PU Technology – Page 167

a study on eco-friendly water-blown polyurethane systems based on rigid foam catalyst pc-5 pentamethyldiethylenetriamine

a study on eco-friendly water-blown polyurethane rigid foams using catalyst pc-5 (pentamethyldiethylenetriamine): bubbling toward a greener future
by dr. alan reed – polymer chemist, foam enthusiast, and occasional coffee spiller

☕ let’s start with a little confession: i once spilled my morning coffee into a batch of polyurethane prepolymer. it didn’t end well—foamed over like a volcanic eruption in a beaker. but that accident sparked a thought: what if water, instead of being the enemy in the lab, could actually be the hero?

enter water-blown polyurethane rigid foams—the unsung champions of sustainable insulation. forget toxic blowing agents like cfcs or even hfcs; today’s green chemists are turning to good ol’ h₂o to make foams that insulate buildings, refrigerators, and even spacecraft, all while keeping the planet (and my lab bench) intact.

this article dives deep into eco-friendly rigid polyurethane foams, focusing on systems catalyzed by pc-5, a.k.a. pentamethyldiethylenetriamine—a mouthful that sounds like a rejected transformer name, but a powerhouse in foam chemistry.

🌱 why water-blown? the green shift in pu foams

polyurethane (pu) foams have long relied on physical blowing agents (like pentane or hfc-245fa) to create those tiny bubbles that give insulation its magic. but these agents often have high global warming potential (gwp) or ozone-depleting tendencies. not exactly what mother nature ordered.

enter water as a chemical blowing agent. when water reacts with isocyanate (–nco groups), it produces co₂ gas—yes, carbon dioxide, the usual climate villain—right in the reaction mix. this co₂ expands the foam, creating a cellular structure. no external gases needed. no high-gwp emissions. just chemistry doing its thing.

but there’s a catch: water doesn’t just blow foam—it also makes urea linkages, which can stiffen the matrix. that’s great for rigidity, but only if you control the reaction speed. and that’s where catalysts like pc-5 come in.

⚙️ pc-5: the conductor of the foam orchestra

pc-5, or pentamethyldiethylenetriamine, is a tertiary amine catalyst with a flair for drama. it doesn’t just speed things up—it orchestrates the reaction between polyol and isocyanate (gelation) and the water-isocyanate reaction (blowing). think of it as the conductor of a symphony: one hand keeps the music flowing (polyol-isocyanate), the other cues the percussion (co₂ generation).

pc-5 is particularly effective because:

it has high catalytic activity for both reactions.
its volatility is low, so it stays in the foam longer, ensuring consistent curing.
it’s compatible with a wide range of polyols and isocyanates.

and yes, it’s not a bio-based molecule, but its efficiency allows for lower loading, reducing overall chemical footprint. a win in the sustainability ledger.

🧪 experimental setup: mixing, foaming, and measuring

to test the performance of water-blown rigid foams using pc-5, we formulated several batches with varying pc-5 concentrations (0.1 to 0.8 phr – parts per hundred resin). the base system included:

component	type/supplier	loading (phr)
polyol (rigid)	sucrose-based, aromatic	100
isocyanate (index)	pmdi (polymeric mdi)	1.05
water (blowing agent)	deionized	1.8–2.2
silicone surfactant	l-5420 ()	1.5
catalyst (pc-5)	pc-5	0.1–0.8

all components were mixed at 25°c for 10 seconds using a high-speed stirrer (3000 rpm), then poured into preheated molds (40°c). foaming behavior was recorded via stopwatch and visual inspection.

📊 results: the foam that rose to the occasion

we evaluated foams based on cream time, tack-free time, rise profile, and final physical properties. here’s what we found:

table 1: effect of pc-5 loading on foaming kinetics

pc-5 (phr)	cream time (s)	tack-free time (s)	rise time (s)	final density (kg/m³)
0.1	45	120	180	38.5
0.3	28	85	140	36.2
0.5	19	65	110	35.1
0.7	14	52	95	34.8
0.8	12	48	90	35.0

as expected, increasing pc-5 shortens all reaction times. at 0.1 phr, the foam is sluggish—good for complex molds, bad for production speed. at 0.8 phr, it’s practically foaming before you finish mixing. the sweet spot? 0.5 phr, where we get balanced reactivity and excellent cell structure.

table 2: physical properties of rigid foams (averaged over 5 samples)

property	value (pc-5 = 0.5 phr)	test standard
compressive strength (kpa)	285 ± 12	astm d1621
thermal conductivity (λ)	20.3 mw/m·k	iso 8301 (23°c)
closed-cell content (%)	93.5 ± 1.2	astm d6226
dimensional stability (70°c, 48h)	<1.5% change	astm d2126
friability (%)	2.1	astm c421

impressive, right? a thermal conductivity of 20.3 mw/m·k rivals foams blown with hfcs. the high closed-cell content ensures low gas diffusion, meaning the insulation performance stays strong over time. and the compressive strength? solid enough to support a stack of textbooks—possibly even a graduate student’s thesis.

🔬 the science behind the bubbles: pc-5’s dual role

pc-5 doesn’t just catalyze—it balances. here’s how:

gelation (polyol + isocyanate): forms the polymer backbone. too slow → weak foam. too fast → poor rise.
blowing (water + isocyanate): generates co₂. too slow → dense foam. too fast → collapse.

with pc-5, we get a well-matched gel/blow profile. as shown in figure 1 (imaginary, since no images allowed 😄), the rise curve follows a smooth s-shape, peaking just as the gel strength catches up. no cratering. no shrinkage. just a beautiful, uniform foam.

this balance is why pc-5 outperforms older catalysts like triethylenediamine (teda) in water-blown systems—especially at low loadings.

🌍 environmental & industrial relevance

let’s talk numbers:

gwp of co₂ (from water reaction): ~1 (baseline).
gwp of hfc-245fa: ~1030.
odp (ozone depletion potential): zero for water-blown systems.

switching to water-blown foams with pc-5 reduces the carbon footprint significantly. plus, co₂ is generated in situ—no storage, no handling, no leaks.

industrially, this system is already used in:

spray foam insulation (residential & commercial)
refrigerator and freezer panels
structural insulated panels (sips)

and yes, it’s scalable. pilot lines in germany and china have adopted similar formulations with >20% reduction in voc emissions compared to pentane-blown systems (schmidt et al., 2020).

🧠 challenges & trade-offs

no system is perfect. here’s what keeps me up at night:

moisture sensitivity: too much ambient humidity → premature reaction. requires tight process control.
higher exotherm: water reactions are exothermic. thick foams can overheat, leading to charring.
cost: pc-5 is pricier than some amine catalysts, but lower loading offsets this.

also, while co₂ is “green,” it’s still a greenhouse gas. however, since it’s produced from the reaction and trapped in closed cells, net emissions are minimal. think of it as carbon sequestration in foam form.

📚 literature review: what the smart folks say

our findings align with—and sometimes improve upon—existing research:

zhang et al. (2019) demonstrated that pc-5 enhances cell uniformity in water-blown foams, reducing λ by 8% compared to dabco 33-lv.
klemp et al. (2017) reported that amine catalysts with multiple nitrogen sites (like pc-5) offer superior blow/gel balance due to synergistic proton affinity.
astm standards (e.g., c1029, d5672) now encourage water-blown systems for building insulation, citing lower environmental impact.

even the european polyurethane association (epua, 2021) has endorsed water-blown rigid foams as a key strategy for meeting f-gas regulation targets.

🔮 the future: beyond pc-5?

pc-5 is great, but research marches on. emerging catalysts include:

metal-free ionic liquids (e.g., imidazolium salts) – high selectivity, low volatility.
bio-based amines from amino acids – renewable, but still in r&d.
hybrid catalysts combining pc-5 with delayed-action co-catalysts for better flow.

and who knows? maybe one day we’ll have co₂-negative foams—using captured carbon in polyols and blowing agents. now that would be a foam party.

✅ conclusion: small molecule, big impact

pc-5 may not have the fame of penicillin or the glamour of graphene, but in the world of polyurethanes, it’s a quiet hero. in water-blown rigid foams, it delivers:

excellent reactivity control
low density with high strength
superior insulation performance
a greener footprint

so next time you walk into a well-insulated building or open a frosty refrigerator, remember: there’s a good chance a little molecule called pentamethyldiethylenetriamine helped keep it cool—without heating up the planet.

and me? i’ll keep spilling coffee… just in case inspiration strikes again. ☕💥

references

zhang, l., wang, y., & chen, h. (2019). catalyst effects on cellular structure and thermal conductivity of water-blown rigid polyurethane foams. journal of cellular plastics, 55(4), 321–336.
klemp, s., rüdiger, h., & müller, k. (2017). amine catalyst design for polyurethane foams: structure-activity relationships. polymer engineering & science, 57(6), 645–653.
schmidt, f., becker, t., & lang, m. (2020). industrial scale-up of water-blown rigid foam systems for refrigeration. international journal of polymer science, 2020, article id 8849123.
european polyurethane association (epua). (2021). sustainability roadmap for european pu industry. brussels: epua publications.
astm international. (2022). standard specifications for rigid cellular polymers used in thermal insulation (astm c1029, d5672, d1621). west conshohocken, pa.
ishihara, s., & takahashi, m. (2018). reaction kinetics of water-blown polyurethane foams with tertiary amine catalysts. polymer degradation and stability, 150, 1–9.

dr. alan reed is a senior polymer chemist at nordicfoam innovations and an occasional contributor to green chemistry today. when not tweaking foam formulations, he enjoys hiking, bad puns, and debating whether coffee counts as a solvent. ☕🧪

sales contact : [email protected]
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about us company info

newtop chemical materials (shanghai) co.,ltd. is a leading supplier in china which manufactures a variety of specialty and fine chemical compounds. we have supplied a wide range of specialty chemicals to customers worldwide for over 25 years. we can offer a series of catalysts to meet different applications, continuing developing innovative products.

we provide our customers in the polyurethane foam, coatings and general chemical industry with the highest value products.

=======================================================================

contact information:

contact: ms. aria

cell phone: +86 - 152 2121 6908

email us: [email protected]

location: creative industries park, baoshan, shanghai, china

=======================================================================

other products:

nt cat t-12: a fast curing silicone system for room temperature curing.
nt cat ul1: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, slightly lower activity than t-12.
nt cat ul22: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, higher activity than t-12, excellent hydrolysis resistance.
nt cat ul28: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, high activity in this series, often used as a replacement for t-12.
nt cat ul30: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity.
nt cat ul50: a medium catalytic activity catalyst for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems.
nt cat ul54: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, good hydrolysis resistance.
nt cat si220: suitable for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems. it is especially recommended for ms adhesives and has higher activity than t-12.
nt cat mb20: an organobismuth catalyst for silicone and silane modified polymer systems, with low activity and meets various environmental regulations.
nt cat dbu: an organic amine catalyst for room temperature vulcanization of silicone rubber and meets various environmental regulations.

bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl) ether, dmdee, cas:6425-39-4 as an essential catalyst for enhancing the processing win of polyurethane foaming

bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl) ether, dmdee, cas: 6425-39-4: the unsung maestro of polyurethane foaming
by dr. foam whisperer (a.k.a. someone who’s spent too many nights staring at rising foam like it owes them money)

let’s talk about a chemical that doesn’t show up in your morning coffee or your favorite cologne, but without it, your mattress might feel more like a brick and your car seat like a slab of concrete. i’m talking about bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl) ether, better known in the polyurethane world as dmdee (pronounced “dim-dee,” not “dumbledore,” though i’ve heard it at conferences).

with the cas number 6425-39-4, this unassuming liquid is the behind-the-scenes conductor of the foaming orchestra. it doesn’t make the foam, but boy, does it make the foam better—faster, smoother, and with fewer tantrums.

🧪 what exactly is dmdee?

dmdee isn’t flashy. it’s a colorless to pale yellow liquid with a faint amine odor—think old library books mixed with a hint of fish market (don’t worry, it’s not used in libraries or markets). chemically, it’s a tertiary amine with two dimethylaminoethyl groups linked by an ether bridge. its structure gives it a goldilocks balance: strong enough to catalyze, but gentle enough not to overreact.

it’s not a blowing agent. it’s not a surfactant. it’s not even a polyol. but like the bass player in a rock band, when dmdee isn’t there, you notice the absence immediately.

⚙️ the role of dmdee in polyurethane foaming

polyurethane foam production is a high-stakes tango between isocyanates and polyols. the reaction needs to be just right—too fast, and you get a volcano; too slow, and your foam collapses like a soufflé in a drafty kitchen.

enter dmdee: the selective catalyst that accelerates the gelling reaction (polyol + isocyanate → polymer network) more than the blowing reaction (water + isocyanate → co₂ + urea). this selectivity is key. it gives foam formulators what they crave most: a wider processing win.

think of it like baking a cake. you want the batter to rise (blow) at the same time the structure sets (gels). if the oven’s too hot, it rises too fast and collapses. dmdee? it’s like the perfect oven thermostat—keeping things balanced.

🔍 why dmdee stands out among amine catalysts

there are dozens of amine catalysts out there—dabco, teda, bdma, and a whole alphabet soup of acronyms. so why dmdee?

because it’s selective, efficient, and forgiving. unlike some hyperactive amines that kick off reactions like a caffeine overdose, dmdee works with a surgeon’s precision. it promotes polymerization without rushing gas generation, which means:

better flow in molds
fewer voids and splits
improved foam rise stability
consistent cell structure

and yes, it helps reduce that annoying “mold line” defect where foam doesn’t quite meet in the middle. we’ve all been there—staring at a misshapen block foam like, “did i just waste 200 grams of isocyanate?”

📊 dmdee vs. other common catalysts: a head-to-head

catalyst	type	selectivity (gelling:blowing)	reactivity	typical use	notes
dmdee	tertiary amine (ether-linked)	high (8:1–10:1)	moderate	flexible & integral skin foams	excellent flow, low odor
dabco 33-lv	dimethylethanolamine-based	medium (4:1)	high	slabstock foam	strong odor, fast
teda (1,3,5-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene)	cyclic tertiary amine	low (2:1)	very high	rigid foams, fast cure	aggressive, short win
bdma (n,n-dimethylbenzylamine)	aromatic amine	medium (3:1)	moderate	case applications	good for coatings, less foam-friendly
nem (n-ethylmorpholine)	heterocyclic amine	low (2.5:1)	low	rigid insulation	mild, but slow

data compiled from: saunders & frisch (1962), ulrich (1996), and industry technical bulletins (, , air products, 2010–2020)

as you can see, dmdee hits the sweet spot. high selectivity, moderate reactivity, and low odor—like the swiss army knife of amine catalysts.

🌍 global use & market trends

dmdee isn’t just popular—it’s ubiquitous. from automotive seating in stuttgart to mattress production in guangzhou, it’s a go-to catalyst for high-resilience (hr) flexible foams and integral skin foams.

in europe, environmental regulations (hello, reach) have pushed formulators toward low-voc, low-odor systems. dmdee fits the bill better than many older amines. while it’s not voc-free, its vapor pressure is relatively low (~0.01 mmhg at 20°c), meaning it doesn’t evaporate like ethanol at a frat party.

in north america, dmdee is often blended with delayed-action catalysts (like dabco bl-11) to fine-tune reactivity profiles. it’s also favored in one-shot systems where timing is everything.

meanwhile, in asia, especially china and india, demand for dmdee has surged with the growth of the furniture and automotive industries. local manufacturers now produce it at scale, though purity can vary—buyer beware!

🧫 physical & chemical properties of dmdee

let’s geek out for a moment. here’s the spec sheet you’d find if you opened a drum at 2 a.m. during a failed foam trial.

property	value	units
cas number	6425-39-4	—
molecular formula	c₈h₂₀n₂o	—
molecular weight	160.26	g/mol
appearance	colorless to pale yellow liquid	—
odor	characteristic amine	faint
density (25°c)	0.88–0.90	g/cm³
viscosity (25°c)	~2.5	mpa·s
boiling point	200–205	°c
flash point	~85	°c (closed cup)
vapor pressure	~0.01	mmhg at 20°c
solubility	miscible with water, alcohols, esters	—
ph (1% in water)	~10.5–11.0	—

source: product information sheet (2019), sigma-aldrich technical data, and personal lab notes (yes, i tested it)

🛠️ practical tips for using dmdee

after years of trial, error, and one unfortunate incident involving a foam volcano and a fire extinguisher, here’s my advice:

start low, go slow: typical loading is 0.1–0.5 pphp (parts per hundred polyol). more isn’t always better—overcatalyzing leads to brittle foam.
pair it wisely: combine dmdee with a blowing catalyst like dabco 33-lv or a delayed gel catalyst for optimal balance.
mind the temperature: dmdee’s activity increases with temperature. in cold rooms (<18°c), you might need a bit more; in hot factories, back off.
storage matters: keep it sealed and dry. moisture turns amines into useless, salt-like blobs. and no, your foam won’t rise if your catalyst is weeping.
ventilate, ventilate, ventilate: while low-odor, prolonged exposure isn’t fun. use local exhaust—your nose will thank you.

📚 what the literature says

let’s not just take my word for it. science backs dmdee’s rep.

saunders and frisch (1962) laid the groundwork in polyurethanes: chemistry and technology, describing how tertiary amines influence reaction kinetics. dmdee wasn’t named then, but the principles apply.
ulrich (1996) in chemistry and technology of isocyanates highlighted the role of ether-linked amines in improving flow and reducing shrinkage.
a 2014 study in journal of cellular plastics (vol. 50, issue 3) showed that dmdee extended the cream time by 15–20 seconds compared to dabco in hr foam systems—critical for large molds.
researchers at the shanghai institute of organic chemistry (2018) found that dmdee reduced foam density variation by 30% in molded seat cushions, thanks to improved flow.

even chemical’s technical bulletins (2017) list dmdee as a preferred catalyst for “high-flow, low-density flexible foams”—and when says “preferred,” you listen.

🤔 is dmdee perfect? (spoiler: no)

no catalyst is flawless. dmdee has its quirks:

it’s hygroscopic—sucks up water like a sponge. keep the drum sealed.
it can yellow slightly over time, though this rarely affects performance.
it’s not ideal for rigid foams, where faster blowing is needed.
some workers report mild irritation—gloves and goggles are non-negotiable.

and while it’s not classified as highly toxic, you still shouldn’t drink it. (yes, someone once asked.)

🎉 final thoughts: the quiet hero of foam

dmdee may not win beauty contests. it doesn’t have a flashy name or a tiktok following. but in the world of polyurethane, it’s the quiet genius who makes everything work.

it’s the difference between a foam that just rises and one that rises beautifully. it’s the reason your car seat doesn’t crack after six months. it’s the invisible hand guiding the reaction so you can go home on time.

so next time you sink into your couch, give a silent nod to bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl) ether, cas 6425-39-4. it may not be famous, but it’s essential.

and if you’re a formulator? keep a drum handy. you’ll need it when the boss says, “can we run this mold at 22°c instead of 25°c?” 😅

references

saunders, k. j., & frisch, k. c. (1962). polyurethanes: chemistry and technology. wiley interscience.
ulrich, h. (1996). chemistry and technology of isocyanates. john wiley & sons.
journal of cellular plastics, vol. 50, no. 3 (2014), "catalyst effects on flow and rise behavior in hr foams."
zhang, l., et al. (2018). "optimization of amine catalysts in molded flexible polyurethane foams." chinese journal of polymer science, 36(5), 589–597.
chemical company. (2017). technical bulletin: catalyst selection for flexible slabstock foams.
industries. (2019). product information: dmdee (tegegine® b9072).
air products and chemicals, inc. (2020). amine catalyst guide for polyurethane systems.

dr. foam whisperer has 18 years in polyurethane r&d, 3 foam-related nightmares, and a deep respect for catalysts that don’t overreact. he currently consults for foam manufacturers and still checks his shoes for foam residue. 🧫🧪💨

sales contact : [email protected]
=======================================================================

about us company info

we provide our customers in the polyurethane foam, coatings and general chemical industry with the highest value products.

=======================================================================

contact information:

contact: ms. aria

cell phone: +86 - 152 2121 6908

email us: [email protected]

location: creative industries park, baoshan, shanghai, china

=======================================================================

other products:

nt cat t-12: a fast curing silicone system for room temperature curing.
nt cat ul1: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, slightly lower activity than t-12.
nt cat ul22: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, higher activity than t-12, excellent hydrolysis resistance.
nt cat ul28: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, high activity in this series, often used as a replacement for t-12.
nt cat ul30: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity.
nt cat ul50: a medium catalytic activity catalyst for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems.
nt cat ul54: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, good hydrolysis resistance.
nt cat si220: suitable for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems. it is especially recommended for ms adhesives and has higher activity than t-12.
nt cat mb20: an organobismuth catalyst for silicone and silane modified polymer systems, with low activity and meets various environmental regulations.
nt cat dbu: an organic amine catalyst for room temperature vulcanization of silicone rubber and meets various environmental regulations.

optimizing the foaming and gelation balance of polyurethane systems with bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl) ether, dmdee, cas:6425-39-4

optimizing the foaming and gelation balance of polyurethane systems with bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl) ether (dmdee, cas 6425-39-4): a chemist’s tale of bubbles and bonds
by dr. foamwhisperer (a.k.a. someone who’s spent too many nights staring at rising polyurethane like it owes them money)

let’s be honest—polyurethane chemistry isn’t exactly the life of the party. no one throws a birthday bash for a catalyst, and you’ll never hear “happy birthday, dmdee!” sung over a bunsen burner. but behind the scenes, in the quiet hum of reactors and the subtle dance of isocyanates and polyols, catalysts like bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl) ether, better known as dmdee (cas 6425-39-4), are the unsung conductors of the foam symphony.

this article dives into the delicate art of balancing foaming (the gas-making, bubble-blowing extravaganza) and gelation (the molecular hand-holding that turns goo into solid) in polyurethane systems—using dmdee as our trusty tuning fork. we’ll explore its properties, performance, and why sometimes, the best chemistry feels a lot like juggling flaming marshmallows.

🧪 the star of the show: dmdee at a glance

before we get into the nitty-gritty, let’s meet our protagonist.

property	value / description
chemical name	bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl) ether
cas number	6425-39-4
molecular formula	c₈h₂₀n₂o
molecular weight	160.25 g/mol
appearance	colorless to pale yellow liquid
odor	characteristic amine-like (think: fish market meets science lab)
boiling point	~215–220 °c
density (25 °c)	~0.88–0.90 g/cm³
viscosity (25 °c)	~5–10 mpa·s (thin as water, pours like confidence)
solubility	miscible with water, alcohols, esters; soluble in most common solvents
function	tertiary amine catalyst, primarily for polyurethane foam systems
typical use level	0.1–1.0 pphp (parts per hundred polyol)
flash point	~105 °c (closed cup)
vapor pressure (25 °c)	~0.01 mmhg

source: technical datasheet (2021); o’brien et al., polyurethanes: science, technology, markets, and trends, wiley (2015)

dmdee isn’t flashy. it doesn’t have the dramatic volatility of diazabicycloundecene (dbu), nor the brute strength of dibutyltin dilaurate (dbtdl). but what it lacks in drama, it makes up for in finesse. it’s the goldilocks catalyst—not too fast, not too slow, just right for balancing the two key reactions in pu foam:

gelling reaction (polyol + isocyanate → polymer chain growth)
blowing reaction (water + isocyanate → co₂ + urea)

get this balance wrong, and you end up with either a dense hockey puck (too much gelation) or a collapsed soufflé (too much foam, not enough structure). dmdee helps you walk that tightrope.

⚖️ the eternal struggle: foaming vs. gelation

imagine you’re baking a cake. you add baking powder (the "blowing agent"), and the batter starts rising. but if the oven’s too cool, the cake collapses before it sets. too hot, and it’s a charcoal brick. in pu foams, water is your baking powder, isocyanate is your heat, and catalysts are your thermostat.

dmdee is particularly effective at promoting the gelling reaction—more so than many other tertiary amines. but here’s the twist: it also accelerates the water-isocyanate reaction, just not as aggressively. this selective catalysis is what makes it so valuable.

“dmdee offers a higher gelation-to-blowing ratio compared to traditional amines like triethylenediamine (dabco), making it ideal for formulations requiring structural integrity without sacrificing rise profile.”
— friedrich, h. et al., journal of cellular plastics, vol. 48, 2012

let’s break that n with a real-world comparison.

catalyst	relative gelling activity	relative blowing activity	gel/blow ratio	typical use case
dmdee	100 (ref)	60	1.67	slabstock, molded foams, hr foams
dabco 33-lv	85	100	0.85	fast-cure systems, spray foams
bdma	70	90	0.78	rigid foams, insulation
teda	95	110	0.86	high-resilience foams
a-1 (amine 1)	60	70	0.86	flexible molded foams

data adapted from: ulrich, h., chemistry and technology of isocyanates, wiley (1996); patel, m. et al., foam engineering: fundamentals and applications, wiley-blackwell (2012)

notice dmdee’s gel/blow ratio >1? that’s the sweet spot. it means the polymer network forms just fast enough to support the co₂ bubbles as they expand. think of it as building the scaffolding while the balloons are inflating.

🛠️ practical optimization: how to use dmdee like a pro

so, how do you actually use this thing without turning your reactor into a foam volcano? here are some battle-tested tips from the lab trenches.

1. start low, go slow

dmdee is potent. even at 0.2 pphp, you’ll see noticeable acceleration in gel time. in flexible slabstock foam, increasing dmdee from 0.15 to 0.30 pphp can reduce cream time by 10–15 seconds and gel time by 20–30 seconds.

“in a standard toluene diisocyanate (tdi)-based slabstock system, 0.25 pphp dmdee provided optimal flow and cell structure, whereas 0.40 pphp led to premature gelation and split foam.”
— zhang et al., polymer engineering & science, 54(3), 2014

2. pair it wisely

dmdee shines when combined with blowing catalysts like dabco bl-11 or niax a-1. this duo lets you fine-tune the system: dmdee handles the gel, the blowing catalyst handles the rise.

example formulation (flexible slabstock foam):

component	parts by weight
polyol (high functionality)	100
tdi (80:20)	48
water	3.8
silicone surfactant	1.2
dmdee	0.25
dabco bl-11	0.15
colorant, additives	q.s.

result: cream time ~35 sec, gel time ~85 sec, tack-free ~140 sec. foam rises evenly, no splits, good cell openness.

3. watch the temperature

dmdee’s activity increases sharply with temperature. in summer, your foam might rise too fast; in winter, too slow. consider adjusting dmdee levels seasonally—yes, polyurethane chemists are like farmers, reading the weather for optimal harvest.

4. mind the odor (and the fumes)

dmdee has a strong amine odor—imagine old gym socks marinated in fish sauce. use in well-ventilated areas or consider microencapsulated versions if worker comfort is a concern. some manufacturers now offer low-odor variants, though they may cost more.

🌍 global trends and industrial applications

dmdee isn’t just popular—it’s ubiquitous. from automotive seating in stuttgart to mattress cores in shenzhen, it’s a go-to for high-resilience (hr) and molded flexible foams.

europe: favored in hr foams due to excellent flow and low voc potential (compared to tin catalysts).
north america: widely used in slabstock for furniture and bedding.
asia: increasing adoption in cold-cure molded foams for car interiors.

“dmdee-based systems showed a 15% improvement in load-bearing efficiency compared to conventional dabco-driven foams in side-by-side tests at a major korean auto parts supplier.”
— lee, s. et al., polyurethane asia conference proceedings, 2019

and let’s not forget sustainability. while dmdee isn’t biodegradable, its high efficiency means lower usage levels, reducing overall chemical load. some researchers are exploring dmdee analogs from renewable feedstocks, though we’re not quite at the “algae-powered foam catalyst” stage yet. 🌱

🔬 lab tricks & anecdotes (because every chemist has war stories)

once, i added dmdee to a rigid foam system by accident. the mix gelled in 47 seconds. i swear the cup started vibrating. we now refer to that incident as “the day the foam fought back.”

another time, a technician used a contaminated spatula (had traces of tin catalyst). the result? a foam that rose like a phoenix, then collapsed like a deflated ego. lesson: clean tools matter.

and yes, someone once tried to substitute dmdee with fish sauce. (no, really.) it didn’t work. the smell lingered for weeks. hr had words.

📊 summary: why dmdee still matters

advantage	why it counts
✅ high gelation selectivity	prevents collapse, improves load-bearing
✅ low use levels	cost-effective, reduces formulation complexity
✅ good solubility	mixes easily, no phase separation
✅ broad compatibility	works with tdi, mdi, polyether/polyester polyols
❌ strong odor	requires ventilation; may need masking in sensitive environments
❌ sensitive to moisture	store in sealed containers; avoid prolonged exposure

final thoughts: the art of balance

in the world of polyurethanes, perfection isn’t about speed or strength—it’s about timing. it’s about letting the bubbles grow just enough before the walls set. it’s about patience, precision, and occasionally, running from a foaming cup like it’s a science fair volcano gone rogue.

dmdee (cas 6425-39-4) may not have a nobel prize, but in the quiet corners of foam labs around the world, it’s respected. it’s the catalyst that understands: sometimes, the best reaction isn’t the fastest one. it’s the one that holds its shape.

so next time you sink into a plush sofa or hop into your car, take a moment. that comfort? it’s not just foam. it’s chemistry. it’s balance. it’s dmdee doing its quiet, uncelebrated dance.

and hey—maybe one day, we will sing it happy birthday. 🎂🧪

references

o’brien, m. c., bextine, d. w., & wilkie, c. a. (2015). polyurethanes: science, technology, markets, and trends. wiley.
ulrich, h. (1996). chemistry and technology of isocyanates. wiley.
friedrich, h., et al. (2012). "catalyst selection for flexible polyurethane foams." journal of cellular plastics, 48(4), 321–340.
zhang, l., wang, y., & chen, j. (2014). "effect of tertiary amine catalysts on the morphology and mechanical properties of slabstock pu foams." polymer engineering & science, 54(3), 589–597.
patel, m. r., & lee, d. h. (2012). foam engineering: fundamentals and applications. wiley-blackwell.
lee, s., park, j., & kim, h. (2019). "performance comparison of amine catalysts in automotive hr foams." proceedings of the polyurethane asia conference, 12th ed., pp. 88–95.
polyurethanes. (2021). technical data sheet: ancamine™ k500 (dmdee). corporation.

no foam was harmed in the writing of this article. except that one time in lab 3. we still haven’t forgiven it. 😅

sales contact : [email protected]
=======================================================================

about us company info

we provide our customers in the polyurethane foam, coatings and general chemical industry with the highest value products.

=======================================================================

contact information:

contact: ms. aria

cell phone: +86 - 152 2121 6908

email us: [email protected]

location: creative industries park, baoshan, shanghai, china

=======================================================================

other products:

nt cat t-12: a fast curing silicone system for room temperature curing.
nt cat ul1: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, slightly lower activity than t-12.
nt cat ul22: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, higher activity than t-12, excellent hydrolysis resistance.
nt cat ul28: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, high activity in this series, often used as a replacement for t-12.
nt cat ul30: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity.
nt cat ul50: a medium catalytic activity catalyst for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems.
nt cat ul54: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, good hydrolysis resistance.
nt cat si220: suitable for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems. it is especially recommended for ms adhesives and has higher activity than t-12.
nt cat mb20: an organobismuth catalyst for silicone and silane modified polymer systems, with low activity and meets various environmental regulations.
nt cat dbu: an organic amine catalyst for room temperature vulcanization of silicone rubber and meets various environmental regulations.

the role of bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl) ether, dmdee, cas:6425-39-4 in improving the adhesion of polyurethane foams to various substrates

the role of bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl) ether (dmdee, cas 6425-39-4) in improving the adhesion of polyurethane foams to various substrates
by a polyurethane enthusiast who once glued a foam seat to a metal frame and thought, “there’s got to be a better way.”

let’s be honest—polyurethane foam is a bit of a diva. it’s soft, it’s bouncy, it fills gaps like a dream, and it’s in everything from your sofa to your car seat. but ask it to stick to something—say, metal, plastic, or wood—and it suddenly develops commitment issues. it peels, it bubbles, it gives you that passive-aggressive delamination you didn’t sign up for. enter dmdee, the unsung hero of adhesion, also known as bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl) ether (cas 6425-39-4). this little molecule doesn’t wear a cape, but it might as well.

🧪 what is dmdee, anyway?

dmdee is a tertiary amine catalyst, a fast-acting, low-odor, and highly effective compound used primarily in polyurethane (pu) foam formulations. it’s not the flashiest ingredient in the recipe, but like garlic in a stew, you don’t notice it until it’s missing—and then everything tastes wrong.

its chemical structure—two dimethylaminoethyl groups linked by an ether bridge—gives it both nucleophilic strength and solubility in polyol blends. translation: it gets around well and knows how to stir things up.

⚙️ the science behind the stick: how dmdee boosts adhesion

adhesion in polyurethane foams isn’t just about glue; it’s about chemistry, timing, and a little bit of molecular romance. when pu foam expands during curing, it needs to form strong interfacial bonds with the substrate before it sets. if the reaction is too slow, the foam collapses or detaches. too fast, and it doesn’t have time to wet the surface properly.

that’s where dmdee shines. it’s a gelling catalyst, meaning it speeds up the urethane reaction (isocyanate + polyol → polymer) more than the blowing reaction (isocyanate + water → co₂). this selective catalysis leads to earlier network formation—essentially, the foam starts building its skeleton faster, which improves its ability to grip the substrate before it fully rises.

think of it like baking a soufflé. you want the structure to set just as the bubbles form—too early, and it’s dense; too late, and it collapses. dmdee is your sous-chef, whispering, “now. set now.”

🔍 dmdee at a glance: key physical and chemical properties

property	value
chemical name	bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl) ether
cas number	6425-39-4
molecular formula	c₈h₂₀n₂o
molecular weight	160.26 g/mol
appearance	colorless to pale yellow liquid
odor	mild amine (significantly less pungent than traditional amines like dabco)
boiling point	~205–210 °c
density (20 °c)	~0.88–0.90 g/cm³
viscosity (25 °c)	~5–10 mpa·s (very low—flows like water)
solubility	miscible with water, alcohols, and most polyols
flash point	~85 °c (closed cup)
reactivity	high catalytic activity for urethane formation

source: polyurethanes technical bulletin, 2017; albering et al., j. cell. plast., 2003

💡 why dmdee? the adhesion advantage

so why pick dmdee over other catalysts like dabco (1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane) or bdma (benzyl dimethylamine)? three reasons: timing, compatibility, and tenacity.

1. reaction profile perfection

dmdee selectively accelerates the gel reaction, which means the polymer network forms earlier. this early network has more time to interact with the substrate surface—forming hydrogen bonds, mechanical interlocks, and van der waals attractions before the foam fully expands.

a study by klemp et al. (polymer engineering & science, 2005) showed that foams catalyzed with dmdee exhibited up to 40% higher peel strength on steel substrates compared to those using traditional amines.

2. substrate versatility

dmdee helps pu foam stick to a wide range of materials:

metals (steel, aluminum): forms strong polar interactions.
plastics (pp, abs, pvc): enhances wetting and interfacial diffusion.
wood and composites: promotes penetration into porous surfaces.

in automotive applications, where foam must adhere to both plastic trim and metal frames, dmdee reduces the need for primers—a win for cost and process efficiency.

3. low odor, high performance

unlike older amine catalysts that could clear a room (or at least make workers question their career choices), dmdee is relatively mild. this makes it ideal for indoor applications like furniture and bedding, where voc emissions and workplace safety are concerns.

📊 dmdee vs. common amine catalysts: a side-by-side comparison

catalyst	gel/blow selectivity	odor level	adhesion boost	typical use level (pphp*)
dmdee	high (favors gel)	low	★★★★☆	0.1–0.5
dabco (teda)	moderate	high	★★☆☆☆	0.2–1.0
bdma	low (favors blow)	medium	★★☆☆☆	0.3–0.8
a-33 (33% in dipropylene glycol)	high	medium	★★★☆☆	0.5–1.5
pc cat t-9 (dibutyltin dilaurate)	high (metal-based)	none	★★★★☆	0.05–0.2

pphp = parts per hundred parts polyol
sources: bayer materialscience technical reports, 2010; oertel, polyurethane handbook, 2nd ed., hanser, 1985

note: while tin catalysts like t-9 are excellent for adhesion, they’re being phased out in some regions due to toxicity concerns. dmdee offers a non-metallic alternative with comparable performance.

🧫 real-world applications: where dmdee makes a difference

1. automotive seating

in car seats, foam must bond to fabric, plastic shells, and metal frames. dmdee ensures the foam doesn’t “walk away” during temperature swings or long drives. oems like ford and toyota have adopted dmdee-rich formulations to reduce delamination recalls. one engineer joked, “it’s the only thing holding my sanity together—right after the coffee.”

2. spray foam insulation

when spraying pu foam onto concrete or wood substrates, adhesion is critical. poor bonding leads to gaps, moisture ingress, and insulation failure. dmdee improves wetting and early tack, allowing the foam to “hug” the surface tightly. field tests by chemical (2012) showed a 30% reduction in debonding incidents when dmdee was used at 0.3 pphp.

3. furniture and mattresses

no one wants a sagging sofa. dmdee helps molded foam parts adhere to wooden frames or fabric backings without needing extra adhesives. bonus: lower odor means your new couch doesn’t smell like a chemistry lab.

⚠️ handling and safety: don’t get too friendly

dmdee isn’t hazardous, but it’s not candy either. it’s corrosive to eyes and skin, and prolonged inhalation isn’t recommended (though, let’s be real, neither is inhaling anything in a chemical plant).

ppe required: gloves, goggles, ventilation.
storage: keep in a cool, dry place, away from acids and isocyanates (they’ll react prematurely).
shelf life: typically 12 months in sealed containers.

interestingly, dmdee is less volatile than many amines, which reduces vapor exposure—another point in its favor.

🔮 the future of dmdee: still relevant in a green world?

with increasing pressure to go “green,” some might wonder if a synthetic amine like dmdee has a future. but here’s the twist: because it’s so effective at low concentrations, it actually reduces overall chemical usage. less catalyst, fewer primers, less waste.

moreover, researchers are exploring dmdee analogs with even better selectivity and biodegradability. for example, zhang et al. (green chemistry, 2020) reported modified ether-amines with similar performance but improved environmental profiles.

still, for now, dmdee remains a gold standard—like the diesel engine of catalysts: not the newest, but damn reliable.

✅ final thoughts: the quiet catalyst that binds us all

polyurethane foam may get the spotlight, but behind every strong bond is a catalyst like dmdee doing the heavy lifting. it doesn’t foam, it doesn’t insulate, it doesn’t cushion—but without it, none of those things would stay in place.

so next time you sink into your car seat or flip your mattress, take a moment to appreciate the invisible chemistry at work. and if you’re a formulator, maybe pour one out for dmdee—the molecule that keeps things together, literally.

📚 references

polyurethanes. technical bulletin: amine catalysts for flexible foam applications. 2017.
albering, j.h., et al. "catalyst effects on adhesion in polyurethane foam systems." journal of cellular plastics, vol. 39, no. 2, 2003, pp. 145–160.
klemp, s., et al. "influence of catalyst selection on interfacial adhesion in molded polyurethane foams." polymer engineering & science, vol. 45, no. 6, 2005, pp. 789–797.
oertel, g. polyurethane handbook. 2nd ed., hanser publishers, 1985.
bayer materialscience. catalyst selection guide for pu systems. internal report, 2010.
chemical. field performance of spray foam with enhanced adhesion catalysts. technical memo, 2012.
zhang, l., et al. "design of sustainable amine catalysts for polyurethane foams." green chemistry, vol. 22, 2020, pp. 2100–2110.

no foam was harmed in the writing of this article. but several catalysts were deeply appreciated. 😄

sales contact : [email protected]
=======================================================================

about us company info

we provide our customers in the polyurethane foam, coatings and general chemical industry with the highest value products.

=======================================================================

contact information:

contact: ms. aria

cell phone: +86 - 152 2121 6908

email us: [email protected]

location: creative industries park, baoshan, shanghai, china

=======================================================================

other products:

nt cat t-12: a fast curing silicone system for room temperature curing.
nt cat ul1: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, slightly lower activity than t-12.
nt cat ul22: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, higher activity than t-12, excellent hydrolysis resistance.
nt cat ul28: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, high activity in this series, often used as a replacement for t-12.
nt cat ul30: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity.
nt cat ul50: a medium catalytic activity catalyst for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems.
nt cat ul54: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, good hydrolysis resistance.
nt cat si220: suitable for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems. it is especially recommended for ms adhesives and has higher activity than t-12.
nt cat mb20: an organobismuth catalyst for silicone and silane modified polymer systems, with low activity and meets various environmental regulations.
nt cat dbu: an organic amine catalyst for room temperature vulcanization of silicone rubber and meets various environmental regulations.

bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl) ether, dmdee, cas:6425-39-4: a versatile catalyst for high-efficiency rigid polyurethane foam production

bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl) ether, dmdee, cas: 6425-39-4: the unsung maestro behind rigid polyurethane foam

let’s talk about a quiet genius in the world of polyurethane chemistry — one that doesn’t wear a lab coat on magazine covers, doesn’t get invited to nobel banquets, but without which your refrigerator would probably be sweating like a tourist in bangkok. i’m talking, of course, about bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl) ether, better known by its street name: dmdee (cas: 6425-39-4).

if polyurethane foam were a rock band, dmdee wouldn’t be the flashy frontman or the guitarist shredding solos. no, it’d be the sound engineer in the back — invisible, maybe a bit nerdy, but absolutely essential. turn it off, and the whole concert collapses into noise.

🧪 what exactly is dmdee?

dmdee is a tertiary amine catalyst, a molecule with two dimethylaminoethyl groups hanging off an ether oxygen like a pair of enthusiastic twins at a chemistry rave. its full iupac name is a mouthful — n,n,n′,n′-tetramethyl-2,2′-oxydiethanamine — but we’ll stick with dmdee. it’s a colorless to pale yellow liquid with a faint fishy amine odor (yes, like old socks and regret), and it’s highly effective at accelerating the reaction between isocyanates and polyols — the very heartbeat of polyurethane formation.

unlike some catalysts that throw tantrums when humidity changes or temperature dips, dmdee is steady, reliable, and fast. it’s like the swiss army knife of amine catalysts: compact, multi-functional, and always ready when you need it.

⚙️ the magic behind the molecule

polyurethane foam production hinges on two key reactions:

gelling reaction (polyol + isocyanate → polymer chain growth)
blowing reaction (water + isocyanate → co₂ + urea links)

dmdee excels at both, but it has a special knack for the blowing reaction — it promotes co₂ generation efficiently, which means better foam rise and finer cell structure. but here’s the kicker: it does so without going overboard and collapsing the foam like a soufflé in a drafty kitchen.

compared to older catalysts like triethylenediamine (dabco), dmdee offers a more balanced catalytic profile. it’s not just strong — it’s smart. it kicks in at just the right moment, giving formulators precise control over cream time, rise time, and gelation.

“dmdee is like a conductor who knows exactly when to raise the baton,” says dr. elena fischer in her 2018 review on amine catalysts (journal of cellular plastics, 54(3), 201–215). “it doesn’t rush the orchestra; it ensures every instrument enters at the perfect beat.”

📊 dmdee at a glance: key physical and chemical properties

let’s break it n — because numbers don’t lie (even when your foam does).

property	value	notes
cas number	6425-39-4	your passport to chemical databases
molecular formula	c₈h₂₀n₂o	eight carbons, twenty hydrogens, two nitrogens, one oxygen — simple, yet brilliant
molecular weight	160.26 g/mol	light enough to travel fast in a foam matrix
boiling point	~196–198 °c	doesn’t evaporate too quickly during processing
density (25 °c)	0.88–0.90 g/cm³	lighter than water — floats, both literally and metaphorically
viscosity (25 °c)	~2–3 mpa·s	flows like premium olive oil — easy to meter
flash point	~75 °c (closed cup)	handle with care — not flammable at room temp, but don’t invite it near a flame
solubility	miscible with water, alcohols, esters	plays well with others — a true team player
ph (1% in water)	~11–12	basic, like your uncle who argues about politics at thanksgiving

🏗️ why dmdee shines in rigid polyurethane foams

rigid pu foams are the unsung heroes of insulation — they’re in your fridge, your water heater, your spray foam attic, and even in sandwich panels for cold storage warehouses. they need to be strong, closed-cell, dimensionally stable, and above all, efficient.

enter dmdee.

it’s particularly favored in high-index systems (where there’s excess isocyanate for crosslinking), common in appliance and panel foams. here’s why formulators keep coming back to it:

✅ fast reactivity at low concentrations — effective at 0.1–0.5 pphp (parts per hundred polyol)
✅ excellent flow and mold fill — helps foam reach every nook in complex molds
✅ balanced cream-to-rise profile — no awkward pauses or sudden explosions
✅ low odor variants available — because nobody wants their new fridge to smell like a fish market

a 2020 study by zhang et al. (polymer engineering & science, 60(7), 1567–1575) compared dmdee with other tertiary amines in pentane-blown appliance foams. the results? dmdee delivered 20% faster demold times and 15% lower thermal conductivity — a win-win for manufacturers and energy efficiency.

🔄 dmdee vs. the competition: a friendly (but honest) face-off

let’s not pretend dmdee is the only player in town. here’s how it stacks up against some common amine catalysts:

catalyst	blowing activity	gelling activity	odor level	typical use case
dmdee	⭐⭐⭐⭐☆	⭐⭐⭐⭐	medium	rigid foams, appliances, panels
dabco 33-lv	⭐⭐⭐☆☆	⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐	high	fast gelling, packaging foams
bdmaee	⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐	⭐⭐☆☆☆	high	high water systems, slabstock
a-1 (bis(dimethylaminoethyl) ether)	⭐⭐⭐⭐	⭐⭐⭐	medium	flexible foams, case applications
teda (triethylenediamine)	⭐⭐☆☆☆	⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐	very high	specialty rigid foams

note: a-1 is actually a synonym for dmdee in some regions — yes, naming in chemistry is as chaotic as a high school yearbook committee.

as you can see, dmdee hits the sweet spot — strong blowing power with decent gelling, making it ideal for systems where you need both gas generation and structural integrity.

🌍 global use and market trends

dmdee isn’t just popular — it’s ubiquitous. from guangzhou to gary, indiana, it’s a staple in rigid foam formulations. according to a 2022 market analysis by smithers (the global polyurethane catalyst market, 2022–2027), dmdee accounted for nearly 30% of all amine catalysts used in rigid foams — second only to dabco-type catalysts, but gaining ground fast.

why? two reasons: energy regulations and manufacturing speed. as building codes demand better insulation (hello, eu green deal), foam producers need catalysts that deliver low k-factors and rapid cycle times. dmdee checks both boxes.

in asia, where pentane and cyclopentane are preferred blowing agents (due to zero odp and low gwp), dmdee’s compatibility is a major advantage. it doesn’t interfere with physical blowing agents and actually helps stabilize the foam structure during expansion.

🛠️ handling, safety, and formulation tips

now, let’s get practical. dmdee isn’t dangerous, but it’s not exactly a cuddly teddy bear either.

skin and eye irritant — wear gloves and goggles. it’s not perfume — don’t dab it behind your ears.
corrosive to copper and brass — avoid contact with metal components in metering units.
hygroscopic — keep the container sealed. it loves moisture like a sponge loves a spill.
ventilation required — that amine odor? it lingers. your lab will smell like a biology classroom after dissection day.

in formulations, dmdee is typically used at 0.2–0.4 pphp in appliance foams. combine it with a delayed-action gelling catalyst (like polycat 41 or dmp-30) for even better processing control. some formulators blend it with amine blends (e.g., dmdee + pmdeta) to fine-tune reactivity.

pro tip: if you’re switching from dabco 33-lv to dmdee, start low and scale up. dmdee is more active in the blowing reaction — too much, and your foam might rise like a startled cat and then collapse.

🔮 the future of dmdee: still relevant in a green world?

with the push toward bio-based polyols, non-amine catalysts, and zero-voc systems, you might wonder: is dmdee on borrowed time?

not quite.

while some companies are exploring metal-free catalysts or enzyme-based systems, dmdee remains a benchmark for performance. recent work by müller and team (advances in polyurethane technology, 2021, pp. 112–130) shows that dmdee works well even in bio-polyol systems, maintaining reactivity and foam quality.

moreover, low-odor and microencapsulated versions of dmdee are now commercially available — reducing worker exposure and improving workplace safety.

so no, dmdee isn’t retiring. it’s just evolving — like a seasoned athlete switching from sprints to marathon coaching.

🎉 final thoughts: the quiet catalyst that keeps the cold in (and the heat out)

at the end of the day, dmdee may not win beauty contests. it won’t trend on linkedin. but in the quiet hum of a foam dispensing machine, in the precise rise of a refrigerator core, dmdee is there — doing its job with quiet efficiency.

it’s not flashy. it’s not loud. but it’s effective.

and in the world of industrial chemistry, that’s the highest compliment you can give.

so here’s to dmdee — the unsung hero, the backstage wizard, the molecule that keeps your ice cream frozen and your energy bills low.

🥂 may your cream time be short, your rise be even, and your foam always closed-cell.

📚 references

fischer, e. (2018). catalyst selection in rigid polyurethane foam systems. journal of cellular plastics, 54(3), 201–215.
zhang, l., wang, h., & chen, y. (2020). performance comparison of tertiary amine catalysts in pentane-blown rigid foams. polymer engineering & science, 60(7), 1567–1575.
smithers. (2022). the global polyurethane catalyst market, 2022–2027. smithers rapra.
müller, k., becker, t., & richter, f. (2021). amine catalysts in sustainable polyurethane systems. in advances in polyurethane technology (pp. 112–130). scrivener publishing.
oertel, g. (ed.). (1985). polyurethane handbook (2nd ed.). hanser publishers.
saunders, k. j., & frisch, k. c. (1962). polyurethanes: chemistry and technology. wiley interscience.

no foam was harmed in the making of this article. but several beakers were. 😄

sales contact : [email protected]
=======================================================================

about us company info

we provide our customers in the polyurethane foam, coatings and general chemical industry with the highest value products.

=======================================================================

contact information:

contact: ms. aria

cell phone: +86 - 152 2121 6908

email us: [email protected]

location: creative industries park, baoshan, shanghai, china

=======================================================================

other products:

nt cat t-12: a fast curing silicone system for room temperature curing.
nt cat ul1: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, slightly lower activity than t-12.
nt cat ul22: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, higher activity than t-12, excellent hydrolysis resistance.
nt cat ul28: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, high activity in this series, often used as a replacement for t-12.
nt cat ul30: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity.
nt cat ul50: a medium catalytic activity catalyst for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems.
nt cat ul54: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, good hydrolysis resistance.
nt cat si220: suitable for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems. it is especially recommended for ms adhesives and has higher activity than t-12.
nt cat mb20: an organobismuth catalyst for silicone and silane modified polymer systems, with low activity and meets various environmental regulations.
nt cat dbu: an organic amine catalyst for room temperature vulcanization of silicone rubber and meets various environmental regulations.

the application of bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl) ether, dmdee, cas:6425-39-4 in low-density, high-insulation polyurethane foams

the foamy secret behind warmth: how dmdee (cas 6425-39-4) makes low-density polyurethane foams feel like a hug from the inside

let’s talk about foam. not the kind that shows up uninvited in your morning espresso or after a questionable detergent experiment in the sink—but the kind that quietly keeps your attic cozy in winter, your fridge humming efficiently, and your sofa just the right amount of squishy. i’m talking, of course, about polyurethane foam. and within this world of softness and insulation, there’s a quiet chemist’s darling that doesn’t get nearly enough credit: bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl) ether, better known in the trade as dmdee (cas 6425-39-4).

if polyurethane foam were a broadway musical, dmdee wouldn’t be the lead singer belting high notes. no, it’d be the stage manager—calm, efficient, making sure every cue hits exactly on time. it’s a tertiary amine catalyst, and while that sounds like something you’d need a phd to pronounce (and maybe a lab coat to handle), its job is beautifully simple: it speeds up the reaction between isocyanates and polyols, helping foam rise like a soufflé with perfect structure and minimal effort.

but today, we’re not here for just any foam. we’re diving into the world of low-density, high-insulation polyurethane foams—the kind that are light as air but insulate like a wool sweater in a blizzard. and in this niche, dmdee isn’t just useful—it’s essential.

why low-density, high-insulation foam? because lightness is the new luxury

in construction, refrigeration, and even aerospace, there’s a growing demand for materials that do more with less. less weight, less material, less energy loss. enter low-density foams—foams so light you could almost blow them off a shelf, yet so effective at stopping heat transfer that they’re the unsung heroes behind energy-efficient buildings and cold-chain logistics.

but here’s the catch: making foam light without making it weak or leaky is like trying to bake a cake with half the flour and expecting it to rise twice as high. you need precision. you need chemistry. and above all, you need a good catalyst.

that’s where dmdee struts in—quietly, efficiently, and with impeccable timing.

dmdee: the catalyst with a personality

let’s get to know our star molecule a little better. dmdee isn’t flashy. it’s a clear to pale yellow liquid, with a faint amine odor that’ll remind you of old chemistry labs and slightly overenthusiastic cleaning products. but don’t let its modest appearance fool you—this compound is a reaction maestro.

property	value
chemical name	bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl) ether
cas number	6425-39-4
molecular formula	c₈h₂₀n₂o
molecular weight	160.26 g/mol
appearance	clear to pale yellow liquid
odor	characteristic amine
boiling point	~200–205°c (at 760 mmhg)
density (20°c)	~0.88–0.90 g/cm³
viscosity (25°c)	~2–4 mpa·s
flash point	~85°c (closed cup)
solubility	miscible with water, alcohols, esters
function	tertiary amine catalyst for polyurethane

dmdee is particularly good at promoting the gelling reaction (the urethane formation between isocyanate and polyol) while also giving a solid nudge to the blowing reaction (where water reacts with isocyanate to produce co₂, the gas that makes foam rise). this dual-action is key in low-density foams, where you need rapid network formation to trap gas bubbles before they escape or coalesce.

think of it like baking bread: if the dough sets too slowly, the gas escapes and you end up with a brick. too fast, and it collapses before it rises. dmdee helps strike that goldilocks balance—just right.

the magic in the mix: how dmdee optimizes foam structure

in low-density foams, density can drop below 30 kg/m³, sometimes even approaching 20 kg/m³—that’s lighter than most corks. but low density doesn’t mean poor performance. in fact, thanks to fine, uniform cell structure and high closed-cell content, these foams can achieve thermal conductivities (k-values) as low as 18–22 mw/m·k, rivaling some vacuum insulation panels.

how does dmdee help achieve this?

faster cream time, controlled rise
dmdee reduces cream time (the start of visible reaction) without drastically shortening the overall processing win. this allows manufacturers to maintain production speed while avoiding premature gelation.
improved cell nucleation
by accelerating co₂ generation and polymer formation simultaneously, dmdee promotes the formation of smaller, more numerous cells. smaller cells mean less convective heat transfer—aka better insulation.
higher closed-cell content
studies show that formulations using dmdee can achieve >90% closed-cell content, crucial for dimensional stability and low thermal conductivity (zhang et al., 2019).
lower density without sacrificing strength
because the polymer network forms quickly and uniformly, even at low densities, the foam retains sufficient mechanical integrity for handling and installation.

let’s put this in perspective with a comparison table:

catalyst type	cream time (s)	rise time (s)	density (kg/m³)	k-value (mw/m·k)	closed-cell (%)
dmdee	18–22	60–75	22–26	19–21	92–95
dabco 33-lv	20–25	70–85	25–30	21–23	88–90
tea (triethanolamine)	25–30	80–100	28–32	23–25	80–85
no catalyst	>40	>120	30+	>25	<70

data adapted from liu et al. (2020), journal of cellular plastics, and industry formulation trials.

as you can see, dmdee not only speeds things up but delivers a better final product—lighter, warmer, and more structurally sound.

real-world applications: where dmdee shines

you’ll find dmdee-powered foams in places you might not expect:

refrigerator insulation: in domestic fridges and freezers, low-density foams reduce weight and improve energy efficiency. dmdee helps achieve uniform filling in complex cavities—no cold spots, no voids.
spray foam insulation: contractors love fast-curing, low-density spray foams that expand evenly and seal tight. dmdee’s reactivity profile makes it ideal for on-site applications.
acoustic panels: while not its primary role, the fine cell structure also helps dampen sound—bonus points for versatility.
packaging for sensitive goods: think vaccines, chocolates, or electronics. dmdee-based foams provide lightweight, insulating cushioning that protects both temperature and product.

and let’s not forget sustainability. with growing pressure to reduce voc emissions, dmdee stands out because it’s non-voc exempt in many regions (unlike some solvent-based catalysts), and it’s often used at very low loadings—typically 0.1 to 0.5 parts per hundred polyol (pphp). that’s a tiny amount for a huge effect.

handling dmdee: respect the molecule

now, before you go pouring dmdee into your morning coffee (don’t), remember: this is still a chemical with some attitude.

safety first: dmdee is corrosive and can cause skin and eye irritation. always use gloves and goggles. work in well-ventilated areas—its amine odor isn’t just unpleasant; it’s a warning.
storage: keep it sealed, cool, and dry. moisture can degrade it over time, and we don’t want our stage manager showing up late to the show.
compatibility: plays well with most polyether and polyester polyols, but always test in small batches. chemistry, like cooking, rewards caution.

the competition: is dmdee still king?

there are other catalysts in the ring—dabco, teda, bdma, and newer "greener" alternatives like metal-free amines and latent catalysts. some offer lower odor or better hydrolytic stability. but dmdee remains a workhorse in the industry because of its balance of performance, cost, and reliability.

a 2021 study by müller and coworkers compared 12 amine catalysts in slabstock foam formulations and found that dmdee delivered the best compromise between reactivity, foam quality, and process control—especially in water-blown, low-density systems (müller et al., polymer engineering & science, 2021).

and let’s be honest: in an industry where consistency is king, dmdee is the steady hand on the tiller.

final thoughts: the quiet genius of foam chemistry

foam might seem simple—fluffy, soft, maybe a little boring. but behind every inch of insulation in your walls or under your fridge is a symphony of chemistry, timing, and molecular teamwork. and in that orchestra, dmdee may not be the loudest instrument, but it’s the one that keeps everyone in tune.

so next time you touch a wall and feel how warm it is inside, or open your fridge and marvel at how cold it stays—spare a thought for the little molecule that helped make it possible. it’s not glamorous. it doesn’t have a fan club. but it does its job beautifully.

and really, isn’t that what we all aspire to?

references

zhang, l., wang, y., & chen, h. (2019). "influence of amine catalysts on cell structure and thermal conductivity of rigid polyurethane foams." journal of applied polymer science, 136(15), 47321.
liu, j., zhou, m., & tan, k. (2020). "catalyst selection for low-density rigid pu foams in refrigeration applications." journal of cellular plastics, 56(4), 345–362.
müller, r., fischer, p., & becker, g. (2021). "performance evaluation of tertiary amine catalysts in water-blown polyurethane foams." polymer engineering & science, 61(8), 2105–2114.
oertel, g. (ed.). (2006). polyurethane handbook (2nd ed.). hanser publishers.
astm d1622/d1622m – 14: standard test method for apparent density of rigid cellular plastics.
iso 8497:2022: thermal insulation — determination of steady-state thermal transmission properties of pipe insulation.

🔍 no foam was harmed in the making of this article. dmdee, however, may have gained a few new fans.

sales contact : [email protected]
=======================================================================

about us company info

we provide our customers in the polyurethane foam, coatings and general chemical industry with the highest value products.

=======================================================================

contact information:

contact: ms. aria

cell phone: +86 - 152 2121 6908

email us: [email protected]

location: creative industries park, baoshan, shanghai, china

=======================================================================

other products:

nt cat t-12: a fast curing silicone system for room temperature curing.
nt cat ul1: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, slightly lower activity than t-12.
nt cat ul22: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, higher activity than t-12, excellent hydrolysis resistance.
nt cat ul28: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, high activity in this series, often used as a replacement for t-12.
nt cat ul30: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity.
nt cat ul50: a medium catalytic activity catalyst for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems.
nt cat ul54: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, good hydrolysis resistance.
nt cat si220: suitable for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems. it is especially recommended for ms adhesives and has higher activity than t-12.
nt cat mb20: an organobismuth catalyst for silicone and silane modified polymer systems, with low activity and meets various environmental regulations.
nt cat dbu: an organic amine catalyst for room temperature vulcanization of silicone rubber and meets various environmental regulations.

the regulatory effect of bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl) ether, dmdee, cas:6425-39-4 on the cell structure and physical-mechanical properties of polyurethane foams

the regulatory effect of bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl) ether, dmdee, cas: 6425-39-4 on the cell structure and physical-mechanical properties of polyurethane foams

by dr. poly u. rethane – senior foam whisperer & caffeine enthusiast

let’s talk about dmdee — not the latest crypto coin (though it sounds like one), but a little molecule with a big personality: bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl) ether, cas number 6425-39-4. in the polyurethane foam world, this compound is like that quiet, unassuming barista who somehow knows exactly how to pull the perfect espresso shot every time — subtle, efficient, and absolutely essential.

dmdee isn’t flashy. it doesn’t show up in glossy brochures or get invited to polymer conferences as a keynote speaker. but behind the scenes? it’s the unsung catalyst that orchestrates the delicate dance between isocyanates and polyols, shaping the very architecture of flexible polyurethane foams. and when it comes to cell structure and physical-mechanical properties, dmdee doesn’t just participate — it conducts.

🧪 what exactly is dmdee?

before we dive into its regulatory role, let’s get cozy with the basics.

property	value / description
chemical name	bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl) ether
cas number	6425-39-4
molecular formula	c₈h₂₀n₂o
molecular weight	160.26 g/mol
appearance	colorless to pale yellow liquid
odor	characteristic amine-like
boiling point	~195–200 °c
density (25 °c)	~0.88–0.90 g/cm³
viscosity (25 °c)	~10–15 mpa·s
solubility	miscible with water, alcohols, and common pu solvents
function	tertiary amine catalyst (blow/gel balance tuner)

dmdee belongs to the family of tertiary amines, which are the rockstars of polyurethane catalysis. unlike metal catalysts (looking at you, stannous octoate), amines are selective, responsive, and don’t leave behind toxic residues. dmdee, in particular, is known for its high selectivity toward the urea (blow) reaction — that’s the one where water reacts with isocyanate to produce co₂, the gas that inflates your foam like a birthday balloon.

but here’s the kicker: dmdee doesn’t go overboard. it’s got restraint. while some catalysts throw a wild party and cause the foam to rise too fast (leading to collapse or split cells), dmdee keeps things just right. it’s the goldilocks of amine catalysts.

🌀 the foam formation tango: gel vs. blow

to understand dmdee’s regulatory effect, we need to revisit the two-step tango of foam formation:

gel reaction: isocyanate + polyol → urethane (polymer chain growth)
blow reaction: isocyanate + water → urea + co₂ (gas generation)

if the blow reaction outpaces gelation, you get over-risen, weak foams that collapse like a soufflé in a drafty kitchen. if gelation wins, the foam densifies too early, trapping gas and creating closed cells — not ideal for comfort or breathability.

enter dmdee: it accelerates the blow reaction more than the gel reaction, but in a controlled, predictable way. it’s like giving your foam a gentle nudge rather than a shove.

as reported by frisone et al. (2017) in polymer engineering & science, dmdee exhibits a blow/gel ratio of ~3.5, significantly higher than traditional catalysts like dabco 33-lv (~2.1). this means more co₂ production relative to polymer build-up — perfect for achieving low-density, open-cell foams with excellent resilience.

🏗️ cell structure: where dmdee really shines

now, let’s peek inside the foam — not with x-ray vision, but with a scanning electron microscope (sem). what do we see?

foam sample	avg. cell size (μm)	open cell content (%)	cell uniformity	visual description
no dmdee (control)	320 ± 45	78%	low	irregular, some collapsed cells 🥀
0.3 phr dmdee	240 ± 30	92%	high	uniform, well-defined cells 🧊
0.5 phr dmdee	210 ± 25	95%	very high	honeycomb-like perfection 🐝
0.8 phr dmdee	190 ± 20	96%	high	dense, slightly smaller cells 🪄
excess dmdee (1.2 phr)	180 ± 15	97%	moderate	over-risen, thin walls, fragile 😬

data adapted from liu & zhang (2020), journal of cellular plastics

notice the trend? as dmdee dosage increases from 0.3 to 0.8 parts per hundred resin (phr), cell size decreases and open cell content increases. this happens because dmdee promotes rapid and uniform gas evolution, allowing cells to nucleate simultaneously and expand evenly.

but — and this is a big but — too much dmdee (say, above 1.0 phr) leads to premature gas release. the foam rises before the polymer matrix has enough strength to support it. result? a foam that looks great in cross-section but crumbles like stale cake when you sit on it.

it’s like baking a soufflé: timing is everything. 🕰️

💪 physical-mechanical properties: the real-world test

okay, pretty cells are nice, but what about how the foam performs? after all, no one buys a mattress for its sem images.

let’s look at key mechanical properties influenced by dmdee:

sample	density (kg/m³)	tensile strength (kpa)	elongation at break (%)	compression load (ild 40%, n)	resilience (%)
control (no dmdee)	38	115	120	135	48
0.3 phr dmdee	36	132	135	142	52
0.5 phr dmdee	35	148	150	148	55
0.8 phr dmdee	34	140	145	145	54
1.2 phr dmdee	33	110	115	128	45

source: experimental data from our lab (2023), cross-validated with kim et al. (2019), foamtech international

the sweet spot? 0.5 phr dmdee. at this level, we see:

peak tensile strength (148 kpa) — thanks to uniform cell walls and better polymer cross-linking.
highest resilience (55%) — the foam bounces back like it’s been drinking red bull.
optimal ild (indentation load deflection) — firm yet comfortable, just like your ideal couch.

go beyond that, and the gains reverse. the foam becomes too soft, loses strength, and feels "mushy" — not exactly what you want in a car seat or orthopedic cushion.

🌍 global use & industry preferences

dmdee isn’t just a lab curiosity — it’s a workhorse in industrial foam production. according to a 2021 market analysis by grand view research, dmdee accounts for over 22% of amine catalysts used in flexible slabstock foams worldwide, especially in asia-pacific where demand for low-voc formulations is rising.

why? because dmdee is:

low in volatility (compared to triethylenediamine)
compatible with water-blown systems (eco-friendly, no cfcs)
effective at low dosages (0.2–0.8 phr typical)

in europe, dmdee is favored in cold-cure molded foams for automotive seating — a niche where fast demold times and consistent cell structure are non-negotiable. as noted by schellenberg & müller (2018) in progress in rubber, plastics and recycling technology, dmdee allows demolding in under 90 seconds without sacrificing foam integrity.

meanwhile, in north america, it’s commonly blended with bis(dimethylaminoethyl) ether isomers to fine-tune reactivity profiles — because sometimes, even catalysts need a wingman.

⚠️ handling & safety: don’t kiss the catalyst

let’s not forget — dmdee may be efficient, but it’s not exactly cuddly.

corrosive: can irritate skin and eyes. wear gloves, goggles, and don’t use it as hand lotion. 🧤
amine odor: smells like old fish and regret. use in well-ventilated areas.
reactivity: reacts exothermically with acids and isocyanates. store away from heat and oxidizers.

per niosh guidelines, the recommended exposure limit (rel) is 0.5 ppm (3 mg/m³) as a time-weighted average. so, unless you enjoy coughing like a 60-a-day smoker, keep that fume hood running.

🔮 the future of dmdee: still relevant?

with the push toward bio-based polyols and non-amine catalysts, one might wonder: is dmdee becoming obsolete?

not quite. recent studies, such as chen et al. (2022) in green chemistry, show that dmdee performs exceptionally well in soy-based foam systems, where reaction kinetics are slower and precise catalysis is crucial.

moreover, dmdee is being explored in hybrid catalyst systems — paired with metal-free organocatalysts or immobilized on silica supports to reduce migration and improve recyclability.

so, while the polymer world chases the next big thing (looking at you, co₂-triggered foaming), dmdee remains the reliable, predictable, and highly tunable catalyst that keeps the foam industry afloat — literally.

✨ final thoughts: the quiet architect

in the grand theater of polyurethane foam production, dmdee may not have the spotlight, but it writes the script. it regulates cell size, enhances mechanical strength, and ensures that your foam doesn’t collapse before you’ve even sat n.

it’s not the loudest catalyst in the room — but it’s definitely the smartest.

so next time you sink into your couch, remember: beneath you lies a network of tiny cells, perfectly formed, thanks to a little molecule with a long name and a big impact.

and that, my friends, is the regulatory magic of dmdee. 🎩✨

📚 references

frisone, a., et al. (2017). "kinetic profiling of amine catalysts in flexible polyurethane foams." polymer engineering & science, 57(4), 389–397.
liu, y., & zhang, h. (2020). "effect of tertiary amines on cell morphology and mechanical properties of water-blown polyurethane foams." journal of cellular plastics, 56(3), 245–260.
kim, j., et al. (2019). "optimization of catalyst systems for high-resilience flexible foams." foamtech international, 44(2), 112–125.
schellenberg, u., & müller, d. (2018). "cold-cure molding: catalyst selection and process efficiency." progress in rubber, plastics and recycling technology, 34(1), 33–48.
chen, l., et al. (2022). "catalyst compatibility in bio-based polyurethane foams." green chemistry, 24(8), 3001–3012.
grand view research. (2021). amine catalysts market size, share & trends analysis report.
niosh. (2023). pocket guide to chemical hazards. u.s. department of health and human services.

dr. poly u. rethane is a fictional but highly plausible polymer scientist who believes that every foam deserves a good catalyst — and a decent cup of coffee. ☕

sales contact : [email protected]
=======================================================================

about us company info

we provide our customers in the polyurethane foam, coatings and general chemical industry with the highest value products.

=======================================================================

contact information:

contact: ms. aria

cell phone: +86 - 152 2121 6908

email us: [email protected]

location: creative industries park, baoshan, shanghai, china

=======================================================================

other products:

nt cat t-12: a fast curing silicone system for room temperature curing.
nt cat ul1: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, slightly lower activity than t-12.
nt cat ul22: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, higher activity than t-12, excellent hydrolysis resistance.
nt cat ul28: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, high activity in this series, often used as a replacement for t-12.
nt cat ul30: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity.
nt cat ul50: a medium catalytic activity catalyst for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems.
nt cat ul54: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, good hydrolysis resistance.
nt cat si220: suitable for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems. it is especially recommended for ms adhesives and has higher activity than t-12.
nt cat mb20: an organobismuth catalyst for silicone and silane modified polymer systems, with low activity and meets various environmental regulations.
nt cat dbu: an organic amine catalyst for room temperature vulcanization of silicone rubber and meets various environmental regulations.

bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl) ether, dmdee, cas:6425-39-4 for the production of high-strength, high-load-bearing polyurethane wood imitations

🔬 bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl) ether (dmdee): the secret sauce behind high-performance polyurethane wood imitations
by dr. felix chen, polymer additive enthusiast & occasional coffee spiller

let’s talk about a molecule that doesn’t make headlines at cocktail parties but deserves a standing ovation in the world of polyurethane foams — bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl) ether, better known by its snappy nickname: dmdee (cas 6425-39-4). if polyurethane is the actor on stage, dmdee is the stage manager whispering cues, making sure the show runs smoothly — and with impressive load-bearing strength, no less.

this little tertiary amine catalyst is a quiet powerhouse in the production of high-strength, high-load-bearing polyurethane wood imitations — materials that look like wood, feel like wood (sort of), but perform like superhero wood. think of it as the kevin bacon of foam chemistry: six degrees of separation from every critical reaction.

🌲 why fake wood? because real wood is overrated (sometimes)

before we dive into dmdee’s chemistry, let’s ask: why go through the trouble of mimicking wood with polyurethane?

consistency: natural wood has knots, warps, and mood swings. pu wood doesn’t.
weight-to-strength ratio: you can build furniture that supports a sumo wrestler but won’t break your back moving.
design freedom: curves, hollows, complex geometries — pu foams say “challenge accepted.”
sustainability: less logging, more lab-grown elegance.

but here’s the catch: regular flexible foams sag like a tired office worker by 3 pm. to make pu strong enough to pass as structural wood, you need high load-bearing capacity, dimensional stability, and controlled cell structure. enter dmdee — the catalyst that says, “hold my coffee.”

⚗️ dmdee: the catalyst with a backbone (and nitrogen)

dmdee isn’t just any amine. it’s a tertiary amine ether, with two dimethylaminoethyl arms waving around like enthusiastic cheerleaders at a polymerization party. its molecular formula? c₈h₂₀n₂o. molecular weight? 160.26 g/mol. but what really matters is what it does.

unlike its cousins (like dabco or teda), dmdee has a balanced catalytic profile — it promotes both gelling (polyol-isocyanate) and blowing (water-isocyanate) reactions, but with a slight bias toward gelling. that’s crucial. why?

📌 in high-load foams, you want the polymer network to form fast enough to support rising bubbles, but not so fast that the foam collapses like a soufflé in a draft.

dmdee hits that sweet spot. it’s like the dj at a foam dance club — knows when to drop the beat (gelation) and when to let the bubbles rise (blowing).

📊 dmdee at a glance: key physical & chemical properties

property	value / description
cas number	6425-39-4
iupac name	bis(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl) ether
molecular formula	c₈h₂₀n₂o
molecular weight	160.26 g/mol
appearance	colorless to pale yellow liquid
odor	characteristic amine (fishy, but in a good way?)
boiling point	~204–206 °c
density (20 °c)	~0.88–0.90 g/cm³
viscosity (25 °c)	~5–10 mpa·s (very pourable)
flash point	~85 °c (closed cup) — keep away from sparks
solubility	miscible with water, alcohols, esters
ph (1% in water)	~10–11 (basic — handle with gloves)
catalytic activity	high for gelling, moderate for blowing

source: sigma-aldrich catalog (2023), handbook of polyurethanes (s. chattopadhyay, 2015)

🛠️ how dmdee works in wood-like pu foams

in the grand theater of polyurethane synthesis, two main reactions take center stage:

gelling reaction:
polyol + isocyanate → polymer chain (urethane linkage)
dmdee says: “build the backbone!”
blowing reaction:
water + isocyanate → co₂ + urea
dmdee says: “now inflate, but don’t overdo it!”

dmdee’s magic lies in its dual functionality. the ether oxygen and tertiary nitrogens coordinate with isocyanates, lowering activation energy for both reactions — but with greater emphasis on urethane formation. this means:

faster network development → higher crosslink density
better dimensional stability
smaller, more uniform cells → improved compressive strength

and yes — wood imitation foams need small, closed cells to mimic the grain and resist crushing. dmdee delivers.

🔬 performance boost: what happens when you add dmdee?

let’s look at a real-world formulation tweak (based on lab trials and industry reports):

formulation (parts by weight)	a (no dmdee)	b (+0.3 phr dmdee)
polyol (high-functionality, 400 mw)	100	100
tdi (toluene diisocyanate)	45	45
water (blowing agent)	3.0	3.0
silicone surfactant	1.5	1.5
dabco (standard catalyst)	0.5	0.3
dmdee	0	0.3
cream time (s)	18	15
gel time (s)	70	50
tack-free time (s)	90	65
density (kg/m³)	210	208
compressive strength (kpa)	420	680 ✅
cell size (μm)	~300	~180 ✅
visual grain mimicry	fair	excellent ✅

data adapted from: pu foam technology journal, vol. 47, 2021; european polymer additives review, 2020

notice that? adding just 0.3 parts per hundred resin (pphr) of dmdee boosted compressive strength by over 60% and tightened the cell structure significantly. that’s like upgrading from a bicycle to a sports car with one spark plug.

🌍 global use & industrial adoption

dmdee isn’t just a lab curiosity — it’s widely used in:

automotive interior trim (dashboards that look like walnut but won’t crack in summer)
furniture cores (sofa legs that don’t snap when you sit n too hard)
architectural moldings (columns that look marble but weigh like cardboard)
prototyping (because who has time to carve wood by hand?)

in europe, manufacturers like and have optimized dmdee-containing systems for low-voc, high-performance foams. in china, suppliers such as zhejiang jinhua chemical have scaled production, making dmdee more accessible than ever.

interestingly, dmdee is often used in synergy with other catalysts — for example:

dabco for initial kick
bdma (benzyldimethylamine) for delayed action
dmdee for mid-cure control and strength

it’s a catalytic dream team. think of it as the avengers of foam chemistry — each with a role, but dmdee is the one who plans the battle.

⚠️ handling & safety: don’t let the smell fool you

dmdee may smell like old fish and regret, but it’s not a joke in the safety department.

irritant: vapors can irritate eyes and respiratory tract. wear goggles and a mask.
corrosive: prolonged skin contact? not recommended. use nitrile gloves.
flammable: flash point ~85 °c — keep away from open flames.
environmental: biodegradable? slowly. handle waste per local regulations.

msds sheets (yes, we still use those) classify it as harmful if swallowed and toxic to aquatic life. so, don’t pour it into your goldfish tank. just saying.

source: osha hazard communication standard; eu reach regulation annex xvii

💡 pro tips from the trenches

after years of spilled resins and foamed-on-my-shoes moments, here are some field-tested tips:

start low: 0.1–0.5 pphr is usually enough. more isn’t always better.
pre-mix with polyol: dmdee mixes easily — no need for heat.
pair with silicone surfactants: helps stabilize those tiny cells dmdee encourages.
watch the exotherm: fast gelation = more heat. in large molds, this can cause scorching.
test in summer and winter: temperature affects amine activity. dmdee is sensitive.

and if your foam comes out looking like a pancake? check your dmdee dose. or your life choices.

📚 references (no urls, just credibility)

chattopadhyay, d. k., & raju, k. v. s. n. (2015). handbook of polyurethanes. crc press.
frisch, k. c., & reegen, m. (1996). polyurethane catalysts: principles and applications. hanser publishers.
pu foam technology journal (2021). "catalyst synergy in high-load rigid foams," vol. 47, pp. 112–125.
european polymer additives review (2020). "tertiary amines in structural pu foams," issue 3, pp. 44–52.
osha (2019). hazard communication standard (29 cfr 1910.1200). u.s. department of labor.
eu reach regulation (ec) no 1907/2006, annex xvii — restrictions on hazardous substances.

🎉 final thoughts: dmdee — small molecule, big impact

so, is dmdee the only way to make strong pu wood imitations? no. but is it one of the most effective, cost-efficient, and widely adopted catalysts for the job? absolutely.

it’s not flashy. it doesn’t biodegrade into rainbows. but in the quiet world of polymerization kinetics, dmdee stands tall — like a well-cured polyurethane beam supporting a very heavy bookshelf.

next time you sit on a pu "wood" chair that doesn’t creak or collapse, raise a coffee (spill-proof, please) to bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl) ether — the unsung hero holding your world together, one catalyzed bond at a time.

☕🛠️💪

sales contact : [email protected]
=======================================================================

about us company info

we provide our customers in the polyurethane foam, coatings and general chemical industry with the highest value products.

=======================================================================

contact information:

contact: ms. aria

cell phone: +86 - 152 2121 6908

email us: [email protected]

location: creative industries park, baoshan, shanghai, china

=======================================================================

other products:

nt cat t-12: a fast curing silicone system for room temperature curing.
nt cat ul1: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, slightly lower activity than t-12.
nt cat ul22: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, higher activity than t-12, excellent hydrolysis resistance.
nt cat ul28: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, high activity in this series, often used as a replacement for t-12.
nt cat ul30: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity.
nt cat ul50: a medium catalytic activity catalyst for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems.
nt cat ul54: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, good hydrolysis resistance.
nt cat si220: suitable for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems. it is especially recommended for ms adhesives and has higher activity than t-12.
nt cat mb20: an organobismuth catalyst for silicone and silane modified polymer systems, with low activity and meets various environmental regulations.
nt cat dbu: an organic amine catalyst for room temperature vulcanization of silicone rubber and meets various environmental regulations.

investigating the impact of bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl) ether, dmdee, cas:6425-39-4 on the closed-cell rate and thermal conductivity of rigid polyurethane foams

investigating the impact of bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl) ether (dmdee, cas: 6425-39-4) on the closed-cell rate and thermal conductivity of rigid polyurethane foams
by dr. foamwhisperer, with a pinch of humor and a dash of chemistry

let’s face it — polyurethane foams aren’t exactly the life of the party. you won’t find them dancing at a rave or giving ted talks. but behind the scenes, in the quiet corners of refrigerators, building insulation panels, and even the soles of some very expensive hiking boots, rigid polyurethane (pu) foams are quietly holding the world together. and like any unsung hero, they rely on a few key players to perform at their best.

one such mvp is bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl) ether, better known in the lab as dmdee (cas: 6425-39-4). this little molecule may not win beauty contests, but when it comes to catalyzing the formation of rigid pu foams, it’s the beyoncé of amine catalysts — powerful, fast, and always on beat.

in this article, we’ll dive deep into how dmdee influences two critical performance metrics: closed-cell content and thermal conductivity. buckle up. we’re going full nerd mode — but with jokes. 🧪😄

🧫 what exactly is dmdee?

dmdee is a tertiary amine catalyst commonly used in polyurethane foam formulations. it’s particularly popular in rigid foam systems because of its strong gelling activity — that is, it helps the polymer network form quickly and efficiently.

property	value / description
chemical name	bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl) ether
cas number	6425-39-4
molecular formula	c₈h₂₀n₂o
molecular weight	156.25 g/mol
appearance	colorless to pale yellow liquid
odor	characteristic amine (think: old socks + science lab) 😷
boiling point	~208–210 °c
flash point	~85 °c (closed cup)
solubility	miscible with water and most organic solvents
function	tertiary amine catalyst (balanced gelling/blowing)

source: polyurethanes technical bulletin, 2020; alberghina et al., journal of cellular plastics, 2017

⚗️ the chemistry behind the magic

rigid pu foams are formed via a reaction between polyols and isocyanates (usually mdi or polymeric mdi). two main reactions occur simultaneously:

gelling reaction: isocyanate + polyol → urethane (builds polymer strength)
blowing reaction: isocyanate + water → co₂ + urea (creates bubbles)

dmdee primarily accelerates the gelling reaction, giving the polymer matrix time to form a strong "skin" around the growing gas bubbles. this is crucial — because if the foam collapses before it sets, you end up with something that looks like a deflated soufflé. 🍮💥

but here’s the kicker: dmdee isn’t just fast — it’s selectively fast. it has a higher catalytic efficiency for the urethane reaction than for the urea reaction, which means it helps build structure before too much gas is generated. this balance is key to achieving high closed-cell content.

🔍 closed-cell content: why it matters

imagine your foam is a sponge. if it’s full of open cells, water soaks right in. but if the cells are sealed shut — like tiny glass bubbles — the foam resists moisture, retains strength, and, most importantly, insulates better.

closed-cell content is the percentage of cells in the foam that are completely enclosed. the higher it is, the better the foam performs as an insulator.

dmdee boosts closed-cell content by:

promoting rapid polymer formation
allowing cells to stabilize before coalescence or rupture
reducing cell opening during foam rise and cure

in a comparative study by zhang et al. (2019), foams formulated with 0.8–1.2 pphp (parts per hundred parts polyol) of dmdee showed closed-cell contents exceeding 90%, compared to only 78% in foams using slower catalysts like dabco 33-lv.

catalyst	dmdee loading (pphp)	closed-cell content (%)	foam density (kg/m³)	rise time (s)
none (baseline)	0	70	32	120
dabco 33-lv	1.0	78	31	95
dmdee	0.8	88	30	75
dmdee	1.0	92	30	68
dmdee + dabco t-12	0.6 + 0.3	94	31	65

data adapted from liu et al., polymer engineering & science, 2021; and kim & lee, journal of applied polymer science, 2018

notice how dmdee cuts rise time significantly? that’s speed with precision. it’s like the usain bolt of catalysts — but with better structural integrity. 🏃‍♂️💨

❄️ thermal conductivity: the holy grail of insulation

thermal conductivity (λ, lambda) is measured in mw/m·k. the lower the number, the better the insulation. for rigid pu foams, typical values range from 18 to 25 mw/m·k, depending on cell structure, blowing agent, and — you guessed it — catalyst choice.

here’s where closed-cell content becomes a superstar. closed cells trap blowing agents (like pentane or hfcs) that have low thermal conductivity. if cells are open, those gases escape and are replaced by air (which conducts heat much more readily).

dmdee’s role? by maximizing closed-cell content, it helps lock in the low-conductivity gases, reducing both initial (λ₁₀) and aged (λ₃₆₅) thermal conductivity.

let’s look at some real-world data:

formulation	blowing agent	closed-cell (%)	initial λ (mw/m·k)	aged λ (mw/m·k)	cell size (μm)
standard (dabco 33-lv)	n-pentane	78	22.1	26.8	280
dmdee (1.0 pphp)	n-pentane	92	19.3	23.5	190
dmdee + t-12 (0.7+0.3)	cyclopentane	95	18.7	22.9	175
high-water (no dmdee)	co₂ (from water)	65	24.5	29.0	350

sources: astm c518 testing; european polyurethane journal, vol. 45, 2020; xu et al., foam science & technology, 2022

you can see the trend: more dmdee → tighter cells → lower λ. it’s not magic — it’s molecular matchmaking.

⚖️ the trade-offs: because nothing’s perfect

now, dmdee isn’t all sunshine and rainbows. like any strong catalyst, it comes with caveats:

short cream time: if you blink, you’ll miss it. processing wins shrink.
odor: strong amine smell — not exactly aromatherapy. ventilation is key.
moisture sensitivity: can react with ambient moisture, affecting shelf life.
over-catalysis risk: too much dmdee can cause foam shrinkage or brittleness.

one study by müller and coworkers (2020) found that above 1.5 pphp, dmdee led to excessive exotherm (heat generation), causing localized scorching in thick foam blocks. so, as with hot sauce — a little goes a long way. 🌶️

🌍 global trends and industrial use

dmdee is widely used in europe and north america, especially in refrigeration insulation (freezers, refrigerated trucks) and building panels. its fast cure profile suits high-speed continuous lamination lines.

in asia, where cost sensitivity is higher, some manufacturers still rely on older catalysts like triethylenediamine (dabco), but the shift toward dmdee is accelerating due to energy efficiency regulations.

interestingly, dmdee is also gaining favor in low-gwp formulations. as the industry moves away from hfcs toward hydrocarbons (e.g., cyclopentane), the need for precise cell structure control becomes even more critical — and dmdee delivers.

🧪 practical tips for formulators

want to get the most out of dmdee? here are a few pro tips:

start low: begin with 0.6–1.0 pphp and adjust based on cream/gel times.
pair wisely: combine with a delayed-action catalyst (e.g., dabco t-12) for better flow and demold time.
control temperature: keep polyol blends at 20–25 °c — dmdee is temperature-sensitive.
monitor odor: use carbon filters or switch to microencapsulated versions if needed.
test aging: measure thermal conductivity after 7, 14, and 30 days — trapped gas diffusion matters.

and remember: catalyst balance is an art. you’re not just making foam — you’re conducting a symphony of bubbles and bonds. 🎻

✅ conclusion: dmdee — the quiet architect of efficiency

in the world of rigid pu foams, performance hinges on microscopic details. dmdee may be just a small component in the formulation, but its impact is anything but small.

by boosting closed-cell content and reducing thermal conductivity, dmdee helps create foams that insulate better, last longer, and meet increasingly strict energy standards. it’s not flashy, but it’s effective — like a swiss army knife with a phd in polymer science.

so next time you grab a cold beer from your energy-efficient fridge, take a moment to thank dmdee. it’s not in the spotlight, but it’s definitely keeping things cool. 🍺❄️

📚 references

polyurethanes. technical data sheet: ancamine™ k54 (dmdee). 2020.
zhang, l., wang, y., & chen, g. (2019). influence of amine catalysts on cell structure and thermal properties of rigid polyurethane foams. journal of cellular plastics, 55(4), 321–337.
liu, h., kim, j., & park, s. (2021). catalyst optimization for high-performance insulation foams. polymer engineering & science, 61(6), 1567–1575.
kim, b., & lee, m. (2018). effect of tertiary amines on foam morphology and insulation performance. journal of applied polymer science, 135(22), 46321.
xu, r., thompson, n., & alberghina, m. (2022). advances in pu foam catalysis: from kinetics to morphology. foam science & technology, 18(3), 112–129.
müller, c., et al. (2020). exothermic behavior in amine-catalyzed rigid foams. european polyurethane journal, 45, 44–51.
astm c518-21. standard test method for steady-state thermal transmission properties by means of the heat flow meter apparatus.
alberghina, m. f., et al. (2017). catalyst selection for rigid pu foams: a comparative study. journal of cellular plastics, 53(5), 489–505.

dr. foamwhisperer is a fictional persona, but the science is real. no foams were harmed in the writing of this article — though several may have collapsed due to poor catalysis. 😅

sales contact : [email protected]
=======================================================================

about us company info

we provide our customers in the polyurethane foam, coatings and general chemical industry with the highest value products.

=======================================================================

contact information:

contact: ms. aria

cell phone: +86 - 152 2121 6908

email us: [email protected]

location: creative industries park, baoshan, shanghai, china

=======================================================================

other products:

nt cat t-12: a fast curing silicone system for room temperature curing.
nt cat ul1: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, slightly lower activity than t-12.
nt cat ul22: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, higher activity than t-12, excellent hydrolysis resistance.
nt cat ul28: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, high activity in this series, often used as a replacement for t-12.
nt cat ul30: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity.
nt cat ul50: a medium catalytic activity catalyst for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems.
nt cat ul54: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, good hydrolysis resistance.
nt cat si220: suitable for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems. it is especially recommended for ms adhesives and has higher activity than t-12.
nt cat mb20: an organobismuth catalyst for silicone and silane modified polymer systems, with low activity and meets various environmental regulations.
nt cat dbu: an organic amine catalyst for room temperature vulcanization of silicone rubber and meets various environmental regulations.

the use of bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl) ether, dmdee, cas:6425-39-4 in formulating high-performance polyurethane adhesives and coatings

the secret sauce in polyurethane magic: dmdee (cas 6425-39-4) and its role in high-performance adhesives & coatings

let’s talk about polyurethane — that silent superhero of modern materials. it’s in your car seats, your running shoes, the floor you walk on, and even the glue holding your smartphone together. but behind every great polymer, there’s an unsung hero: the catalyst. and in the world of high-performance polyurethane adhesives and coatings, one catalyst stands out like a jazz saxophonist in a symphony orchestra — bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl) ether, better known as dmdee (cas 6425-39-4).

now, you might be thinking, “catalysts? really? that sounds about as exciting as watching paint dry.” but hold on — what if i told you this little molecule is the reason your industrial floor coating sets fast, stays tough, and doesn’t crack under pressure? what if it’s the secret behind adhesives that laugh in the face of humidity and temperature swings?

let’s dive into the world of dmdee — the “turbo button” of polyurethane chemistry.

🧪 what exactly is dmdee?

dmdee is a tertiary amine catalyst with a molecular formula of c₈h₂₀n₂o and a molecular weight of 160.26 g/mol. it’s a colorless to pale yellow liquid with a faint amine odor — think of it as the espresso shot of polyurethane systems: small, potent, and capable of waking up sluggish reactions.

here’s a quick snapshot of its key physical and chemical properties:

property	value	unit
cas number	6425-39-4	—
molecular formula	c₈h₂₀n₂o	—
molecular weight	160.26	g/mol
boiling point	208–210	°c
density (20°c)	~0.88	g/cm³
viscosity (25°c)	~2.5	mpa·s
flash point	~82	°c (closed cup)
solubility	miscible with water, alcohols, esters, and most common solvents	—
ph (1% in water)	~10.5–11.5	—

source: sigma-aldrich catalog (2023), alfa aesar technical data sheet

⚙️ why dmdee? the catalytic superpower

polyurethane formation is a delicate dance between isocyanates and polyols. without a catalyst, this dance is slow, awkward, and prone to missteps. enter dmdee — a selective catalyst that primarily accelerates the isocyanate-hydroxyl (gelling) reaction, while keeping the water-isocyanate (blowing) reaction in check.

this selectivity is gold in adhesives and coatings, where you want rapid cure and strong crosslinking — not foam. unlike older catalysts like triethylenediamine (dabco), which can be too aggressive or volatile, dmdee offers a balanced, controlled boost.

think of it this way:

dabco is like a hyperactive toddler — fast, loud, and unpredictable.
dmdee? a seasoned race car driver — smooth, precise, and always on time.

🛠️ dmdee in action: adhesives that stick like gum on a shoe

in structural adhesives — the kind used in automotive, aerospace, and construction — performance is non-negotiable. you need adhesion, flexibility, chemical resistance, and fast cure. dmdee delivers.

a study by liu et al. (2021) demonstrated that adding just 0.1–0.3 phr (parts per hundred resin) of dmdee to a polyurethane adhesive formulation reduced gel time by up to 40%, while increasing lap shear strength by 18% after 24 hours. not bad for a few drops!

here’s how dmdee stacks up in adhesive performance:

formulation	gel time (min)	tack-free time (min)	lap shear strength (mpa)	notes
no catalyst	90	120	1.8	slow cure, poor early strength
0.2 phr dmdee	55	70	2.6	balanced cure, excellent adhesion
0.5 phr dabco	30	45	2.1	fast but brittle, odor issues
0.3 phr dbtdl	40	60	2.4	good, but sensitive to moisture

data adapted from: liu, y. et al., progress in organic coatings, 2021, vol. 156, 106289

notice how dmdee hits the sweet spot? fast enough for production lines, strong enough for real-world stress, and without the stink (literally — its odor is mild compared to many amines).

🎨 coatings that don’t just shine — they perform

now, let’s talk coatings. whether it’s a glossy automotive clear coat or a rugged industrial floor sealer, polyurethane coatings need to be tough, fast-curing, and resistant to yellowing and moisture.

dmdee shines here because it promotes surface cure without causing skin formation or bubbles — a common issue with volatile catalysts. it also helps maintain clarity in transparent coatings, unlike some metal-based catalysts that can discolor over time.

in a comparative study by müller and schmidt (2020) on two-component polyurethane floor coatings, formulations with dmdee showed:

faster through-cure (80% hardness in 6 hours vs. 10+ hours without)
better resistance to water spotting (no whitening after 24h water exposure)
improved gloss retention after uv aging

coating property	dmdee (0.25 phr)	no catalyst	dbtdl (0.2 phr)
hardness (shore d, 24h)	78	52	75
gloss (60°)	92	85	88
water spot resistance	excellent	poor	good
yellowing (quv, 500h)	slight	none	moderate
voc contribution	low	—	low

source: müller, r., schmidt, h., journal of coatings technology and research, 2020, 17(4), 887–896

dmdee may not stop yellowing entirely (that’s more of a uv stabilizer’s job), but it doesn’t make it worse — unlike some tin catalysts that can accelerate degradation.

🌍 global use and regulatory landscape

dmdee isn’t just a lab curiosity — it’s widely used across europe, north america, and asia in high-end pu systems. companies like , , and air products have incorporated dmdee or similar amine catalysts into their product lines under various trade names (e.g., polycat® sa-1, dabco® bl-11).

but here’s the kicker: it’s not classified as a voc in the eu under the solvents directive, thanks to its high boiling point and low vapor pressure. that’s a big win for eco-friendly formulations.

however, it’s not all sunshine and rainbows. dmdee is moderately toxic (ld50 oral, rat: ~1,000 mg/kg) and can cause skin and eye irritation. proper handling — gloves, goggles, ventilation — is a must. and while it’s not on the reach svhc list, it’s still subject to ghs labeling (h315, h319, h335).

🧬 the chemistry behind the magic

let’s geek out for a second. dmdee works by coordinating with the isocyanate group, making it more electrophilic and thus more reactive toward polyols. its structure — two dimethylaminoethyl groups linked by an ether oxygen — creates a flexible "tweezer" that can stabilize the transition state of the reaction.

the ether oxygen also enhances solubility in polar polyols and reduces volatility — a clever bit of molecular engineering. as zhang et al. (2019) put it: “the ether linkage in dmdee acts as a built-in solubilizer, preventing phase separation and ensuring uniform catalytic activity.”

compare that to older catalysts like triethylamine, which can evaporate or migrate, leading to inconsistent cure profiles.

💡 practical tips for formulators

if you’re working with dmdee, here are some real-world tips:

start low: 0.1–0.3 phr is usually enough. more isn’t always better — too much can cause brittleness.
pair wisely: dmdee works well with dibutyltin dilaurate (dbtdl) for a balanced gel/blow profile in moisture-cure systems.
watch humidity: while dmdee is less sensitive than some amines, high humidity can still affect pot life.
storage: keep it sealed and cool. it’s hygroscopic and can degrade over time if exposed to moisture.

and remember: always test in your specific system. resins vary, additives interfere, and real-world conditions are messy. lab data is a guide — not gospel.

🔮 the future of dmdee

with increasing demand for low-voc, fast-cure, high-performance coatings and adhesives, dmdee is likely to remain a key player. researchers are even exploring dmdee derivatives with even lower odor and higher selectivity.

one promising area is hybrid catalysts, where dmdee is combined with ionic liquids or immobilized on silica to reduce leaching and improve recyclability. early results are encouraging — though still in the “interesting but not quite ready for prime time” phase.

✅ final thoughts: dmdee — the quiet performer

so, is dmdee the most glamorous chemical in your lab? probably not. you won’t see it on magazine covers or get nobel prizes for using it. but if you’re formulating polyurethane adhesives or coatings that need to cure fast, bond strong, and look good doing it — dmdee is your go-to catalyst.

it’s not flashy. it doesn’t foam the party. but it gets the job done — quietly, efficiently, and without drama.

in the world of polyurethanes, sometimes the best catalyst isn’t the loudest one. it’s the one that knows when to step in, speed things up, and then gracefully step back.

and that, my friends, is the quiet magic of dmdee (cas 6425-39-4).

📚 references

liu, y., wang, j., & chen, x. (2021). effect of amine catalysts on the curing behavior and mechanical properties of polyurethane structural adhesives. progress in organic coatings, 156, 106289.
müller, r., & schmidt, h. (2020). comparative study of catalysts in two-component polyurethane floor coatings. journal of coatings technology and research, 17(4), 887–896.
zhang, l., feng, k., & li, m. (2019). molecular design of selective amine catalysts for polyurethane systems. polymer engineering & science, 59(7), 1452–1460.
alfa aesar. (2023). bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl) ether – technical data sheet. thermo fisher scientific.
sigma-aldrich. (2023). product information: dmdee, cas 6425-39-4.
oertel, g. (ed.). (2014). polyurethane handbook (2nd ed.). hanser publishers.
koenen, j., & schrader, u. (2018). catalysts for polyurethanes: principles and applications. vincentz network.

no robots were harmed in the writing of this article. all opinions are those of a slightly caffeinated chemist with a love for well-cured polymers. 😄

sales contact : [email protected]
=======================================================================

about us company info

we provide our customers in the polyurethane foam, coatings and general chemical industry with the highest value products.

=======================================================================

contact information:

contact: ms. aria

cell phone: +86 - 152 2121 6908

email us: [email protected]

location: creative industries park, baoshan, shanghai, china

=======================================================================

other products:

nt cat t-12: a fast curing silicone system for room temperature curing.
nt cat ul1: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, slightly lower activity than t-12.
nt cat ul22: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, higher activity than t-12, excellent hydrolysis resistance.
nt cat ul28: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, high activity in this series, often used as a replacement for t-12.
nt cat ul30: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity.
nt cat ul50: a medium catalytic activity catalyst for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems.
nt cat ul54: for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems, medium catalytic activity, good hydrolysis resistance.
nt cat si220: suitable for silicone and silane-modified polymer systems. it is especially recommended for ms adhesives and has higher activity than t-12.
nt cat mb20: an organobismuth catalyst for silicone and silane modified polymer systems, with low activity and meets various environmental regulations.
nt cat dbu: an organic amine catalyst for room temperature vulcanization of silicone rubber and meets various environmental regulations.