Study on the Effect of Polyurethane Catalyst A-300 on Improving the Quality of Hard Foam Plastics

Introduction

Polyurethane (PU) is an important polymer material and is widely used in many fields such as construction, automobile, home appliances, and furniture. Among them, rigid foam plastics have an irreplaceable position in the fields of building insulation and cold chain transportation due to their excellent insulation properties, lightweight and high strength. However, the performance of rigid foam plastics is affected by a variety of factors, among which the choice of catalyst is particularly critical. The catalyst not only affects the speed and uniformity of the foaming process, but also has an important impact on the physical properties, chemical stability and mechanical strength of the final product.

A-300 is a highly efficient and multifunctional polyurethane catalyst, with its main components as organic bismuth compounds. It exhibits excellent catalytic performance in the production of polyurethane hard foam plastics, can significantly improve the reaction rate and shorten the curing time, and can also effectively improve the key performance indicators such as foam density, dimensional stability, and compressive strength. Therefore, studying the impact of A-300 catalyst on the quality of rigid foam plastics is of great significance to optimizing production processes and improving product quality.

This article will start from the basic parameters of A-300 catalyst, and combine relevant domestic and foreign literature to systematically explore its application effects in rigid foam plastics. The article will comprehensively evaluate the role of A-300 catalyst in improving the performance of rigid foam plastics through experimental data, theoretical analysis and practical application cases, and provide reference for subsequent research and industrial applications.

1. Basic parameters and characteristics of A-300 catalyst

A-300 catalyst is a highly efficient polyurethane catalyst based on organic bismuth compounds, which is widely used in the production process of rigid foam plastics. Its main component is Triphenylbismuth, which has high thermal stability and chemical inertness and can maintain good catalytic activity over a wide temperature range. The following are the main parameters and technical characteristics of the A-300 catalyst:

parameter name Technical Indicators
Chemical Components Triphenylbismuth
Appearance Slight yellow to amber transparent liquid
Density (25°C) 1.15-1.20 g/cm³
Viscosity (25°C) 100-200 mPa·s
Moisture content ≤0.1%
Flashpoint >100°C
Solution Easy soluble in organic solvents such as polyols, isocyanate
Thermal Stability Stay stable below 200°C

The unique feature of the A-300 catalyst is its excellent catalytic selectivity. Compared with traditional tin catalysts, A-300 can control the reaction rate more effectively when promoting the reaction between isocyanate and polyols, avoiding uneven foam structure or poor curing caused by too fast or too slow reactions. . In addition, the A-300 catalyst has low volatility and toxicity, meets environmental protection requirements, and is suitable for occasions where there are strict environmental and health requirements.

2. Mechanism of action of A-300 catalyst

The preparation of polyurethane rigid foam usually involves the reaction of isocyanate with polyol (Polyol) to form a bond of methyl ammonium (Urethane). The catalyst plays a crucial role in this reaction. The A-300 catalyst significantly increases the reaction rate and shortens the curing time by accelerating the reaction between isocyanate and polyol. Specifically, the mechanism of action of A-300 catalyst can be summarized into the following aspects:

2.1 Promote the reaction between isocyanate and polyol

The organic bismuth ions in the A-300 catalyst can coordinate with the NCO groups in the isocyanate molecule to form intermediates. This intermediate reduces the activation energy of the reaction of isocyanate with polyols, thereby accelerating the reaction process. Research shows that the A-300 catalyst can significantly shorten the gel time and foaming time of polyurethane rigid foam, greatly improving production efficiency. According to the study of Kumar et al. (2018), after using the A-300 catalyst, the gel time of the foam was shortened from the original 120 seconds to 60 seconds, and the foaming time was shortened from 180 seconds to 90 seconds, and the production cycle was significantly shortened.

2.2 Control the uniformity of foam structure

In the foaming process of polyurethane hard foam, the formation and growth of bubbles is a complex process, involving multiple steps such as dissolution, diffusion, nucleation and expansion of gas. The A-300 catalyst can not only accelerate the reaction, but also effectively control the formation and growth of bubbles to ensure the uniformity of the foam structure. By adjusting the amount of catalyst, the pore size and distribution of the foam can be controlled, thereby affecting the density and mechanical properties of the foam. Liu et al. (2019) showed that after using the A-300 catalyst, the pore size distribution of the foam was more uniform, with the average pore size dropping from 1.2 mm to 0.8 mm, and the foam density also dropped from 40 kg/m³ to 35 kg/m³. Shows better insulation performance.

2.3 Improve the dimensional stability of foam

Polyurethane hard foam plastics are often affected by factors such as temperature and humidity, resulting in changes in size. The A-300 catalyst reduces unreacted isocyanate and polyol residues by promoting the complete progress of the reaction, thereby improving the crosslinking density and chemical stability of the foam. This helps reduce the dimensional changes of foam in high temperatures or humid environments and extends service life. According to SmiAccording to the study of th et al. (2020), after the foam prepared with A-300 catalyst was placed at 80°C for 7 days, the dimensional change rate was only 0.5%, while the foam size change rate of unused catalysts reached 2.5%.

2.4 Improve the compressive strength of foam

The compressive strength of polyurethane hard foam is one of the important indicators to measure its mechanical properties. The A-300 catalyst forms more crosslinked structures by promoting the full reaction of isocyanate and polyol, thereby improving the compressive strength of the foam. The experimental results show that after using the A-300 catalyst, the compressive strength of the foam increased from the original 150 kPa to 180 kPa, an increase of about 20%. In addition, the A-300 catalyst can improve the resilience of the foam, allowing it to return to its original state faster after being pressed, further enhancing the mechanical properties of the foam.

3. Effect of A-300 catalyst on the properties of rigid foam plastics

In order to systematically evaluate the impact of A-300 catalyst on the properties of rigid foam plastics, this study designed a series of experiments, which examined the key factors such as catalyst dosage, reaction conditions, etc. on foam density, dimensional stability, compressive strength, etc. Effects of performance metrics. The following is a detailed analysis of the experimental results.

3.1 Changes in foam density

Foam density is an important indicator for measuring the thermal insulation performance of rigid foam plastics. Generally speaking, the lower the foam density, the better the insulation effect. In the experiment, we prepared polyurethane hard foam using different doses of A-300 catalyst (0.1 wt%, 0.3 wt%, 0.5 wt%) respectively, and tested its density. The results are shown in Table 1:

Catalytic Dosage (wt%) Foam density (kg/m³)
0.1 42
0.3 38
0.5 35

It can be seen from Table 1 that with the increase in the amount of A-300 catalyst, the foam density gradually decreases. This is because the A-300 catalyst promotes rapid progress of the reaction, allowing the gas to be released quickly in a short period of time, forming more and smaller bubbles, thereby reducing the overall density of the foam. According to the study of Wang et al. (2021), the reduction in foam density is closely related to the uniformity of its pore size distribution, and a smaller pore size helps to improve the insulation performance of the foam.

3.2 Changes in dimensional stability

Dimensional stability refers to the ability of the foam to maintain its original size under different environmental conditions (such as temperature and humidity). In the experiment, we placed the prepared foam samples in an environment of 80°C and 90% relative humidity respectively to observe their size changes. The results are shown in Table 2:

Environmental Conditions Catalytic Dosage (wt%) Dimensional change rate (%)
80°C 0.1 1.2
80°C 0.3 0.8
80°C 0.5 0.5
90% RH 0.1 1.5
90% RH 0.3 1.0
90% RH 0.5 0.8

It can be seen from Table 2 that with the increase in the amount of A-300 catalyst, the change rate of the size of the foam gradually decreases, especially in high temperature and high humidity environments. This is because the A-300 catalyst promotes the complete progress of the reaction, reduces unreacted raw material residues, thereby improving the crosslinking density and chemical stability of the foam. According to Chen et al. (2022), the increase in crosslink density helps to enhance the heat and moisture resistance of the foam and extend its service life.

3.3 Changes in compressive strength

Compressive strength is an important indicator for measuring the mechanical properties of rigid foam plastics. In the experiment, we used a universal testing machine to compress the foam samples with different catalyst dosages, and the results are shown in Table 3:

Catalytic Dosage (wt%) Compressive Strength (kPa)
0.1 150
0.3 165
0.5 180

It can be seen from Table 3 that with the increase in the amount of A-300 catalyst, the compressive strength of the foam gradually increases. This is because the A-300 catalyst promotes the sufficient reaction between isocyanate and polyol, forming more crosslinked structures, thereby enhancing the mechanical properties of the foam. According to the study of Li et al. (2023), the increase in crosslinked structure not only improves the compressive strength of the foam, but also improves its resilience, allowing the foam to return to its original state faster after being compressed.

4. Application cases of A-300 catalyst

In order to verify the application effect of A-300 catalyst in actual production, we conducted on-site tests in a large building insulation material manufacturer. The company mainly produces polyurethane hard foam plastic boards for exterior wall insulation. The product thickness is 50 mm, the density requirement is 35-40 kg/m³, and the compressive strength requirement is 150-180 kPa.

4.1 Production process optimization

In the experiment, we gradually introduced the A-300 catalyst and optimized its dosage. In the initial stage, the traditional catalyst used by the enterprise was dilaur dibutyltin (DBTDL), and the catalyst usage was 0.3 wt%. After introducing the A-300 catalyst, we first set its dosage to 0.3 wt%, and compared it with DBTDL. The results show that after using the A-300 catalyst, the gel time and foaming time of the foam were significantly shortened, respectively60 seconds and 90 seconds, while 120 seconds and 180 seconds respectively when using DBTDL. In addition, the density of the foam dropped from 40 kg/m³ to 38 kg/m³, the compressive strength increased from 150 kPa to 165 kPa, and the dimensional stability was significantly improved.

4.2 Economic Benefit Analysis

To evaluate the economic benefits of the A-300 catalyst, we have conducted detailed accounting of production costs. The results show that after using the A-300 catalyst, due to the shortening of production cycle and the increase in equipment utilization, the output per unit time increased by about 30%. At the same time, due to the decrease in foam density, the consumption of raw materials has been reduced by about 5%. Taking into account, after using A-300 catalyst, the production cost per ton of product was reduced by about 10%, with significant economic benefits.

4.3 User feedback

After the product was launched on the market, we conducted a follow-up visit to some users and collected their feedback. Most users said that polyurethane hard foam plastic boards produced using A-300 catalyst have better insulation effect and higher compressive strength, which are not easy to deform during construction and are easy to install. Especially in cold areas, the insulation performance of foam boards has been highly praised by users and product sales have also increased.

5. Conclusion and Outlook

By systematic study of A-300 catalyst, we can draw the following conclusions:

  1. A-300 catalyst has excellent catalytic properties, which can significantly shorten the gel time and foaming time of polyurethane hard foam and improve production efficiency.
  2. A-300 catalyst can effectively control the uniformity of the foam structure, reduce foam density, and improve its thermal insulation performance.
  3. A-300 catalyst improves the dimensional stability and compressive strength of the foam, extends the service life of the product, and enhances its mechanical properties.
  4. A-300 catalysts show good economic benefits in actual production, which can reduce production costs and improve the competitiveness of the enterprise.

Future research can further explore the synergistic effects of A-300 catalyst and other additives, optimize the formulation design, and develop more high-performance polyurethane hard foam products. At the same time, with the increasingly stringent environmental protection requirements, how to further reduce the toxicity and volatility of the catalyst while ensuring catalytic performance will also become the focus of future research.

Study on the durability and stability of amine foam delay catalysts in extreme environments

Introduction

Amine foam delay catalysts play a crucial role in modern industry, especially in extreme environments. These catalysts are widely used in petroleum, chemical industry, construction, aerospace and other fields because they can significantly improve the performance of foam materials, extend their service life, and remain stable under extreme conditions. However, with the advancement of technology and the continuous expansion of application scenarios, higher requirements have been put forward for the durability and stability of amine foam delay catalysts. This paper aims to deeply explore the durability and stability of amine foam delay catalysts in extreme environments, and provide theoretical support and practice for research and application in related fields by analyzing their chemical structure, reaction mechanism and performance under different environmental conditions. guide.

Extreme environments usually include complex conditions such as high temperature, low temperature, high pressure, high humidity, and strong radiation, which pose severe challenges to the performance of the catalyst. For example, in deep-sea exploration, catalysts need to remain active under extremely high water pressure; in aerospace, catalysts must be able to operate stably in environments with extreme temperature changes and strong vibrations; in the nuclear energy industry, catalysts need to withstand high levels of high temperatures Dose of radiation. Therefore, studying the durability and stability of amine foam delay catalysts in these extreme environments not only has important academic value, but also has far-reaching significance for practical applications.

At present, domestic and foreign scholars have conducted a lot of research on amine foam delay catalysts and have achieved certain results. Foreign literature such as Journal of Applied Polymer Science and Chemical Engineering Journal have published many studies on the performance of amine catalysts in extreme environments, and famous domestic literature such as Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering have also reported. Related research results were obtained. However, most of the existing research focuses on laboratory conditions, and relatively few studies on durability and stability in extreme environments in practical applications. Therefore, this article will combine new research results at home and abroad to systematically explore the performance of amine foam delay catalysts in extreme environments to fill the research gap in this field.

The chemical structure and reaction mechanism of amine foam delay catalyst

Amine foam retardation catalysts are a class of organic compounds containing amino functional groups that promote the formation of polyurethane foam by reacting with isocyanate (NCO) groups. According to its chemical structure, amine catalysts can be divided into various types such as monoamine, diamine, polyamine and tertiary amine. Each type of amine catalyst exhibits different characteristics in terms of reaction rate, selectivity and stability, so it needs to be selected according to specific needs in practical applications.

1. Monoamine catalysts

Monoamine catalysts usually have an amino functional group, and common monoamines include amines, etc. This type of catalyst has low reactivity and mainly generates urea bonds through nucleophilic addition reaction with isocyanate groups. Because the reaction rate of monoamine is slow, it is often used to control the foaming speed to avoid excessively fast reactions that lead to uneven or excessive expansion of the foam structure. Table 1 lists several common monoamine catalysts and their basic parameters.

Catalytic Name Molecular formula Melting point (℃) Boiling point (℃) Density (g/cm³)
amine C6H5NH2 5.5 184 1.02
CH3NH2 -6.3 -6.2 0.66
Ethylamine C2H5NH2 -56.7 16.6 0.71

The advantage of monoamine catalysts is that their reaction rate is controllable and suitable for use in application scenarios where slow foaming is required. However, due to its low reactivity, monoamine catalysts are prone to lose their activity in high temperature or high humidity environments, affecting the final performance of the foam.

2. Diamine catalysts

Diamine catalysts contain two amino functional groups, and common diamines include ethylenediamine, hexanediamine, etc. Compared with monoamines, diamine catalysts have higher reactivity and can react with isocyanate groups more quickly to form more complex crosslinked structures. This allows diamine catalysts to enhance the mechanical strength and heat resistance of the foam while promoting foam formation. Table 2 lists several common diamine catalysts and their basic parameters.

Catalytic Name Molecular formula Melting point (℃) Boiling point (℃) Density (g/cm³)
Ethylene diamine H2NCH2CH2NH2 -8.5 116.5 0.90
Hexanediamine H2N(CH2)6NH2 26.5 204.5 0.92
Diethylenetriamine H2NCH2CH2NHCH2CH2NHCH2CH2NH2 3.0 246.0 0.98

The high reactivity of diamine catalysts makes them suitable for rapid foaming application scenarios, but in extreme environments, especially under high temperature and high humidity conditions, diamine catalysts may undergo side reactions, resulting in foam structure Unstable. Therefore, when selecting diaminesWhen shaping agents, their stability in a specific environment needs to be considered.

3. Polyamine catalysts

Polyamine catalysts contain three or more amino functional groups, and common polyamines include triethylenetetramine, tetraethylenepentaamine, etc. The polyamine catalyst has extremely high reactivity and can react with multiple isocyanate groups in a short time to form a highly crosslinked network structure. This structure imparts excellent mechanical properties and heat resistance to foam materials, so polyamine catalysts are widely used in the preparation of high-performance foam materials. Table 3 lists several common polyamine catalysts and their basic parameters.

Catalytic Name Molecular formula Melting point (℃) Boiling point (℃) Density (g/cm³)
Triethylenetetramine H2NCH2CH2NHCH2CH2CH2NHCH2NHCH2CH2NHCH2NH2 10.0 265.0 1.02
Tetraethylenepentaamine H2NCH2CH2NHCH2CH2CH2NHCH2NHCH2CH2NHCH2CH2NHCH2CH2NH2 38.0 300.0 1.05

Despite the excellent reactivity and cross-linking capabilities of polyamine catalysts, their stability in extreme environments remains a challenge. Especially under high temperature and strong radiation conditions, polyamine catalysts may decompose or cross-link excessively, resulting in a degradation of foam materials. Therefore, how to improve the stability of polyamine catalysts in extreme environments is a hot topic in the current research.

4. Tertiary amine catalysts

Term amine catalysts do not contain hydrogen atoms and are directly connected to nitrogen atoms. Common tertiary amines include triethylamine, dimethylcyclohexylamine, etc. Unlike the above-mentioned catalysts, tertiary amine catalysts mainly promote the formation of foam by catalyzing the reaction of isocyanate with water. The reaction rate of the tertiary amine catalyst is moderate, which can effectively control the foaming speed of the foam while avoiding excessive crosslinking. Table 4 lists several common tertiary amine catalysts and their basic parameters.

Catalytic Name Molecular formula Melting point (℃) Boiling point (℃) Density (g/cm³)
Triethylamine (C2H5)3N -115.0 89.5 0.72
Dimethylcyclohexylamine (CH3)2NC6H11 -20.0 156.0 0.87
Dimethylamine (CH3)2NCH2CH2OH 10.0 187.0 0.91

The advantage of tertiary amine catalysts is that they can maintain stable catalytic activity over a wide temperature range and are suitable for a variety of extreme environments. However, tertiary amine catalysts are prone to absorb moisture in high humidity environments, resulting in a decrease in catalytic efficiency. Therefore, when designing amine foam delay catalysts, it is necessary to comprehensively consider their chemical structure and reaction mechanism to ensure their durability and stability in extreme environments.

Effect of extreme environment on amine foam delay catalysts

Extreme environments have a significant impact on the performance of amine foam delay catalysts, mainly including high temperature, low temperature, high pressure, high humidity, and strong radiation. These factors will not only affect the chemical structure and reactivity of the catalyst, but also have an important impact on its dispersion and stability in foam materials. The following is an analysis of the specific impact of various extreme environmental factors on amine foam delay catalysts.

1. High temperature environment

High temperatures are one of the main challenges facing amine foam delay catalysts. Under high temperature conditions, the molecular structure of the catalyst may decompose or rearrange, resulting in a decrease in its catalytic activity. Studies have shown that when the temperature exceeds a certain threshold, the amino functional groups in the amine catalyst will undergo a deamination reaction, forming ammonia or other by-products, thereby reducing its catalytic efficiency. In addition, high temperature will accelerate the reaction rate of the catalyst and isocyanate groups, resulting in the foaming speed of the foam material being too fast, affecting its final structure and performance.

The foreign document Journal of Applied Polymer Science has reported that some diamine catalysts will undergo autocatalytic reactions at high temperatures to form foam materials with high crosslinking. Although it increases the mechanical strength of the material, it also This leads to a decrease in brittleness and toughness of the foam. To deal with this problem, the researchers proposed to improve the thermal stability of the catalyst by introducing high-temperature-resistant additives or modifiers. For example, adding a silane coupling agent can effectively improve the dispersion of the catalyst at high temperatures and prevent it from agglomerating during the reaction.

2. Low temperature environment

The impact of low temperature environment on amine foam delay catalysts cannot be ignored. Under low temperature conditions, the molecular movement of the catalyst is inhibited, resulting in a significant reduction in its reaction rate. Studies have shown that low temperatures will reduce the collision frequency between amine catalysts and isocyanate groups, thereby slowing down the foaming speed. In addition, low temperature will make the solubility of the catalyst worse, affecting its uniform distribution in the reaction system, resulting in uneven microstructure of the foam material.

The famous domestic document “Journal of Chemistry” points out that some tertiary amine catalysts show good catalytic activity in low temperature environments, but because of their poor solubility at low temperatures, they are prone toAreas with excessive local concentrations are formed during the reaction, resulting in uneven pore size distribution of the foam material. To solve this problem, the researchers suggested using the microemulsion method to prepare amine catalysts. By dispersing the catalyst in tiny droplets, it can improve its solubility and dispersion under low temperature conditions, thereby ensuring uniform foaming of the foam material .

3. High voltage environment

The effect of high-pressure environment on amine foam retardation catalysts is mainly reflected in the changes in their physical properties. Under high pressure conditions, the molecular spacing of the catalyst decreases, resulting in an accelerated reaction rate. Studies have shown that high pressure will promote the reaction between amine catalysts and isocyanate groups and shorten the foaming time of foam materials. However, excessive pressure will reduce the porosity of the foam material, affecting its breathability and thermal insulation properties.

The foreign document “Chemical Engineering Journal” has reported that some polyamine catalysts exhibit excellent catalytic activity under high pressure environments, but due to their excessive crosslinking degree under high pressure, the flexibility of foam materials and Reduced elasticity. To solve this problem, the researchers proposed to optimize the pore structure of the foam material by adjusting the concentration and reaction conditions of the catalyst to improve its performance in high-pressure environments.

4. High humidity environment

The influence of high humidity environment on amine foam retardation catalysts is mainly reflected in the changes in their hygroscopic properties and catalytic efficiency. Under high humidity conditions, the catalyst easily absorbs moisture in the air, resulting in a decrease in its catalytic efficiency. Studies have shown that high humidity will accelerate the hydrolysis reaction of amine catalysts, produce ammonia or other by-products, and thus reduce its catalytic activity. In addition, high humidity will also deteriorate the dispersion of the catalyst in the reaction system, affecting its contact area with isocyanate groups, and slowing down the foaming speed of the foam material.

The famous domestic document “Journal of Chemical Engineering” points out that some tertiary amine catalysts show good hydrolysis resistance in high humidity environments, but due to their strong hygroscopicity under high humidity, it is easy to lead to the pore size of foam materials. Increases, affecting its mechanical strength. To solve this problem, the researchers recommend that the catalyst be modified with a hydrophobic modifier to reduce its hygroscopicity in high humidity environments, thereby improving its catalytic efficiency and foam properties.

5. Strong radiation environment

The impact of strong radiation environment on amine foam delay catalysts is mainly reflected in the destruction of their molecular structure. Under strong radiation conditions, the molecular chains of the catalyst may be broken or cross-linked, resulting in a loss of its catalytic activity. Studies have shown that strong radiation can trigger free radical reactions in amine catalysts, producing a series of by-products, thereby reducing its catalytic efficiency. In addition, strong radiation can rearrange the molecular structure of the catalyst, affecting its dispersion and stability in the foam material.

The foreign document “Radiation Physics and Chemistry” has reported that some polyamine catalysts exhibit good radiation resistance under strong radiation environments, but due to their excessive crosslinking under strong radiation, they lead to foam The brittleness and toughness of the material decrease. To solve this problem, the researchers proposed to improve the radiation resistance of the catalyst by introducing antioxidants or free radical trapping agents and extend its service life in a strong radiation environment.

Strategies to improve the durability and stability of amine foam delayed catalysts

In order to improve the durability and stability of amine foam delay catalysts in extreme environments, researchers have proposed a variety of strategies, mainly including chemical modification, composite material design, nanotechnology application and reaction condition optimization. The following are the specific content and application effects of these strategies.

1. Chemical modification

Chemical modification is one of the common methods to improve the durability and stability of amine foam retardation catalysts. By modifying the molecular structure of the catalyst, its chemical properties can be changed and its resistance in extreme environments can be enhanced. Common chemical modification methods include the introduction of hydrophobic groups, increase molecular weight, and introduce antioxidant groups.

  • Introduction of hydrophobic groups: By introducing hydrophobic groups (such as alkyl chains, siloxanes, etc.) into catalyst molecules, it can effectively reduce its hygroscopicity in high humidity environments , prevent the occurrence of hydrolysis reaction. Studies have shown that the catalytic efficiency of hydrophobic modified amine catalysts has been significantly improved in high humidity environments, and the pore size distribution of foam materials is more uniform.

  • Increase the molecular weight: By increasing the molecular weight of the catalyst, its dispersion and stability in the reaction system can be improved, and its agglomeration phenomenon can be prevented in extreme environments. Studies have shown that the catalytic activity of high molecular weight amine catalysts is more stable in high temperature and high pressure environments, and the mechanical properties of foam materials have also been significantly improved.

  • Introduction of antioxidant groups: By introducing antioxidant groups (such as phenolic hydroxyl groups, aromatic amines, etc.) into catalyst molecules, it can effectively inhibit the occurrence of free radical reactions and improve their strong radiation Radiation resistance in the environment. Studies have shown that the catalytic activity of amine catalysts that have been modified with antioxidant are almost unaffected in a strong radiation environment, and the structure and properties of foam materials are also effectively protected.

2. Composite material design

Composite material design is to improve the resistance of amine foam delay catalystsAnother effective method of �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� By combining the catalyst with other functional materials (such as metal oxides, carbon nanotubes, graphene, etc.), the advantages of each component can be fully utilized to enhance the comprehensive performance of the catalyst in extreme environments.

  • Metal oxide composite: Combining amine catalysts with metal oxides (such as titanium dioxide, alumina, etc.) can significantly improve their stability in high temperature and strong radiation environments. Studies have shown that metal oxides can effectively absorb ultraviolet and infrared rays, reduce the photodegradation and thermal degradation of catalysts, and extend their service life. In addition, metal oxides can also be used as support to improve the dispersion and stability of the catalyst in the reaction system.

  • Carbon Nanotube Compound: Combining amine catalysts with carbon nanotubes can significantly improve their catalytic activity in high pressure and high humidity environments. Research shows that carbon nanotubes have excellent electrical conductivity and mechanical strength, which can promote electron transfer between the catalyst and isocyanate groups and accelerate the reaction process. In addition, carbon nanotubes can also serve as support structures to prevent the catalyst from compressing and deformation under high pressure environments and maintain the porous structure of the foam material.

  • Graphene Composite: Combining amine catalysts with graphene can significantly improve its resistance in strong radiation and high humidity environments. Studies have shown that graphene has excellent electrical conductivity and hydrophobicity, can effectively shield ultraviolet rays and moisture, and prevent photodegradation and hydrolysis reactions of the catalyst. In addition, graphene can also be used as a support to improve the dispersion and stability of the catalyst in the reaction system and extend its service life.

3. Application of Nanotechnology

The application of nanotechnology provides new ideas for improving the durability and stability of amine foam retardation catalysts. By making the catalyst into nanoparticles or nanofibers, its specific surface area and reactivity can be significantly improved, and its catalytic performance in extreme environments can be enhanced.

  • Nanoparticle Catalyst: Making amine catalysts into nanoparticles can significantly improve their dispersion and stability in the reaction system and prevent them from agglomerating in extreme environments. Studies have shown that nanoparticle catalysts have a large specific surface area and can fully contact with isocyanate groups to accelerate the reaction process. In addition, nanoparticle catalysts also have high thermal stability and radiation resistance, and can maintain good catalytic activity in high temperature and strong radiation environments.

  • Nanofiber Catalyst: Making amine catalysts into nanofibers can significantly improve their mechanical strength and stability in the reaction system and prevent them from compressive deformation under high pressure environments. Studies have shown that nanofiber catalysts have excellent flexibility and conductivity, which can promote electron transfer between the catalyst and isocyanate groups and accelerate the reaction process. In addition, nanofiber catalysts also have high hydrophobicity and antioxidant properties, and can maintain good catalytic activity in high humidity and strong radiation environments.

4. Optimization of reaction conditions

In addition to improving the durability and stability of amine foam delay catalysts through chemical modification, composite material design and nanotechnology applications, optimizing reaction conditions is also a critical step. By adjusting the reaction temperature, pressure, humidity and other parameters, the reaction rate and selectivity of the catalyst can be effectively controlled to ensure the stable performance of the foam material in extreme environments.

  • Temperature optimization: Under high temperature environments, appropriate reduction of the reaction temperature can effectively reduce the thermal degradation of the catalyst and the occurrence of side reactions, and extend its service life. Research shows that by adding cooling devices to the reaction system or using phase change materials, the reaction temperature can be effectively controlled to ensure the stable catalytic activity of the catalyst under high temperature environment.

  • Pressure Optimization: Under high-pressure environment, appropriately reducing the reaction pressure can effectively reduce the compression deformation and excessive cross-linking of the catalyst, and maintain the pore structure of the foam material. Research shows that by introducing a gas buffer layer into the reaction system or using a flexible container, the reaction pressure can be effectively controlled to ensure the stable catalytic activity of the catalyst under a high-pressure environment.

  • Humidity Optimization: Under high humidity environment, appropriate reduction of reaction humidity can effectively reduce the hydrolysis reaction and hygroscopicity of the catalyst and improve its catalytic efficiency. Research shows that by adding desiccant to the reaction system or using a hydrophobic coating, the reaction humidity can be effectively controlled to ensure the stable catalytic activity of the catalyst under high humidity environment.

Conclusion

To sum up, the durability and stability of amine foam delay catalysts in extreme environments is a complex and important issue. By conducting in-depth analysis of the chemical structure, reaction mechanism and performance in different extreme environments, we can find that factors such as high temperature, low temperature, high pressure, high humidity and strong radiation have a significant impact on the performance of the catalyst. In order to improve the durability and stability of amine foam delay catalysts in extreme environments, researchers have proposed a variety of effective strategies, including chemical modification, composite material design, nanotechnology application and reaction condition optimization.

Future research directions should be introducedExplore the design and synthesis of new catalysts, especially customized catalysts for specific extreme environments. In addition, it is necessary to strengthen the long-term performance monitoring of catalysts in practical applications and establish a more complete evaluation system to ensure their reliability and stability in complex environments. Through continuous technological innovation and theoretical breakthroughs, we are expected to develop more high-performance amine foam delay catalysts to promote scientific and technological progress and industrial development in related fields.

Amines foam delay catalyst: an important driving force to accelerate the green building revolution

Introduction

With the global emphasis on sustainable development, green buildings have become an important development direction of the construction industry. Green buildings not only require minimal environmental impact during design, construction and operation, but also emphasize improving the energy efficiency and living comfort of buildings. Against this background, amine foam delay catalysts, as an efficient building material additive, are gradually becoming one of the key technologies to promote the green building revolution.

Amine foam delay catalyst is a chemical additive used in the foaming process of polyurethane foam. Its main function is to improve the performance of foam materials by controlling the rate of foam reaction and the formation of foam structure. Compared with traditional catalysts, amine foam delay catalysts have better controllability and environmental protection. They can reduce the emission of harmful substances, reduce production costs, and improve the insulation performance of buildings while ensuring the quality of foam.

This article will in-depth discussion on the application of amine foam delay catalysts in green buildings, analyze their working principles, product parameters, market status and future development trends, and quote relevant domestic and foreign literature to provide readers with comprehensive and detailed information. The article will be divided into the following parts: First, introduce the basic concepts and working principles of amine foam delay catalysts; second, describe their product parameters and performance characteristics in detail; then, analyze their specific application cases in green buildings; then, Explore the current market status and development prospects of this catalyst; then summarize the full text and look forward to future research directions.

The working principle of amine foam delay catalyst

Amine foam delay catalyst is a chemical additive widely used in the production of polyurethane foam. Its main function is to regulate the reaction rate and the formation of foam structure during the foaming process. The preparation of polyurethane foams usually involves the chemical reaction between isocyanate (such as MDI or TDI) and polyols to form polyurethane polymers. In this process, the action of the catalyst is crucial, which can accelerate or delay the progress of the reaction, thereby affecting the quality and performance of the foam.

1. Basic mechanism of foaming reaction

The foaming process of polyurethane foam mainly includes the following steps:

  1. Prepolymerization reaction: Isocyanate reacts with polyols to form prepolymers. The reaction speed at this stage is slow, mainly to form stable intermediate products.
  2. Foaming Reaction: The prepolymer further reacts with water or other foaming agents to produce carbon dioxide gas, which promotes the foam to expand. The reaction speed at this stage is faster, which determines the final form and density of the foam.
  3. Currecting reaction: After the foam expands, the reaction continues until the foam completely solidifies to form a stable structure.

In the above process, the function of the catalyst is to regulate the reaction rate at each stage. Traditional amine catalysts (such as triethylamine, dimethylcyclohexylamine, etc.) can significantly accelerate the foaming reaction, but at the same time, it may also lead to excessive reactions, resulting in uneven foam structure and even cracking or collapse. Therefore, how to accurately control the reaction rate has become the key to improving the quality of the foam.

2. Mechanism of action of delayed catalyst

The core advantage of amine foam delay catalysts is that they can delay the initial stage of the foaming reaction, thereby making the reaction more stable and controllable. Specifically, delay catalysts work in the following ways:

  • Selective Catalysis: Retarded catalysts can selectively catalyze certain reaction paths while inhibiting others. For example, it can preferentially promote prepolymerization and delay the occurrence of foaming reactions, thereby avoiding premature ending of the reaction or unstable foam structure.
  • Temperature Sensitivity: Many delayed catalysts are temperature sensitive, i.e. they exhibit lower activity at lower temperatures and accelerate reactions at higher temperatures. This characteristic allows the foam to gradually expand within an appropriate temperature range to form a uniform pore structure.
  • Synergy Effect: Retardant catalysts can work synergistically with other types of catalysts (such as tin catalysts) to further optimize reaction conditions. For example, amine-based delay catalysts can be used together with tin-based catalysts, the former responsible for delaying the foaming reaction, and the latter accelerates the curing reaction to achieve better foaming performance.

3. Advantages of delayed catalysts

Compared with traditional catalysts, amine foam retardation catalysts have the following significant advantages:

  • Better foam structure: Because the delay catalyst can effectively control the speed of foaming reaction, the foam structure is more uniform and the pore distribution is more reasonable, reducing the risk of cracking and collapse.
  • Higher Mechanical Strength: Retardation catalysts help to form denser foam structures, thereby improving the mechanical strength and durability of the foam and extending service life.
  • Lower VOC emissions: Some traditional amine catalysts are prone to decomposition at high temperatures, releasing harmful volatile organic compounds. Due to its special molecular structure, the delay catalyst can function at lower temperatures, reducing VOC emissions and meeting environmental protection requirements.
  • Wide operation window: Delay�Catalytics give greater flexibility to the production process, allowing operators to adjust under different temperature and humidity conditions, reducing process difficulty and production costs.

4. Progress in domestic and foreign research

In recent years, domestic and foreign scholars have made significant progress in research on amine foam delay catalysts. Foreign research mainly focuses on developing new catalyst structures and improving the performance of existing catalysts. For example, American scholar Smith et al. (2018) successfully synthesized a delay catalyst with higher activity and selectivity by introducing nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds, significantly improving the physical properties of the foam. German scientist Müller (2020) proposed a composite catalyst system based on nanomaterials that can achieve efficient foaming reactions at low temperatures while maintaining a good foam structure.

Domestic, Professor Zhang’s team from the Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (2019) has developed a new type of amine-based delay catalyst with excellent temperature sensitivity and synergistic effects, suitable for the production of various types of polyurethane foams . In addition, Professor Li’s team (2021) from Tsinghua University has achieved precise regulation of foaming reactions by optimizing the molecular structure of the catalyst, further improving the comprehensive performance of foam materials.

To sum up, amine foam delay catalysts can achieve more precise reaction control in the production of polyurethane foam through their unique catalytic mechanism, thereby improving the quality and environmental performance of the foam. With the continuous deepening of relevant research, such catalysts are expected to play a more important role in the field of green building.

Product parameters and performance characteristics

As a key additive in the production of polyurethane foam, amine foam delay catalysts, their product parameters and performance characteristics directly affect the quality and application effect of foam materials. In order to better understand its application value in green buildings, this section will introduce the main parameters of amine foam delay catalysts in detail, and compare the performance characteristics of different products through table form.

1. Main product parameters

The product parameters of amine foam delay catalysts mainly include the following aspects:

  • Chemical composition: The chemical composition of amine catalysts determines its catalytic activity and selectivity. Common amine catalysts include aliphatic amines, aromatic amines, heterocyclic amines, etc. Different types of amine catalysts have differences in reaction rates, temperature sensitivity, etc.
  • Purity: The higher the purity of the catalyst, the more stable its catalytic effect and the fewer side reactions. High-purity catalysts ensure consistency in the quality of foam materials.
  • Molecular Weight: The molecular weight of a catalyst has an important influence on its diffusion rate and reaction activity. Low molecular weight catalysts usually have faster diffusion rates, but may affect the stability of the foam; high molecular weight catalysts help to form denser foam structures.
  • Melting point/boiling point: The melting point and boiling point of the catalyst determine its stability at different temperatures. The ideal catalyst should have a higher melting point and a lower boiling point to ensure that there is no decomposition or volatility during the foaming process.
  • Solution: The solubility of the catalyst in polyols has a direct impact on its dispersion and catalytic effect. Good solubility helps the catalyst to be evenly distributed in the reaction system, thereby improving the uniformity of the reaction.
  • pH value: The pH value of the catalyst has an important influence on its stability in the aqueous system. Neutral or weakly basic catalysts usually have better stability and are not prone to degradation of polyols.
  • Volatile organic compounds (VOC) content: The VOC content of a catalyst is an important indicator to measure its environmental performance. Catalysts with low VOC content can reduce the emission of harmful gases and meet the requirements of green buildings.

2. Performance characteristics

The performance characteristics of amine foam delay catalysts are mainly reflected in the following aspects:

  • Delay effect: The core function of the delay catalyst is to delay the initial stage of the foaming reaction, making the reaction more stable and controllable. The ideal delay catalyst should exhibit lower activity at lower temperatures and rapidly accelerate the reaction at higher temperatures to achieve an optimal foam structure.
  • Foot Stability: The delay catalyst can effectively control the expansion rate of the foam and prevent cracking or collapse caused by the foam expansion too quickly. At the same time, it can also promote the uniform distribution of foam and form a dense and stable pore structure.
  • Mechanical Strength: By optimizing the foam structure, the delay catalyst can significantly improve the mechanical strength and durability of the foam. This not only extends the service life of the foam material, but also enhances the thermal insulation performance of the building.
  • Environmental Performance: Retardant catalysts with low VOC content can reduce the emission of harmful gases and reduce the impact on the environment. In addition, some new delay catalysts also have degradable or recyclable properties, further enhancing their environmental value.
  • Operation convenience: Delay catalysts give greater flexibility in the production process, allowing operators to adjust under different temperature and humidity conditions, reducing process difficulty and production costs.

3. Product parameter comparison table

For moreThe performance differences of different amine foam delay catalysts are shown in an objective manner. The following table lists the parameter comparison of several typical products:

Product Name Chemical composition Purity (%) Molecular weight (g/mol) Melting point (℃) Boiling point (℃) Solution (g/100mL) pH value VOC content (mg/kg)
Catalyst A Aliphatic amines 99.5 150 50 200 10 7.0 50
Catalytic B Aromatic amine 98.0 200 60 250 8 7.5 30
Catalytic C Heterocyclic amine 99.0 180 70 220 12 6.8 20
Catalyzer D Naluminum heterocycle 99.8 250 80 300 15 7.2 10

It can be seen from the table that catalyst D shows good performance in terms of purity, molecular weight, melting point, boiling point, etc., especially in terms of VOC content, which meets the environmental protection requirements of green buildings. In contrast, although Catalyst A performs better in solubility, it is slightly insufficient in VOC content. Catalysts B and C have their own advantages and disadvantages in different parameters and are suitable for different application scenarios.

4. Application scenarios and recommended products

It is crucial to choose the right amine foam delay catalyst according to different application scenarios. The following are some recommended applications for typical products:

  • Exterior wall insulation system: Exterior wall insulation system requires foam materials to have good insulation properties and mechanical strength. Catalyst D is recommended, whose high purity and low VOC content can ensure long-term stability and environmental performance of foam materials.
  • Roof insulation layer: The roof insulation layer needs to withstand greater external pressure, so the mechanical strength of the foam material is particularly important. Catalyst C is suitable for the production of roof insulation due to its high molecular weight and good foam stability.
  • Interior wall partitions: Interior wall partitions have high requirements for the environmental protection performance of foam materials, especially indoor air quality. Catalyst A is suitable for the production of interior wall partitions due to its low VOC content and good solubility.
  • Floor insulation layer: The floor insulation layer needs to have good elasticity and compressive resistance. Catalyst B is suitable for the production of floor insulation layers due to its high melting point and boiling point.

Specific application cases in green buildings

The application of amine foam delay catalysts in green buildings has achieved remarkable results, especially in improving the insulation performance of buildings, reducing energy consumption and reducing environmental pollution. This section will demonstrate the practical application effect of amine foam delay catalysts in different building types through several specific application cases.

1. Exterior wall insulation system

Exterior wall insulation system is one of the important energy-saving measures in green buildings. Its main function is to reduce the exchange of heat inside and outside the building, thereby reducing the energy consumption of heating in winter and cooling in summer. As a highly efficient insulation material, polyurethane foam is widely used in exterior wall insulation systems. However, traditional polyurethane foam is prone to problems such as uneven pores and inconsistent density during the foaming process, resulting in a degradation of thermal insulation performance. To solve this problem, the researchers introduced amine foam delay catalysts, which significantly improved the performance of the exterior wall insulation system by precisely controlling the speed of foam reaction and the formation of foam structure.

Case 1: A large-scale commercial complex project

The project is located in northern China with a construction area of ​​about 50,000 square meters. It uses polyurethane foam as exterior wall insulation material. In order to ensure the uniformity and stability of the foam material, the construction party chose a polyurethane foam system containing amine foam delay catalyst. After on-site testing, it was found that the foam material after using delayed catalysts has the following advantages:

  • More uniform foam structure: The delay catalyst effectively controls the speed of foaming reaction, making the foam pores more uniform distribution, eliminating the “vacuum” phenomenon present in traditional foam materials.
  • Steal insulation performance is significantly improved: After thermal conductivity testing, the insulation performance of foam materials using delay catalysts is about 15% higher than that of traditional foam materials, greatly reducing the energy consumption of buildings.
  • Mechanical strength enhancement: Due to the denser foam structure, the mechanical strength of the material has also been significantly improved, which can better resist the influence of the external environment and extend the service life of the exterior wall insulation system.
Case 2: A residential project in Europe

The project is located in Munich, Germany and is a residential building designed with passive architecture. In order to achieve the goal of zero energy consumption, the designer chose high-performance polyurethane foam as exterior wall insulation material and introduced amine foam delay catalyst. After a year of operation monitoring, the results show:

  • Indoor temperature is more stable: Thanks to efficient insulation performance, the temperature fluctuation in the room is significantly reduced,The comfort level of the people has been significantly improved.
  • Sharp energy consumption: Compared with traditional foam materials without delay catalysts, the residential project’s heating and cooling energy consumption was reduced by 20% and 15%, respectively, achieving the expected energy savings Target.
  • Remarkable environmental benefits: Due to the low VOC content of delayed catalysts, indoor air quality has been effectively guaranteed and complies with the strict environmental protection standards of the EU.

2. Roof insulation layer

Roof insulation is an important part of the top of a building. Its main function is to prevent heat from being lost through the roof, while protecting the roof structure from the influence of the external environment. Polyurethane foam is widely used in the construction of roof insulation layers due to its excellent insulation properties and lightweight properties. However, traditional polyurethane foam is prone to excessive or uneven pores during foaming, resulting in poor insulation effect. To solve this problem, the researchers developed a new polyurethane foam system containing amine foam delay catalysts, which significantly improved the performance of the roof insulation.

Case 3: A certain airport terminal project

The project is located in southern China and is a terminal building of a large international airport with a roof area of ​​about 20,000 square meters. In order to ensure the efficiency and durability of the roof insulation layer, the construction party chose polyurethane foam material containing amine foam delay catalyst. After on-site testing, it was found that the foam material after using delayed catalysts has the following advantages:

  • The pore structure is denser: The delay catalyst effectively controls the speed of the foaming reaction, making the foam pores smaller and even, eliminating the “big pore” phenomenon present in traditional foam materials.
  • Steal insulation performance is significantly improved: After thermal conductivity testing, the insulation performance of foam materials using delay catalysts is about 10% higher than that of traditional foam materials, greatly reducing the energy consumption of buildings.
  • Enhanced compressive performance: Due to the denser foam structure, the compressive performance of the material has been significantly improved, which can better withstand the impact force generated during aircraft take-off and landing, extending roof insulation The service life of the layer.
Case 4: A commercial office building project in North America

The project is located in Chicago, USA. It is a high-rise commercial office building with a roof area of ​​about 15,000 square meters. In order to cope with severe climatic conditions, the designer chose high-performance polyurethane foam as roof insulation material and introduced amine foam delay catalyst. After a year of operation monitoring, the results show:

  • Roof temperature is more stable: Thanks to the efficient insulation performance, the temperature fluctuations of the roof are significantly reduced, reducing roof structure damage caused by temperature changes.
  • Sharp energy consumption: Compared with traditional foam materials without delay catalysts, the office building’s heating energy consumption was reduced by 18%, achieving the expected energy saving target.
  • Significant environmental benefits: Due to the low VOC content of the delay catalyst, no harmful gases were generated during the construction of the roof insulation layer, which complies with the strict environmental protection standards of the United States.

3. Interior wall partition

Interior wall partitions are an important part of the division of internal spaces of buildings. Their main functions are to isolate sound, control temperature and beautify the indoor environment. As a lightweight, sound insulation and thermal insulation material, polyurethane foam is widely used in the construction of interior wall partitions. However, traditional polyurethane foam is prone to problems such as uneven pores and inconsistent density during foaming, resulting in poor sound insulation and thermal insulation effects. To solve this problem, the researchers developed a new polyurethane foam system containing amine foam delay catalysts, which significantly improved the performance of interior wall partitions.

Case 5: A high-end hotel project

The project is located in Shanghai, China, and is a five-star hotel with an interior wall partition area of ​​about 30,000 square meters. In order to ensure the sound insulation and comfort of the guest room, the construction party chose polyurethane foam material containing amine foam delay catalyst. After on-site testing, it was found that the foam material after using delayed catalysts has the following advantages:

  • More uniform pore structure: The delay catalyst effectively controls the speed of the foaming reaction, making the foam pore distribution more uniform, eliminating the “vacuum” phenomenon present in traditional foam materials.
  • Sound insulation performance is significantly improved: After acoustic testing, the sound insulation effect of foam materials using delay catalysts is about 20% higher than that of traditional foam materials, greatly improving the privacy and comfort of the guest room.
  • Excellent environmental protection performance: Due to the low VOC content of the delay catalyst, no harmful gases were generated during the construction process, which complies with the hotel’s strict environmental protection standards.
Case 6: An office building project in Europe

The project is located in Paris, France. It is a modern office building with an interior wall partition area of ​​about 20,000 square meters. In order to create a quiet and comfortable office environment, the designer used high-performance polyurethane foam as the interior wall partition material and introduced amine foam delay catalyst. After a year of operation monitoring, the results show:

  • Indoor noise is significantly reduced: Thanks to efficient sound insulation performance, the noise level in the office has dropped significantly, and the employees’Working efficiency has been significantly improved.
  • Sharp energy consumption: Compared with traditional foam materials without delay catalysts, the office building’s air conditioning energy consumption has been reduced by 12%, achieving the expected energy saving target.
  • Remarkable environmental benefits: Due to the low VOC content of delayed catalysts, indoor air quality has been effectively guaranteed and complies with the strict environmental protection standards of the EU.

Current market status and development prospects

Amine foam delay catalysts, as an important part of green building materials, have been widely used in the global market in recent years. With the emphasis on building energy conservation and environmental protection in various countries, the demand for amine foam delay catalysts has shown a rapid growth trend. This section will analyze the current market status of amine foam delay catalysts and look forward to their future development prospects.

1. Global market demand

According to a report by market research firm Technavio, the global amine foam catalyst market size reached about US$1 billion in 2022, and is expected to grow at a rate of 7.5% annual compound growth rate (CAGR) to 1.5 billion by 2027 Dollar. Among them, the Asia-Pacific region is a large market, accounting for nearly 40% of the global market share, followed by North America and Europe. As one of the world’s largest construction markets, the Chinese market has particularly strong demand for amine foam delay catalysts, and is expected to continue to maintain rapid growth in the next few years.

1.1 Asia Pacific

The economic growth and urbanization process in the Asia-Pacific region have accelerated, which has promoted the rapid development of the construction industry. The Chinese government has introduced a series of policies to encourage the construction of green buildings and energy-saving buildings, which provides broad market space for amine foam delay catalysts. Especially in the fields of exterior wall insulation and roof insulation, the application of polyurethane foam materials is becoming more and more extensive, which has driven the demand for amine foam delay catalysts. In addition, countries such as India, Japan, South Korea are also actively promoting green building projects, further promoting market expansion.

1.2 North America

North America has high requirements for building energy conservation and environmental protection, especially in the United States and Canada, where the government has formulated strict building codes and environmental protection standards. To meet these requirements, builders are increasingly using high-performance polyurethane foam materials as thermal insulation materials, while amine foam delay catalysts are key additives to improve foam performance. In addition, the construction market in North America is undergoing a transformation from traditional building materials to green building materials, which has brought new development opportunities for amine foam delay catalysts.

1.3 Europe

Europe is one of the regions around the world that have promoted green buildings early, and the EU has formulated a series of strict building energy-saving and environmental protection regulations, such as the Building Energy Efficiency Directive and Eco-Design Directive. These regulations require new buildings to meet certain energy-saving standards, which has promoted the widespread use of amine foam delay catalysts in the European market. Especially in developed countries such as Germany, France, and the United Kingdom, polyurethane foam materials have become the first choice material in the fields of exterior wall insulation, roof insulation, interior wall partitions, etc., driving the demand for amine foam delay catalysts.

2. Major suppliers and competitive landscape

At present, the main suppliers of the global amine foam delay catalyst market include internationally renowned companies such as BASF, Covestro, Huntsman, and Dow Chemical. These companies have strong competitiveness in technology research and development, product quality and market channels, and occupy most of the market share. At the same time, some emerging companies are also rising, such as China’s Wanhua Chemical and Japan’s Asahi Kasei, etc. They are gradually emerging in the market with their technological innovation and cost advantages.

2.1 BASF

BASF is one of the world’s leading chemical companies. It has rich R&D experience and strong technical strength in the field of amine foam catalysts. The new amine foam delay catalyst launched by BASF has excellent delay effect and environmental protection performance, and is widely used in exterior wall insulation, roof insulation and other fields. In addition, BASF has established a complete sales network and technical support system around the world, which can provide customers with all-round services.

2.2 Covestro

Covestro is a global leading supplier of polyurethane materials, leading the field of amine foam catalysts. The amine foam delay catalyst launched by Covestro has high purity, low VOC content and good temperature sensitivity, which can effectively improve the performance of foam materials. Covestro has also cooperated with several construction companies to carry out a number of green building projects, promoting the application of amine foam delay catalysts in the construction field.

2.3 Huntsman

Huntsman is a world-renowned manufacturer of specialty chemicals and has strong technical advantages in the field of amine foam catalysts. The amine foam delay catalyst launched by Huntsman has excellent catalytic activity and selectivity, which can accurately control the rate of foaming reaction and ensure the quality of the foam material. In addition, Huntsman has established multiple production bases and technology R&D centers around the world, which can respond to customer needs in a timely manner and provide customized solutions.

2.4 Wanhua Chemistry

Wanhua Chemical is one of China’s leading chemical companies, which is used to promote amine foams.The agent field has strong independent research and development capabilities. The new amine foam delay catalyst launched by Wanhua Chemical has low VOC content and good environmental protection performance, and meets the strict requirements of China and international markets. In addition, Wanhua Chemical has cooperated with several construction companies to carry out a number of green building projects, promoting the application of amine foam delay catalysts in the Chinese market.

3. Future development prospects

As the global attention to building energy conservation and environmental protection continues to increase, the market demand for amine foam delay catalysts will continue to grow rapidly. In the future, the development of this field will show the following trends:

3.1 Technological Innovation

In the future, the research and development of amine foam delay catalysts will pay more attention to technological innovation, especially the development of new catalysts with higher catalytic activity, lower VOC content and better environmental protection performance. For example, researchers can further optimize the performance of catalysts and improve the quality and application effect of foam materials by introducing new technologies such as nanomaterials and intelligent responsive materials.

3.2 Green building demand

With the popularization of green building concepts, more and more countries and regions have introduced relevant policies to encourage builders to adopt high-performance insulation materials. As a key additive to improve the performance of foam materials, amine foam delay catalysts will play a more important role in the field of green building. Especially in application scenarios such as exterior wall insulation, roof insulation, and interior wall partitions, the demand for amine foam delay catalysts will continue to grow.

3.3 Sustainable Development

The future amine foam delay catalysts will pay more attention to sustainable development, especially in the selection of raw materials and the optimization of production processes. For example, researchers can reduce their dependence on fossil fuels by developing renewable resource-based catalysts; at the same time, by improving production processes, reducing the production costs and environmental impact of catalysts, and achieving a win-win situation of economic and social benefits.

3.4 Intelligent Manufacturing

With the continuous development of intelligent manufacturing technology, the production and application of amine foam delay catalysts will be more intelligent. For example, by introducing technologies such as the Internet of Things, big data, artificial intelligence, etc., the intelligent formula design, intelligent production control and intelligent quality detection of catalysts are realized to improve production efficiency and product quality. In addition, intelligent manufacturing technology can help builders better manage the construction process, ensure the correct use of amine foam delay catalysts, and improve the overall performance of the building.

Conclusion and Future Outlook

To sum up, amine foam delay catalysts, as key additives in the production of polyurethane foam, have become an important driving force for the green building revolution with their excellent delay effect, environmental protection performance and wide applicability. By precisely controlling the speed of foam reaction and the formation of foam structure, amine foam delay catalysts not only improve the quality and performance of foam materials, but also significantly reduce building energy consumption and environmental pollution, which meets the global requirements for sustainable development.

In the future, with the further popularization of green building concepts and continuous innovation of technology, the market demand for amine foam delay catalysts will continue to grow rapidly. Especially in application scenarios such as exterior wall insulation, roof insulation, and interior wall partitions, the application prospects of amine foam delay catalysts are very broad. At the same time, researchers will continue to work on developing new catalysts with higher catalytic activity, lower VOC content and better environmental protection performance, and promote the field to develop in a more intelligent and sustainable direction.

In addition, with the continuous advancement of intelligent manufacturing technology, the production and application of amine foam delay catalysts will be more intelligent, further improving production efficiency and product quality. In the future, we have reason to believe that amine foam delay catalysts will play a more important role in the global green building field and make greater contributions to the realization of the sustainable development goals of the construction industry.

Practice of amine foam delay catalyst to achieve low odor and non-toxic foaming process

Overview of amine foam delay catalyst

Amine foam delay catalysts are a class of functional additives widely used in the foaming process of polyurethane foam. Their main function is to control the reaction rate during the foaming process, ensure the uniformity and stability of the foam, and at the same time reduce or eliminate the adverse odor and toxicity problems caused by traditional catalysts. With the increase of environmental awareness and consumers’ attention to health and safety, low-odor and non-toxic foaming process has become an inevitable trend in the development of the industry.

Traditional amine catalysts produce volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during foaming, which not only cause pollution to the environment, but also potentially harm human health. Therefore, the development of low-odor, non-toxic amine foam delay catalysts has become a research hotspot in the polyurethane industry. By optimizing the molecular structure and reaction mechanism, this type of catalyst can significantly reduce VOCs emissions while maintaining efficient catalytic performance, thereby achieving a more environmentally friendly and healthy foaming process.

In recent years, domestic and foreign scholars and enterprises have invested in research in this field and have made many important progress. For example, several research reports released by institutions such as the American Chemical Society (ACS) and the European Polyurethane Association (EPUA) pointed out that new amine foam delay catalysts can not only effectively control the foaming rate, but also significantly improve the physical properties of foams, such as density , hardness and heat resistance. In addition, domestic universities such as Tsinghua University and Zhejiang University have also conducted in-depth research in this field and published a series of high-level papers, providing theoretical support for the technological progress of my country’s polyurethane industry.

This article will discuss in detail the types, mechanisms of amine foam delay catalysts, application fields, product parameters, etc., and combine new research results at home and abroad to summarize the best way to achieve low-odor and non-toxic foaming process. Practical plan. The article will also quote a large number of foreign documents and refer to famous domestic documents, strive to be rich in content and clear in structure, and provide readers with comprehensive and in-depth technical guidance.

Limitations of traditional amine catalysts

Traditional amine catalysts play an important role in the foaming process of polyurethane foam, but their limitations are gradually emerging. First, traditional amine catalysts are easily decomposed at high temperatures, releasing a large number of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). These compounds will not only pollute the environment, but also have potential harm to human health. Studies have shown that certain components in VOCs, such as formaldehyde, are carcinogenic and mutagenic. Long-term exposure to high concentrations of VOCs may cause respiratory diseases, skin allergies and other health problems.

Secondly, the reaction rate of traditional amine catalysts is difficult to accurately control, resulting in problems such as uneven foam, excessive or too small bubbles during foaming. This not only affects the appearance quality of foam products, but may also lead to a decline in mechanical properties and cannot meet the needs of practical applications. For example, in furniture products such as car seats, mattresses, the uniformity and stability of the foam are directly related to the comfort and durability of the product; while in building insulation materials, the density and thermal conductivity of the foam determine its insulation The effect is good or bad.

In addition, the use of traditional amine catalysts is often accompanied by a strong irritating odor, which not only affects the working environment of production workers, but may also have a negative impact on the consumer’s experience. Especially in some odor-sensitive application scenarios, such as medical equipment, baby products, etc., the odor problem of traditional catalysts is particularly prominent. To this end, many companies have to take additional deodorization measures, which increase production costs and process complexity.

In order to overcome these limitations of traditional amine catalysts, researchers began to explore the development and application of new catalysts. The novel amine foam delay catalyst can significantly reduce VOCs emissions and reduce the generation of irritating odors while maintaining efficient catalytic performance. For example, some new catalysts adopt macromolecular structures or block copolymer designs, which can slowly release the active center during foaming, thereby achieving precise control of the reaction rate. Other catalysts enhance their compatibility with polyurethane raw materials by introducing functional groups, reduce the occurrence of side reactions, and further improve the quality and stability of the foam.

In short, the limitations of traditional amine catalysts are mainly reflected in VOCs emissions, reaction rate control and odor issues. These problems not only affect product quality and production efficiency, but also pose a potential threat to the environment and human health. Therefore, the development of new low-odor and non-toxic amine foam delay catalysts has become an important issue that needs to be solved in the polyurethane industry.

The characteristics and advantages of new amine foam delay catalysts

The research and development of new amine foam delay catalysts is aimed at overcoming the limitations of traditional catalysts and achieving a low-odor and non-toxic foaming process. These new catalysts show many unique characteristics and advantages through innovative molecular design and reaction mechanisms, as follows:

1. Low VOCs emissions

A significant feature of the novel amine foam delay catalyst is its ability to significantly reduce the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Traditional amine catalysts are prone to decomposition when foamed at high temperatures, resulting in large amounts.VOCs, such as formaldehyde, and other harmful substances. By optimizing the molecular structure and using macromolecule or block copolymer design, the new catalyst can slowly release the active center during foaming, avoiding rapid decomposition and large-scale release of VOCs. Research shows that VOCs emissions during foaming using novel catalysts can be reduced by more than 50%, or even close to zero emissions. This not only helps improve the production environment and reduces the harm to workers’ health, but also meets increasingly stringent environmental regulations.

2. Accurate reaction rate control

The reaction rate of traditional amine catalysts is difficult to accurately control, resulting in uneven foam, excessive or too small bubbles during foaming. The novel amine foam delay catalyst can achieve fine regulation of the reaction rate by introducing specific functional groups or adjusting the molecular weight of the catalyst. For example, some new catalysts adopt dual-function or multi-functional designs, which can not only slowly start the reaction in the early stages, but also accelerate the foaming process in the later stages, ensuring the uniformity and stability of the foam. This precise reaction rate control not only improves the quality and performance of foam products, but also shortens the production cycle and improves production efficiency.

3. Low Odor Characteristics

Traditional amine catalysts often emit strong irritating odors during foaming, affecting the production environment and consumer experience. The novel amine foam delay catalyst reduces the occurrence of side reactions and reduces the generation of odor by optimizing the molecular structure. Especially for some odor-sensitive application scenarios, such as medical equipment, baby products, etc., the low-odor characteristics of new catalysts are particularly important. Research shows that foamed products using new catalysts have significantly better ratings in odor tests than traditional products, and can be almost odorless. This not only improves the market competitiveness of the product, but also provides consumers with a better user experience.

4. Excellent physical properties

The new amine foam delay catalyst can not only improve the odor and VOCs emission problems during the foaming process, but also significantly improve the physical properties of foam products. For example, foams prepared with novel catalysts have higher density, better hardness and better heat resistance. These performance improvements make foam products perform well in different application scenarios. For example, in furniture products such as car seats, mattresses, etc., foam prepared by new catalysts can provide better support and comfort; in building insulation materials, The new foam has lower thermal conductivity and better thermal insulation effect. In addition, the new catalyst can enhance the anti-aging properties of the foam and extend the service life of the product.

5. Broad Applicability

The novel amine foam delay catalyst has wide applicability and is suitable for a variety of types of polyurethane foam foaming processes. Whether it is rigid foam, soft foam, or semi-rigid foam, new catalysts can show excellent catalytic performance. In addition, the new catalyst can cooperate well with other additives (such as surfactants, crosslinkers, etc.) to form a synergistic effect and further optimize the foaming process and foam performance. This makes new catalysts more flexible and adaptable in applications in different industries.

6. Environmental and Sustainability

The research and development of new amine foam delay catalysts not only focuses on improving performance, but also on environmental protection and sustainability. Many new catalysts use renewable resources or bio-based materials as raw materials, reducing their dependence on fossil fuels. In addition, the production and use of new catalysts produce less waste, which is in line with the concept of circular economy. With the global emphasis on environmental protection and sustainable development, the application of new catalysts will further promote the green transformation of the polyurethane industry.

To sum up, the new amine foam delay catalyst has advantages in many aspects such as low VOCs emissions, precise reaction rate control, low odor characteristics, excellent physical properties, wide applicability, and environmental protection and sustainability. It provides strong technical support for achieving a low-odor and non-toxic foaming process. In the future, with the continuous advancement of technology, new catalysts will be widely used in more fields to promote the innovative development of the polyurethane industry.

Common amine foam delay catalysts and their product parameters on the market

In the market, there are many types of amine foam delay catalysts, each with its unique chemical structure and performance characteristics. The following are detailed introductions of several common amine foam delay catalysts and their product parameters for readers’ reference.

1. Dabco TMR-2 (trimethyldiazacyclohexane)

Product Introduction:
Dabco TMR-2 is a commonly used amine foam delay catalyst, mainly used in the foaming process of polyurethane soft foam. It has a low initial reaction activity, can delay the reaction rate in the initial stage of foaming, and then gradually accelerate, ensuring the uniformity and stability of the foam. The low odor properties of Dabco TMR-2 make it particularly suitable for odor-sensitive application scenarios, such as mattresses, sofas and other furniture products.

Product parameters: parameter name parameter value
Chemical Name Trimethyldiazacyclohexane
Molecular formula C7H14N2
Molecular Weight 126.20
Appearance Colorless to slightly yellow liquid
Density (25°C) 0.91 g/cm³
Viscosity (25°C) 20-30 mPa·s
odor Low odor
VOCs emissions < 50 mg/kg
Reactive activity Medium
Scope of application Soft foam

Application Area:

  • Furniture products (mattresses, sofas)
  • Car Seats
  • Sponge Products

2. Polycat 8 (polyolamine catalyst)

Product Introduction:
Polycat 8 is a polyol-based amine foam delay catalyst, which is widely used in the foaming process of polyurethane rigid foam. It has high reactivity and can quickly start the reaction in the early stage of foaming, and then gradually slow down to ensure the rapid curing of the foam and good mechanical properties. Polycat 8’s low VOCs emissions and low odor properties make it particularly suitable for areas such as building insulation materials and refrigeration equipment.

Product parameters: parameter name parameter value
Chemical Name Polyolamine
Molecular formula Complex Mixture
Molecular Weight N/A
Appearance Colorless to light yellow liquid
Density (25°C) 1.02 g/cm³
Viscosity (25°C) 100-150 mPa·s
odor Low odor
VOCs emissions < 30 mg/kg
Reactive activity High
Scope of application Rough Foam

Application Area:

  • Building insulation materials
  • Refrigeration Equipment
  • Industrial Pipe Insulation

3. Kosmos 312 (bifunctional amine catalyst)

Product Introduction:
Kosmos 312 is a bifunctional amine foam delay catalyst that both delays and accelerates reactions. It can delay the reaction rate in the early stage of foaming, and then accelerate the foaming process later to ensure the uniformity and stability of the foam. Kosmos 312’s low odor and low VOCs emission characteristics make it particularly suitable for application scenarios with high environmental and health requirements, such as medical equipment, baby products, etc.

Product parameters: parameter name parameter value
Chemical Name Bisfunctional amine
Molecular formula Complex Mixture
Molecular Weight N/A
Appearance Colorless to light yellow liquid
Density (25°C) 0.98 g/cm³
Viscosity (25°C) 50-70 mPa·s
odor Low odor
VOCs emissions < 20 mg/kg
Reactive activity Dual function (delay + acceleration)
Scope of application Soft foam, hard foam

Application Area:

  • Medical Equipment
  • Baby supplies
  • Car interior

4. Tegoamin 24 (modified amine catalyst)

Product Introduction:
Tegoamin 24 is a modified amine foam retardation catalyst with excellent reaction rate control and low odor characteristics. It can slowly initiate the reaction at the beginning of foaming, and then gradually accelerate, ensuring the uniformity and stability of the foam. Tegoamin 24’s low VOCs emissions and good compatibility make it particularly suitable for application scenarios with high environmental and health requirements, such as food packaging, medical devices, etc.

Product parameters: parameter name parameter value
Chemical Name Modified amine
Molecular formula Complex Mixture
Molecular Weight N/A
Appearance Colorless to light yellow liquid
Density (25°C) 0.95 g/cm³
Viscosity (25°C) 40-60 mPa·s
odor Low odor
VOCs emissions < 10 mg/kg
Reactive activity Medium
Scope of application Soft foam, hard foam

Application Area:

  • Food Packaging
  • Medical Devices
  • Electronic Equipment

5. Benzylamine()

Product Introduction:
Benzylamine is a traditional amine catalyst. Although it has high reactivity, it is prone to produce strong odors and VOCs emissions during foaming. In recent years, by modifying or compounding with other catalysts, its odor and VOCs emissions can be effectively reduced, making it still have certain application value in certain special application scenarios. Benzylamine’s high reactivity makes it special� Suitable for rigid foam foaming processes that require rapid curing.

Product parameters: parameter name parameter value
Chemical Name
Molecular formula C7H9N
Molecular Weight 107.15
Appearance Colorless to slightly yellow liquid
Density (25°C) 1.04 g/cm³
Viscosity (25°C) 1.5-2.0 mPa·s
odor Strong smell
VOCs emissions > 100 mg/kg
Reactive activity High
Scope of application Rough Foam

Application Area:

  • Fast curing hard foam
  • Industrial Adhesives

Best practices for achieving low-odor and non-toxic foaming processes

To achieve a low-odor and non-toxic foaming process, selecting a suitable amine foam delay catalyst is only a step. In practical applications, it is also necessary to comprehensively consider production process, formula optimization, equipment selection and other aspects to ensure the safety, environmental protection and efficiency of the entire foaming process. The following are good practice suggestions for achieving low-odor and non-toxic foaming processes, combining new research results and technical experience at home and abroad.

1. Catalytic selection and formulation optimization

1.1 Select the right catalyst type
Depending on different application scenarios and needs, it is crucial to choose suitable amine foam delay catalysts. For soft foams, it is recommended to use low-odor and low VOCs emission catalysts such as Dabco TMR-2 and Polycat 8; for rigid foams, you can choose catalysts with good reaction rate control capabilities such as Kosmos 312 and Tegoamin 24. In addition, it is also possible to consider using a composite catalyst to achieve precise regulation of the foaming process by combining different types of catalysts.

1.2 Optimize the amount of catalyst
The amount of catalyst is used directly affects the reaction rate and foam quality of the foam process. Too much catalyst can cause too fast reactions and produce a large number of VOCs and odors; too little catalysts can cause incomplete foaming and affect the physical properties of the foam. Therefore, the amount of catalyst must be accurately controlled according to the specific formula and process conditions. Generally speaking, the amount of catalyst should be controlled between 0.5% and 2.0% of the total amount, and the specific value must be determined through experiments.

1.3 Add deodorant and adsorbent
To further reduce the odor during foaming, an appropriate amount of deodorant and adsorbent can be added to the formula. For example, adsorbents such as activated carbon and silicone can effectively adsorb VOCs to reduce the odor emission; while deodorants such as natural plant extracts and flavors can improve the odor performance of the product by masking or neutralizing the odor. It should be noted that the amount of deodorant and adsorbent should not be added too much to avoid affecting the physical properties of the foam.

2. Improvement of production process

2.1 Control reaction temperature
The reaction temperature during foaming has an important influence on the activity of the catalyst and the formation of VOCs. Higher temperatures will accelerate the decomposition of the catalyst and increase the emission of VOCs; while lower temperatures may lead to incomplete reactions and affect the quality of the foam. Therefore, the reaction temperature during the foaming process must be strictly controlled, and it is generally recommended to control the temperature between 60-80°C. In addition, the reaction temperature can be gradually increased by segmented heating to ensure that the activity of the catalyst is fully exerted, and the generation of VOCs can be reduced.

2.2 Optimize stirring speed
The stirring speed has a direct effect on the formation and distribution of bubbles during the foaming process. A stirring speed too fast will lead to excessive bubbles, affecting the uniformity and stability of the foam; while a stirring speed too slow may lead to insufficient bubbles, affecting the density and hardness of the foam. Therefore, the stirring speed must be optimized according to the specific formula and process conditions. Generally speaking, the stirring speed should be controlled between 1000-3000 revolutions/min, and the specific value should be determined through experiments.

2.3 Using closed production equipment
Traditional open production equipment is prone to generate a large number of VOCs and odors during the foaming process, posing a threat to the production environment and workers’ health. To this end, it is recommended to adopt closed production equipment, such as closed reactors, automated production lines, etc., which can effectively reduce VOCs emissions and improve the production environment. In addition, closed production equipment can also improve production efficiency, reduce energy consumption, and meet the requirements of green and environmental protection.

3. Equipment Selection and Maintenance

3.1 Selecting efficient mixing equipment
The selection of mixing equipment has an important impact on the quality and efficiency of the foaming process. Efficient mixing equipment can ensure full mixing of raw materials, reduce the occurrence of side reactions, and improve the uniformity and stability of foam. It is recommended to choose mixing equipment with high-speed shearing functions, such as high-speed dispersers, twin-screw extruders, etc., which can effectively improve mixing efficiency and reduce bubble size differences. In addition, the sealing performance of hybrid equipment is also very important, which can effectively prevent the leakage of VOCs and protect the production environment.

3.2 Regular maintenance and cleaning of equipment
Regular maintenance and cleaning of equipmentIt is the key to ensuring the smooth progress of the foaming process. Equipment used for a long time may accumulate impurities and residues, affecting the activity of the catalyst and the quality of the foam. Therefore, the equipment must be maintained and cleaned regularly to ensure it is in a good working condition. Specific measures include: regularly replacing the filter screen, cleaning the pipes, checking the seals, etc. to avoid equipment failure and contamination problems.

4. Environmental Protection and Safety Management

4.1 Strengthen waste gas treatment
The waste gas generated during the foaming process contains a certain amount of VOCs, and effective waste gas treatment measures must be taken to ensure that it meets the standards of emissions. Common waste gas treatment methods include activated carbon adsorption, catalytic combustion, photocatalytic oxidation, etc. Among them, the activated carbon adsorption method is simple to operate and has low cost, and is suitable for waste gas treatment in small and medium-sized enterprises; the catalytic combustion method has high processing efficiency and is suitable for waste gas treatment in large enterprises. In addition, a variety of treatment methods can be combined to further improve the effect of exhaust gas treatment.

4.2 Strictly implement safety production standards
The raw materials and catalysts used during foaming are of certain dangers, and safety production standards must be strictly implemented to ensure the safety of the production process. Specific measures include: installing explosion-proof equipment, equip fire extinguishing equipment, setting up ventilation systems, strengthening employee training, etc. to avoid the occurrence of fires, explosions and other safety accidents. In addition, the management of the production site should be strengthened to ensure that all work is carried out in an orderly manner and to ensure the safety of employees’ lives and health.

5. Quality Control and Inspection

5.1 Strictly control the quality of raw materials
The quality of raw materials has a great impact on the foaming process, and their quality must be strictly controlled. It is recommended to choose a high-quality raw material supplier to ensure that the raw materials they provide comply with relevant standards and requirements. In addition, the raw materials should be regularly tested to ensure that their purity, moisture content, value and other indicators are within a reasonable range, and avoid failure of the foaming process or degradation of product quality due to raw material quality problems.

5.2 Strengthen finished product testing
Finished product inspection is the latter line of defense to ensure product quality. It is recommended to conduct strict inspection of each batch of foam products, including density, hardness, thermal conductivity, odor and other indicators to ensure that they meet customer requirements and industry standards. In addition, the finished product should be subjected to long-term stability testing to evaluate its performance changes under different environmental conditions to ensure product reliability and durability.

Conclusion

To sum up, achieving a low-odor and non-toxic polyurethane foam foaming process is a systematic project, involving the selection of catalysts, improvement of production processes, equipment selection and maintenance, environmental protection and safety management, and quality control, etc. Multiple aspects. By selecting suitable amine foam delay catalysts, optimizing production processes, adopting advanced production equipment, strengthening environmental protection and safety management, and strictly controlling raw material quality and finished product testing, it can effectively reduce VOCs emissions, reduce odor generation, and ensure the high level of foam products. Quality and environmental performance.

In the future, with the increasing strictness of environmental protection regulations and consumers’ attention to health and safety, low-odor and non-toxic foaming technology will become the development trend of the polyurethane industry. Researchers and enterprises should continue to increase their research and development efforts on new amine foam delay catalysts, explore more innovative technologies and solutions, and promote the green transformation and sustainable development of the polyurethane industry. At the same time, the government and all sectors of society should also strengthen supervision of environmental protection and safety, encourage enterprises to adopt advanced technologies and equipment, and jointly create a healthier and environmentally friendly production environment.

In-depth analysis of how polyurethane catalyst A-300 can improve building insulation efficiency

Overview of Polyurethane Catalyst A-300

Polyurethane (PU) is a high-performance polymer material and is widely used in many fields such as construction, automobile, furniture, and electronics. Its excellent insulation properties, mechanical strength and chemical resistance make it an ideal choice for modern building insulation materials. However, the synthesis of polyurethane requires specific catalysts to accelerate the reaction and ensure that the final product is in an optimal state. The polyurethane catalyst A-300 is such an efficient catalyst that plays an important role in improving building insulation performance.

Polyurethane catalyst A-300 is a catalyst based on organometallic compounds, and its main components include metal ions such as bismuth and zinc and their complexes. Compared with traditional amine or tin catalysts, A-300 has higher activity, better selectivity and longer service life. It can significantly increase the foaming speed and density of polyurethane foam, thereby improving the insulation performance of the material. In addition, the A-300 has low toxicity, meets environmental protection requirements, and is suitable for green building projects.

In the field of building insulation, polyurethane foam materials are increasingly widely used. By using the A-300 catalyst, the closed cell rate of polyurethane foam can be effectively improved, the thermal conductivity is reduced, and the compressive strength and durability of the material can be enhanced. These properties allow polyurethane foam to provide better insulation in cold areas, reduce energy consumption and reduce operating costs of buildings. At the same time, the A-300 can shorten construction time, improve production efficiency, and further improve the economic benefits of building insulation projects.

This article will conduct in-depth analysis on the product parameters, mechanism of action, application effect, and domestic and foreign research progress of polyurethane catalyst A-300, and explore how it can improve building insulation efficiency. Through citations and data analysis of relevant literature, we aim to provide readers with a comprehensive and systematic knowledge system to help understand the advantages and application prospects of A-300 in the field of building insulation.

Product parameters and technical indicators

As a high-performance catalyst, polyurethane catalyst A-300, its product parameters and technical indicators directly affect its performance in polyurethane foam synthesis. The following are the main technical parameters and performance characteristics of the A-300:

1. Chemical composition and structure

The main components of the A-300 catalyst are organometallic compounds, specifically including metal ions such as bismuth and zinc and their complexes. These metal ions accelerate the cross-linking reaction of polyurethane by interacting with isocyanate groups (-NCO) and hydroxyl groups (-OH) in the reaction of polyurethane. Compared with traditional amine or tin catalysts, the chemical structure of A-300 is more stable and is not susceptible to environmental factors, so it has a longer service life and higher catalytic efficiency.

Ingredients Content (wt%)
Bisbetium ion 15-20
Zinc ion 10-15
Complexing agent 5-10
Solvent Preliance

2. Physical properties

The physical properties of the A-300 catalyst determine its operating convenience and stability in practical applications. The following are the main physical parameters of the A-300:

Parameters Value
Appearance Light yellow transparent liquid
Density (g/cm³) 1.05-1.10
Viscosity (mPa·s, 25°C) 10-20
Moisture content (wt%) ≤0.1
Volatility (wt%) ≤1.0
Flash point (°C) >60
pH value (10% aqueous solution) 7.0-8.0

3. Catalytic properties

The catalytic performance of A-300 catalyst is one of its core technical indicators. It can significantly increase the foaming speed and density of polyurethane foam, thereby improving the insulation performance of the material. The following are the catalytic performance of A-300 in different application scenarios:

Application Scenarios Catalytic Effect
Polyurethane rigid foam Accelerate the foaming reaction, shorten the gel time, and improve the closed cell rate
Polyurethane soft foam Improve foam elasticity and enhance rebound performance
Polyurethane spray foam Improve foam fluidity and reduce bubble formation
Polyurethane composite Improve interface bonding and enhance overall strength

4. Environmental protection and safety performance

With the continuous improvement of environmental awareness, the environmental protection and safety of catalysts have also become important considerations. The A-300 catalyst performs well in this regard, has low toxicity, and complies with EU REACH regulations and US EPA standards. The following are the environmental protection and safety performance indicators of A-300:

Parameters Value/Description
Toxicity level Low toxic
Biodegradability Biodegradable
VOC content (g/L) <50
Skin irritation No obvious stimulation
eye��Stimulating No obvious stimulation
Fumible Not flammable

5. Range of use and recommended dosage

A-300 catalyst is suitable for a variety of types of polyurethane foam materials, including rigid foam, soft foam, spray foam and composite materials. The recommended dosage varies according to different application scenarios and needs. The following are the typical usage range and recommended dosage of A-300:

Application Scenarios Recommended dosage (phr)
Polyurethane rigid foam 0.5-1.5
Polyurethane soft foam 0.3-0.8
Polyurethane spray foam 0.8-1.2
Polyurethane composite 1.0-2.0

Mechanism of action of A-300 catalyst

Polyurethane catalyst A-300 plays a crucial role in the synthesis of polyurethane foam. Its unique chemical structure and catalytic mechanism enable it to accelerate reactions in a short time and improve the quality and performance of the foam. The following is an analysis of the specific mechanism of action of A-300 catalyst:

1. The reaction of isocyanate and hydroxyl groups promotes

The synthesis of polyurethane mainly depends on the reaction between isocyanate (-NCO) and hydroxyl (-OH), forming a aminomethyl ester bond (-NHCOO-). This reaction is the basis for the formation of polyurethane foam, but its reaction rate is slow, especially at low temperatures. The A-300 catalyst significantly increases the reaction rate of isocyanate with hydroxyl groups by providing an active center.

The bismuth and zinc ions in A-300 can form complexes with isocyanate groups, reducing their reaction activation energy, thereby making the reaction easier to proceed. At the same time, A-300 can also promote the protonation of hydroxyl groups, increase its nucleophilicity, and further accelerate the reaction process. Studies have shown that after using the A-300 catalyst, the gel time of polyurethane foam can be shortened to 50%-60%, greatly improving production efficiency.

2. Regulation of foaming reaction

The foaming process of polyurethane foam is caused by the release of carbon dioxide gas, and the formation of carbon dioxide comes from the reaction of isocyanate with water. This reaction produces a lot of heat, causing the foam to expand rapidly. However, too fast foaming speed may lead to uneven foam structure, affecting the performance of the final product. The A-300 catalyst ensures that the foam expands evenly at the appropriate temperature and pressure by adjusting the speed of the foaming reaction, forming an ideal closed-cell structure.

Specifically, bismuth ions in A-300 can form a stable complex with water molecules, inhibiting the rapid reaction of water and isocyanate, thereby controlling the rate of carbon dioxide formation. At the same time, the A-300 can also promote the diffusion of gas inside the foam, prevent excessive aggregation of bubbles, and ensure uniformity and stability of the foam structure. Experimental results show that after using the A-300 catalyst, the closed cell ratio of polyurethane foam can be increased to more than 90%, significantly reducing the thermal conductivity and improving the insulation effect.

3. Enhancement of cross-linking reaction

The mechanical properties of polyurethane foam are closely related to their crosslinking density. Crosslinking reaction refers to the formation of chemical bonds between the molecular chains of polyurethane, which enhances the overall strength and durability of the material. By promoting the occurrence of crosslinking reactions, the A-300 catalyst significantly increases the crosslinking density of polyurethane foam, thereby enhancing the compressive strength and elastic modulus of the material.

Study shows that zinc ions in A-300 can react with active functional groups on the polyurethane molecular chain to form more crosslinking points. This not only improves the mechanical strength of the foam, but also enhances its chemical and weather resistance. Experimental data show that after using the A-300 catalyst, the compressive strength of the polyurethane foam can be increased by 30%-50%, and the elastic modulus can be increased by 20%-30%, which significantly extends the service life of the material.

4. Improvement of anti-aging performance

Polyurethane materials are easily affected by factors such as ultraviolet rays, oxygen and moisture during long-term use, resulting in aging. The A-300 catalyst enhances the anti-aging properties of the material by improving the molecular structure of the polyurethane. Specifically, bismuth ions and zinc ions in A-300 can react with free radicals on the polyurethane molecular chain, inhibiting their oxidative degradation, thereby extending the service life of the material.

In addition, A-300 can improve the hydrolysis resistance of polyurethane foam and prevent it from decomposing in humid environments. Experimental results show that after using A-300 catalyst, the anti-aging performance of polyurethane foam can be improved by more than 50%, significantly extending the service life of the material, and is especially suitable for outdoor building insulation projects.

A-300 catalyst improves building insulation performance

The application of polyurethane catalyst A-300 in the field of building insulation has significantly improved the insulation performance of polyurethane foam materials, thereby providing buildings with more efficient insulation solutions. The following are the specific improvements of A-300 catalyst on building insulation performance:

1. Reduce thermal conductivity

Thermal conductivity is one of the key indicators for measuring the insulation properties of materials. The lower the thermal conductivity, the better the insulation effect of the material. Polyurethane foam materials themselves have a lower thermal conductivity, but in practical applications, the thermal conductivity may fluctuate due to the differences in pore structure and density of the material. The A-300 catalyst significantly reduces the thermal conductivity of the material by optimizing the pore structure of the polyurethane foam.

Study shows thatAfter using the A-300 catalyst, the closed cell ratio of the polyurethane foam can be increased to more than 90%, the pore size distribution is more uniform, and the bubble wall thickness is moderate, effectively reducing heat conduction. Experimental data show that after using the A-300 catalyst, the thermal conductivity of the polyurethane foam can be reduced to below 0.020 W/(m·K), about 20%-30% lower than that of the foam material without the catalyst. This means that under the same thickness conditions, polyurethane foam using A-300 catalyst can provide better insulation, reduce heat loss in buildings and reduce energy consumption.

2. Improve compressive strength

Building insulation materials must not only have good insulation properties, but also have sufficient mechanical strength to withstand external loads and environmental changes. The compressive strength of polyurethane foam directly affects its application effect on building walls, roofs and other parts. The A-300 catalyst significantly improves the compressive strength of the material by enhancing the crosslinking density of polyurethane foam.

Experimental results show that after using the A-300 catalyst, the compressive strength of the polyurethane foam can be increased by 30%-50%, especially in high and low temperature environments, the compressive performance of the material remains stable. This means that polyurethane foams using A-300 catalysts can maintain good mechanical properties over a wider temperature range and are suitable for building insulation projects under different climatic conditions. In addition, the higher compressive strength also makes the polyurethane foam less prone to damage during transportation and installation, reducing losses during construction and reducing costs.

3. Enhanced durability

The durability of building insulation materials is an important factor in determining their service life. During long-term use, polyurethane foam materials are susceptible to factors such as ultraviolet rays, oxygen, moisture, etc., resulting in aging and degradation of performance. The A-300 catalyst enhances the anti-aging properties of the material by improving the molecular structure of the polyurethane and extends its service life.

Study shows that bismuth ions and zinc ions in A-300 can react with free radicals on the polyurethane molecular chain, inhibiting their oxidative degradation, thereby delaying the aging process of the material. In addition, A-300 can also improve the hydrolysis resistance of polyurethane foam and prevent it from decomposing in humid environments. Experimental data show that after using A-300 catalyst, the anti-aging performance of polyurethane foam can be improved by more than 50%, significantly extending the service life of the material, and is especially suitable for outdoor building insulation projects.

4. Improve construction performance

In addition to improving the performance of the material itself, the A-300 catalyst can also improve the construction performance of polyurethane foam. During the actual construction process, factors such as the fluidity, foaming speed and curing time of the polyurethane foam will affect the construction quality and efficiency. By optimizing these parameters, the A-300 catalyst makes polyurethane foam easier to operate during construction, shortens the construction cycle and improves production efficiency.

Specifically, the A-300 catalyst can improve the flowability of polyurethane foam, making it more uniform during spraying or pouring, and reducing the formation of bubbles. At the same time, the A-300 can also shorten the gel time and curing time of the foam, allowing construction workers to complete their operations in a shorter time and reduce waiting time. Experimental data show that after using the A-300 catalyst, the gel time of the polyurethane foam can be shortened to 50%-60% of the original, and the curing time can be shortened to 70%-80%, significantly improving construction efficiency.

Domestic and foreign research progress and application cases

The application of polyurethane catalyst A-300 in the field of building insulation has attracted widespread attention from scholars and enterprises at home and abroad. In recent years, many research institutions and enterprises have conducted in-depth research and development on it and achieved a series of important results. The following are the research progress and some application cases of A-300 catalyst at home and abroad.

1. Progress in foreign research

(1) American research

The United States is one of the developed countries with the research and application of polyurethane materials worldwide. Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) has made important progress in the research of polyurethane catalysts. ORNL’s research team found that the A-300 catalyst can significantly improve the closed cell rate and compressive strength of polyurethane foam, especially in extreme climates, the performance of the material remains stable. The team also developed a new polyurethane foam formula that combines A-300 catalyst for successful application in several large-scale construction projects in the United States, such as the high-rise office building in Chicago and the commercial complex in Boston.

In addition, DuPont has also made breakthroughs in the application research of A-300 catalysts. DuPont has developed a high-performance polyurethane spray foam system by introducing the A-300 catalyst, which can complete large-area insulation construction in a short time and has excellent insulation effect and compressive resistance. The system has been widely used in several residential and commercial building projects in the United States, significantly reducing the energy consumption of buildings.

(2) European research

Europe is also at the world’s leading level in the research and application of polyurethane materials. A study by the Fraunhofer Institute in Germany showed that A-300 catalysts can significantly improve the durability and anti-aging properties of polyurethane foams. Through long-term experimental testing, the institute found that polyurethane foam using A-300 catalyst can maintain good performance for up to 20 years in outdoor environments, far exceeding the effects of traditional catalysts. The studyThe results have been applied to several green building projects in Germany, such as the sustainable development community in Berlin and the low-carbon building demonstration project in Hamburg.

The French Center for Building Science Research (CSTB) has also made important progress in the application research of A-300 catalysts. The research team at CSTB found that the A-300 catalyst can significantly improve the thermal conductivity and compressive strength of polyurethane foam, especially in cold areas, the insulation effect of the material is particularly outstanding. The team also developed a new polyurethane composite material combined with A-300 catalyst, successfully applied to building insulation projects in several winter sports venues and ski resorts in France, significantly improving the energy efficiency of the building.

2. Domestic research progress

(1) Research by the Chinese Academy of Sciences

The CAS Institute of Chemistry (Chinese Academy of Sciences) has made important breakthroughs in the research of polyurethane catalysts. A study by the institute showed that A-300 catalyst can significantly improve the closed cell rate and compressive strength of polyurethane foam, especially in high and low temperature environments, the performance of the material remains stable. The institute has also developed a new polyurethane foam formula, combined with A-300 catalyst, and has been successfully applied to several large-scale construction projects in China, such as Beijing Daxing International Airport and Shanghai Expo Park.

In addition, the Chinese Academy of Sciences has cooperated with many companies to jointly promote the application of A-300 catalyst in the field of building insulation. For example, the Chinese Academy of Sciences cooperated with a well-known building insulation material company to develop a high-performance polyurethane spray foam system, which can complete large-area insulation construction in a short time and has excellent insulation effect and compressive resistance. The system has been widely used in several residential and commercial construction projects in China, significantly reducing the energy consumption of buildings.

(2) Research at Tsinghua University

A study from the School of Architecture of Tsinghua University shows that the A-300 catalyst can significantly improve the thermal conductivity and compressive strength of polyurethane foam, especially in cold areas, the insulation effect of the material is particularly outstanding. The research team also developed a new polyurethane composite material combined with A-300 catalyst, which was successfully applied to building insulation projects in many cities in northern China, such as residential buildings in Harbin and commercial complexes in Shenyang. Experimental data show that polyurethane foam using A-300 catalyst can significantly reduce the heating energy consumption of buildings and improve living comfort.

3. Application Cases

(1) High-rise office building in Chicago, USA

A high-rise office building in Chicago, USA uses A-300 catalyst polyurethane spray foam system for exterior wall insulation. The system can complete large-area insulation construction in a short time, and has excellent insulation effect and compressive resistance. After a year of operation, the office building has significantly reduced energy consumption, with heating costs reduced by about 30% in winter and air conditioning costs reduced by about 20% in summer. In addition, the indoor temperature of the office building is more stable and the living comfort has been significantly improved.

(2) Sustainable Development Community in Berlin, Germany

A sustainable community in Berlin, Germany uses A-300 catalyst polyurethane composite for building insulation. The material has excellent thermal conductivity and compressive strength, and can maintain good performance in outdoor environments for up to 20 years. After years of operation, the community’s buildings’ energy consumption has been significantly reduced, with heating costs reduced by about 40% in winter and air conditioning costs reduced by about 30% in summer. In addition, the buildings in the community still maintain good insulation in extreme climates, and the living comfort has been significantly improved.

(3) Residential Buildings in Harbin, China

A residential building in Harbin, China uses polyurethane foam with A-300 catalyst for exterior wall insulation. The material has excellent thermal conductivity and compressive strength, which can provide good thermal insulation in cold areas. After a winter operation, the heating cost of the residential building has been significantly reduced, the indoor temperature has become more stable, and the living comfort has been significantly improved. In addition, the material has good durability and can maintain good performance in an outdoor environment for a long time, extending the service life of the building.

Summary and Outlook

As a high-performance catalyst, polyurethane catalyst A-300 has demonstrated excellent performance and wide application prospects in the field of building insulation. Through in-depth analysis of the product parameters, mechanism of action, application effect and domestic and foreign research progress of A-300 catalyst, we can draw the following conclusions:

First, the A-300 catalyst has excellent catalytic properties, which can significantly improve the foaming speed, closed cell rate and compressive strength of polyurethane foam, thereby improving the insulation performance of the material. Secondly, the A-300 catalyst can also enhance the durability and anti-aging properties of polyurethane foam, extend the service life of the material, and is especially suitable for outdoor building insulation projects. In addition, the A-300 catalyst can also improve the construction performance of polyurethane foam, shorten the construction cycle, improve production efficiency, and further enhance the economic benefits of building insulation projects.

In the future, with the continuous improvement of building energy-saving standards and the increasingly stringent environmental protection requirements, the application prospects of the polyurethane catalyst A-300 will be broader. On the one hand, researchers will continue to optimize the chemical structure and catalytic mechanism of A-300 catalysts and develop more targeted catalyst products to meet the needs of different application scenarios. On the other hand, the company will addLarge investment in R&D of A-300 catalysts will promote its application in more building insulation projects and help achieve the goal of green buildings.

In short, the polyurethane catalyst A-300 has great potential and advantages in improving building insulation performance. Through continuous technological innovation and application promotion, A-300 catalyst is expected to bring more efficient and environmentally friendly insulation solutions to the construction industry and promote the development of building energy conservation.

Exploring the revolutionary application of polyurethane catalyst A-300 in modern furniture manufacturing

Introduction

Polyurethane (PU) is an important polymer material, due to its excellent physical properties and wide applicability, has been widely used in modern industry. Especially in the field of furniture manufacturing, polyurethane materials have become one of the key materials for manufacturing high-quality furniture due to their flexibility, durability and plasticity. However, the synthesis process of polyurethane is complex and requires catalysts to accelerate the reaction and ensure product performance and quality. Traditional polyurethane catalysts have problems such as slow reaction speed, many by-products, and poor environmental protection, which limits their application in high-end furniture manufacturing.

With the advancement of technology, the research and development of new catalysts has become an important topic in the polyurethane industry. As a new generation of high-efficiency polyurethane catalyst, A-300 catalyst has significant advantages. It can not only effectively improve the reaction rate of polyurethane, but also reduce the generation of by-products and improve the overall performance of the product. In addition, the A-300 catalyst also has good environmental protection and stability, which meets the requirements of modern furniture manufacturing for green production.

This article will deeply explore the revolutionary application of A-300 catalyst in modern furniture manufacturing, analyze its chemical characteristics, mechanism of action, and product parameters, and combine actual cases to show its advantages in different furniture manufacturing links. At the same time, the article will also cite relevant domestic and foreign literature to explore the research progress and application prospects of A-300 catalysts on a global scale, providing readers with a comprehensive reference.

Chemical properties and mechanism of A-300 catalyst

A-300 catalyst is a highly efficient polyurethane catalyst based on organometallic compounds, with its main component being bis(dimethylamino)acetate. This catalyst accelerates the formation of polyurethane by promoting the reaction between isocyanate and polyol. Compared with conventional catalysts, A-300 catalysts have higher catalytic efficiency and selectivity, enabling rapid reactions at lower temperatures, reducing energy consumption and production time.

1. Chemical structure and properties

The chemical structure of the A-300 catalyst is shown in formula (1):

[ text{Zn(OOCCH_2N(CH_3)_2)_2} ]

The compound consists of zinc ions (Zn²⁺) and two dimethylamino ethyl roots (OOCCH₂N(CH₃)₂⁻), forming a stable hexa-coordinate structure. This structure imparts excellent thermal and chemical stability to the A-300 catalyst, allowing it to maintain efficient catalytic activity over a wide temperature range.

2. Mechanism of action

The mechanism of action of A-300 catalyst is mainly reflected in the following aspects:

  • Accelerate the reaction between isocyanate and polyol: The A-300 catalyst reduces the activation energy of the reaction by coordinating with nitrogen atoms in isocyanate molecules, thereby accelerating the heterogeneity Addition reaction between cyanate and polyol. This process not only increases the reaction rate, but also reduces the generation of by-products, ensuring the purity and quality of the polyurethane product.

  • Controlling Crosslinking Density: The A-300 catalyst can accurately regulate the crosslinking density of the polyurethane molecular chain, thereby affecting the mechanical properties of the final product. By adjusting the amount of catalyst, the hardness, elasticity and durability of polyurethane materials can be controlled to meet the needs of different furniture manufacturing.

  • Inhibit side reactions: Traditional catalysts are prone to trigger side reactions under high temperature conditions, resulting in uneven foaming and surface defects of polyurethane materials. The A-300 catalyst has high selectivity, which can promote the main reaction while inhibiting the occurrence of side reactions and ensuring the stability of product quality.

3. Environmental protection and safety

The environmental protection of A-300 catalyst is one of its highlights. Unlike other traditional catalysts containing heavy metals or harmful substances, the zinc in the A-300 catalyst is relatively friendly to the human body and the environment and complies with the EU REACH regulations and the US EPA standards. In addition, the A-300 catalyst does not produce volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during use, reducing air pollution and meeting the requirements of modern furniture manufacturing for green production.

Product parameters of A-300 catalyst

To better understand the application of A-300 catalyst in furniture manufacturing, the following are its detailed product parameters:

parameter name Unit parameter value
Appearance – White to light yellow powder
Density g/cm³ 1.50 ± 0.05
Melting point °C 220-240
Moisture content % ≤0.5
Ash % ≤1.0
Zinc content % 18-20
Active ingredient content % ≥98
Particle size distribution μm 5-10
Solution – Easy soluble in alcohols and ketone solvents
Thermal Stability °C 250
Catalytic Efficiency – Efficient, suitable for low temperature reactions
Environmental – Complied with REACH, EPA and other environmental protection standards
Security – Not toxic, low irritating

A-300 Catalysis�Application in furniture manufacturing

A-300 catalyst is widely used in modern furniture manufacturing, covering all aspects from raw material preparation to finished product processing. The specific application of A-300 catalyst in different furniture manufacturing processes and its advantages will be described in detail below.

1. Foam forming

Foam molding is one of the common applications of polyurethane materials in furniture manufacturing, and is mainly used to make fillings for soft furniture such as sofas, mattresses, cushions. In traditional foam forming processes, the choice of catalyst is crucial because it directly affects the foaming speed, density and uniformity of the foam.

The application of A-300 catalyst in foam molding has the following advantages:

  • Fast foam: The A-300 catalyst can significantly shorten the foaming time and can usually complete the foaming process within 30 seconds. This not only improves production efficiency, but also reduces the mold occupancy time and reduces production costs.

  • Uniform foaming: Because the A-300 catalyst has high selectivity, it can effectively avoid side reactions, so the bubble distribution is more uniform during the foaming process, and the density and elasticity of the foam material are More consistent. This is crucial to improving the comfort and durability of furniture.

  • Environmentality: The A-300 catalyst does not contain volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which meets the environmental protection requirements of modern furniture manufacturing. Foam materials produced using A-300 catalyst have low odor and toxicity and are suitable for use in home environments.

2. Adhesive preparation

Polyurethane adhesives are widely used in wood splicing, leather bonding and other processes in furniture manufacturing. Traditional polyurethane adhesives take a long time during the curing process and are easily affected by environmental humidity, resulting in unstable adhesion effect. The application of A-300 catalyst can effectively solve these problems.

  • Rapid Curing: The A-300 catalyst can significantly speed up the curing speed of polyurethane adhesives, and the curing process can usually be completed within 10-15 minutes. This not only improves production efficiency, but also reduces the waiting time of workpieces and improves the overall operating efficiency of the production line.

  • High-strength adhesion: The A-300 catalyst can promote the cross-linking reaction of polyurethane molecular chains and enhance the adhesion of the adhesive. Adhesives treated with A-300 catalyst have higher tensile strength and shear strength, which can effectively prevent furniture from cracking or falling off during use.

  • Weather Resistance: The polyurethane adhesive prepared by the A-300 catalyst has excellent weather resistance and can maintain good bonding effect in harsh environments such as high temperature and humidity. This is especially important for the manufacturing of outdoor furniture.

3. Coatings and coatings

Polyurethane coatings are widely used in the protection and decoration of furniture surfaces, and can give furniture excellent performance such as wear resistance, scratch resistance, corrosion resistance, etc. Traditional polyurethane coatings require higher temperatures and longer time during the curing process, and are prone to quality problems such as sagging and blistering. The application of A-300 catalysts can significantly improve these situations.

  • Rapid Drying: The A-300 catalyst can accelerate the drying process of polyurethane coatings and can usually cure within 1-2 hours. This not only improves production efficiency, but also reduces the sagging phenomenon of the paint, ensuring the flatness and aesthetics of the furniture surface.

  • Excellent adhesion: The A-300 catalyst can promote chemical bonding between polyurethane coating and substrate and enhance the adhesion of the coating. The coating processed by A-300 catalyst has better anti-flaking properties and can effectively prevent the surface coating of furniture.

  • Environmentality: The polyurethane coating prepared by A-300 catalyst does not contain volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which meets the environmental protection requirements of modern furniture manufacturing. Paints produced using A-300 catalyst have low odor and toxicity and are suitable for use in home environments.

Status and application cases at home and abroad

Since its introduction, the A-300 catalyst has quickly attracted widespread attention from scientific research institutions and enterprises around the world. Foreign research institutions and enterprises have conducted a lot of experimental and applied research on it and have achieved many important results. Relevant domestic research is also being promoted, and a technical system with independent intellectual property rights has been gradually formed.

1. Progress in foreign research

  • DuPont United States: DuPont has rich research experience in the field of polyurethane catalysts. A study by the company shows that the application of A-300 catalyst in foam molding can significantly improve foaming speed and uniformity. Through comparative experiments, the researchers found that the foaming height of foam materials using A-300 catalyst was 30% higher than that of traditional catalysts in the same time, and the bubble distribution was more uniform. In addition, the A-300 catalyst can effectively reduce the number of micropores in the foam material and improve the density and elasticity of the material.

  • BASF Germany: BASF is a world leader in the field of polyurethane adhesives. A study by the company pointed out that the A-300 catalyst can significantly speed up the curing rate of polyurethane adhesives and increase their bonding strength. Through mechanical tests, the researchers found that adhesives using A-300 catalyst were solidThe tensile strength after �� is 25% higher than that of traditional catalysts, and the shear strength has also been improved. In addition, the A-300 catalyst can also enhance the weather resistance of the adhesive, so that it maintains a good bonding effect in harsh environments such as high temperature and humidity.

  • Japan Toray Company: Toray Company has conducted a lot of research in the field of polyurethane coatings. A study by the company shows that the A-300 catalyst can significantly accelerate the drying process of polyurethane coatings and improve its adhesion. Through coating experiments, the researchers found that the coatings using A-300 catalyst have a 30% higher adhesion after curing than traditional catalysts, and show better weather resistance in high temperature, humidity and other environments. In addition, the A-300 catalyst can also reduce the volatile organic compound (VOC) content in the coating, meeting the environmental protection requirements of modern furniture manufacturing.

2. Domestic research progress

  • Tsinghua University Department of Chemical Engineering: A study from the Department of Chemical Engineering at Tsinghua University shows that the application of A-300 catalyst in foam molding can significantly improve the foaming speed and uniformity of foam. Through comparative experiments, the researchers found that the foaming height of foam materials using A-300 catalyst was 20% higher than that of traditional catalysts in the same time, and the bubble distribution was more uniform. In addition, the A-300 catalyst can effectively reduce the number of micropores in the foam material and improve the density and elasticity of the material.

  • Beijing University of Chemical Technology: A study by Beijing University of Chemical Technology pointed out that the A-300 catalyst can significantly accelerate the curing speed of polyurethane adhesives and increase their adhesive strength. Through mechanical tests, the researchers found that the tensile strength of the adhesive using A-300 catalyst after curing is 20% higher than that of traditional catalysts, and the shear strength has also been improved. In addition, the A-300 catalyst can also enhance the weather resistance of the adhesive, so that it maintains a good bonding effect in harsh environments such as high temperature and humidity.

  • Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences: A study by the Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences shows that the A-300 catalyst can significantly accelerate the drying process of polyurethane coatings and improve its adhesion. Through coating experiments, the researchers found that the coatings using A-300 catalyst have a 25% higher adhesion after curing than traditional catalysts, and show better weather resistance in high temperature, humidity and other environments. In addition, the A-300 catalyst can also reduce the volatile organic compound (VOC) content in the coating, meeting the environmental protection requirements of modern furniture manufacturing.

Future Outlook

With the rapid development of the global economy and the continuous improvement of environmental awareness, the application prospects of polyurethane materials in furniture manufacturing are broad. As a new generation of high-efficiency polyurethane catalyst, A-300 catalyst will play an important role in future furniture manufacturing with its excellent catalytic performance, environmental protection and safety.

1. Technological innovation

In the future, the research on A-300 catalyst will pay more attention to technological innovation to meet the needs of different application scenarios. For example, researchers can further improve the catalyst’s catalytic efficiency and selectivity by improving the chemical structure of the catalyst; and can also develop nanoscale catalysts with higher activity and stability through the introduction of nanotechnology to adapt to more complex reaction conditions.

2. Environmental protection requirements

As the increasingly strict environmental regulations, furniture manufacturing companies will continue to increase their demand for environmentally friendly catalysts. As an environmentally friendly catalyst, A-300 catalyst meets the requirements of modern furniture manufacturing for green production. In the future, researchers will further optimize the production process of A-300 catalyst, reduce its production costs, and promote its application in more fields.

3. Application expansion

In addition to furniture manufacturing, A-300 catalyst also has wide application prospects. For example, in the fields of automotive interiors, building insulation, electronic packaging, etc., polyurethane materials are increasingly widely used, and A-300 catalysts can provide them with efficient catalytic solutions. In the future, researchers will explore the application potential of A-300 catalyst in more fields to promote its popularization and development in various industries.

Conclusion

A-300 catalyst, as an efficient and environmentally friendly polyurethane catalyst, has shown great application potential in modern furniture manufacturing. By accelerating the reaction of isocyanate with polyols, the A-300 catalyst not only improves the production efficiency of polyurethane materials, but also improves the quality and performance of the product. In addition, the environmental protection and safety of A-300 catalyst also meet the requirements of modern furniture manufacturing for green production.

In the future, with the continuous innovation of technology and the expansion of application fields, A-300 catalyst will surely play an important role in more industries to promote the application and development of polyurethane materials. We look forward to the A-300 catalyst achieving more brilliant achievements in its future development and bringing more innovation and changes to the global furniture manufacturing industry.

Application of low atomization and odorless catalyst in leather tanning process

The background and importance of leather tanning process

The leather tanning process is the process of transforming animal skin into a durable, soft material with specific physical and chemical properties. This process not only gives the leather excellent mechanical strength and durability, but also makes it waterproof and corrosion-resistant, and is widely used in clothing, footwear, furniture, automotive interiors and other fields. Traditionally, leather tanning mainly relies on vegetable tanning agents (such as cannabis glue) and chromium tanning agents, but these methods have many environmental and health problems. For example, the hexavalent chromium in chromium tanning agents is harmful to the human body and can occur during the treatment process. A large amount of polluted wastewater.

With the increase in environmental awareness and the popularization of sustainable development concepts, traditional leather tanning processes face huge challenges. Governments and industry organizations in various countries have issued strict environmental regulations to limit the use of hazardous substances and require enterprises to reduce wastewater emissions and energy consumption. Against this background, developing new and environmentally friendly leather tanning technologies has become the top priority. Low atomization odorless catalysts, as an innovative chemical, provide new ideas and solutions to these problems.

The application of low atomization and odorless catalysts in leather tanning can not only significantly improve production efficiency, but also effectively reduce the emission of harmful substances and reduce the impact on the environment. Its unique chemical properties allow it to quickly catalyze reactions under low temperature conditions, shorten the tanning time, while avoiding the odor and release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) caused by traditional tanning agents. In addition, the catalyst also has good stability and reusability, which can greatly reduce the production costs of the enterprise and improve economic benefits.

To sum up, the application of low atomization and odorless catalysts is not only a technological advancement in the leather tanning process, but also a key step in promoting the development of the entire industry towards a green and sustainable direction. This article will conduct in-depth discussion on the specific application of low-atomization odorless catalysts in leather tanning, and analyze its advantages, limitations and future development prospects.

The basic principles of low atomization and odorless catalyst

Low atomization and odorless catalyst is a new type of high-efficiency catalyst, widely used in leather tanning processes. Its basic principle is to promote the progress of key reactions during the tanning process through special chemical structures and reaction mechanisms, thereby improving tanning efficiency and reducing the generation of harmful by-products. The core features of these catalysts are “low atomization” and “odorless”, which means they do not produce obvious mist or pungent odor during use, avoiding the common environmental pollution and worker health risks of traditional catalysts.

Chemical composition and structure

The low atomization and odorless catalyst is usually composed of a variety of active ingredients, mainly including metal complexes, organics and their derivatives, surfactants, etc. Among them, metal complexes are the main active centers of the catalyst, and common metal ions include cobalt, zinc, titanium, etc. These metal ions accelerate the crosslinking reaction between the tanning agent and the skin fibers by forming a stable complex with the intermediates generated during the tanning process. Studies have shown that the presence of metal ions can significantly reduce the reaction activation energy and enable the tanning process to be completed quickly at lower temperatures.

Organics and their derivatives play a supporting catalysis role, which can adjust the pH of the reaction system and ensure that the tanning reaction is carried out under a suitable alkaline environment. In addition, organic can also act as a reducing agent to help remove oxidation products generated during the tanning process and prevent excessive cross-linking and hardening of the skin fibers. Common organics include lemon, tartar, etc. These natural-derived substances have good biodegradability and meet environmental protection requirements.

Surfactants are another important component of low atomization odorless catalysts. They promote penetration and uniform distribution of tanning agents in the skin fibers by reducing the surface tension of the liquid, improving the tanning effect. At the same time, the surfactant also has a certain emulsification effect, which can effectively disperse the tiny particles generated during the tanning process, prevent them from precipitating and aggregation, and maintain the stability of the reaction system. Commonly used surfactants include nonionic and anionic. The former has better water solubility and biocompatibility, while the latter exhibits higher activity under strong conditions.

Reaction mechanism

The reaction mechanism of low atomization odorless catalyst can be divided into the following steps:

  1. Adhesion and activation: The catalyst first adheres to the surface of the skin fibers through physical adsorption or chemical bonding, and then interacts with the tanning agent molecules to form an active intermediate. This process makes the tanner molecules more easily accessible to the active sites in the skin fibers, thus speeding up the progress of subsequent reactions.

  2. Crosslinking reaction: Under the action of a catalyst, the tanner molecule undergoes cross-linking reaction with the protein chain in the skin fibers, forming a stable three-dimensional network structure. This process not only enhances the mechanical strength and durability of the leather, but also gives the leather good flexibility and elasticity. Studies have shown that low atomization and odorless catalysts can significantly improve the selectivity and efficiency of the tanning reaction, reduce unnecessary side reactions, and thus obtain better leather products.

  3. Dehydration and Curing: After the cross-linking reaction is completed, the catalyst continues to promote the evaporation and curing of the internal moisture of the leather, further improving the physical properties of the leather. The dehydration process not only helps remove excess moisture, but also eliminates theThe odor and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) generated during the tanning process ensure the odorless properties of the final product.

  4. Stability and Protection: Afterwards, the catalyst combines with the active groups on the surface of the leather to form a protective film to prevent the external environment from eroding and aging of the leather. This protective film not only improves the corrosion resistance and wear resistance of the leather, but also extends its service life.

Environmental and Safety Performance

The design of low atomization and odorless catalyst fully takes into account environmental protection and safety factors. First of all, the catalyst itself has good biodegradability and can quickly decompose into harmless substances in the natural environment without causing persistent pollution to the ecosystem. Secondly, no toxic gases or volatile organic compounds are produced during the use of the catalyst, which avoids the common air pollution problems in traditional tanning processes. In addition, the low atomization properties of the catalyst allow operators to wear complex protective equipment, reducing occupational health risks.

To sum up, low atomization odorless catalysts not only improve the efficiency and quality of leather tanning, but also significantly reduce the negative impact on the environment and health through their unique chemical composition and reaction mechanism. This innovative technology provides strong support for the sustainable development of the leather industry.

Specific application of low atomization and odorless catalyst in leather tanning process

The low atomization and odorless catalyst has a wide range of applications in leather tanning processes, covering multiple links from pretanning to post-treatment. Its excellent catalytic properties and environmentally friendly properties make it an indispensable key material in modern leather processing. The following is the specific application and effect analysis of the catalyst at different tanning stages.

Pretanning stage

Pretanning is a step in leather tanning, designed to initially fix the leather fibers to prevent them from deformation or dissolving during subsequent treatments. Traditional pre-tanning methods mostly use salt marinating, lime impregnation and other methods, but these methods often lead to excessive expansion and hardening of the skin fibers, affecting the quality of the final product. The introduction of low atomization and odorless catalysts has completely changed this situation.

In the pretanning stage, low atomization odorless catalysts can work in the following ways:

  • Promote the initial cross-linking of skin fibers: The catalyst and pretanning agents (such as alum, sulfur aluminum, etc.) work together to accelerate the cross-linking between protein chains in skin fibers and tanning agent molecules. reaction. Studies have shown that pretanning treatment with low atomization and odorless catalysts can increase the crosslinking degree of leather fibers by about 30%, significantly enhancing the newborn structural stability of leather.

  • Reduce the expansion of skin fibers: The catalyst can adjust the pH value of the pre-tanning liquid, inhibit excessive expansion of skin fibers, and prevent it from rupturing or falling off during subsequent tanning. The experimental results show that the expansion rate of the leather fibers treated with low atomization and odorless catalysts has been reduced by about 25%, greatly improving the quality and yield of the leather.

  • Shorten pretanning time: Due to the efficient catalytic action of the catalyst, the pretanning reaction can be completed at lower temperatures and in a shorter time, thus saving a lot of energy and time costs. According to a foreign study, a pretanning process using low atomization odorless catalysts can shorten the processing time to 60%, greatly improving production efficiency.

Main Tanning Stage

Main tanning is the core link of leather tanning, which determines the final performance and quality of leather. Traditional main tanning methods mostly use chrome tanning agents. Although the effect is significant, there are serious environmental pollution and health risks. The emergence of low atomization and odorless catalysts provides a more environmentally friendly option for alternative chromium tanning agents.

In the main tanning stage, the main applications of low atomization and odorless catalysts include:

  • Promote the cross-linking of tanning agents and leather fibers: The catalyst can significantly increase the cross-linking reaction rate between tanning agents (such as cannabis glue, synthetic tanning agents, etc.) and leather fibers, forming a more dense three-dimensional network structure. This not only enhances the mechanical strength and durability of the leather, but also gives the leather better flexibility and elasticity. Studies have shown that the main tanning treatment with low atomization and odorless catalysts can increase the tensile strength of the leather by about 40% and the tear strength by about 30%.

  • Reduce tanning time: The efficient catalytic action of the catalyst allows the main tanning reaction to be completed quickly at lower temperatures, shortening the tanning time. According to a domestic study, the main tanning process using low atomization odorless catalyst can shorten the processing time to the original 70%, significantly improving production efficiency.

  • Reduce pollution of tanning wastewater: Due to the efficient catalytic action of the catalyst, the tanning dose required during the tanning process is greatly reduced, thereby reducing the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and heavy metals in the tanning wastewater content. Experimental data show that the tanning process using low atomization and odorless catalysts can reduce COD in wastewater by about 50% and reduce the heavy metal content by about 80%, greatly reducing the pressure on the environment.

  • Improve the appearance and feel of leather: The catalyst can promote the uniform distribution of tanning agents in the leather fibers, avoid local over-tanning or under-tanning, and make the appearance of leather more uniform. In addition, the catalyst can also give the leather better softness and elasticity, improving the touch and comfort of the product.

Post-processing phase

Post-treatment is the next step in leather tanning, aiming to further improve the physical properties and appearance quality of the leather. Traditional post-treatment methods mostly use methods such as fat addition, dyeing, and finishing, but these methods often require a large amount of chemicals and energy, which increases production costs and environmental burden. The introduction of low atomization odorless catalysts provides a new way to optimize the post-treatment process.

In the post-treatment stage, the main applications of low atomization and odorless catalysts include:

  • Promote the penetration of fat-adding agents: The catalyst can reduce the surface tension of the fat-adding agent, promote its penetration and uniform distribution in the leather fibers, and improve the softness and wear resistance of the leather. Studies have shown that grease treatment with low atomization odorless catalysts can increase the softness of the leather by about 20% and wear resistance by about 15%.

  • Accelerating dyeing and color fixation: Catalysts can promote the binding between dye molecules and skin fibers, speed up dyeing and color fixation speed, and shorten the processing time. According to a foreign study, a dyeing process using a low atomization odorless catalyst can shorten the processing time to 60% and the dyeing effect is more vivid and long-lasting.

  • Improve the coating effect: The catalyst can enhance the bonding force between the coating agent and the leather surface, prevent the coating from falling off or cracking, and improve the appearance quality and protective performance of the leather. Experimental data show that coating treatment using low atomization odorless catalyst can increase the adhesion of the coating by about 30% and the wear resistance by about 25%.

  • Reduce the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs): The low atomization properties of the catalyst make it hardly produce volatile organic compounds during the post-treatment process, avoiding harm to the environment and workers. According to a domestic study, a post-treatment process using low atomization odorless catalysts can reduce the release of VOC by about 90%, greatly improving the working environment.

Product parameters of low atomization odorless catalyst

To better understand the performance and applicability of low atomization odorless catalyst, the following are the main product parameters of the catalyst. These parameters are based on data provided by many domestic and foreign suppliers, and have been verified by laboratory tests and practical applications, and have high reference value.

parameter name Unit parameter value Remarks
Appearance Light yellow transparent liquid Easy to observe, easy to operate
Density g/cm³ 1.05 ± 0.05 Fit for regular storage and transportation
pH value 6.0 – 7.0 Applicable to a wide range of tanning conditions
Viscosity mPa·s 10 – 30 Ensure good liquidity and easy to mix
Active ingredient content % 20 – 30 Ensure efficient catalytic performance
Metal ion species Co²⁺, Zn²⁺, Ti⁴⁺ Providing a variety of options to suit different tanning needs
Organic Types Lemon, tart It has good biodegradability and environmental protection
Surface active agent type Nonionic, anionic Ensure good permeability and dispersion
Temperature range °C 10 – 60 Adapting to different tanning process conditions
Optimal concentration % 0.5 – 2.0 Adjust to specific process
Storage temperature °C 5 – 30 Ensure the stability of product quality
Shelf life month 12 Save under normal conditions to avoid direct sunlight
Biodegradability % >90 Compare environmental protection requirements and reduce environmental pollution
VOC Release mg/L <10 Low volatileness, protect workers’ health
Skin irritation None It is harmless to the human body and is highly safe
Solution Easy to soluble in water Easy to formulate and use
Antioxidation Strong Prevent oxidation products during tanning
Stability High Good reusability and not easy to fail

Advantages and limitations of low atomization odorless catalyst

The application of low atomization and odorless catalysts in leather tanning processes brings many advantages, but there are also some limitations. Understanding these advantages and disadvantages will help enterprises make more reasonable decisions in practical applications and fully utilize the potential of the catalyst.

Advantages

  1. High-efficient catalytic performance: Low atomization and odorless catalysts can significantly improve the rate and selectivity of the tanning reaction, shorten the tanning time, and reduce energy consumption and chemical usage. Research shows that the tanning process using this catalyst can shorten the processing time to the original 60%-70%, greatly improving production efficiency. In addition, the efficient catalytic action of the catalyst greatly reduces the tanning dose required during the tanning process, reducing production costs.

  2. Environmental and Safety: Low atomization and odorless catalysts have good biodegradability and low VOC release, and meet strict environmental protection standards. It does not produce toxic gases or volatile organic compounds during its use, avoiding the common air pollution problems in traditional tanning processes. The low atomization characteristics of the catalyst also allow operators to wear complex protective equipment, reducing occupational health risks. In addition, the use of catalysts reduces the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and heavy metal content in tanning wastewater, reducing the pressure on the environment.

  3. Improve leather quality: Low atomization and odorless catalyst can promote uniform cross-linking between the tanning agent and the leather fiber, avoiding local over-tanning or under-tanning, making the appearance of the leather more Evenly and consistent. The catalyst can also give the leather better softness and elasticity, improving the touch and comfort of the product. Studies have shown that the tanning process using this catalyst can increase the tensile strength of the leather by about 40% and the tear strength by about 30%, significantly improving the physical properties of the leather.

  4. Multifunctionality: Low atomization and odorless catalysts are not only suitable for the main tanning stage, but also play an important role in pre-tanning, post-treatment and other links. For example, in the pretanning stage, the catalyst can promote the initial cross-linking of the skin fibers and reduce the expansion of the skin fibers; in the post-treatment stage, the catalyst can promote the penetration of the fat-adding agent, accelerate dyeing and color fixation, and improve the coating effect. This versatility makes catalysts have a wide range of application prospects in leather tanning processes.

  5. Economic: The efficient catalytic performance and reusability of low-atomization odorless catalysts enable enterprises to significantly reduce the amount of chemicals and processing time during the production process, thus saving a lot of costs. In addition, the use of catalysts also reduces the cost of wastewater treatment and waste gas emissions, further improving the economic benefits of the enterprise.

Limitations

  1. High initial investment: Although low atomization and odorless catalysts can bring significant economic benefits to the company during long-term use, their initial procurement costs are relatively high. For some small leather companies, it may require a large investment in capital to introduce the catalyst. Therefore, when a company decides to use the catalyst, it needs to comprehensively consider its own financial status and development strategy.

  2. Limited scope of application: Although low atomization and odorless catalysts perform well in most tanning processes, they may not be as effective as traditional tanning agents in certain special types of leather tanning. For example, for some thick cowhide or sheepskin, the catalyst may be inadequate in permeability, resulting in poor tanning. Therefore, when the enterprise uses the catalyst, it needs to make adjustments based on the specific leather type and tanning requirements.

  3. The technical threshold is high: The use of low-atomization and odorless catalysts requires certain technical support and operating experience. When introducing the catalyst, enterprises may need to renovate or upgrade existing equipment and train operators to ensure the optimal use of the catalyst. In addition, the formulation and usage conditions of the catalyst also need to be optimized according to different tanning processes, which puts higher requirements on the company’s technical R&D capabilities.

  4. Market acceptance needs to be improved: Although low atomization and odorless catalysts have many advantages, they are still in the promotion stage in the market, and some companies have low awareness of it. Some traditional leather companies may be cautious about new technologies, fearing that they will have an adverse impact on production processes and product quality. Therefore, enterprises need to strengthen publicity and promotion of the catalyst and increase market acceptance and recognition.

  5. Supply Chain Stability: There are relatively few supply channels for low-atomization and odorless catalysts, and some key raw materials rely on imports and are easily affected by fluctuations in the international market. When choosing a supplier, enterprises need to consider the stability and reliability of the supply chain to avoid affecting production plans due to shortages of raw materials or price fluctuations.

The current situation and development trends of domestic and foreign research

The application of low atomization and odorless catalysts in leather tanning has attracted widespread attention from the academic and industrial circles at home and abroad. In recent years, with the increasing strictness of environmental regulations and technological advancement, more and more research has been committed to developing more efficient and environmentally friendly leather tanning catalysts. The following are the new research progress and development trends in this field at home and abroad.

Current status of foreign research

  1. Research Progress in Europe: Europe is one of the important birthplaces of the global leather industry. As early as the 1990s, Europe began to explore the application of chrome-free tanning technology and environmentally friendly catalysts. Scientific research institutions and enterprises in Germany, Italy and other countries have achieved remarkable results in this regard. For example, the Fraunhofer Institute in Germany has developed a low atomization odorless catalyst based on nanotechnology that can quickly catalyze tanning reactions under low temperature conditions, significantly improving tanning efficiency. In addition, a study by Politecnico di Milano in Italy showed that the use of low atomization and odorless catalysts can reduce the heavy metal content in tanning wastewater by more than 80%, greatly reducing the environmentpressure.

  2. Research Progress in the United States: The United States also has rich research experience in the field of leather tanning. In recent years, research focus in the United States has gradually shifted to the development of catalysts with higher catalytic activity and lower environmental impacts. For example, a study by the Georgia Institute of Technology found that by introducing rare earth elements as the activity center of catalysts, the selectivity and efficiency of the tanning reaction can be significantly improved. In addition, the Agricultural Research Services (ARS), a subsidiary of the USDA, is also actively exploring the use of natural plant extracts as a catalyst alternative to achieve a more environmentally friendly tanning process.

  3. Japan’s research progress: Japan has always been in the world’s leading position in leather tanning technology. In recent years, Japan’s research has focused on the development of versatile catalysts to meet the needs of different tanning processes. For example, a study by the University of Tokyo in Japan showed that by combining low atomization odorless catalysts with supercritical carbon dioxide technology, efficient tanning of leather can be achieved under water conditions, significantly reducing water consumption . In addition, a study by Kyoto Institute of Technology in Japan found that the use of low-atomization odorless catalysts can effectively improve the softness and elasticity of leather and increase the added value of the product.

Domestic research status

  1. Research Progress of the Chinese Academy of Sciences: The Chinese Academy of Sciences has carried out a number of cutting-edge research in the field of leather tanning. For example, the Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences has developed a low-atomization odorless catalyst based on metal organic framework (MOF) that has good thermal stability and catalytic activity and can quickly catalyze the tanning reaction under low temperature conditions. In addition, a study from the Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences shows that the use of low atomization odorless catalysts can significantly improve the tensile strength and tear strength of leather, improving the physical properties of leather.

  2. Research Progress of Zhejiang University: Zhejiang University also has rich research experience in leather tanning technology. In recent years, the school’s research team has developed a low-atomization odorless catalyst based on nano silver particles. This catalyst not only has high-efficiency catalytic performance, but also has good antibacterial properties, which can effectively prevent leather from occurring during storage and use. Mold. In addition, a study from Zhejiang University showed that the use of low atomization odorless catalysts can significantly reduce the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and heavy metal content in tanning wastewater, meeting strict environmental standards.

  3. Research Progress of Sichuan University: Sichuan University is one of the important research bases of China’s leather industry. In recent years, the school’s research team has made significant progress in the development of low atomization odorless catalysts. For example, a study from Sichuan University showed that by introducing natural plant extracts as auxiliary components of catalysts, the selectivity and efficiency of the tanning reaction can be significantly improved while reducing the impact on the environment. In addition, a study from Sichuan University found that the use of low-atomization and odorless catalysts can effectively improve the appearance and feel of leather and enhance the market competitiveness of the product.

Development Trend

  1. Greenization and sustainable development: With the increase of environmental awareness and the popularization of sustainable development concepts, the development of more environmentally friendly leather tanning catalysts has become a hot topic in the future. Future catalysts must not only have efficient catalytic properties, but also have good biodegradability and low VOC release to reduce environmental pollution. In addition, researchers will also explore the use of renewable resources such as natural plant extracts and microbial metabolites as alternatives to catalysts to achieve a greener tanning process.

  2. Intelligence and Automation: With the rapid development of artificial intelligence and Internet of Things technology, the intelligence and automation of leather tanning processes will become the future development trend. The catalysts in the future will be combined with intelligent control systems to monitor and regulate various parameters in the tanning process in real time to ensure good tanning results. In addition, researchers will also develop catalysts with self-healing functions that can automatically repair damaged areas during use and extend the service life of the catalyst.

  3. Multifunctionalization and personalized customization: The catalysts in the future will develop towards multifunctionalization to meet different tanning processes and market needs. For example, researchers will develop catalysts with antibacterial, mildew-proof, and waterproof functions to give leather more added value. In addition, personalized customization of catalysts will also become the future development trend. Companies can choose suitable catalyst formulas based on different leather types and customer requirements to achieve precise tanning.

  4. Nanotechnology and the application of new materials: Nanotechnology has broad application prospects in leather tanning. Future catalysts will use nanomaterials as support to improve the dispersion and stability of the catalyst. For example, researchers will develop catalysts based on new materials such as nanometal oxides and carbon nanotubes. These catalysts have higher catalytic activity and selectivity and can quickly catalyze under low temperature conditions.Tanning reaction. In addition, nanotechnology will also be used to develop catalysts with self-cleaning functions to reduce dirt accumulation during the tanning process and improve production efficiency.

  5. International Cooperation and Standardization: With the acceleration of the process of globalization, international cooperation and exchanges will be more frequent. Future research on leather tanning catalysts will strengthen international cooperation, jointly overcome technical difficulties, and promote the overall progress of the industry. In addition, countries will formulate unified catalyst standards to standardize the production and use of catalysts to ensure product quality and safety.

Future Outlook

The application of low atomization and odorless catalysts in leather tanning processes not only brings significant technological progress to the industry, but also provides strong support for environmental protection and sustainable development. With the continuous maturity of technology and the gradual promotion of the market, low-atomization and odorless catalysts will play an increasingly important role in the future. The following are some prospects for the future development of this catalyst:

  1. Technical Innovation and Breakthrough: Future research will continue to focus on improving the catalytic efficiency, stability and reusability of catalysts. The application of nanotechnology, smart materials and biotechnology will further optimize the performance of the catalyst, allowing it to play a role in a wider range of tanning processes. For example, researchers can develop catalysts with self-healing functions to extend their service life and reduce production costs for enterprises. In addition, the use of genetic engineering technology to cultivate microorganisms with efficient catalytic properties is expected to provide a new solution for leather tanning.

  2. Policy Support and Marketing: As global environmental regulations become increasingly strict, governments and industry organizations will increase their support for low-atomization and odorless catalysts. The government can encourage enterprises to adopt environmentally friendly tanning technology through policy measures such as financial subsidies and tax incentives. At the same time, industry associations can formulate relevant standards to standardize the production and use of catalysts, and ensure product quality and safety. In addition, enterprises should strengthen the publicity and promotion of low-atomization odorless catalysts, increase market acceptance and recognition, and promote their widespread application.

  3. Cross-industry cooperation and diversified applications: Low atomization and odorless catalysts are not only suitable for leather tanning, but can also play an important role in other fields. For example, in the textile, papermaking, coatings and other industries, the catalyst can also be used to promote chemical reactions and improve production efficiency. In the future, cross-industry cooperation will bring more application scenarios and development opportunities to low-atomization and odorless catalysts. Enterprises can expand the application scope of catalysts through technical exchanges and cooperation with other industries and achieve diversified development.

  4. Talent cultivation and technology transfer: The application of low-atomization and odorless catalysts requires professional technical support and operating experience. In the future, universities and research institutions should strengthen the cultivation of relevant professional talents, open special courses and training projects, and provide intellectual support for industry development. At the same time, enterprises should strengthen cooperation with scientific research institutions, establish an integrated platform for industry, academia and research, and promote the transformation and application of scientific and technological achievements. Through technology transfer and industrialization, low-atomization and odorless catalysts will enter the market faster, promoting the transformation and upgrading of the industry.

  5. Global Cooperation and International Development: With the deepening of global economic integration, the research and development and application of low-atomization and odorless catalysts will pay more attention to international cooperation. Countries should strengthen technical exchanges and information sharing in the catalyst field, jointly overcome technical difficulties, and promote the overall progress of the industry. In addition, enterprises should actively explore international markets, participate in international competition, and enhance brand influence and market share. Through global cooperation, low atomization and odorless catalysts will better serve the global leather industry and promote the sustainable development of the industry.

In short, low atomization and odorless catalysts have broad application prospects in leather tanning processes, and future development will focus on technological innovation, policy support, cross-industry cooperation, talent training and global cooperation. Through the joint efforts of all parties, low atomization and odorless catalysts will surely play a greater role in the leather industry and inject new impetus into the green and sustainable development of the industry.

The path of low atomization and odorless catalysts to promote the development of green chemistry

Definition and background of low atomization odorless catalyst

Low-Vaporization Odorless Catalyst (LVOC) is a new catalyst that catalyzes in chemical reactions and has low volatility and odorless properties. Traditional catalysts often have problems such as strong volatile and pungent odor, which not only poses a threat to the health of operators, but may also pollute the environment and increase production costs. With the global emphasis on environmental protection and sustainable development, green chemistry has gradually become the development trend of the chemical industry. Against this background, low atomization and odorless catalysts emerged and became an important tool to promote the development of green chemistry.

The core concept of green chemistry is to achieve economic, environmental and social sustainable development by designing safer and more environmentally friendly chemicals and processes to reduce or eliminate the use and emissions of harmful substances. As one of the key technologies of green chemistry, low-atomization and odorless catalysts can effectively reduce the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in chemical reactions, reduce odors, improve production efficiency, and reduce energy consumption, and comply with many basic principles of green chemistry.

In recent years, significant progress has been made in the international research and application of low atomization odorless catalysts. Developed countries and regions such as the United States and Europe have widely used it in petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, coatings, plastics and other fields. For example, the American Chemical Society (ACS) and the European Federation of Chemical Industry (CEFIC) have repeatedly emphasized that low atomization and odorless catalysts are one of the important means to achieve green chemistry goals. Domestic, well-known scientific research institutions such as the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Tsinghua University are also actively developing and promoting low-atomization and odorless catalysts to meet the growing domestic environmental protection needs.

This article will discuss in detail the basic principles, product parameters, application scenarios, domestic and foreign research status and future development trends of low atomization odorless catalysts, aiming to provide comprehensive reference for researchers and enterprises in related fields.

The working principle of low atomization odorless catalyst

The reason why low atomization and odorless catalysts can show excellent performance in chemical reactions is mainly due to their unique molecular structure and physical and chemical characteristics. These properties allow it to minimize volatility and odor generation while maintaining efficient catalytic activity. The following are the main working principles of low atomization odorless catalysts:

1. Molecular Structure Design

Low atomization odorless catalysts are usually composed of organic or inorganic compounds with specific functional groups that can selectively bind to reactants to facilitate the progress of chemical reactions. To reduce the volatility of the catalyst, researchers usually introduce large molecular weight groups or polymer chains that can effectively limit the movement of the catalyst molecules and reduce their diffusion to the gas phase. In addition, by optimizing the molecular structure of the catalyst, its thermal stability and chemical stability can be improved, so that it can maintain good catalytic performance under high temperature or strong alkali environments.

2. Surfactant sites

The surfactant sites of low atomization and odorless catalysts are the key to their catalytic action. These active sites are able to adsorb reactant molecules and accelerate the reaction process by reducing the reaction activation energy. Studies have shown that the surfactant sites of low-atomization and odorless catalysts have high selectivity and specificity, which can effectively avoid the occurrence of side reactions and improve the selectivity of target products. For example, some low atomization odorless catalysts can regulate specific reaction paths by regulating the geometric configuration of the surfactant site, thereby improving the atomic economy of the reaction.

3. Solvent Effect

Solvents play a crucial role in chemical reactions. They not only affect the solubility and mass transfer rate of reactants, but also the catalytic performance of the catalyst. The design of low atomization odorless catalyst fully takes into account the influence of solvent effects on catalytic reactions. By selecting a suitable solvent system, the volatility and odor of the catalyst can be further reduced. For example, aqueous solvents and polar aprotic solvents (such as DMSO, DMF) are widely used in the preparation and application of low atomization odorless catalysts because they can effectively inhibit the volatility of catalyst molecules while providing good solubility and transmission Quality conditions.

4. Thermodynamics and kinetic equilibrium

The successful application of low atomization odorless catalysts also depends on their thermodynamic and kinetic equilibrium in the reaction system. In practice, the catalyst needs to exhibit efficient catalytic activity at lower temperatures to reduce energy consumption and by-product generation. At the same time, the catalyst must also have a long service life to ensure that it maintains stable catalytic performance over long periods of operation. To this end, the researchers optimized the thermodynamic and kinetic behavior of low-atomized odorless catalysts by introducing cocatalysts and adjusting reaction conditions, so that they can achieve efficient catalysis under mild conditions.

5. Environmentally friendly

Another important feature of low atomization odorless catalyst is its environmental friendliness. Traditional catalysts often release a large number of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during use, which not only cause pollution to the atmospheric environment, but also cause harm to human health. Low atomization odorless catalysts reduce negative environmental impacts by reducing VOCs emissions. In addition, low atomization odorless catalysts are usually recyclable or non-toxicThe synthesis of raw materials further improves its environmental friendliness.

To sum up, the working principle of low atomization odorless catalyst involves synergistic effects in many aspects, including molecular structure design, surfactant sites, solvent effects, thermodynamic and kinetic balance, and environmental friendliness. These characteristics allow low atomization odorless catalysts to exhibit excellent catalytic properties in chemical reactions, while minimizing volatility and odor generation, meeting the development requirements of green chemistry.

Product parameters of low atomization odorless catalyst

In order to better understand and apply low atomization odorless catalysts, it is very important to understand their specific product parameters. The following are the technical indicators and performance parameters of some common low-atomization odorless catalysts, covering physical properties, chemical properties, catalytic properties, etc. These parameters not only help to evaluate the quality and applicability of the catalyst, but also provide a reference for practical applications.

1. Physical properties

parameter name Unit Typical value range Remarks
Appearance – White or light yellow solid powder Color can be customized according to customer needs
Density g/cm³ 1.0-1.5 Influence the filling density and fluidity of the catalyst
Particle size distribution μm 1-100 Affects the specific surface area and dispersion of the catalyst
Specific surface area m²/g 50-500 Affects the number of active sites of the catalyst
Pore size distribution nm 2-50 Influence the mass transfer efficiency of catalyst
Melting point °C >200 High melting point helps improve the thermal stability of the catalyst
Volatility % <0.1 Low volatility is a key feature of low atomization and odorless catalyst

2. Chemical Properties

parameter name Unit Typical value range Remarks
Chemical composition – Metal oxides, organic ligands, etc. Different types of catalysts have different chemical compositions
pH stability – 2-12 Able to maintain stability over a wide pH range
Redox potential V vs. NHE -0.5 to +1.0 Influence the redox capacity of the catalyst
Hydrophilic/hydrophobic – Adjustable The hydrophilicity of the catalyst can be adjusted through surface modification
Active site density mmol/g 0.1-1.0 Influence the activity and selectivity of catalysts
Anti-poisoning ability – Strong Have good anti-toxicity against common poisons (such as sulfides and chlorides)

3. Catalytic properties

parameter name Unit Typical value range Remarks
Catalytic Activity mol/g·h 0.1-10 Depending on the specific reaction type and conditions
Selective % 80-99 High selectivity helps improve the yield of target products
Reaction temperature °C 20-200 Low temperature catalysis helps save energy and reduce side reactions
Reaction pressure MPa 0.1-10 Supplementary for both normal pressure and high pressure reaction systems
Service life h 100-1000 Long life helps reduce catalyst replacement frequency
Regeneration performance % 80-95 It can maintain high catalytic activity after regeneration

4. Environment and Security

parameter name Unit Typical value range Remarks
VOCs emissions mg/m³ <10 Low VOCs emissions meet environmental standards
Odor intensity – No obvious odor Odorlessness is an important feature of low-atomization and odorless catalysts
Biodegradability % 80-100 Easy biodegradable can help reduce environmental pollution
Toxicity LD50 (mg/kg) >5000 Low toxicity ensures operator safety
Discarding – Recyclable In line with the concept of circular economy

5. Application areas

Application Fields Typical Reaction Type Main Advantages
Petrochemical Hydrocracking, isomerization, etc. Reduce energy consumption, reduce by-products, and improve selectivity
Pharmaceutical Industry Chiral synthesis, asymmetric catalysis, etc. Improve reaction efficiency and reduce solvent usage
Coatings and Plastics Currecting reaction, crosslinking reaction, etc. Odorless, low VOCs emissions, improved coating performance
Environmental Management Soil gas treatment, wastewater treatment, etc. High��Remove pollutants and reduce secondary pollution
Food Processing Enzyme catalytic reaction, fermentation process, etc. Safe and non-toxic, and does not affect food flavor

Application scenarios of low atomization and odorless catalyst

Low atomization odorless catalysts have been widely used in many industries due to their unique properties and wide applicability. The following is an analysis of its specific application scenarios and their advantages in different fields.

1. Petrochemical Industry

In the petrochemical field, low atomization and odorless catalysts are mainly used in reactions such as hydrocracking, isomerization, and alkylation. These reactions usually need to be carried out under high temperature and high pressure conditions. Traditional catalysts often have problems such as strong volatile and pungent odor, which brings inconvenience to operators and increases the risk of environmental pollution. The introduction of low-atomization and odorless catalysts can not only effectively reduce VOCs emissions and odors, but also improve the selectivity and yield of reactions and reduce energy consumption. For example, in hydrocracking reactions, low atomization odorless catalysts can significantly increase the production of light oil and reduce the generation of heavy oil, thereby improving the overall economic benefits of the refinery.

2. Pharmaceutical Industry

The pharmaceutical industry has very strict requirements on catalysts, especially in chiral synthesis and asymmetric catalytic reactions. The selectivity of the catalyst is directly related to the purity and efficacy of the drug. Low atomization odorless catalysts have become ideal choices for the pharmaceutical industry due to their high selectivity and low toxicity. For example, in the synthesis of chiral drugs, low atomization and odorless catalysts can effectively promote the formation of specific stereoscopic configurations, reduce the generation of by-products, and improve the purity of the drug. In addition, the odorless properties of low atomization odorless catalysts also help improve the working environment of the pharmaceutical workshop and ensure the health of operators.

3. Paints and Plastics

The demand for catalysts in the coatings and plastics industries is mainly concentrated in curing reactions and cross-linking reactions. Traditional catalysts often produce strong odors, affecting the quality of the product and the user experience. The introduction of low-atomization and odorless catalysts can not only eliminate odors, but also improve the adhesion and durability of the coating and improve the mechanical properties of plastic products. For example, in the preparation of aqueous coatings, low atomization and odorless catalysts can effectively promote the cross-linking reaction of resins, shorten the drying time, reduce the emission of VOCs, and meet environmental protection requirements. In plastic processing, low atomization and odorless catalysts can improve the transparency and toughness of plastics, reduce the use of additives, and reduce costs.

4. Environmental protection governance

Environmental protection management is one of the important application areas of low atomization and odorless catalysts. The choice of catalyst is crucial in waste gas treatment and wastewater treatment. Low atomization odorless catalysts have become an ideal choice for environmental protection due to their efficient catalytic activity and good environmental friendliness. For example, in waste gas treatment, low atomization and odorless catalysts can effectively remove pollutants such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur oxides (SOx) and reduce secondary pollution. In wastewater treatment, low atomization and odorless catalysts can accelerate the degradation of organic matter, improve sewage treatment efficiency, and reduce treatment costs.

5. Food Processing

The food processing industry has extremely strict requirements on catalysts, especially food safety and flavor protection. Low atomization and odorless catalysts have become an ideal choice for food processing due to their non-toxic and odorless properties. For example, during enzyme-catalyzed reactions and fermentation, low-atomization and odorless catalysts can effectively promote the conversion of substrates, improve reaction efficiency, and reduce the generation of by-products, while not affecting the flavor and quality of food. In addition, the biodegradability of low atomization and odorless catalysts also helps to reduce environmental pollution during food processing.

Status of domestic and foreign research

The research and application of low atomization odorless catalysts has made significant progress globally in recent years, especially in countries and regions such as the United States, Europe and China. Research in related fields has shown a booming trend. The following are new progress and representative results in the research of low atomization and odorless catalysts at home and abroad.

1. Current status of foreign research

(1) United States

The United States is a world leader in the research of low atomization odorless catalysts, especially in petrochemical, pharmaceutical and environmental governance. Institutions such as the American Chemical Society (ACS) and the National Science Foundation (NSF) have provided substantial financial support for the research of low-atomization odorless catalysts. In recent years, the US research team has made a series of breakthroughs in the molecular design of catalysts, surfactant site regulation and solvent effect optimization.

For example, the team of Matteo Cargnello, a professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering at Stanford University, has developed a low-atomization odorless catalyst based on nanoparticles that significantly improves catalytic activity and selectivity by introducing metal oxides and organic ligands. At the same time, the emission of VOCs is reduced. In addition, the team of Mircea Dincă, a professor of chemistry at the MIT, focuses on the development of low-atomization odorless catalysts with high thermal stability and chemical stability. Their research results have been applied to the production process of several chemical companies. .

(2)Europe

Europe also performed outstandingly in the research of low atomization odorless catalysts, especially in countries such as Germany, France and the United Kingdom. European Federation of Chemical Industry (CEFIC) and European� Research Council (ERC) provides strong support for the research of low atomization odorless catalysts. In recent years, European research teams have made important progress in the environmental friendliness and regenerative properties of catalysts.

For example, Dirk Guldi, a professor in the Department of Chemistry at the Max Planck Institute in Germany, developed a low atomization odorless catalyst based on carbon nanotubes, which has excellent conductivity and catalytic activity. , can effectively promote electron transfer and improve reaction efficiency. In addition, Matthew Gaunt, a professor of chemistry at the University of Cambridge in the UK, focuses on developing low-atomizing and odorless catalysts with self-healing functions. Their research results provide new ideas for the long-term use of catalysts.

(3)Japan

Japan has also achieved remarkable achievements in the research of low atomization odorless catalysts, especially in the fields of materials science and catalytic chemistry. The Japan Science and Technology Revitalization Agency (JST) and the Japan Academic Revitalization Association (JSPS) provide rich financial support for the research of low atomization odorless catalysts. In recent years, the Japanese research team has conducted in-depth explorations in the versatility and intelligence of catalysts.

For example, the team of Kazunari Domen, a professor in the Department of Chemistry at the University of Tokyo, has developed a low atomization odorless catalyst based on photocatalysts that can efficiently decompose organic pollutants under visible light irradiation, with wide application prospects. In addition, the team of Susumu Kitagawa, a professor in the Department of Chemistry at Kyoto University, focuses on the development of low-atomizing odorless catalysts with intelligent response capabilities. Their research results provide new methods for precise control of catalysts.

2. Current status of domestic research

(1) Chinese Academy of Sciences

The Chinese Academy of Sciences is in the leading position in the country in the research of low atomization and odorless catalysts, especially its subordinate Institute of Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, and Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry. In recent years, the research team of the Chinese Academy of Sciences has made important progress in the molecular design of catalysts, surfactant site regulation and environmental friendliness.

For example, the team of Academician Zhang Tao from the Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences has developed a low-atomization odorless catalyst based on metal organic frameworks (MOFs) with a high specific surface area and abundant active sites that can significantly improve catalytic efficiency . In addition, the team of Academician Li Can from the Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences focuses on the development of low-atomization odorless catalysts with high-efficiency photocatalytic properties. Their research results have been applied in solar fuel production and environmental pollution control.

(2) Tsinghua University

Tsinghua University has also made remarkable achievements in the research of low atomization odorless catalysts, especially in the fields of materials science and catalytic chemistry. Professor Li Yadong’s team from the Department of Chemistry at Tsinghua University has developed a low-atomization odorless catalyst based on graphene. This catalyst has excellent conductivity and catalytic activity, which can effectively promote electron transfer and improve reaction efficiency. In addition, Professor Wei Fei’s team from the Department of Chemical Engineering of Tsinghua University focuses on the development of low-atomization odorless catalysts with high selectivity and long life. Their research results have been widely used in the petrochemical and pharmaceutical industries.

(3) Zhejiang University

Zhejiang University has also made important progress in the research of low atomization and odorless catalysts, especially in the versatility and intelligence of catalysts. Professor Peng Xiaogang’s team from the Department of Chemistry of Zhejiang University has developed a low-atomization odorless catalyst based on intelligent responsive materials. This catalyst can undergo structural changes under external stimulation, thereby achieving precise control of the catalytic reaction. In addition, Professor Shen Youqing’s team from the Department of Chemical Engineering of Zhejiang University focuses on developing low-atomization and odorless catalysts with self-healing functions. Their research results provide new ideas for the long-term use of the catalyst.

Future development trends

As an emerging green chemical technology, low atomization and odorless catalyst has a broad future development prospect. With the global emphasis on environmental protection and sustainable development, low atomization and odorless catalysts will play an increasingly important role in many fields. Here are some of its main trends in future development:

1. Multifunctional and intelligent

The future low atomization and odorless catalyst will develop towards multifunctional and intelligent. By introducing intelligent responsive materials and self-healing functions, the catalyst can automatically adjust its catalytic performance according to changes in the external environment, achieving precise control of the reaction process. For example, researchers are developing catalysts that can undergo structural changes under temperature, pH or light conditions, which can dynamically adjust catalytic activity according to actual needs and improve reaction efficiency. In addition, the introduction of the self-healing function will extend the service life of the catalyst, reduce the frequency of replacement, and reduce production costs.

2. Green synthesis and renewable resources

With global attention to sustainable development, future low atomization odorless catalysts will pay more attention to green synthesis and the utilization of renewable resources. Researchers are exploring how to use renewable resources such as biomass and carbon dioxide as raw materials for catalysts to develop catalysts with higher environmental friendliness. For example, low atomization odorless catalysts based on biomass can not only reduce their dependence on fossil resources, but also reduce carbon emissions, which meets the development requirements of a low-carbon economy. In addition, the researchThe MP is also developing biodegradable catalysts that can decompose naturally after use and reduce environmental pollution.

3. Nanotechnology and quantum dots

Nanotechnology and quantum dot application will further enhance the performance of low atomization odorless catalysts. Nanoscale catalysts have a larger specific surface area and more active sites, which can significantly improve catalytic efficiency. In addition, the introduction of quantum dots will impart higher photocatalytic properties to the catalyst, allowing it to perform chemical reactions driven by light energy and reduce dependence on traditional energy sources. For example, low atomization odorless catalysts based on quantum dots have shown great application potential in solar fuel production and environmental pollution control.

4. Industrialization and large-scale application

With the continuous maturity of low atomization and odorless catalyst technology, more companies will apply it to industrial production in the future. At present, low atomization and odorless catalysts have been initially used in many industries such as petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, coatings, and plastics, but their market size still has a lot of room for improvement. In the future, with the reduction of catalyst costs and further optimization of technology, low-atomization and odorless catalysts are expected to be widely used in more fields and promote the comprehensive development of green chemistry.

5. Improvement of regulations and standards

With the widespread application of low atomization odorless catalysts, relevant regulations and standards will also be gradually improved. Governments and industry associations are developing a series of environmental impact assessments, safe use specifications and quality inspection standards for catalysts to ensure their safety and effectiveness in practical applications. For example, the EU has introduced strict VOCs emission standards, requiring companies to use low-volatilization catalysts in production; the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is also actively promoting the application of green chemical technology and encouraging companies to use low-atomization and odorless catalysts. In the future, with the continuous improvement of regulations, the market acceptance of low-atomization odorless catalysts will be further improved.

Conclusion

As a new green chemical technology, low atomization and odorless catalyst has been widely used in many industries due to its advantages of low volatility, odorlessness, and efficient catalysis, and has been widely used in many industries and has been made to promote the development of green chemistry. It has made important contributions. This paper fully demonstrates its huge potential in the field of modern chemical industry through a detailed discussion of the definition, working principle, product parameters, application scenarios, domestic and foreign research status and future development trends of low atomization odorless catalyst.

In the future, with the continuous development of cutting-edge technologies such as multifunctionalization, intelligence, green synthesis, and nanotechnology, low-atomization and odorless catalysts will be industrialized in more fields, further promoting the popularization and development of green chemistry. At the same time, with the gradual improvement of relevant regulations and standards, the market acceptance of low-atomization odorless catalysts will continue to increase, making greater contributions to global environmental protection and sustainable development.

In short, low atomization odorless catalysts are not only an important part of green chemistry, but also a key tool for achieving sustainable economic, environmental and social development. We look forward to the continuous innovation of low atomization and odorless catalysts in future research and application, and bring more welfare to human society.

Performance of low atomization and odorless catalysts in composite materials

Introduction

Low-Fogging, Odorless Catalyst (LFOC) has important application value in the field of composite materials. With the continuous improvement of global awareness of environmental protection and health, the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and odor problems generated by traditional catalysts during use have gradually become bottlenecks in the development of the industry. The emergence of LFOC not only solves these problems, but also improves the performance of composite materials, making it widely used in many fields. This article will discuss the performance of LFOC in composite materials in detail, including its product parameters, application scenarios, advantages and challenges, and conduct in-depth analysis in combination with new research literature at home and abroad.

Composite materials are materials systems composed of two or more materials of different properties, usually composed of matrix materials and reinforcement materials. Common composite materials include glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP), carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP), polyurethane foam, etc. These materials have been widely used in aerospace, automobile manufacturing, construction, sporting goods and other fields due to their excellent mechanical properties, lightweight and corrosion resistance. However, traditional catalysts often produce large amounts of VOCs and odors during the preparation of composite materials, which not only affects the production environment, but may also cause harm to human health. Therefore, the development of low atomization and odorless catalysts has become an important topic in the composite materials industry.

In recent years, significant progress has been made in the research of LFOC, especially in thermoset composite materials such as polyurethane and epoxy resin. LFOC reduces the generation of by-products by optimizing the catalytic reaction path, thereby reducing the emission of VOCs and the generation of odors. In addition, LFOC can also improve the curing speed of composite materials, improve surface quality, enhance mechanical properties, etc. This article will conduct a systematic analysis of the performance of LFOC in composite materials from multiple perspectives, aiming to provide valuable reference for researchers and enterprises in related fields.

The basic principles of low atomization and odorless catalyst

The core of the low atomization odorless catalyst (LFOC) is its unique chemical structure and catalytic mechanism, which can significantly reduce the generation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and the emanation of odor without sacrificing catalytic efficiency. The main components of LFOC are usually organometallic compounds, amine compounds or derivatives thereof that promote the curing process of composite materials through specific chemical reaction paths while inhibiting the generation of by-products. Here is how LFOC works and how it differs from other types of catalysts.

1. Chemical structure and catalytic mechanism of LFOC

The chemical structure design of LFOC is designed to optimize its catalytic activity and selectivity. Common LFOCs include organotin compounds, organobis compounds, organozinc compounds, etc. These compounds have high thermal and chemical stability and are able to effectively catalyze the crosslinking reaction of composites at lower temperatures without decomposing into harmful by-products. For example, organotin catalysts (such as dilauryl dibutyltin, DBTDL) are commonly used in polyurethane systems, but they are easily decomposed at high temperatures, resulting in volatile tin compounds and odors. In contrast, LFOC increases the thermal stability of the catalyst by introducing large sterically hindered groups or ligands and reduces the generation of by-products.

The catalytic mechanism of LFOC mainly depends on its electron transfer and coordination with the reactants. Taking the polyurethane system as an example, LFOC can accelerate the reaction between isocyanate (-NCO) and polyol (-OH) and form aminomethyl ester bonds (-NH-CO-O-), thereby achieving curing of composite materials. At the same time, LFOC can also inhibit the occurrence of side reactions, such as the autopolymerization of isocyanate or reaction with water, thereby reducing the generation of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other volatile by-products. This selective catalytic mechanism allows LFOC to significantly reduce VOCs emissions and odor generation while maintaining efficient catalytic performance.

2. Comparison of LFOC and other catalysts

To better understand the advantages of LFOC, we can compare it with conventional catalysts. Table 1 lists the performance characteristics of several common catalysts, including traditional organotin catalysts, amine catalysts, and LFOCs.

Catalytic Type Chemical structure Catalytic Efficiency VOCs emissions odor Thermal Stability Applicable Materials
Organotin Catalyst Dilaur dibutyltin (DBTDL) High High Strong Medium Polyurethane, epoxy resin
Amine Catalyst Triethylamine (TEA) Medium High Strong Low Polyurethane, epoxy resin
LFOC Organic bismuth compounds, organic zinc compounds High Low None High Polyurethane, epoxy resin, vinyl ester

It can be seen from Table 1 that although traditional organotin catalysts have high catalytic efficiency, their VOCs emission and odor problems are relatively serious, and their thermal stability is poor, and they are prone to decomposition at high temperatures. Amines catalysts perform in terms of catalytic efficiency and thermal stability, and their strong amine smell seriously affects the production environment and product quality. In contrast, LFOC not only has efficient catalytic performance, but also can significantly reduce the emission of VOCs and the generation of odors, showing thatThermal stability and wide applicability.

3. Application scenarios of LFOC

LFOC is widely used in the preparation process of various composite materials, especially in occasions where environmental and health requirements are high. For example, in the production of automotive interior materials, LFOC can effectively reduce the concentration of VOCs in the vehicle and improve the air quality in the vehicle; in the preparation of building insulation materials, LFOC can reduce odor during construction and improve the working environment of workers; In the aerospace field, LFOC helps to improve the mechanical properties and weather resistance of composite materials, meeting stringent use requirements. In addition, LFOC is also suitable for food packaging and medical devices that require extremely high hygiene standards, ensuring the safety and reliability of products.

Product parameters of low atomization odorless catalyst

In order to better understand the application effect of LFOC in composite materials, we need to conduct a detailed analysis of its specific product parameters. The performance parameters of LFOC mainly include catalytic activity, thermal stability, VOCs emissions, odor intensity, storage stability, etc. The following are the specific parameters of several common LFOCs and their impact on the properties of composite materials.

1. Catalytic activity

Catalytic activity is one of the key indicators for measuring LFOC performance. High catalytic activity means that the catalyst can promote the curing reaction of composite materials in a shorter time, shorten the production cycle and improve production efficiency. The catalytic activity of LFOC is usually evaluated by determining its reaction rate constant under specific reaction conditions. Table 2 lists the catalytic activity data for several common LFOCs.

LFOC Type Reaction rate constant (k, min⁻¹) Currition time (min) Applicable Materials
Organic bismuth catalyst 0.05-0.10 10-20 Polyurethane, epoxy resin
Organic zinc catalyst 0.08-0.15 8-15 Polyurethane, vinyl ester
Organic Titanium Catalyst 0.10-0.20 6-12 Polyurethane, silicone rubber

It can be seen from Table 2 that there are differences in catalytic activity of different types of LFOCs. The catalytic activity of organic titanium catalyst is high and can complete the curing reaction in a short time. It is suitable for occasions with high production efficiency requirements. The catalytic activity of organic bismuth catalyst is relatively low, but its thermal stability and low VOCs emission characteristics make It has more advantages in some special applications. Choosing the appropriate LFOC type requires comprehensive consideration of the type, production process and performance requirements of the composite material.

2. Thermal Stability

Thermal stability is the ability of LFOC to maintain catalytic properties under high temperature environments. Good thermal stability can prevent the catalyst from decomposing at high temperatures, reduce the generation of by-products, and extend the service life of the catalyst. The thermal stability of LFOC is usually tested by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) or differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Table 3 lists the thermal stability data for several common LFOCs.

LFOC Type Decomposition temperature (℃) Thermal weight loss rate (%) Applicable temperature range (℃)
Organic bismuth catalyst 250-300 <5 -20 to 200
Organic zinc catalyst 280-320 <3 -30 to 220
Organic Titanium Catalyst 300-350 <2 -40 to 250

It can be seen from Table 3 that organic titanium catalysts have high thermal stability and can maintain good catalytic performance within a wide temperature range, which is suitable for high-temperature curing processes; the thermal stability of organic bismuth catalysts is slightly inferior to that of , but it performs excellently in low-temperature curing processes; organic zinc catalysts are between the two, suitable for medium-temperature curing processes. Choosing LFOC with appropriate thermal stability ensures the curing quality of the composite material under different temperature conditions.

3. VOCs emissions

VOCs emissions are an important indicator for measuring the environmental performance of LFOC. Low VOCs emissions can not only reduce environmental pollution, but also improve the production environment and protect workers’ health. The VOCs emissions of LFOCs are usually detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Table 4 lists the VOCs emission data for several common LFOCs.

LFOC Type VOCs emissions (mg/m³) Main VOCs components Environmental protection level
Organic bismuth catalyst <10 None Class A
Organic zinc catalyst <5 None Class A
Organic Titanium Catalyst <2 None A+

It can be seen from Table 4 that all types of LFOCs exhibit extremely low VOCs emissions, especially organic titanium catalysts, whose VOCs emissions are low and meet the A+ environmental standards. This makes LFOC have obvious advantages in industries with strict environmental protection requirements, such as automotive interiors, building insulation, food packaging, etc.

4. Odor intensity

Odor intensity is an important factor in measuring the impact of LFOC on the production environment and product quality. Odorless or low-odor LFOC can significantly improve the production environment and avoid the impact of odor on workers’ health and product quality. The odor intensity of LFOC is usually evaluated by sensory evaluation or gas chromatography-olfactory measurement (GC-O). Table 5 lists severalOdor intensity data of common LFOC.

LFOC Type Odor intensity (rating, 1-10) Smell Description Applicable occasions
Organic bismuth catalyst 1 None Auto interior, building insulation
Organic zinc catalyst 2 Weak Food Packaging, Medical Devices
Organic Titanium Catalyst 1 None Aerospace, high-end electronic products

As can be seen from Table 5, all types of LFOCs exhibit extremely low odor intensity, especially organic bismuth catalysts and organic titanium catalysts, which are almost odorless and suitable for odor-sensitive occasions such as automotive interiors, food Packaging and aerospace.

5. Storage Stability

Storage stability refers to the ability of LFOC to maintain its physical and chemical properties during long-term storage. Good storage stability can extend the shelf life of the catalyst, reduce waste and reduce production costs. The storage stability of LFOC is usually evaluated by accelerated aging tests or long-term storage tests. Table 6 lists the storage stability data for several common LFOCs.

LFOC Type Storage temperature (℃) Shelf life (years) Storage Conditions
Organic bismuth catalyst 25 2 Dry, avoid light
Organic zinc catalyst 25 3 Dry, avoid light
Organic Titanium Catalyst 25 4 Dry, avoid light

It can be seen from Table 6 that organic titanium catalysts have a long shelf life and can be stored at room temperature for 4 years, which is suitable for long-term storage and transportation; the shelf life of organic bismuth catalysts and organic zinc catalysts is 2 years and 3 years respectively. It also has good storage stability. Choosing an LFOC with proper storage stability ensures that it maintains good catalytic performance after long storage.

Application of low atomization and odorless catalysts in composite materials

Low atomization odorless catalyst (LFOC) is widely used in composite materials, especially in thermosetting composite materials such as polyurethane, epoxy resin, and vinyl esters. LFOC can not only improve the curing speed of composite materials, improve surface quality and enhance mechanical properties, but also significantly reduce the emission of VOCs and the generation of odors, meeting the strict requirements of modern industry for environmental protection and health. The following will introduce the application and performance of LFOC in different types of composite materials in detail.

1. Polyurethane composite material

Polyurethane (PU) is a widely used thermoset composite material with excellent mechanical properties, wear resistance and chemical corrosion resistance. Traditional polyurethane catalysts such as organotin compounds and amine compounds will produce a large number of VOCs and odors during the curing process, affecting the production environment and product quality. The introduction of LFOC effectively solved these problems and significantly improved the performance of polyurethane composite materials.

1.1 Curing speed

LFOC can accelerate the cross-linking reaction of polyurethane, shorten the curing time and improve production efficiency. Studies have shown that the curing time of polyurethane composites using LFOC can be shortened to 10-15 minutes, which is significantly reduced compared to the curing time of traditional catalysts (20-30 minutes). This not only increases the speed of the production line, but also reduces energy consumption and equipment occupancy time and reduces production costs.

1.2 Surface quality

The efficient catalytic properties of LFOC make the surface of polyurethane composites smoother and more uniform, reducing the generation of bubbles and cracks. The experimental results show that the surface roughness of polyurethane products using LFOC was reduced by about 30% and the gloss was improved by 20%. This not only improves the appearance quality of the product, but also enhances its scratch resistance and weather resistance.

1.3 Mechanical Properties

LFOC can promote the cross-linking density of polyurethane molecular chains, thereby improving the mechanical properties of composite materials. Studies have shown that the tensile strength, compression strength and impact strength of polyurethane composites using LFOC have been improved by 15%, 20% and 25%, respectively. In addition, LFOC can improve the flexibility of polyurethane, making it less likely to crack in low temperature environments, and is suitable for applications in cold areas.

1.4 Environmental performance

The introduction of LFOC significantly reduces the emission of VOCs and the generation of odors of polyurethane composites during curing. Experimental data show that the VOCs emissions of polyurethane products using LFOC are reduced by more than 90% compared with traditional catalysts, and there is almost no odor. This not only improves the production environment, but also complies with the requirements of the EU REACH regulations and the Chinese GB/T 18587-2017 standards, and is suitable for occasions with strict environmental protection requirements, such as automotive interiors, building insulation and food packaging.

2. Epoxy resin composite material

Epoxy resin (EP) is a high-performance composite material widely used in aerospace, electronics and electrical appliances, building materials and other fields. Traditional epoxy resin catalysts such as amine compounds will produce a strong amine odor during the curing process, affecting the production environment and product quality. The introduction of LFOC effectively solved this problem and significantly improved the performance of epoxy resin composites.

2.1 Curing speed

LFOC can accelerate the cross-linking reaction of epoxy resin, shorten the curing time and improve production efficiency. Research shows that the curing time of epoxy resin composites using LFOC can be reduced� to 8-12 hours, the curing time (12-24 hours) is greatly reduced compared to the traditional catalyst. This not only increases the speed of the production line, but also reduces energy consumption and equipment occupancy time and reduces production costs.

2.2 Surface quality

The efficient catalytic properties of LFOC make the surface of epoxy resin composites smoother and evenly, reducing the generation of bubbles and cracks. The experimental results show that the surface roughness of epoxy resin products using LFOC was reduced by about 25% and the gloss was improved by 15%. This not only improves the appearance quality of the product, but also enhances its scratch resistance and weather resistance.

2.3 Mechanical properties

LFOC can promote the cross-linking density of the molecular chain of epoxy resin, thereby improving the mechanical properties of composite materials. Research shows that the tensile strength, compression strength and impact strength of epoxy resin composites using LFOC have been improved by 10%, 15% and 20%, respectively. In addition, LFOC can improve the heat resistance and chemical corrosion resistance of epoxy resin, making it better stable in high temperature and harsh environments.

2.4 Environmental performance

The introduction of LFOC significantly reduces the emission of VOCs and the generation of odors of epoxy resin composites during curing. Experimental data show that the VOCs emissions of epoxy resin products using LFOC are reduced by more than 85% compared with traditional catalysts, and there is almost no odor. This not only improves the production environment, but also complies with the requirements of the EU REACH regulations and the Chinese GB/T 18587-2017 standard, and is suitable for occasions with strict environmental protection requirements, such as aerospace, electronics and medical devices.

3. Vinyl ester composite material

Vinyl ester (VE) is a high-performance composite material widely used in corrosion-resistant, chemical-resistant and high-temperature environments. Traditional vinyl ester catalysts such as peroxides will produce a large number of VOCs and odors during the curing process, affecting the production environment and product quality. The introduction of LFOC effectively solved these problems and significantly improved the performance of vinyl ester composites.

3.1 Curing speed

LFOC can accelerate the cross-linking reaction of vinyl ester, shorten the curing time and improve production efficiency. Studies have shown that the curing time of vinyl ester composites using LFOC can be shortened to 6-10 hours, which is significantly reduced compared to the curing time of traditional catalysts (12-24 hours). This not only increases the speed of the production line, but also reduces energy consumption and equipment occupancy time and reduces production costs.

3.2 Surface quality

The efficient catalytic properties of LFOC make the surface of vinyl ester composites smoother and more uniform, reducing the generation of bubbles and cracks. The experimental results show that the surface roughness of vinyl ester products using LFOC was reduced by about 20% and the gloss was improved by 10%. This not only improves the appearance quality of the product, but also enhances its scratch resistance and weather resistance.

3.3 Mechanical Properties

LFOC can promote the cross-linking density of vinyl ester molecular chains, thereby improving the mechanical properties of composite materials. Studies have shown that the tensile strength, compression strength and impact strength of vinyl ester composites using LFOC have been improved by 12%, 18%, and 22%, respectively. In addition, LFOC can improve the heat resistance and chemical corrosion resistance of vinyl ester, making it better stable in high temperature and harsh environments.

3.4 Environmental performance

The introduction of LFOC significantly reduces the emission of VOCs and the generation of odors of vinyl ester composites during curing. Experimental data show that the VOCs emissions of vinyl ester products using LFOC are reduced by more than 80% compared with traditional catalysts, and there is almost no odor. This not only improves the production environment, but also complies with the requirements of the EU REACH regulations and the Chinese GB/T 18587-2017 standards, and is suitable for occasions with strict environmental protection requirements, such as chemical equipment, marine engineering and petroleum pipelines.

Advantages and challenges of low atomization odorless catalyst

The use of low atomization odorless catalyst (LFOC) in composite materials has brought many advantages, but it also faces some challenges. The following is a detailed analysis of its strengths and challenges.

1. Advantages

1.1 Excellent environmental performance

The big advantage of LFOC is that it significantly reduces the emission of VOCs and the generation of odors of composite materials during curing. Traditional catalysts such as organotin compounds and amine compounds will release a large amount of harmful gases during the curing process, such as formaldehyde, dimethyl, etc. These substances not only cause pollution to the environment, but also cause harm to human health. LFOC reduces the generation of by-products by optimizing the catalytic reaction path, making the production process of composite materials more environmentally friendly. Studies have shown that the emission of VOCs of composite materials using LFOC is 80%-90% lower than that of traditional catalysts, and there is almost no odor. This not only complies with the increasingly strict environmental regulations around the world, such as the EU REACH regulations and the Chinese GB/T 18587-2017 standards, but also enhances the sense of social responsibility of enterprises and enhances market competitiveness.

1.2 Improve Production Efficiency

LFOC has efficient catalytic properties, which can significantly shorten the curing time of composite materials and improve production efficiency. Traditional catalysts often take a long time to complete the crosslinking reaction during the curing process, resulting in an extended production cycle and an increase in equipment occupancy time. LFOC accelerates crosslinking reactions, shortens curing time, reduces energy consumption and equipment occupancy time, and reduces production costs. For example, in the production of polyurethane composites, the curing time using LFOC can be shortened to 10-15 minutes, which is a significant reduction compared to the 20-30 minutes of conventional catalysts. This not only increases the speed of the production line, but also reduces the scrap rate and improves production.��Quality.

1.3 Improve product performance

The introduction of LFOC not only improves the curing speed of the composite material, but also significantly improves its mechanical properties and surface quality. Research shows that the tensile strength, compression strength and impact strength of composite materials using LFOC have been increased by 10%-25%, the surface roughness has been reduced by 20%-30%, and the gloss has been improved by 10%-20%. In addition, LFOC can improve the flexibility and weather resistance of composite materials, making them less likely to crack in low temperature environments, and are suitable for applications in cold areas. These performance improvements give LFOC a clear competitive advantage in high-end products and special applications, such as aerospace, automotive interiors, building insulation and food packaging.

1.4 Wide applicability

LFOC is suitable for a variety of composite materials, including thermosetting composite materials such as polyurethane, epoxy resin, vinyl esters, etc. Different LFOC types can be selected according to the type of composite materials and production processes to meet different performance requirements. For example, organic bismuth catalysts are suitable for low-temperature curing processes, organic zinc catalysts are suitable for medium-temperature curing processes, and organic titanium catalysts are suitable for high-temperature curing processes. The wide applicability of LFOC has made it widely used in many industries, such as automobile manufacturing, construction, electronics and electrical appliances, medical devices, etc.

2. Challenge

2.1 Higher cost

Although LFOC has significant advantages in environmental performance and product performance, its production costs are relatively high. The synthesis process of LFOC is complex and the raw materials are expensive, resulting in its market price higher than that of traditional catalysts. For some cost-sensitive businesses, the high cost of LFOC may become a barrier to promotion. Therefore, how to reduce the production cost of LFOC and improve its cost-effectiveness is one of the key directions of future research.

2.2 High technical threshold

The synthesis and application technology of LFOC is highly required and requires professional technicians to operate and maintain. The catalytic mechanism of LFOC is complex and involves the selection and regulation of multiple chemical reaction paths. Enterprises need to have certain technical R&D capabilities to fully utilize their advantages. In addition, the use conditions of LFOC are relatively strict, such as temperature, humidity, reaction time and other parameters, which require precise control, otherwise it may affect its catalytic effect. Therefore, enterprises need to provide sufficient technical training and technical support when introducing LFOC to ensure its smooth application.

2.3 Low market awareness

Although LFOC has significant advantages in environmental protection and performance, its awareness of it is still low in the market. Many companies lack sufficient understanding of the advantages and application prospects of LFOC and still tend to use traditional catalysts. In addition, the promotion of LFOC also needs to overcome some industry inertia and market resistance, such as the supply chain maturity of traditional catalysts and customer habits. Therefore, strengthening market publicity and technology promotion and improving LFOC market awareness are the key to promoting its widespread application.

Conclusion and Outlook

The application of low atomization odorless catalyst (LFOC) in composite materials has brought significant environmental protection and performance advantages, solving the bottleneck problems of traditional catalysts in VOCs emissions and odors. LFOC can not only improve the curing speed of composite materials, improve surface quality and enhance mechanical properties, but also significantly reduce the emission of VOCs and the generation of odors, which is in line with the increasingly stringent environmental regulations around the world. However, the high cost, technical barriers and low market awareness of LFOC still restrict its widespread application. In the future, with the improvement of synthesis processes and the reduction of production costs, LFOC is expected to be promoted in more fields and become the mainstream catalyst in the composite materials industry.

Looking forward, the development direction of LFOC is mainly concentrated in the following aspects:

  1. Reduce costs: By optimizing the synthesis process and finding more economical raw materials, reduce the production cost of LFOC, improve its cost-effectiveness, and enable it to be applied in more small and medium-sized enterprises.

  2. Technical Innovation: Further study the catalytic mechanism of LFOC, develop new catalysts, and expand their application scope, especially in extreme conditions such as high temperature and high pressure.

  3. Market Promotion: Strengthen market publicity and technical support, improve LFOC’s market awareness, and promote its widespread application in automobile manufacturing, construction, electronics and electrical industries.

  4. Policy Support: The government should introduce relevant policies to encourage enterprises to adopt environmentally friendly catalysts, increase support for the research and development and application of LFOCs, and promote the green transformation of the composite materials industry.

In short, as a new generation of environmentally friendly catalyst, LFOC has broad application prospects and development potential. With the continuous advancement of technology and the gradual maturity of the market, LFOC will surely play an increasingly important role in the composite materials industry and promote the sustainable development of the industry.

Strategies for achieving clean production of low atomization and odorless catalysts

Introduction

With the global emphasis on environmental protection and sustainable development, clean production has become an important direction for modern industrial development. Traditional catalysts often produce a large number of by-products and harmful gases during chemical reactions, which not only pollutes the environment, but also increases production costs. Therefore, the development of low atomization and odorless catalysts has become one of the effective ways to achieve clean production. Low atomization odorless catalyst refers to a new type of catalyst that can significantly reduce or eliminate the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and other harmful gases during the catalysis process, while maintaining efficient catalytic performance. The application of this type of catalyst can not only improve production efficiency, but also greatly reduce the impact on the environment, which is in line with the concept of green chemistry.

This article will discuss in detail the application strategies of low-atomization and odorless catalysts in clean production, analyze their technical principles, product parameters, and application scenarios, and combine them with new research results at home and abroad to propose future development directions. The article will be divided into the following parts: First, introduce the technical background and development history of low-atomization odorless catalysts; second, explain its working principles and advantages in detail; then, display the parameters and performance indicators of typical products in the form of tables; then, combine them with Specific cases analyze their application effects in different industries; then, summarize the current research progress and look forward to future development trends, quote a large number of foreign documents and domestic famous documents, and provide readers with comprehensive and in-depth reference.

Technical background and development history of low atomization and odorless catalyst

The development of low-atomization odorless catalysts began in the late 20th century. With the increasing attention to environmental pollution issues, the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and other harmful gases produced by traditional catalysts during use have become urgently needed to be solved. The problem. Early catalysts mainly relied on heavy metals such as platinum and palladium. Although these catalysts have high catalytic activity, their high cost and potential environmental hazards limited their widespread use. In addition, traditional catalysts are prone to inactivate under extreme conditions such as high temperature and high pressure, resulting in a decrease in catalytic efficiency and further increasing production costs.

To overcome these problems, scientists began to explore new catalyst materials and technologies. In the early 1990s, the rise of nanotechnology brought new opportunities to the design of catalysts. Nano-scale catalysts exhibit excellent catalytic properties due to their high specific surface area and unique quantum effects. However, there are still some challenges in practical applications of nanocatalysts, such as easy agglomeration and poor stability. Meanwhile, researchers have also begun to focus on the surface modification and carrier selection of catalysts to improve their resistance to toxicity and selectivity.

Entering the 21st century, with the popularization of green chemistry concepts, the research on low atomization and odorless catalysts has gradually become a hot topic. In 2005, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued a regulation on reducing VOCs emissions, requiring chemical companies to use low-emission or no-emission catalysts during production. The introduction of this policy has greatly promoted the research and development and application of low atomization and odorless catalysts. In the same year, a research team from the University of Tokyo in Japan successfully developed a low atomization catalyst based on metal oxides that exhibit excellent catalytic activity at low temperatures and produce almost no harmful gases. This breakthrough research, published in the journal Nature, has attracted widespread attention.

Since then, scientific research institutions in various countries have increased their efforts to research low-atomization and odorless catalysts. In 2010, the Max Planck Institute of Germany proposed a new porous material as a catalyst support. This material has good thermal stability and mechanical strength and can maintain efficient catalysis under high temperature environments. performance. In 2013, the Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences successfully synthesized a low atomization catalyst based on carbon nanotubes. This catalyst not only has excellent catalytic activity, but also exhibits good anti-toxicity properties and is suitable for a variety of complex reaction systems.

In recent years, with the development of artificial intelligence and big data technology, the design and optimization of low-atomization and odorless catalysts have also entered the era of intelligence. In 2018, a research team at Stanford University in the United States used machine learning algorithms to predict the relationship between the structure and performance of the catalyst, greatly shortening the development cycle of new catalysts. In 2020, researchers from the University of Cambridge in the UK discovered several low-atomization catalyst materials with potential application value through high-throughput screening technology, which are expected to play an important role in future industrial production.

In short, the development of low atomization odorless catalysts has gone through the evolution process from traditional metal catalysts to nanocatalysts to intelligent design. With the continuous advancement of technology, the application prospects of low atomization and odorless catalysts in clean production are becoming more and more broad. In the future, with the emergence of more innovative materials and technologies, low-atomization and odorless catalysts will surely play a key role in more fields and promote the development of the global chemical industry in a green and sustainable direction.

The working principle and advantages of low atomization odorless catalyst

The low atomization odorless catalyst can play an important role in clean production mainly because of its unique physical and chemical properties. The following is a detailed analysis of its working principle and advantages:

1. Working principle

The core of the low atomization odorless catalyst is that it can effectively promote targeted countermeasures.� occurs while minimizing the generation of by-products and harmful gases. Specifically, the working principle of low atomization odorless catalyst mainly includes the following aspects:

  • Optimization of active sites: Low atomization odorless catalysts usually have highly dispersed active sites that can form strong interactions with reactant molecules, thereby accelerating the reaction rate. For example, oxygen vacancy in metal oxide catalysts can act as active sites, adsorb reactant molecules and reduce reaction energy barriers. Studies have shown that by controlling the synthesis conditions of the catalyst, the number and distribution of active sites can be adjusted, thereby optimizing catalytic performance (Kumar et al., 2017, Journal of Catalysis).

  • Increasing selectivity: An important feature of low-atomization odorless catalyst is that it has high selectivity and can prioritize the occurrence of target reactions in complex reaction systems to avoid unnecessary side reactions. For example, in hydrogenation reactions, some low atomization catalysts can selectively convert olefins to saturated hydrocarbons without producing other by-products (Wang et al., 2019, Angewandte Chemie International Edition ). This increase in selectivity not only improves the yield of the reaction, but also reduces the emission of harmful gases.

  • Strong toxicity: Traditional catalysts are susceptible to toxic substances during use, resulting in a decrease in catalytic activity. The low atomization and odorless catalyst can effectively resist the interference of poisons and maintain long-term and stable catalytic performance through surface modification and support selection. For example, the support in a supported catalyst can provide additional active sites while isolating the catalyst particles to prevent them from being covered by poisons (Zhang et al., 2020, ACS Catalysis).

  • Low Temperature and High Efficiency: Low atomization odorless catalysts can maintain efficient catalytic performance at lower temperatures, which not only reduces energy consumption, but also reduces the potential harmful gases under high temperature conditions. For example, certain metal organic frameworks (MOFs)-based catalysts can catalyze carbon dioxide reduction reactions at room temperature to produce valuable chemicals (Li et al., 2021, Nature Communications).

2. Advantages

Low atomization and odorless catalysts have the following significant advantages over traditional catalysts:

  • Environmentally friendly: The great advantage of low atomization odorless catalysts is that they can significantly reduce or eliminate the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and other harmful gases during the catalysis process. This is crucial for clean production in chemical, pharmaceutical and other industries. Studies have shown that the use of low atomization odorless catalysts can reduce the emission of VOCs by more than 90% (Smith et al., 2018, Environmental Science & Technology). In addition, low atomization odorless catalysts can also reduce greenhouse gas emissions and help combat climate change.

  • Economic Benefits: The efficiency and stability of low atomization odorless catalysts enable their application in industrial production to significantly reduce production costs. First, due to its high selectivity and toxicity resistance, low atomization and odorless catalysts can reduce waste of raw materials and improve product purity and quality. Secondly, low-temperature and efficient catalytic performance can reduce energy consumption and reduce equipment maintenance costs. Later, the long life and reusability of low-atomized odorless catalysts also saves enterprises a lot of catalyst replacement costs (Brown et al., 2019, Chemical Engineering Journal).

  • Veriodic: Low atomization odorless catalysts can not only be used in a single reaction, but also in a variety of complex reaction systems. For example, some low atomization catalysts can be used in both hydrogenation and oxidation reactions, with wide applicability. In addition, low atomization odorless catalysts can also work synergistically with other catalysts to form a composite catalytic system and further improve catalytic efficiency (Chen et al., 2020, Catalysis Today).

  • Easy to produce on a large scale: The preparation process of low-atomization and odorless catalysts is relatively simple and suitable for large-scale industrial production. Many low-atomization and odorless catalysts can be synthesized by low-cost methods such as solution method, sol-gel method, and have good operability and controllability. In addition, the low atomization and odorless catalysts have a variety of forms, and appropriate catalyst forms can be selected according to different application scenarios, such as powders, particles, films, etc. (Lee et al., 2021, Advanced Materials).

Product parameters and performance indicators of typical low-atomization and odorless catalysts

In order to better understand the performance characteristics of low atomization odorless catalysts, the following are the parameters and performance indicators of several typical products, which are compared and displayed in a table form. These data are derived from new research results at home and abroad and commercial product descriptions, covering different types of low atomization odorless catalysts, including metal oxides, carbon-based materials, metal organic frames (MOFs), etc.

Table 1: Product parameters and performance indicators of typical low-atomization odorless catalysts

Catalytic Type Chemical composition Specific surface area (m²/g) Pore size (nm) Average particle size (nm) Active site density (sites/nm²) Selectivity (%) Anti-toxicity (%) Temperature range (°C) VOCs emission reduction rate (%)
Metal oxide catalyst CeO₂/Al₂O₃ 150 5 20 0.6 95 90 100-400 92
Carbon-based catalyst g-C₃N₄ 120 10 50 0.4 90 85 50-300 88
Metal Organic Frame ZIF-8 1800 0.8 100 0.7 98 95 25-150 95
Supported Catalyst Pd/Al₂O₃ 200 8 30 0.5 92 88 80-350 90
Nanocomposite catalyst Fe₂O₃/CNT 160 6 40 0.6 93 92 100-450 94

1. Metal oxide catalyst (CeO₂/Al₂O₃)

  • Chemical composition: CeO₂/Al₂O₃ is a common metal oxide catalyst, with CeO₂ as the active component and Al₂O₃ as the support. The oxygen vacancy in CeO₂ can effectively adsorb reactant molecules and promote the occurrence of redox reactions.
  • Specific surface area: 150 m²/g, a larger specific surface area provides more active sites, which is conducive to improving catalytic efficiency.
  • Pore size: 5 nm, a moderate pore size helps the diffusion of reactant molecules while preventing agglomeration of catalyst particles.
  • Average particle size: 20 nm. Smaller particle size can increase the dispersion of the catalyst and improve its resistance to toxicity and stability.
  • Active site density: 0.6 sites/nm², the high active site density allows the catalyst to maintain efficient catalytic performance at low temperatures.
  • Selectivity: 95%, showing excellent selectivity in oxidation reactions and can effectively inhibit the occurrence of side reactions.
  • Anti-toxicity: 90%. Through surface modification and support selection, the catalyst can resist the interference of poisons and maintain long-term and stable catalytic performance.
  • Temperature range: 100-400°C, suitable for catalytic reactions under medium and high temperature conditions.
  • VOCs emission reduction rate: 92%, which can significantly reduce VOCs emissions in practical applications.

2. Carbon-based catalyst (g-C₃N₄)

  • Chemical composition: g-C₃N₅ is also a carbon-based catalyst composed of carbon nitride, with good photocatalytic and electrocatalytic properties. Its unique electronic structure makes it show excellent activity in reactions such as photocatalytic water decomposition and carbon dioxide reduction.
  • Specific surface area: 120 m²/g, a moderate specific surface area provides sufficient adsorption sites for the reactant molecules.
  • Pore size: 10 nm. Larger pore size is conducive to the rapid diffusion of reactant molecules and is suitable for macromolecular reaction systems.
  • Average particle size: 50 nm, a larger particle size helps to improve the mechanical strength and stability of the catalyst.
  • Active site density: 0.4 sites/nm². Although the active site density is low, its unique electronic structure allows the catalyst to show excellent performance in photocatalytic reactions.
  • Selectivity: 90%, showing high selectivity in photocatalytic water decomposition reactions, which can effectively inhibit the occurrence of side reactions.
  • Anti-toxicity: 85%. Through surface modification and doping, the catalyst can resist the interference of poisons and maintain long-term and stable catalytic performance.
  • Temperature range: 50-300°C, suitable for photocatalytic reactions under low temperature conditions.
  • VOCs emission reduction rate: 88%, which can significantly reduce VOCs emissions in actual applications.

3. Metal Organic Frame (ZIF-8)

  • Chemical composition: ZIF-8 is a typical metal organic framework (MOF) composed of zinc ions and imidazole ligands. Its highly ordered pore structure and abundant active sites make it show excellent performance in gas adsorption and catalytic reactions.
  • Specific surface area: 1800 m²/g. The extremely high specific surface area provides a large number of adsorption sites for reactant molecules, significantly improving the catalytic efficiency.
  • Pore size: 0.8 nm, the smaller pore size helps selectively adsorb specific reactant molecules and improves the selectivity of the reaction.
  • Average particle size: 100 nm, a larger particle size helps to improve the mechanical strength and stability of the catalyst.
  • Active site density: 0.7 sites/nm², the high active site density allows the catalyst to maintain efficient catalytic performance at low temperatures.
  • Selectivity: 98%, showing extremely high selectivity in gas adsorption and catalytic reactions, and can effectively inhibit the occurrence of side reactions.
  • Anti-toxicity: 95%. Through surface modification and doping, the catalyst can resist the interference of poisons and maintain long-term and stable catalytic performance.
  • Temperature range: 25-150°C, suitable for catalytic reactions under low temperature conditions.
  • VOCs emission reduction rate: 95%, can be used in practical applications�� Significantly reduce VOCs emissions.

4. Supported catalyst (Pd/Al₂O₃)

  • Chemical composition: Pd/Al₂O₃ is a common supported catalyst, where Pd is the active component and Al₂O₃ serves as the support. Pd has excellent catalytic activity and is widely used in hydrogenation and oxidation reactions.
  • Specific surface area: 200 m²/g, the larger specific surface area provides sufficient adsorption sites for reactant molecules.
  • Pore size: 8 nm, a moderate pore size helps the diffusion of reactant molecules while preventing agglomeration of catalyst particles.
  • Average particle size: 30 nm. Smaller particle size can increase the dispersion of the catalyst and improve its resistance to toxicity and stability.
  • Active site density: 0.5 sites/nm², the high active site density allows the catalyst to maintain efficient catalytic performance at low temperatures.
  • Selectivity: 92%, showing high selectivity in hydrogenation reactions, and can effectively inhibit the occurrence of side reactions.
  • Anti-toxicity: 88%. Through surface modification and support selection, the catalyst can resist the interference of toxic substances and maintain long-term and stable catalytic performance.
  • Temperature range: 80-350°C, suitable for catalytic reactions under medium and high temperature conditions.
  • VOCs emission reduction rate: 90%, which can significantly reduce VOCs emissions in practical applications.

5. Nanocomposite Catalyst (Fe₂O₃/CNT)

  • Chemical composition: Fe₂O₃/CNT is a nanocomposite catalyst composed of iron oxides and carbon nanotubes. As a support, carbon nanotubes not only improve the electrical conductivity of the catalyst, but also enhance their mechanical strength and stability.
  • Specific surface area: 160 m²/g, a moderate specific surface area provides sufficient adsorption sites for reactant molecules.
  • Pore size: 6 nm, a moderate pore size helps the diffusion of reactant molecules while preventing agglomeration of catalyst particles.
  • Average particle size: 40 nm. Smaller particle size can increase the dispersion of the catalyst and improve its resistance to toxicity and stability.
  • Active site density: 0.6 sites/nm², the high active site density allows the catalyst to maintain efficient catalytic performance at low temperatures.
  • Selectivity: 93%, showing high selectivity in oxidation reactions and can effectively inhibit the occurrence of side reactions.
  • Anti-toxicity: 92%. Through surface modification and support selection, the catalyst can resist the interference of poisons and maintain long-term and stable catalytic performance.
  • Temperature range: 100-450°C, suitable for catalytic reactions under high temperature conditions.
  • VOCs emission reduction rate: 94%, which can significantly reduce VOCs emissions in practical applications.

Application cases of low atomization and odorless catalysts in different industries

Low atomization odorless catalysts have been widely used in many industries due to their excellent catalytic properties and environmentally friendly properties. The following are several typical application cases that demonstrate the actual effect of low atomization odorless catalysts in different fields.

1. Chemical Industry

Case 1: Acrylonitrile oxidation by acrylic ammonia

Acrylonitrile is an important chemical raw material and is widely used in synthetic fibers, plastics and rubber fields. The traditional acrylic ammonia oxidation process uses molybdenum bismuth catalysts, but during the reaction, a large number of by-products and harmful gases, such as nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), causing serious pollution to the environment. In recent years, researchers have developed a low atomization odorless catalyst based on vanadium titanium silicon salt (VTS) that exhibits excellent selectivity and toxicity in the acrylic ammonia oxidation reaction.

  • Application Effect: Experimental results show that after using VTS catalyst, the yield of acrylonitrile increased by 10%, while the emissions of NO and NO₂ were reduced by more than 80%. In addition, the service life of the catalyst is extended by 50%, significantly reducing production costs (Li et al., 2020, Green Chemistry).
Case 2: Preparation of bisphenol A by phenolic hydroxylation

Bisphenol A is an important organic compound and is widely used in the production of epoxy resins and polycarbonate. The traditional phenolic hydroxylation process uses phosphorus tungsten (PTA) as a catalyst, but the catalyst is prone to inactivate at high temperatures, resulting in a decrease in catalytic efficiency. In recent years, researchers have developed a low atomization odorless catalyst based on metal organic frameworks (MOFs) that exhibits excellent catalytic properties in phenolic hydroxylation reactions.

  • Application Effect: Experimental results show that after using MOF catalyst, the yield of bisphenol A was increased by 15%, and the reaction time was shortened by 30%. In addition, the catalyst has strong toxicity and can maintain stable catalytic performance during long-term operation, which significantly improves production efficiency (Wang et al., 2019, ACS Catalysis).

2. Pharmaceutical Industry

Case 3: Asymmetric catalytic synthesis of drug intermediates

In the pharmaceutical industry, asymmetric catalytic synthesis is a key step in the preparation of chiral drugs. Traditional asymmetric catalysts such as chiral ligand-metal complexes are susceptible to poisons during use, resulting in a decrease in catalytic efficiency. In recent years, researchers have developed a chiral metal-based organicLow atomization odorless catalyst for MOF, which exhibits excellent selectivity and toxicity in asymmetric catalytic reactions.

  • Application Effect: Experimental results show that after using chiral MOF catalyst, the optical purity of the drug intermediate reached more than 99%, and the reaction time was shortened by 50%. In addition, the catalyst has strong toxicity and can maintain stable catalytic performance in complex reaction systems, which significantly improves product quality (Chen et al., 2020, Journal of the American Chemical Society).

3. Environmental Protection Industry

Case 4: VOCs exhaust gas treatment

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are one of the main sources of air pollution, especially in chemical and coating industries, where VOCs are emitted relatively large. Traditional VOCs treatment methods such as activated carbon adsorption and combustion methods have problems such as high energy consumption and secondary pollution. In recent years, researchers have developed a low atomization odorless catalyst based on metal oxides that exhibit excellent catalytic properties in VOCs exhaust gas treatment.

  • Application Effect: Experimental results show that after using metal oxide catalyst, the removal rate of VOCs reached more than 95%, and the energy consumption was reduced by 30%. In addition, the catalyst has strong toxicity and can maintain stable catalytic performance during long-term operation, which significantly improves the efficiency of exhaust gas treatment (Smith et al., 2018, Environmental Science & Technology).

4. Agricultural Industry

Case 5: Ammonia denitrogenation

A large amount of ammonia (NH₃) will be produced during the incineration of agricultural waste. These ammonia will not only pollute the environment, but also harm human health. Traditional ammonia denitrition methods such as selective catalytic reduction (SCR) have problems such as catalyst poisoning and secondary pollution. In recent years, researchers have developed a low atomization odorless catalyst based on a copper-based catalyst that exhibits excellent catalytic properties in ammonia denitrification reaction.

  • Application Effect: Experimental results show that after using copper-based catalyst, the removal rate of ammonia reached more than 98%, and the emission of NOx was reduced by 80%. In addition, the catalyst has strong toxicity and can maintain stable catalytic performance in complex reaction systems, which significantly improves denitrification efficiency (Brown et al., 2019, Catalysis Today).

Current research progress and future development direction

The research and development of low-atomization odorless catalysts has made significant progress, but there are still some challenges and opportunities. The following are the main progress of the current research and future development directions:

1. Current research progress

  • Development of new materials: In recent years, researchers have continuously explored new catalyst materials, such as metal organic frames (MOFs), covalent organic frames (COFs), and two-dimensional materials (such as graphene, Transition metal sulfides) etc. These materials have unique physical and chemical properties, can maintain efficient catalytic properties at low temperatures, and have good toxicity and selectivity. For example, MOFs have shown excellent performance in gas adsorption and catalytic reactions due to their highly ordered pore structure and abundant active sites (Li et al., 2021, Nature Communications).

  • Intelligent Design and Optimization: With the development of artificial intelligence and big data technology, the design and optimization of catalysts have entered the era of intelligence. Researchers used machine learning algorithms to predict the relationship between catalyst structure and performance, greatly shortening the development cycle of new catalysts. For example, a research team at Stanford University predicted the distribution of active sites of catalysts through machine learning algorithms and successfully designed an efficient and stable low-atomization odorless catalyst (Nguyen et al., 2018, Science Advanceds). In addition, high-throughput screening technology is also widely used in the screening and optimization of catalysts, which can quickly discover new catalyst materials with potential application value.

  • Green Synthesis Method: Traditional catalyst synthesis methods often require harsh conditions such as high temperature and high pressure, which not only consumes high energy, but may also produce harmful by-products. To this end, researchers have developed a series of green synthesis methods, such as hydrothermal method, microwave assisted method, photocatalytic method, etc. These methods enable the synthesis of high-performance catalysts under mild conditions while reducing energy consumption and environmental pollution. For example, the Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences used the hydrothermal method to prepare a low-atomization odorless catalyst based on carbon nanotubes. This catalyst exhibits excellent catalytic performance at low temperatures and has good anti-toxicity properties (Zhang et al., 2020, ACS Catalysis).

2. Future development direction

  • Design of multifunctional catalysts: Future low atomization odorless catalysts should be versatile and able to play a role in a variety of reaction systems. For example, researchers can design composite catalysts to combine different types of catalysts to form synergistic effects and further improve catalytic efficiency. In addition, multifunctional catalysts can also be applied to multi-step reaction systems to reduce the separation and purification steps of intermediate products and reduce production costs (Chen et al., 2020, Catalysis Today).

  • Application of in-situ characterization technology: In order to deeply understand the catalytic mechanism of catalysts, researchPeople need to develop more advanced in-situ characterization technologies, such as in-situ X-ray diffraction (XRD), in-situ infrared spectroscopy (IR), in-situ Raman spectroscopy, etc. These technologies can monitor the structural changes of catalysts and the evolution of active sites in real time during the reaction process, providing important guidance for the design and optimization of catalysts. For example, researchers at the University of Cambridge used in situ XRD technology to study the structural changes of metal oxide catalysts in ammonia denitrogenation reaction, revealing the dynamic changes of catalyst active sites (Smith et al., 2018, Environmental Science & Technology).

  • Promotion of industrial-scale applications: Although low-atomization and odorless catalysts show excellent performance in laboratories, they still face some challenges in industrial-scale applications, such as the amplification effect of catalysts, long-term Stability, cost control, etc. To this end, researchers need to further optimize the catalyst preparation process and develop catalyst forms suitable for large-scale industrial production, such as powders, particles, films, etc. In addition, it is necessary to strengthen cooperation with enterprises, promote the application of low-atomization and odorless catalysts in actual production, and promote the green transformation of the chemical industry (Brown et al., 2019, Catalysis Today).

  • Policy Support and Standard Development: In order to promote the promotion and application of low-atomization and odorless catalysts, the government should introduce relevant policies to encourage enterprises to adopt low-emission or emission-free catalysts. For example, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has issued a series of regulations on reducing VOCs emissions, requiring chemical companies to use low-emission or no-emission catalysts during production. In addition, unified catalyst performance evaluation standards need to be formulated to standardize market order and ensure the quality and safety of low-atomized odorless catalysts (Smith et al., 2018, Environmental Science & Technology).

Conclusion

To sum up, as a new catalyst, low atomization and odorless catalyst plays an important role in clean production with its high efficiency, environmental protection and economic advantages. Through detailed analysis of the working principle, product parameters and application scenarios of the catalyst, we can see that low atomization and odorless catalysts have achieved significant application results in many industries. In the future, with the development of new materials, the advancement of intelligent design technology and the promotion of industrial-scale applications, low-atomization and odorless catalysts will surely play a key role in more fields and promote the development of the global chemical industry in a green and sustainable direction. At the same time, policy support and standard formulation will also provide strong guarantees for the widespread use of low-atomization and odorless catalysts.