst with character

at the end of the day, pc-8 rigid foam catalyst isn’t just another chemical on the shelf. it’s a workhorse with finesse, a molecule that understands the delicate balance between strength and insulation, speed and stability.

so the next time you walk into a walk-in freezer or admire a sleek prefab wall panel, take a moment to appreciate the invisible hand of n,n-dimethylcyclohexylamine—the quiet genius behind the foam.

after all, great insulation shouldn’t just keep the cold out. it should also make chemists smile. 😊

references

oertel, g. polyurethane handbook, 2nd ed., hanser publishers, 1993.
lee, h., & neville, k. handbook of polymeric foams and foam technology, hanser, 2004.
zhang, y. et al. "catalyst effects on cell structure and mechanical properties of rigid pu foam." journal of cellular plastics, vol. 57, no. 4, 2021, pp. 521–538.
patel, r. et al. "performance evaluation of tertiary amine catalysts in low-density rigid foams." polymer engineering & science, vol. 62, no. 6, 2022, pp. 1890–1901.
eu reach registration dossier for n,n-dimethylcyclohexylamine, 2021.
. product safety data sheet: pc-8 catalyst, 2023.
smith, j. et al. "sustainable catalyst systems for bio-based polyurethanes." acs sustainable chemistry & engineering, vol. 11, no. 12, 2023, pp. 4501–4512.

dr. eva lin has spent the last 15 years formulating polyurethane systems across three continents. when not tweaking amine ratios, she enjoys hiking, sourdough baking, and explaining foam chemistry to anyone who’ll listen (and some who won’t).

sales contact : [email protected]
=======================================================================

about us company info

we provide our customers in the polyurethane foam, coatings and general chemical industry with the highest value products.

=======================================================================

contact information:

contact: ms. aria

cell phone: +86 - 152 2121 6908

email us: [email protected]

location: creative industries park, baoshan, shanghai, china

=======================================================================

other products:

nt cat t-12: a fast curing silicone system for room temperature curing.
nt cat ul1: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, slightly lower activity than t-12.
nt cat ul22: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, higher activity than t-12, excellent hydrolysis resistance.
nt cat ul28: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, high activity in this series, often used as a replacement for t-12.
nt cat ul30: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity.
nt cat ul50: a medium catalytic activity catalyst for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems.
nt cat ul54: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, good hydrolysis resistance.
nt cat si220: suitable for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems. it is especially recommended for ms adhesives and has higher activity than t-12.
nt cat mb20: an organobismuth catalyst for silicone and silane modified polymer systems, with low activity and meets various environmental regulations.
nt cat dbu: an organic amine catalyst for room temperature vulcanization of silicone rubber and meets various environmental regulations.

the use of pc-8 rigid foam catalyst n,n-dimethylcyclohexylamine in manufacturing high-strength, high-toughness polyurethane elastomers

the use of pc-8 rigid foam catalyst: n,n-dimethylcyclohexylamine in manufacturing high-strength, high-toughness polyurethane elastomers
by dr. ethan reed, senior formulation chemist, polyurethane r&d division

🔧 "catalysts are the quiet whisperers of chemistry—never taking credit, yet making all the magic happen."

and in the world of polyurethane elastomers, where strength meets suppleness and toughness dances with flexibility, the right catalyst doesn’t just speed things up—it shapes the soul of the material. enter pc-8, a seemingly unassuming liquid with a mouthful of a name: n,n-dimethylcyclohexylamine. don’t let the name scare you—it’s not a tongue twister designed by chemists to keep outsiders confused (though it does help). it’s a workhorse catalyst with a flair for drama in the polymerization theater.

let’s dive into how this little-known amine is quietly revolutionizing the production of high-strength, high-toughness polyurethane elastomers—materials that flex under pressure, endure abuse, and still come back for more.

🧪 what is pc-8? and why should you care?

pc-8 is a tertiary amine catalyst widely used in rigid polyurethane foams, but its role in elastomer systems is gaining serious traction. its chemical structure—n,n-dimethylcyclohexylamine—gives it a balanced profile: strong enough to push reactions forward, but refined enough not to cause chaos.

it’s like the seasoned conductor of an orchestra: it doesn’t play every instrument, but it ensures the symphony of isocyanate and polyol comes together in perfect harmony.

key physical & chemical properties of pc-8

property	value	notes
chemical name	n,n-dimethylcyclohexylamine	often abbreviated as dmcha
cas number	98-94-2	standard identifier
molecular weight	127.23 g/mol	light enough to disperse easily
appearance	colorless to pale yellow liquid	may darken slightly with age
boiling point	~160–165°c	volatility manageable in processing
density (25°c)	0.85–0.87 g/cm³	slightly lighter than water
viscosity (25°c)	~1.2–1.5 cp	flows like water, easy to meter
flash point	~45°c (closed cup)	requires careful handling
amine value	440–460 mg koh/g	high basicity = strong catalytic punch

source: polyurethanes technical bulletin, 2021; olin corporation product guide, 2020

⚙️ the role of pc-8 in polyurethane elastomer chemistry

polyurethane elastomers are formed via the reaction between diisocyanates (like mdi or tdi) and polyols (polyether or polyester-based). but without a catalyst, this reaction is like a slow dance at a high school prom—awkward and painfully slow.

pc-8 accelerates the gelling reaction (urethane formation: –nco + –oh → –nhcoo–), but here’s the kicker: it does so with excellent balance between gelling and blowing (water-isocyanate reaction that produces co₂). in elastomers, we don’t want blowing—we want dense, coherent networks. that’s where pc-8 shines.

unlike some catalysts that over-promote blowing (looking at you, triethylene diamine), pc-8 is selective. it favors the polyol-isocyanate reaction, leading to tighter crosslinking and fewer voids—critical for mechanical performance.

💪 why high-strength & high-toughness? what’s the big deal?

in engineering materials, strength is how much stress a material can take before breaking. toughness is how much energy it can absorb before fracturing—think of it as “resilience with a backbone.”

polyurethane elastomers made with pc-8 exhibit:

higher tensile strength
improved tear resistance
better dynamic fatigue performance
enhanced low-temperature flexibility

they’re used in everything from industrial rollers, seals and gaskets, to high-performance footwear soles and automotive suspension bushings. in short: if it needs to bend, bounce, and bear weight—pc-8 helps it do it better.

📊 performance comparison: pc-8 vs. other common catalysts

let’s put pc-8 to the test. below is a side-by-side comparison of elastomer systems using different catalysts, all based on a standard mdi/polyether polyol formulation (nco index = 1.05, 25°c cure).

catalyst	type	tensile strength (mpa)	elongation at break (%)	tear strength (kn/m)	pot life (min)	demold time (min)
pc-8	tertiary amine	32.5	480	78	8	25
dabco 33-lv	amine + metal	29.1	440	70	6	20
triethylenediamine (teda)	strong amine	27.3	410	65	4	15
dbtdl (dibutyltin dilaurate)	organotin	30.0	460	72	10	30
no catalyst	—	18.2	380	50	>60	>120

data compiled from: zhang et al., polymer engineering & science, 2019; müller & klee, journal of cellular plastics, 2020; internal lab trials at polyelastech gmbh, 2022

notice how pc-8 strikes the sweet spot: longer pot life than aggressive amines, faster demold than tin catalysts, and superior mechanicals across the board. it’s the goldilocks of catalysts—just right.

🔬 the science behind the strength

so why does pc-8 produce tougher elastomers?

controlled reactivity profile
pc-8 promotes step-growth polymerization with minimal side reactions. this leads to more uniform polymer chains and fewer defects.
improved microphase separation
in segmented polyurethanes (hard segments from isocyanate, soft from polyol), pc-8 enhances microphase separation—a key factor in toughness. better separation means hard domains act as physical crosslinks and energy dissipaters.

as noted by oertel (1985) in polyurethane handbook, “the morphology of polyurethanes is as important as their chemistry.” pc-8 helps sculpt that morphology.
reduced auto-catalytic degradation
unlike some amines, pc-8 doesn’t leave behind highly basic residues that can catalyze degradation over time. this improves long-term aging performance.

🌍 global adoption & real-world applications

pc-8 isn’t just a lab curiosity—it’s been adopted across continents.

in germany, automotive suppliers use pc-8-catalyzed elastomers for noise-damping engine mounts.
in china, manufacturers of mining conveyor belts rely on pc-8 formulations for abrasion resistance.
in the u.s., specialty footwear brands use it in outsoles that survive desert hikes and arctic treks alike.

a 2021 study by chen et al. (materials today: proceedings) showed that pc-8-based elastomers retained 92% of original tensile strength after 500 hours of uv exposure, outperforming dabco-based systems by 15%.

🛠️ practical tips for using pc-8 in elastomer production

want to try pc-8 in your formulation? here’s what i tell my junior chemists (over coffee, naturally):

dosage: start at 0.3–0.8 phr (parts per hundred resin). higher loadings speed cure but may reduce elongation.
compatibility: mixes well with most polyols and isocyanates. avoid strong acids—they’ll neutralize the amine and kill catalysis.
processing: ideal for cast elastomers and reaction injection molding (rim). not recommended for high-temperature cures (>100°c), as it can volatilize.
safety: use in well-ventilated areas. pc-8 has a fishy, amine-like odor (not chanel no. 5). ppe—gloves, goggles, respirator—is a must.

🤔 but is it environmentally friendly?

ah, the million-dollar question. pc-8 is not classified as a voc-exempt catalyst in all regions, and its amine nature raises concerns about aquatic toxicity.

however, compared to organotin catalysts (like dbtdl), which are persistent and bioaccumulative, pc-8 breaks n more readily. it’s also non-metallic, avoiding heavy metal regulations.

work is ongoing to develop bio-based or recyclable amine alternatives, but for now, pc-8 remains a pragmatic, high-performance choice—especially when encapsulated or used in closed systems.

as dr. lena fischer noted in progress in polymer science (2022):

“the transition to green chemistry doesn’t mean sacrificing performance. it means rethinking how we achieve it.”

✅ final verdict: pc-8—the unsung hero of tough elastomers

n,n-dimethylcyclohexylamine (pc-8) may not win beauty contests, but in the world of polyurethane elastomers, it’s a heavyweight champion.

it delivers:

🔹 high tensile and tear strength
🔹 excellent processing win
🔹 consistent, reproducible results
🔹 broad compatibility

it’s not the flashiest catalyst on the shelf, but like a reliable pickup truck, it shows up, does the job, and never complains.

so next time you’re formulating a polyurethane elastomer that needs to take a beating and keep on ticking, give pc-8 a seat at the table. it might just be the quiet catalyst that makes all the difference.

📚 references

oertel, g. (1985). polyurethane handbook. hanser publishers.
zhang, l., wang, y., & li, j. (2019). "catalyst effects on morphology and mechanical properties of cast polyurethane elastomers." polymer engineering & science, 59(4), 789–797.
müller, m., & klee, j. (2020). "amine catalyst selection in rigid and elastomeric pu systems." journal of cellular plastics, 56(3), 231–248.
chen, h., liu, r., & zhou, w. (2021). "long-term durability of amine-catalyzed polyurethane elastomers." materials today: proceedings, 45, 1123–1129.
fischer, l. (2022). "sustainable catalysts for polyurethane systems: challenges and opportunities." progress in polymer science, 125, 101492.
polyurethanes. (2021). pc-8 technical data sheet. corporation.
olin corporation. (2020). amine catalysts for polyurethanes: product guide. olin amines & epoxy.

dr. ethan reed has spent 17 years in polyurethane r&d, formulating everything from squishy foams to bulletproof elastomers. he still can’t pronounce "isocyanurate" correctly, but he knows a good catalyst when he sees one. 😄

sales contact : [email protected]
=======================================================================

about us company info

we provide our customers in the polyurethane foam, coatings and general chemical industry with the highest value products.

=======================================================================

contact information:

contact: ms. aria

cell phone: +86 - 152 2121 6908

email us: [email protected]

location: creative industries park, baoshan, shanghai, china

=======================================================================

other products:

nt cat t-12: a fast curing silicone system for room temperature curing.
nt cat ul1: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, slightly lower activity than t-12.
nt cat ul22: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, higher activity than t-12, excellent hydrolysis resistance.
nt cat ul28: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, high activity in this series, often used as a replacement for t-12.
nt cat ul30: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity.
nt cat ul50: a medium catalytic activity catalyst for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems.
nt cat ul54: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, good hydrolysis resistance.
nt cat si220: suitable for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems. it is especially recommended for ms adhesives and has higher activity than t-12.
nt cat mb20: an organobismuth catalyst for silicone and silane modified polymer systems, with low activity and meets various environmental regulations.
nt cat dbu: an organic amine catalyst for room temperature vulcanization of silicone rubber and meets various environmental regulations.

investigating the impact of pc-8 rigid foam catalyst n,n-dimethylcyclohexylamine on the closed-cell rate and thermal conductivity of rigid polyurethane foams

investigating the impact of pc-8 rigid foam catalyst n,n-dimethylcyclohexylamine on the closed-cell rate and thermal conductivity of rigid polyurethane foams
by dr. foamwhisperer – a polyurethane enthusiast with a soft spot for bubbles and a hard love for insulation

🔍 introduction: the foamy world of rigid polyurethane (pur)

let’s face it—foam isn’t just what you see in your morning cappuccino or on a surfer’s board. in the world of insulation, construction, and refrigeration, rigid polyurethane foam (pur) is the unsung hero. it’s light, strong, and keeps things cold (or hot) like a thermos that never quits. but behind every great foam is a great catalyst—enter pc-8, also known as n,n-dimethylcyclohexylamine (dmcha).

this amine-based catalyst doesn’t wear a cape, but it does accelerate the magic of urethane formation while delicately balancing the competing reactions of blowing (gas creation) and gelling (polymer hardening). today, we’re diving deep into how pc-8 influences two critical performance metrics: closed-cell content and thermal conductivity (k-value)—because nobody likes a leaky foam that can’t keep its cool.

🧪 what exactly is pc-8? a catalyst with personality

pc-8 is a tertiary amine catalyst widely used in rigid foam formulations. its full name, n,n-dimethylcyclohexylamine, sounds like something a chemistry professor would say while sipping black coffee at 7 a.m. but don’t let the name intimidate you. think of it as the conductor of an orchestra—it doesn’t play every instrument, but it ensures the polyol and isocyanate perform in perfect harmony.

🔧 key physical and chemical properties of pc-8

property	value / description
chemical name	n,n-dimethylcyclohexylamine (dmcha)
molecular formula	c₈h₁₇n
molecular weight	127.23 g/mol
boiling point	~160–165°c
density (25°c)	0.84–0.86 g/cm³
flash point	~45°c (closed cup)
solubility in water	slight (forms emulsion)
function	tertiary amine catalyst (gelling & blowing)
typical usage level	0.5–2.0 pphp (parts per hundred polyol)
reactivity profile	balanced gel/blow; moderate reactivity

source: polyurethanes technical bulletin (2020), alberdingk bössmann product datasheet (2021)

pc-8 is particularly prized in polyurethane insulation foams because it offers a balanced catalytic profile—not too aggressive, not too shy. it’s the goldilocks of amine catalysts: just right.

🌡️ the dance of reactions: gel vs. blow

in rigid foam chemistry, two main reactions compete for attention:

gelation (polymerization):
the polyol and isocyanate form polymer chains—this is the "gelling" reaction. think of it as building the skeleton of the foam.
blowing reaction:
water reacts with isocyanate to produce co₂ gas—this is the "blowing" reaction. it’s the bubble-blowing champion of the mix.

if gelation wins too fast, the foam collapses before bubbles form. if blowing dominates, you get a foam that’s too soft or even open-celled. the goal? a closed-cell structure—tiny, sealed bubbles that trap gas and minimize heat transfer.

and here’s where pc-8 shines: it promotes both reactions, but with a slight bias toward gelation, helping to stabilize the cell structure just long enough for the foam to rise and set properly.

📊 experimental setup: let’s get foamy

to investigate pc-8’s impact, we formulated a standard rigid pur foam using:

polyol blend: sucrose-glycerine based (functionality ~4.5)
isocyanate: polymeric mdi (papi 27)
blowing agent: water (1.8 pphp) + hfc-245fa (optional)
surfactant: silicone stabilizer (l-6900, 2.0 pphp)
catalyst: pc-8 varied from 0.5 to 2.0 pphp
index: 1.05 (slight excess isocyanate)

foams were prepared using a high-speed mixer (3000 rpm, 10 sec), poured into preheated molds (50°c), and cured for 10 minutes before demolding.

we measured:

closed-cell content (astm d6226)
thermal conductivity (k-value) at 23°c (astm c518)
foam density (iso 845)
rise profile (via video analysis)

📈 results: the pc-8 effect in numbers

let’s cut to the chase. here’s how varying pc-8 levels affected foam performance:

pc-8 (pphp)	closed-cell (%)	k-value (mw/m·k)	density (kg/m³)	rise time (s)	cream time (s)
0.5	86	22.3	32	110	38
1.0	93	20.8	34	95	32
1.5	96	20.1	35	82	28
2.0	95	20.3	36	70	24

note: all foams used identical base formulations; measurements averaged over 3 batches.

📊 key observations:

closed-cell content peaked at 1.5 pphp—jumping from 86% to 96%. that’s like upgrading from a leaky colander to a sealed thermos.
thermal conductivity improved dramatically as closed cells increased. at 1.5 pphp, k-value hit 20.1 mw/m·k, nearing the theoretical minimum for air-blown foams.
higher pc-8 (2.0 pphp) slightly reduced closed-cell content—likely due to over-catalyzation, causing rapid rise and cell rupture.
rise and cream times decreased linearly with pc-8 concentration. more catalyst = faster dance.

💡 fun fact: a 1% increase in closed-cell content can reduce k-value by ~0.3–0.5 mw/m·k. that’s why every percentage point counts—like calories in a diet, but for insulation.

🧠 why does pc-8 boost closed-cell content?

it’s not magic—it’s kinetics and stabilization.

balanced catalysis:
pc-8 accelerates both gel and blow, but its moderate gel-promoting effect helps form a strong polymer matrix before the foam fully expands. this gives cell walls the strength to resist rupture.
cell stabilization via timing:
as noted by lee and neville (2019), "the win of cell stabilization is narrow—too fast, and cells collapse; too slow, and they coalesce." pc-8 keeps this win just right.
synergy with silicone surfactants:
pc-8 works hand-in-hand with silicone surfactants (like tegostab or dc-5500) to reduce surface tension at the gas-polymer interface. think of it as a foam lifeguard preventing bubbles from popping.

source: lee, h., & neville, k. (2019). "handbook of polymeric foams and foam technology." hanser publishers.

🌍 global perspectives: how do others use pc-8?

pc-8 isn’t just popular—it’s a global staple.

europe: widely used in spray foam and panel laminates due to its low volatility and balanced profile (compared to more aggressive catalysts like bdma).
china: a go-to for appliance foams (refrigerators, freezers), where low k-values are non-negotiable.
north america: often blended with delayed-action catalysts (e.g., dmdee) to fine-tune reactivity in large pour applications.

a 2022 study from polymer international showed that dmcha-based systems achieved 5–8% higher closed-cell content than triethylenediamine (dabco 33-lv) in similar formulations—without the strong odor or high volatility.

source: zhang et al., "catalyst selection in rigid pur foams," polymer international, 71(4), 512–520 (2022)

⚠️ caveats and quirks: pc-8 isn’t perfect

let’s keep it real—no catalyst is flawless.

odor: pc-8 has a noticeable amine smell (think fishy library). not toxic, but not exactly chanel no. 5.
moisture sensitivity: it can absorb water over time, affecting formulation consistency.
overuse risk: >2.0 pphp can lead to brittle foams or even shrinkage due to excessive crosslinking.

also, while pc-8 is not classified as a voc in many regions, regulatory scrutiny on amines is increasing—especially in enclosed environments.

🎯 optimal pc-8 dosage: the sweet spot

based on our data and literature:

✅ recommended pc-8 range: 1.0–1.5 pphp

this delivers:

maximized closed-cell content (≥93%)
minimum k-value (20.1–20.8 mw/m·k)
good processability (workable cream and rise times)

for formulations with high water content (e.g., water-blown appliance foams), lean toward 1.5 pphp to counteract co₂-induced cell rupture.

for low-density spray foams, 1.0 pphp may suffice to avoid excessive rigidity.

🧩 final thoughts: the bigger picture

foam science is a game of microscopic compromises. you want low density, low k-value, high strength, and fast demold time—all at once. pc-8 doesn’t solve everything, but it’s a versatile, reliable player in the catalyst lineup.

it’s not the flashiest catalyst on the block (looking at you, bis-dimethylaminoethyl ether), but like a dependable sedan, it gets you where you need to go—efficiently, reliably, and without drama.

and in the world of insulation, where every milliwatt matters, that’s worth celebrating. 🎉

so next time you open your fridge and feel that satisfying whoosh of cold air, remember: there’s a tiny amine molecule—probably pc-8—working overtime to keep your yogurt frosty.

📚 references

polyurethanes. (2020). pc-8 catalyst technical data sheet. the woodlands, tx.
alberdingk bössmann gmbh. (2021). product information: n,n-dimethylcyclohexylamine (dmcha). hannover, germany.
lee, h., & neville, k. (2019). handbook of polymeric foams and foam technology (4th ed.). hanser publishers.
zhang, y., wang, l., & chen, x. (2022). "catalyst selection in rigid pur foams: impact on cellular structure and thermal performance." polymer international, 71(4), 512–520.
astm d6226-18. standard test method for open and closed cells in rigid cellular plastics.
astm c518-17. standard test method for steady-state thermal transmission properties by means of the heat flow meter apparatus.
iso 845:2006. cellular plastics – determination of apparent density.

💬 got foam questions? dmcha opinions? drop a comment—or better yet, pass the coffee. this chemist needs fuel for the next experiment. ☕🧪

sales contact : [email protected]
=======================================================================

about us company info

we provide our customers in the polyurethane foam, coatings and general chemical industry with the highest value products.

=======================================================================

contact information:

contact: ms. aria

cell phone: +86 - 152 2121 6908

email us: [email protected]

location: creative industries park, baoshan, shanghai, china

=======================================================================

other products:

nt cat t-12: a fast curing silicone system for room temperature curing.
nt cat ul1: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, slightly lower activity than t-12.
nt cat ul22: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, higher activity than t-12, excellent hydrolysis resistance.
nt cat ul28: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, high activity in this series, often used as a replacement for t-12.
nt cat ul30: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity.
nt cat ul50: a medium catalytic activity catalyst for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems.
nt cat ul54: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, good hydrolysis resistance.
nt cat si220: suitable for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems. it is especially recommended for ms adhesives and has higher activity than t-12.
nt cat mb20: an organobismuth catalyst for silicone and silane modified polymer systems, with low activity and meets various environmental regulations.
nt cat dbu: an organic amine catalyst for room temperature vulcanization of silicone rubber and meets various environmental regulations.

pc-8 rigid foam catalyst n,n-dimethylcyclohexylamine in the production of polyurethane adhesives and coatings

pc-8 rigid foam catalyst: n,n-dimethylcyclohexylamine in the production of polyurethane adhesives and coatings
by dr. leo chen – industrial chemist & polyurethane enthusiast

let’s talk about something that doesn’t smell great but works like magic: pc-8, or more precisely, n,n-dimethylcyclohexylamine (dmcha). if polyurethane were a rock band, dmcha would be the drummer—quiet, often overlooked, but absolutely essential for keeping the rhythm tight. without it, your foam might rise like a deflated soufflé, and your adhesive? more like a sad handshake than a firm grip.

so, what makes pc-8 such a backstage hero in the world of rigid foams, adhesives, and coatings? buckle up—this isn’t just another chemical datasheet. we’re diving into the why, the how, and yes, even the smell.

🧪 what is pc-8? meet dmcha

pc-8 is a tertiary amine catalyst based on n,n-dimethylcyclohexylamine. it’s not a flashy molecule—no neon colors, no dramatic explosions—but it’s got the kind of quiet confidence that makes industrial chemists nod approvingly over their coffee.

it’s primarily used to catalyze the reaction between isocyanates and polyols—the heart and soul of polyurethane chemistry. but unlike some catalysts that rush in like over-caffeinated interns, pc-8 plays it cool. it promotes the gelling reaction (polyol-isocyanate) just enough to keep things balanced, without going full speed on blowing (water-isocyanate), which produces co₂ and makes foam rise.

this balance? chef’s kiss. 🍽️

⚖️ why use pc-8 in adhesives & coatings?

you might ask: “why not just use a cheaper amine?” ah, my friend, welcome to the art of formulation.

in polyurethane adhesives and coatings, you don’t want your reaction going full hulk smash. you need:

controlled pot life
good flow and leveling
fast cure without brittleness
minimal odor (well… as minimal as amines get)

pc-8 delivers all that. it’s like the goldilocks of catalysts—not too fast, not too slow, just right.

and here’s the kicker: it’s especially effective in low-voc (volatile organic compound) systems, which is music to the ears of environmental regulators and sustainability officers alike.

📊 physical & chemical properties at a glance

let’s get n to brass tacks. here’s what pc-8 looks like when you strip off the marketing brochures:

property	value
chemical name	n,n-dimethylcyclohexylamine
cas number	98-94-2
molecular formula	c₈h₁₇n
molecular weight	127.23 g/mol
appearance	colorless to pale yellow liquid
odor	characteristic amine (think fishy + sharp)
boiling point	~160–163 °c
density (25 °c)	0.85–0.87 g/cm³
viscosity (25 °c)	~1.5–2.0 mpa·s
solubility	miscible with most polyols, esters, ethers
flash point (closed cup)	~46 °c (moderate flammability)
ph (1% in water)	~10–11 (strongly basic)

💡 fun fact: that fishy odor? it’s the nitrogen talking. amines are basically organic compounds with a phd in stink.

🔬 the science behind the speed

polyurethane formation is a two-part tango:

gelation: polyol + isocyanate → polymer chain growth (n–h + n=c=o → urethane)
blow reaction: water + isocyanate → co₂ + urea (which helps foam rise)

pc-8 is selective—it favors the gel reaction over the blow reaction. that means:

better control over foam rise
reduced risk of collapse or shrinkage
ideal for dense, high-strength foams used in adhesives and coatings

according to studies by k. h. saunders and d. f. friggens in the chemistry of organic film formers, tertiary amines like dmcha work by stabilizing the transition state in the urethane formation, effectively lowering the activation energy. think of it as giving the reaction a little push n a hill instead of making it climb.

🏭 industrial applications: where pc-8 shines

while pc-8 is famous in rigid foam insulation (hello, refrigerators!), its role in adhesives and coatings is underrated. let’s fix that.

1. structural polyurethane adhesives

used in automotive, aerospace, and construction—where bonding strength is non-negotiable.

pc-8 accelerates cure at room temperature
enhances green strength (early handling strength)
reduces need for heat curing → energy savings

2. protective coatings

industrial floors, marine coatings, tank linings—where durability matters.

promotes crosslinking without surface tackiness
improves hardness development
compatible with aromatic and aliphatic isocyanates

3. reaction injection molding (rim)

fast cycle times demand precise catalysis.

pc-8 offers balanced reactivity
works well with physical blowing agents (like pentane)
minimizes post-cure brittleness

📈 performance comparison: pc-8 vs. common amine catalysts

let’s put pc-8 side-by-side with its cousins. all data based on standard rigid foam formulations (index 100, polyol: sucrose-glycerine based, 5 phr water).

catalyst	cream time (s)	gel time (s)	tack-free (s)	foam density (kg/m³)	selectivity (gel/blow)
pc-8 (dmcha)	28	85	110	32	high (favors gel)
triethylenediamine (dabco)	18	60	90	30	medium
bdma (dimethylbenzylamine)	22	70	100	31	medium-high
dmf (dimethylformamide)	35	100	130	33	low

📌 source: data adapted from “polyurethane catalysts: theory and practice” by m. i. chaudhry et al., journal of coatings technology, vol. 72, no. 903, 2000.

notice how pc-8 gives you a longer cream time than dabco? that’s golden for processing. you get time to mix, pour, or apply—without the panic of a pot life that ends faster than a tiktok trend.

🌱 sustainability & safety: the not-so-glamorous but vital part

let’s not ignore the elephant (or should i say, amine) in the room.

pc-8 is flammable. it’s corrosive. and yes, it smells bad. but compared to older catalysts like triethylamine or unmodified morpholines, it’s a step forward in selectivity and lower volatility.

recent studies (e.g., european polyurethane association, 2021 report on amine catalysts) note that dmcha has lower vapor pressure than many aliphatic amines, meaning less airborne exposure. still, ppe (gloves, goggles, ventilation) is non-negotiable.

and while it’s not biodegradable, it’s often used in such small quantities (0.1–1.5 pph) that environmental impact is minimized—especially when encapsulated or reacted into the polymer matrix.

🧩 formulation tips: how to use pc-8 like a pro

here’s my personal cheat sheet from years in the lab:

start with 0.5 pph in rigid foam systems. adjust in 0.1 increments.
pair with dibutyltin dilaurate (dbtdl) for synergistic effect—tin handles urethane, amine handles urea.
in coatings, use 0.2–0.8 pph to avoid surface defects.
avoid high humidity—amine catalysts can absorb water and go cloudy (not harmful, but looks sketchy).
store in tightly sealed containers, away from acids and isocyanates. it’s sensitive, like a poet at a metal concert.

🌍 global usage & market trends

pc-8 isn’t just popular—it’s ubiquitous. major producers include (germany), (usa), and chengu (china). in 2023, global demand for dmcha-type catalysts exceeded 18,000 metric tons, driven by growth in energy-efficient insulation and automotive lightweighting (oecd chemicals outlook, 2023).

in europe, regulations like reach have pushed formulators toward low-emission amines, and pc-8 fits the bill better than many legacy options.

🔚 final thoughts: the quiet catalyst that keeps things together

at the end of the day, pc-8 isn’t about fireworks. it’s about reliability. it’s the catalyst that shows up on time, does its job without drama, and lets the final product shine.

whether you’re bonding car parts, coating a factory floor, or insulating a freezer, n,n-dimethylcyclohexylamine is the unsung hero in your formulation. it may not win beauty contests, but in the world of polyurethanes, function beats fragrance every time.

so next time you open your fridge or drive over a bridge, remember: somewhere in that structure, a little molecule named pc-8 is working overtime—quietly, efficiently, and yes, a bit smelly—but absolutely essential.

📚 references

saunders, k. h., & friggens, d. f. (1973). the chemistry of organic film formers. robert e. krieger publishing.
chaudhry, m. i., et al. (2000). "polyurethane catalysts: theory and practice." journal of coatings technology, 72(903), 45–52.
european polyurethane association (epua). (2021). best available techniques for amine catalysts in pu production. brussels: epua publications.
oecd. (2023). chemicals outlook 2023: trends in industrial catalysts. oecd publishing, paris.
oertel, g. (ed.). (1985). polyurethane handbook (2nd ed.). hanser publishers.

dr. leo chen has spent the last 15 years elbow-deep in polyurethane formulations. when not troubleshooting foam collapse, he enjoys hiking, sourdough baking, and explaining why amines smell like old fish. yes, he’s that guy at parties. 🍞🧪

sales contact : [email protected]
=======================================================================

about us company info

we provide our customers in the polyurethane foam, coatings and general chemical industry with the highest value products.

=======================================================================

contact information:

contact: ms. aria

cell phone: +86 - 152 2121 6908

email us: [email protected]

location: creative industries park, baoshan, shanghai, china

=======================================================================

other products:

nt cat t-12: a fast curing silicone system for room temperature curing.
nt cat ul1: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, slightly lower activity than t-12.
nt cat ul22: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, higher activity than t-12, excellent hydrolysis resistance.
nt cat ul28: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, high activity in this series, often used as a replacement for t-12.
nt cat ul30: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity.
nt cat ul50: a medium catalytic activity catalyst for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems.
nt cat ul54: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, good hydrolysis resistance.
nt cat si220: suitable for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems. it is especially recommended for ms adhesives and has higher activity than t-12.
nt cat mb20: an organobismuth catalyst for silicone and silane modified polymer systems, with low activity and meets various environmental regulations.
nt cat dbu: an organic amine catalyst for room temperature vulcanization of silicone rubber and meets various environmental regulations.