A comparative analysis of Primary Antioxidant 1035 versus other leading phenolic antioxidants for polyolefin applications

A Comparative Analysis of Primary Antioxidant 1035 Versus Other Leading Phenolic Antioxidants for Polyolefin Applications

Introduction: The Unsung Heroes of Polymer Longevity

Imagine a world without plastics. No water bottles, no car bumpers, no food packaging — in short, modern life would be… sticky, to say the least. But as much as we rely on polymers like polyethylene and polypropylene, these materials are not invincible. Left to their own devices, they start to degrade — cracking, yellowing, and losing mechanical strength. Enter antioxidants, the silent guardians that keep our plastics young and strong.

In this article, we dive into one such hero: Primary Antioxidant 1035, often referred to by its chemical name, Pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate), or simply Irganox 1035 (Ciba’s brand name). We’ll compare it head-to-head with other leading phenolic antioxidants used in polyolefins, including Irganox 1010, Irganox 1076, Ethanox 330, and Sumilizer GP-1. Our goal? To understand which antioxidant brings what to the table, and under what circumstances each might shine brightest.

So, buckle up. It’s time to go behind the molecules.

What Are Phenolic Antioxidants?

Phenolic antioxidants are a class of stabilizers designed to combat oxidative degradation in polymers. They work by scavenging free radicals — those pesky reactive species formed during thermal processing and long-term use — before they can wreak havoc on polymer chains.

The general mechanism is simple yet elegant: the phenolic hydroxyl group (-OH) donates a hydrogen atom to stabilize the radical, effectively breaking the chain reaction of oxidation. This process is known as hydrogen atom transfer (HAT).

Among the many types of antioxidants — phosphites, thioesters, hindered amines — phenolics stand out as primary antioxidants, meaning they’re typically the first line of defense against oxidation.

Now, let’s meet the contenders.

Meet the Contenders: A Roster of Radical Scavengers

Below is a quick introduction to the major players in the phenolic antioxidant arena:

Name	Chemical Structure	Brand Names	Molecular Weight	Melting Point (°C)	Key Features
Antioxidant 1035	Pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate)	Irganox 1035	~1180 g/mol	52–57	Excellent volatility resistance, high molecular weight
Antioxidant 1010	Same structure as 1035 but with ester linkages	Irganox 1010	~1180 g/mol	119–125	High performance, widely used, good color retention
Antioxidant 1076	Octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate	Irganox 1076	~531 g/mol	50–55	Low volatility, excellent compatibility
Ethanox 330	Tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)isocyanurate	Ethanox 330	~699 g/mol	200–205	High temperature stability, low migration
Sumilizer GP-1	Bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)phosphonate	Sumilizer GP-1	~570 g/mol	140–145	Unique phosphorus-containing structure, dual function

Let’s now take a closer look at each of them, especially focusing on how Antioxidant 1035 stacks up.

Antioxidant 1035: The Tetrakis Wonder

Antioxidant 1035 is a tetrafunctional hindered phenolic antioxidant, meaning it has four active phenolic groups per molecule. This gives it a significant advantage in terms of radical scavenging efficiency.

Its core structure is based on pentaerythritol, a tetra-alcohol that acts as a central scaffold for four phenolic esters. This design leads to several important properties:

High molecular weight: Reduces volatility and migration.
Excellent thermal stability: Ideal for high-temperature processing.
Low extractability: Stays put in the polymer matrix.
Good color retention: Helps maintain product aesthetics.

It is commonly used in polyolefins, especially polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP), where long-term thermal aging resistance is crucial.

Typical Use Levels

Application	Recommended Level (pph*)
Polyethylene	0.05–0.2
Polypropylene	0.1–0.3
Films & fibers	0.05–0.15
Molded parts	0.1–0.2

* pph = parts per hundred resin

Head-to-Head Comparison: How Does 1035 Stack Up?

Let’s break down the competition across key performance indicators.

1. Volatility and Migration

One of the biggest challenges in antioxidant selection is ensuring that the additive stays within the polymer over time. Volatile antioxidants can escape during processing or through prolonged exposure to heat or solvents.

Antioxidant	Volatility (mg/g @ 150°C, 24 hrs)	Migration (in water/oil)
1035	~0.5	Very low
1010	~1.2	Moderate
1076	~2.0	High
Ethanox 330	~0.8	Low
GP-1	~1.0	Moderate

As shown above, Antioxidant 1035 shines in low volatility and minimal migration, making it ideal for applications requiring long-term stability.

2. Thermal Stability and Processing Conditions

Polymer processing often involves temperatures exceeding 200°C. Not all antioxidants survive these conditions intact.

Antioxidant	Thermal Decomposition Temp (°C)	Suitability for High-Temp Processing
1035	~220	Good
1010	~230	Excellent
1076	~200	Fair
Ethanox 330	~250	Excellent
GP-1	~210	Good

While Ethanox 330 leads the pack in thermal endurance, 1035 holds its own, particularly in applications where volatility matters more than peak temperature resistance.

3. Antioxidant Efficiency (Performance in Retarding Oxidation)

Efficiency is often measured via oxidative induction time (OIT) or long-term thermal aging tests.

Antioxidant	OIT (minutes @ 200°C)	Color Retention After Aging
1035	~50	Good
1010	~60	Excellent
1076	~40	Fair
Ethanox 330	~55	Good
GP-1	~45	Moderate

Here, 1010 edges out others slightly, likely due to its rigid structure and efficient radical trapping. However, 1035 remains competitive, especially when balanced with its other advantages.

4. Compatibility and Processability

Some antioxidants can bloom to the surface or interfere with downstream processing.

Antioxidant	Bloom Risk	Compatibility with PE/PP	Ease of Incorporation
1035	Very low	Excellent	Easy
1010	Low	Excellent	Slightly higher melting point complicates mixing
1076	Medium	Excellent	Easy
Ethanox 330	Low	Good	Requires careful dispersion
GP-1	Low	Good	Slight tendency to discolor if overheated

1035 scores well here again, especially in reducing blooming issues and maintaining clarity in transparent films.

5. Cost and Availability

Let’s face it — chemistry is cool, but budgets matter.

Antioxidant	Approximate Cost ($/kg)	Supplier Availability
1035	$15–20	Widely available
1010	$12–18	Abundant
1076	$10–15	Common
Ethanox 330	$20–25	Limited regional supply
GP-1	$18–22	Regional availability

While 1035 is not the cheapest option, its performance profile often justifies the premium, especially in critical applications.

Case Studies: Real-World Performance

To truly understand how these antioxidants perform, let’s look at some real-world case studies from academic and industrial sources.

Case Study 1: Polypropylene Film Stabilization

A study published in Polymer Degradation and Stability (2018) evaluated the performance of various antioxidants in PP films aged at 120°C for 1000 hours.

Antioxidant	% Tensile Strength Retained	Color Change (Δb*)
1035	88%	+2.1
1010	92%	+1.5
1076	80%	+3.0
Control (no AO)	55%	+6.0

While 1010 performed best in preserving tensile strength, 1035 offered a favorable balance between mechanical protection and aesthetic appeal.

Case Study 2: HDPE Pipe Aging Resistance

A 2020 report by BASF examined HDPE pipes stabilized with different antioxidants and subjected to accelerated UV and thermal aging.

Antioxidant	Time to Crack Initiation (hrs)	Surface Yellowing Index
1035	1500	+4.0
1010	1600	+3.5
Ethanox 330	1400	+4.5
GP-1	1300	+5.0

Again, 1035 held its own, showing robust protection against both environmental and thermal stressors.

Pros and Cons: The Bottom Line

Let’s summarize the strengths and weaknesses of Antioxidant 1035 compared to its peers.

✅ Pros of Antioxidant 1035

Exceptional low volatility
Minimal migration
Good thermal stability
Excellent compatibility with polyolefins
Superior clarity in film applications
Balanced cost-performance ratio

❌ Cons of Antioxidant 1035

Slightly lower antioxidant efficiency than 1010
Higher cost than simpler alternatives like 1076
Requires proper dispersion for full effectiveness

Choosing the Right Antioxidant: It’s All About the Application

There is no one-size-fits-all solution in polymer stabilization. The choice of antioxidant depends heavily on the application, processing conditions, and end-use requirements.

Scenario	Best Choice
Transparent film requiring clarity	1035
High-temperature extrusion	Ethanox 330 or 1010
Cost-sensitive commodity packaging	1076
Automotive parts needing long-term durability	1010 or GP-1
Medical devices needing low migration	1035

In essence, Antioxidant 1035 is your best friend when you need something that won’t run away from the party early — it sticks around, does its job quietly, and doesn’t mess up the vibe.

Conclusion: The Quiet Protector

In the bustling world of polymer additives, Antioxidant 1035 may not always grab headlines, but it deserves a standing ovation. Its unique combination of low volatility, excellent compatibility, and decent antioxidant power makes it an indispensable tool in the formulation chemist’s arsenal.

When compared to stalwarts like 1010, 1076, and even newer options like Ethanox 330, 1035 holds its ground — especially in niche applications where longevity and aesthetics matter most.

So next time you see a plastic bottle that looks just as good six months later as it did on day one, tip your hat to the unsung hero working behind the scenes: Primary Antioxidant 1035.

References

Zweifel, H., Maier, R. D., & Schiller, M. (2014). Plastics Additives Handbook. Hanser Publishers.
Gugumus, F. (2001). "Stabilization of polyolefins—XVII: Performance of commercial antioxidants in polypropylene." Polymer Degradation and Stability, 74(3), 401–410.
Karlsson, K., Albertsson, A.-C., & Lindblad, M. S. (2002). "Mechanistic differences between antioxidant degradation pathways in polyethylene." Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 86(14), 3471–3481.
Murthy, K. N. S., & Singh, R. P. (2003). "Effect of antioxidants on the thermal degradation of polypropylene." Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology, 9(3), 138–144.
BASF Technical Report. (2020). Long-term Stability of HDPE Pipes with Various Antioxidants. Internal Publication.
Ciba Specialty Chemicals. (2005). Irganox Product Data Sheets. Basel, Switzerland.
Adhesives & Sealants Industry. (2019). Choosing the Right Antioxidant for Your Polymer System. Vol. 26, Issue 2.
Zhang, Y., & Wang, X. (2018). "Comparative study of hindered phenolic antioxidants in polyolefins." Polymer Degradation and Stability, 150, 88–97.
Sato, H., & Yamamoto, T. (2017). "Migration behavior of antioxidants in polyethylene films." Journal of Materials Science, 52(11), 6643–6654.
Evonik Industries. (2021). Ethanox 330 Technical Bulletin. Essen, Germany.

If you’re still reading this, congratulations! You’ve officially become a connoisseur of antioxidants. 🥂 Whether you’re formulating a new polymer blend or just curious about what keeps your shampoo bottle from falling apart, you now have the tools to choose wisely — and maybe even impress your lab mates with your newfound expertise.

Until next time, stay stable, my friends.

Sales Contact：[email protected]

Formulating durable stabilization systems with optimized loading levels of Primary Antioxidant 1035

Formulating Durable Stabilization Systems with Optimized Loading Levels of Primary Antioxidant 1035

When it comes to polymer stabilization, the name Primary Antioxidant 1035 (commonly known as Irganox 1035, though we’ll avoid brand names for now) is often whispered like a secret ingredient in the chemistry kitchen. It’s not just another additive; it’s the unsung hero that keeps plastics from aging faster than your grandma’s wedding dress left in the attic.

But here’s the thing: tossing in antioxidants willy-nilly won’t do you any favors. Like seasoning a dish—too little and it’s bland, too much and it tastes like regret. The key lies in formulating durable stabilization systems with optimized loading levels of this antioxidant. And that’s exactly what we’re going to unpack today.

What Is Primary Antioxidant 1035?

Before we dive into the nitty-gritty of formulation, let’s take a moment to appreciate what we’re working with.

Primary Antioxidant 1035 is a thioester-type hindered phenolic antioxidant, typically used in polyolefins such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU). Its primary role? To scavenge free radicals formed during thermal or UV-induced oxidation, thereby delaying material degradation.

Chemical Profile at a Glance:

Property	Value/Description
Chemical Name	Tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite
CAS Number	31570-04-4
Molecular Weight	~647 g/mol
Appearance	White to off-white powder
Melting Point	180–190°C
Solubility in Water	Insoluble
Typical Use Level	0.05% – 1.0%

Now that we know what we’re dealing with, let’s move on to why it matters.

Why Stabilization Matters

Polymers are everywhere—from your toothbrush to your car dashboard. But left to their own devices, they start to fall apart when exposed to heat, light, oxygen, and moisture. This breakdown is called oxidative degradation, and it leads to:

Loss of tensile strength
Discoloration
Brittleness
Cracking
Reduced service life

Enter antioxidants. They act like bodyguards for polymer chains, intercepting rogue radicals before they can cause chaos. Without them, many plastic products would literally crumble under pressure—or sunlight.

And while there are different types of antioxidants—primary, secondary, UV stabilizers—they each play a unique role. Primary Antioxidant 1035 falls into the category of radical scavengers, which means it neutralizes peroxide radicals directly.

The Art of Optimization: Finding the Sweet Spot

You might be thinking, “Well, if antioxidants are so great, why not just add more?” That’s a fair question—and one that plagues formulators worldwide. Overloading a system with antioxidant doesn’t always yield better results. In fact, it can lead to:

Migration and blooming
Cost inefficiencies
Processing issues
Negative impact on mechanical properties

So how do we find that elusive sweet spot where performance meets economy?

Let’s break it down.

Factors Influencing Optimal Loadings

Several factors influence the ideal concentration of Primary Antioxidant 1035 in a given system:

Factor	Impact on Loading Requirements
Polymer Type	PP usually requires higher antioxidant levels than PE
Processing Conditions	High shear and temperature increase oxidative stress
End-Use Environment	Outdoor applications require more protection
Presence of Other Additives	Synergistic or antagonistic effects may occur
Regulatory & Food Contact Status	Some applications limit antioxidant content
Shelf Life Expectations	Longer shelf life = higher antioxidant need

For instance, polypropylene tends to oxidize more readily than polyethylene, so formulations based on PP often require higher antioxidant concentrations—typically in the range of 0.1% to 0.5% depending on exposure conditions.

Real-World Performance Data

To illustrate this point, let’s look at some data from peer-reviewed studies and industrial trials.

Table 1: Effect of Antioxidant 1035 Loading on Tensile Strength Retention in Polypropylene Films After UV Exposure

Antioxidant Level (%)	Tensile Strength Retention (%) after 500 hrs UV	Observations
0.05	65	Significant embrittlement
0.10	80	Mild discoloration
0.20	92	Minimal degradation
0.30	94	No visible change
0.50	93	Slight blooming observed

From this table, we can see that increasing the antioxidant level beyond 0.30% offers diminishing returns in terms of performance, but increases risk of surface bloom—a white powdery residue that forms on the polymer surface due to additive migration.

Another study by Zhang et al. (2020) evaluated the long-term stability of HDPE pipes using varying levels of Antioxidant 1035. Their findings showed that 0.25% provided optimal resistance to thermal aging over a 10-year simulated period, without compromising processability or aesthetics.

Synergy with Secondary Stabilizers

One of the best-kept secrets in polymer formulation is that Primary Antioxidant 1035 works even better when paired with secondary antioxidants such as phosphites or thioesters. These compounds decompose hydroperoxides before they can generate harmful radicals, complementing the radical-scavenging action of Antioxidant 1035.

A classic example is combining Antioxidant 1035 with Phosphite 626 or Thiosynergist DSTDP. This synergistic blend allows for lower total antioxidant loadings while maintaining or even enhancing performance.

Table 2: Comparative Stability of PP Samples with Different Antioxidant Blends

Blend Composition	Oxidation Induction Time (OIT, min) @ 200°C	Notes
0.2% Antioxidant 1035 only	45	Baseline
0.1% Antioxidant 1035 + 0.1% Phosphite	68	Improved OIT
0.1% Antioxidant 1035 + 0.1% Thiosynergist	72	Best overall balance
0.3% Antioxidant 1035 alone	70	Higher cost, slight blooming

As shown above, blending allows us to reduce the primary antioxidant load while still achieving high oxidation resistance. This is particularly important in applications where cost and aesthetics are both critical.

Processing Considerations

Formulation isn’t just about mixing chemicals—it’s also about how well those chemicals survive the rigors of processing.

During compounding or extrusion, polymers are subjected to high temperatures and shear forces. If an antioxidant degrades or volatilizes during this phase, its effectiveness drops significantly.

Thankfully, Antioxidant 1035 has decent thermal stability, especially when compared to lighter molecular weight antioxidants. However, care must still be taken in high-temperature processes such as blow molding or injection molding of engineering resins.

Table 3: Volatility Loss of Antioxidant 1035 During Extrusion

Temperature (°C)	Residence Time	% Loss of Antioxidant
200	5 min	<5%
220	5 min	~8%
240	5 min	~15%
260	5 min	~25%

This shows that while Antioxidant 1035 holds up reasonably well under standard conditions, excessive heat can eat away at its efficacy. Hence, optimizing processing parameters is just as crucial as optimizing formulation.

Application-Specific Guidelines

Not all polymers are created equal, and neither are their needs. Let’s walk through some common applications and recommended antioxidant levels.

1. Polypropylene Packaging

Used in food packaging, medical films, and consumer goods. Requires FDA compliance and low migration.

Recommended Level: 0.1–0.2%
Additives to Pair With: Phosphite 626, UV absorber Tinuvin 328

2. HDPE Pipes for Water Distribution

Long-term durability under buried conditions.

Recommended Level: 0.2–0.3%
Additives to Pair With: Thiosynergist DSTDP, HALS 770

3. Automotive Components (PP-based)

Exposure to elevated temperatures and engine fluids.

Recommended Level: 0.2–0.4%
Additives to Pair With: Phosphite 168, UV stabilizer Chimassorb 944

4. Outdoor Textiles and Geotextiles

Exposed to UV, moisture, and fluctuating temperatures.

Recommended Level: 0.2–0.5%
Additives to Pair With: HALS 3346, UV absorber Uvinul 3039

These recommendations aren’t set in stone—they should be validated with accelerated aging tests tailored to the specific application.

Testing Protocols for Optimization

Optimization isn’t guesswork. It’s science backed by testing. Here are some commonly used methods to evaluate antioxidant performance:

1. Oxidation Induction Time (OIT)

Measures the time it takes for a polymer sample to begin oxidizing under controlled high-temperature oxygen flow. A longer OIT indicates better stabilization.

2. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)

Determines thermal decomposition characteristics. Helps assess antioxidant efficiency in delaying degradation onset.

3. UV Aging Chambers

Simulates outdoor weathering conditions. Used to evaluate long-term performance under cyclic UV exposure and humidity.

4. Mechanical Property Testing

Monitors changes in tensile strength, elongation at break, and impact resistance over time.

5. Migration Testing

Especially important in food contact and medical applications. Determines how much antioxidant migrates to the surface or into surrounding media.

By combining these tests, formulators can fine-tune antioxidant levels to meet both performance and regulatory requirements.

Case Study: Stabilizing Recycled Polypropylene

With sustainability being a hot topic, recycled polymers are gaining traction. But recycled PP often comes with pre-existing oxidation damage, making stabilization even more critical.

In a recent case study conducted by a European compounder, recycled PP was stabilized with 0.3% Antioxidant 1035 and 0.1% Phosphite 168. Compared to untreated samples, the stabilized version showed:

40% improvement in elongation retention after 1000 hours of heat aging
25% slower yellowing index development
Better melt flow consistency during reprocessing

This demonstrates that even second-life materials can perform like new with the right stabilization strategy.

Regulatory Compliance and Safety

Antioxidants don’t just have to work—they also have to pass regulatory muster. In food contact applications, for instance, additives must comply with FDA 21 CFR 178.2010 and EU Regulation 10/2011 on plastic materials in contact with food.

Antioxidant 1035 is generally approved for use in food contact applications at levels below 0.6%, although typical usage remains well within that limit. Still, migration testing is highly recommended, especially in sensitive applications like baby bottles or medical tubing.

Cost-Benefit Analysis

Let’s talk numbers. While raw material cost is always a concern, the real value of antioxidants lies in extended product life and reduced failure rates.

A basic cost-benefit analysis reveals that for every $1 spent on antioxidants, manufacturers can save up to $10 in warranty claims, recalls, and customer dissatisfaction. That’s not bad for something that makes up less than 1% of the total formulation.

Moreover, optimized formulations allow for lower additive costs without sacrificing performance, thanks to synergistic blends and careful dosing.

Conclusion: Mastering the Balance

Formulating durable stabilization systems with optimized loading levels of Primary Antioxidant 1035 is part art, part science. It requires understanding the polymer, the environment, and the end-use demands. It also means knowing when to go bold and when to hold back.

Too little, and your product ages before its time. Too much, and you risk blooming, cost overruns, and processing headaches. Just right, and you’ve got a formulation that stands the test of time—chemically speaking, of course 🧪😄.

Remember, the goal isn’t just to make plastic last longer—it’s to ensure it performs reliably, safely, and sustainably across its entire lifecycle. And in that pursuit, Primary Antioxidant 1035 is one of our most powerful allies.

References

Smith, J., & Lee, H. (2018). Antioxidant Efficiency in Polyolefins: Mechanisms and Applications. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 135(12), 46231.
Zhang, Y., Wang, L., & Chen, X. (2020). Long-Term Thermal Stability of HDPE Pipes with Various Antioxidant Combinations. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 172, 109011.
European Plastics Converters Association. (2019). Guidelines for Stabilization of Recycled Polyolefins.
American Chemistry Council. (2021). Best Practices in Polymer Additive Formulation.
ISO Standard 11341:2004. Plastics — Accelerated Weathering Using Fluorescent UV Radiation and Condensation.
ASTM D3895-17. Standard Test Method for Oxidative-Induction Time of Polyolefins by Differential Scanning Calorimetry.
FDA Code of Federal Regulations Title 21, Section 178.2010 – Antioxidants.
EU Regulation No 10/2011 on Plastic Materials and Articles Intended to Come into Contact with Food.

If you’re looking to develop a custom stabilization system or optimize your existing formulation, feel free to reach out—we love a good polymer puzzle 😄🧪.

Sales Contact：[email protected]

Primary Antioxidant 1035 in masterbatches ensures uniform dispersion and consistent protective benefits

Primary Antioxidant 1035 in Masterbatches: A Comprehensive Guide

When it comes to protecting plastics from the ravages of time, heat, and oxygen, antioxidants are like the unsung heroes of polymer science. Among these, Primary Antioxidant 1035 (also known as Irganox 1035 or Thioester AO-1035) has carved out a special niche for itself—especially when used in masterbatches. But what exactly is this compound, and why should you care? Buckle up, because we’re about to dive deep into the world of antioxidant additives, masterbatch technology, and how one little molecule can make a big difference.

What Is Primary Antioxidant 1035?

Primary Antioxidant 1035 is a thioether-based antioxidant, specifically bis(3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate ester of pentaerythritol, if you’re feeling fancy. In simpler terms, it’s a powerful stabilizer designed to protect polymers from oxidative degradation caused by heat, light, and oxygen exposure during processing and throughout the product’s lifecycle.

Its chemical structure allows it to act as a hydroperoxide decomposer, which means it neutralizes harmful peroxides that form during oxidation reactions. Unlike some primary antioxidants that work by scavenging free radicals, 1035 plays a slightly different role—it prevents the formation of radicals in the first place by breaking down the initial oxidative products.

Key Features:

Property	Description
Chemical Class	Thioether Antioxidant
CAS Number	69327-71-7
Molecular Weight	~851 g/mol
Appearance	White to off-white powder or pellets
Solubility	Insoluble in water; soluble in organic solvents
Melting Point	~60–70°C
Recommended Use Level	0.1% – 1.0% depending on application

Why Use It in Masterbatches?

Now, before we go further, let’s talk about masterbatches. These are concentrated mixtures of additives (like antioxidants, UV stabilizers, colorants, etc.) dispersed in a carrier resin. Think of them as the spice rack of the plastics industry—small amounts pack a punch and ensure even distribution of ingredients.

Using Primary Antioxidant 1035 in masterbatches offers several advantages:

✅ Uniform Dispersion

Because antioxidants need to be evenly distributed to be effective, using them in a masterbatch ensures they don’t clump or segregate during processing. This uniformity is key to long-term stability.

🔍 Consistent Protective Benefits

By pre-mixing with a carrier resin, you get consistent protection across every part of the final product. No more weak spots where oxidation might sneak in unnoticed.

🧪 Ease of Handling

Handling pure antioxidants can be messy and imprecise. Masterbatches simplify dosing and reduce dust, improving workplace safety and reducing waste.

💰 Cost Efficiency

Masterbatches allow processors to use high-concentration additives without investing in complex blending equipment. It’s like buying concentrated laundry detergent—you get more bang for your buck.

How Does Primary Antioxidant 1035 Work?

To understand its mechanism, we need to take a quick detour into polymer chemistry. When polymers are exposed to heat and oxygen (especially during extrusion or injection molding), oxidation occurs. This leads to chain scission (breaking of polymer chains), crosslinking, discoloration, and loss of mechanical properties.

Here’s where Primary Antioxidant 1035 steps in. Unlike hindered phenolic antioxidants (such as Irganox 1010 or 1076), which primarily act as radical scavengers, 1035 functions mainly as a hydroperoxide decomposer. Hydroperoxides are unstable species formed early in the oxidation process. If left unchecked, they break down into free radicals, accelerating degradation.

By decomposing hydroperoxides into non-reactive species, 1035 effectively halts the oxidative chain reaction at an earlier stage. This makes it particularly useful in combination with other antioxidants, such as phenolics, for a synergistic effect.

Synergy with Other Antioxidants

Antioxidant Type	Role	Common Examples	Synergy with 1035
Phenolic	Radical Scavenger	Irganox 1010, 1076	Strong synergy
Phosphite	Hydrolytic Stabilizer	Irgafos 168	Moderate synergy
HALS	Light Stabilizer	Tinuvin 770, Chimassorb 944	Complementary use
Thioether	Peroxide Decomposer	1035, 1135	Can be used together for enhanced performance

This kind of multi-layered protection is often referred to as a "synergistic stabilization system", and it’s commonly used in demanding applications like automotive parts, packaging films, and outdoor construction materials.

Applications of Primary Antioxidant 1035 in Masterbatches

Primary Antioxidant 1035 is widely used in polyolefins such as polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) due to their susceptibility to oxidative degradation. Let’s explore some common applications:

🛠️ Automotive Components

From dashboards to fuel tanks, polyolefins are everywhere in modern cars. These components are exposed to high temperatures under the hood and prolonged UV exposure. Using 1035 in masterbatches helps maintain flexibility, color stability, and structural integrity over time.

🛍️ Packaging Films

Flexible packaging made from PE or PP needs to stay strong and clear, especially when storing food or medical products. Oxidation can lead to embrittlement and loss of clarity. Antioxidant masterbatches containing 1035 help extend shelf life and maintain aesthetics.

🏗️ Pipes and Fittings

HDPE pipes used in water and gas distribution systems must last decades underground. Exposure to residual chlorine or soil chemicals can accelerate aging. Adding 1035 in a masterbatch helps preserve mechanical strength and prevents premature failure.

🌞 Agricultural Films

Greenhouse covers and mulch films face constant UV exposure and temperature fluctuations. Without proper stabilization, these films degrade rapidly. By incorporating 1035 into the formulation, manufacturers can significantly delay breakdown.

Performance Testing and Industry Standards

To evaluate the effectiveness of Primary Antioxidant 1035 in masterbatches, various accelerated aging tests are employed:

Test Method	Purpose	Standard Reference
Oven Aging	Simulate thermal degradation	ASTM D3045
UV Exposure	Assess resistance to sunlight	ISO 4892-3
Pressure Oxidation Induction Time (POIT)	Measure oxidation resistance	ASTM D3895
Melt Flow Index (MFI)	Evaluate thermal stability	ISO 1133
Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC)	Monitor molecular weight changes	ASTM D5296

In a study published in Polymer Degradation and Stability (Zhang et al., 2020), researchers found that HDPE samples containing 0.3% Primary Antioxidant 1035 showed a 40% slower rate of molecular weight loss after 1000 hours of UV exposure compared to control samples without antioxidants. The addition of 1035 also improved elongation at break retention by nearly 35%.

Another comparative study by Kolarik et al. (2018) in Journal of Applied Polymer Science demonstrated that combining 1035 with a phenolic antioxidant like Irganox 1010 led to superior stabilization performance than either additive alone, confirming the value of synergistic systems.

Environmental and Safety Considerations

While antioxidants are essential for material longevity, environmental impact and human safety are always important factors to consider.

According to data from the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), Primary Antioxidant 1035 is not classified as carcinogenic, mutagenic, or toxic to reproduction (CMR). It has low acute toxicity and is generally considered safe for industrial use when handled according to recommended guidelines.

However, like many polymer additives, it is not biodegradable and may persist in the environment if improperly disposed of. Therefore, recycling and proper waste management practices are crucial for minimizing ecological impact.

Dosage Recommendations and Formulation Tips

Getting the right dosage of Primary Antioxidant 1035 in your masterbatch is critical. Too little, and you won’t get adequate protection; too much, and you risk blooming, migration, or unnecessary cost.

Here are general dosage recommendations based on application:

Application	Typical Loading Range (%)
General-purpose PE/PP	0.1 – 0.3
High-temperature applications	0.3 – 0.5
Long-life products (e.g., pipes)	0.5 – 0.8
Outdoor applications	0.3 – 1.0 (often combined with UV stabilizers)

It’s worth noting that 1035 is typically supplied as a concentrated masterbatch itself (e.g., 10% active ingredient in polyethylene wax or EVA carrier), making it easy to incorporate into formulations without specialized equipment.

A practical tip: Always conduct small-scale trials before scaling up production. Different resins, processing conditions, and end-use environments can influence antioxidant performance.

Comparative Analysis with Other Antioxidants

How does Primary Antioxidant 1035 stack up against other popular antioxidants? Let’s compare it with some common alternatives:

Parameter	1035	Irganox 1010	Irganox 1330	Irgafos 168
Type	Thioether	Phenolic	Phenolic	Phosphite
Function	Hydroperoxide decomposer	Free radical scavenger	Radical scavenger	Hydrolysis stabilizer
Volatility	Low	Low	Medium	Medium
Color Stability	Good	Excellent	Excellent	Moderate
Cost	Moderate	Moderate-High	High	Moderate
Synergy Potential	Best with phenolics	Works well alone or with others	Good alone	Best with phenolics
Heat Resistance	Good	Very good	Excellent	Good

As shown above, each antioxidant has its own strengths. For example, Irganox 1010 is excellent for long-term thermal protection, while Irgafos 168 excels in hydrolytic environments. However, 1035 shines in applications where early-stage oxidation control is critical.

Case Studies and Real-World Examples

Let’s look at a couple of real-world scenarios where Primary Antioxidant 1035 in masterbatches made a noticeable difference.

Case Study 1: Polypropylene Raffia Production

A major packaging manufacturer was experiencing brittleness and cracking in its woven raffia bags after just a few months of storage. Upon analysis, oxidation-induced chain scission was identified as the culprit.

The solution? Introducing a 0.5% loading of Primary Antioxidant 1035 via a masterbatch carrier. After six months of field testing, the bags showed no signs of degradation and maintained 95% of their original tensile strength.

Case Study 2: Underground HDPE Water Pipes

A municipal water project reported premature failures in HDPE pipes installed just five years prior. Investigations revealed oxidative degradation caused by residual chlorine in the water supply.

Switching to a pipe-grade HDPE compounded with a masterbatch containing both Irganox 1010 and Primary Antioxidant 1035 extended the expected service life from 25 to over 50 years. The thioether component played a key role in controlling early oxidative damage.

Future Trends and Innovations

As sustainability becomes increasingly important, the polymer industry is exploring greener alternatives and more efficient additive delivery systems. While Primary Antioxidant 1035 remains a staple, future innovations may include:

Bio-based antioxidants derived from plant extracts or renewable sources.
Controlled-release masterbatches that deliver antioxidants gradually over time.
Nano-dispersed systems for improved efficiency and lower loadings.
Digital monitoring tools that track antioxidant depletion in real-time during product use.

One promising area is the development of multifunctional masterbatches that combine antioxidants with anti-static agents, flame retardants, or UV absorbers—all in one package. This integrated approach could streamline formulation and reduce complexity for processors.

Conclusion: A Quiet Hero in Plastic Protection

Primary Antioxidant 1035 may not be the most glamorous player in polymer stabilization, but its role is undeniably vital. Whether it’s keeping your car dashboard from cracking, ensuring your milk jug stays sturdy, or helping underground pipes carry clean water for decades, this thioether antioxidant works quietly behind the scenes.

Used wisely in masterbatches, it offers processors a reliable, cost-effective way to enhance product quality and longevity. And when combined with other antioxidants and stabilizers, it becomes part of a powerful defense system against the invisible enemy: oxidation.

So next time you zip up a plastic bag, pour from a bottle, or drive through a tunnel lined with HDPE drainage pipes, remember—there’s a little antioxidant hero hard at work, holding back the tide of time.

References

Zhang, Y., Li, H., & Wang, J. (2020). "Synergistic Effects of Thioether and Phenolic Antioxidants in Polyethylene." Polymer Degradation and Stability, 178, 109174.
Kolarik, J., & Novak, I. (2018). "Antioxidant Systems in Polyolefins: Mechanisms and Performance Evaluation." Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 135(15), 46132.
European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). (2022). "IUPAC Name: Pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate)." Retrieved from ECHA database.
BASF Technical Data Sheet. (2021). "Primary Antioxidant 1035 – Product Information." Ludwigshafen, Germany.
Plastics Additives Handbook, Hans Zweifel (Ed.), 7th Edition, Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich, 2019.
ASTM International. (2020). "Standard Practice for Heat Aging of Plastics Without Load." ASTM D3045-20.
ISO. (2013). "Plastics – Methods of Exposure to Laboratory Light Sources – Part 3: Fluorescent UV Lamps." ISO 4892-3:2013.

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The impact of Primary Antioxidant 1035 on the dimensional stability and long-term functional performance of plastics

The Impact of Primary Antioxidant 1035 on the Dimensional Stability and Long-Term Functional Performance of Plastics

Introduction: A Plastic World in Need of Protection

We live in a plastic world. From the dashboard of your car to the bottle that holds your morning coffee, plastics are everywhere. But here’s the catch — while plastics are versatile, durable, and cost-effective, they’re not invincible. Left exposed to heat, light, or oxygen for too long, many polymers begin to degrade. The result? Brittle materials, cracked surfaces, and products that fail before their time.

This is where antioxidants come into play — chemical bodyguards that protect plastics from oxidative degradation. Among these guardians, Primary Antioxidant 1035, also known as Irganox 1035, has carved out a reputation as a reliable defender of polymer integrity. In this article, we’ll explore how this compound impacts two critical properties of plastics: dimensional stability and long-term functional performance.

So, grab your lab coat (or just a cup of coffee), and let’s dive into the science behind keeping plastics strong and stable — with a little help from our friend, Primary Antioxidant 1035.

What Exactly Is Primary Antioxidant 1035?

Before we get too deep into the weeds, let’s take a moment to understand what we’re dealing with. Primary Antioxidant 1035 is a thioester-type antioxidant, primarily used in polyolefins such as polyethylene and polypropylene. Its full chemical name is Thiodiethylene bis[3-(dodecylmercapto)propionate], but don’t worry — you won’t be asked to write that on a test anytime soon.

What matters most is its function. It works by scavenging free radicals — those pesky reactive molecules that kickstart the chain reaction of oxidation. By neutralizing these radicals early on, it helps preserve the structural integrity of the polymer.

Here’s a quick snapshot of its key characteristics:

Property	Description
Chemical Name	Thiodiethylene bis[3-(dodecylmercapto)propionate]
CAS Number	97-85-8
Molecular Weight	~647 g/mol
Appearance	Yellowish liquid
Solubility	Insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents
Function	Free radical scavenger, peroxide decomposer
Common Applications	Polyolefins, rubber, adhesives

Why Oxidation Matters: A Polymer’s Worst Nightmare

Oxidation might sound like something only metals have to worry about, but polymers are far from immune. When plastics are exposed to heat, UV radiation, or even ambient oxygen over time, they undergo oxidative degradation — a slow but steady breakdown of their molecular structure.

This process leads to several unwelcome outcomes:

Chain scission: Breaking of polymer chains, reducing molecular weight.
Cross-linking: Formation of unintended bonds between chains, making the material brittle.
Discoloration: Yellowing or darkening of the material.
Loss of mechanical strength: Reduced tensile strength, flexibility, and impact resistance.

In short, oxidation can turn a flexible, resilient plastic into a crumbly mess — not exactly ideal for applications ranging from food packaging to automotive components.

Enter antioxidants like Primary Antioxidant 1035. They act like firefighters at the scene of a small blaze, stopping the fire before it spreads. By interrupting the oxidation cycle early, they help maintain both the physical and chemical properties of the polymer.

Dimensional Stability: Keeping Shape Under Stress

Now, let’s talk about dimensional stability — one of the unsung heroes of plastic performance. This refers to a material’s ability to maintain its shape and size under various environmental conditions, especially temperature changes and moisture exposure.

Without proper stabilization, plastics can warp, shrink, or swell unpredictably. For industries like electronics, aerospace, and medical devices, where precision is paramount, dimensional instability isn’t just a cosmetic issue — it’s a dealbreaker.

How Does Primary Antioxidant 1035 Help?

While Primary Antioxidant 1035 isn’t directly responsible for preventing thermal expansion or moisture absorption, it plays an indirect but crucial role in maintaining dimensional stability. Here’s how:

Reduces oxidative chain scission: Chain breakage weakens the polymer matrix, which can lead to uneven stress distribution and micro-deformations.
Minimizes residual stresses: During processing (like injection molding), internal stresses can become locked into the material. Antioxidants reduce degradation during this phase, helping the material retain its intended form.
Prevents discoloration and surface cracking: These aesthetic issues often accompany deeper structural damage, which can compromise dimensional consistency.

A study by Zhang et al. (2018) demonstrated that polypropylene samples containing 0.2% Irganox 1035 showed significantly less warpage after thermal cycling compared to untreated samples. The treated samples maintained a dimensional deviation of less than 0.5%, while the control group exceeded 1.2%.

Long-Term Functional Performance: Aging Gracefully

If dimensional stability is about holding shape, long-term functional performance is about holding up over time. Whether it’s a garden hose that needs to stay flexible through seasons or a medical device that must remain sterile and intact for years, plastics need to age gracefully — and antioxidants help them do just that.

Key Factors Influencing Longevity

Several factors determine how well a plastic will perform over time:

Mechanical strength retention
Color and appearance stability
Resistance to environmental stress cracking
Retention of electrical and thermal properties

Let’s see how Primary Antioxidant 1035 stacks up against each of these.

1. Mechanical Strength Retention

One of the clearest signs of polymer degradation is the loss of tensile strength and elongation at break. Over time, oxidized plastics become stiff and prone to fracture.

In a comparative aging test conducted by Wang et al. (2020), polyethylene films with and without Irganox 1035 were subjected to accelerated UV aging for 1,000 hours. The results were telling:

Sample	Initial Tensile Strength (MPa)	After 1,000 hrs UV Exposure	% Retained Strength
Untreated	22.4	11.7	52%
With 0.3% Irganox 1035	22.6	19.1	84%

That’s nearly double the strength retention — not bad for a few grams of antioxidant!

2. Color and Appearance Stability

No one wants a white plastic chair that turns yellow after a summer outdoors. Discoloration is often the first visible sign of oxidative degradation.

Antioxidants like 1035 help by inhibiting the formation of chromophores — chemical groups responsible for color changes. A study by Lee & Park (2019) found that polypropylene samples with 0.2% Irganox 1035 showed no visible yellowing after 500 hours of xenon arc lamp exposure, while the control group exhibited noticeable discoloration.

3. Resistance to Environmental Stress Cracking (ESC)

Environmental stress cracking occurs when a plastic part cracks under constant stress in the presence of a chemical agent — often water or detergent. It’s a silent killer in plumbing systems and automotive parts.

By preserving the polymer backbone and preventing embrittlement, Irganox 1035 improves ESC resistance. According to data from BASF technical bulletins, polyethylene pipes stabilized with 0.2–0.5% Irganox 1035 showed a 40–60% increase in resistance to crack propagation under elevated temperatures and pressure cycles.

4. Electrical and Thermal Properties

For electronic enclosures and insulation materials, maintaining dielectric strength and thermal resistance is vital. Oxidation can introduce conductive impurities or alter the crystalline structure, affecting performance.

Research by Chen et al. (2021) showed that low-density polyethylene (LDPE) insulated cables containing Irganox 1035 retained 95% of their initial dielectric strength after 1,500 hours of thermal aging at 100°C, compared to 72% in the untreated group.

Processing Considerations: Compatibility and Efficiency

Of course, all these benefits are only useful if the antioxidant can be effectively incorporated into the polymer matrix. Let’s talk about some practical considerations.

Compatibility with Polymers

Primary Antioxidant 1035 is particularly well-suited for polyolefins — especially polyethylene and polypropylene. It’s also compatible with rubbers and thermoplastic elastomers.

However, it’s not recommended for use in PVC due to potential interactions with stabilizers like metal soaps.

Typical Dosage Levels

The usual dosage range is 0.1–0.5% by weight, depending on the application and expected service life. Higher concentrations may be needed for outdoor or high-temperature applications.

Application	Recommended Dosage (%)	Notes
General purpose polyolefins	0.1–0.2	Indoor use, moderate temperatures
Automotive components	0.2–0.3	High heat resistance required
Outdoor applications	0.3–0.5	Extended UV and thermal exposure
Wire and cable insulation	0.2–0.4	Needs good electrical stability

Migration and Volatility

One concern with any additive is migration — the tendency to move within or out of the polymer over time. Fortunately, Irganox 1035 has relatively low volatility due to its high molecular weight and thioester structure.

According to data from Ciba Specialty Chemicals (now part of BASF), Irganox 1035 exhibits less than 5% weight loss after 24 hours at 100°C, indicating good retention during typical processing and service conditions.

Synergies with Other Stabilizers

As with most things in life, antioxidants work better in teams. Primary Antioxidant 1035 is often used in combination with other stabilizers to enhance overall protection.

Common Combinations:

With HALS (Hindered Amine Light Stabilizers): Boosts UV resistance. Think of it as sunscreen for plastics.
With Phosphite-based co-stabilizers: Enhances thermal stability during processing.
With UV absorbers: Provides dual defense against light-induced degradation.

For example, a blend of Irganox 1035 (0.3%) and Tinuvin 770 (0.2%) was shown by Fujimoto et al. (2017) to extend the service life of polypropylene automotive parts by over 30% under simulated outdoor conditions.

Real-World Applications: Where It Makes a Difference

Let’s shift gears and look at some real-world applications where Primary Antioxidant 1035 has made a tangible impact.

1. Packaging Industry

Flexible packaging made from polyethylene or polypropylene is highly susceptible to oxidative degradation, especially when exposed to sunlight or stored at elevated temperatures. Antioxidant-treated films show improved clarity, reduced brittleness, and longer shelf life — all essential for food safety and consumer appeal.

2. Automotive Components

Under the hood or inside the cabin, plastic parts face extreme temperatures and UV exposure. Dashboards, door panels, and radiator end caps benefit greatly from antioxidant stabilization. OEMs report fewer field failures and lower warranty claims when using formulations with Irganox 1035.

3. Medical Devices

Sterilization processes like gamma irradiation accelerate oxidation in medical-grade plastics. Using antioxidants like 1035 helps maintain transparency, flexibility, and biocompatibility — crucial traits for syringes, IV tubing, and surgical trays.

4. Agricultural Films

Greenhouse covers and mulch films are constantly exposed to sun and weather. Without proper stabilization, they degrade rapidly. Studies have shown that films containing Irganox 1035 last up to 20% longer than untreated ones, offering farmers more value per season.

Challenges and Limitations: Not a Magic Bullet

Despite its many benefits, Primary Antioxidant 1035 isn’t perfect for every situation. Let’s acknowledge its limitations.

Cost vs. Benefit

At roughly $20–$30 per kilogram (depending on supplier and volume), it’s considered mid-range among antioxidants. While effective, in very cost-sensitive applications, cheaper alternatives like hindered phenols might be preferred — albeit with slightly reduced performance.

Odor and Processing Constraints

Some users report a mild sulfur-like odor, which can be a drawback in sensitive applications like food packaging. Proper ventilation and post-processing treatments can mitigate this.

Limited Effectiveness in Highly Polar Polymers

Its efficacy diminishes in polar polymers like PET or nylon, where compatibility and migration issues can arise. In such cases, alternative antioxidants or blends are more suitable.

Comparative Analysis: How Does It Stack Up?

To give you a better sense of where Primary Antioxidant 1035 fits in the broader antioxidant landscape, here’s a comparison with some commonly used alternatives:

Additive	Type	Key Benefits	Drawbacks	Best Used In
Irganox 1035	Thioester	Excellent hydrolytic stability, low volatility	Slight odor, limited use in PVC	Polyolefins, rubber, wire insulation
Irganox 1010	Hindered Phenol	Strong primary antioxidant, excellent heat stability	Can bloom to surface	Engineering plastics, films
Irgafos 168	Phosphite	Good secondary antioxidant, synergistic with phenolics	Less effective alone	High-heat applications
DSTDP	Thioester	Similar to 1035, lower cost	Lower purity, higher odor	Industrial applications

Each antioxidant has its niche. Irganox 1035 shines where processing stability, hydrolytic resistance, and compatibility with polyolefins are key.

Conclusion: Small Molecule, Big Impact

In the grand scheme of polymer science, Primary Antioxidant 1035 might seem like a minor player — just a few molecules scattered throughout a sea of carbon chains. But its influence is anything but small.

From keeping plastics dimensionally true under thermal stress to ensuring they remain tough and flexible for years, this antioxidant proves that sometimes, the best protection comes in subtle forms.

So next time you zip up a resealable bag, adjust your car’s air vent, or plug in a USB cable, remember — somewhere in that plastic is a tiny hero, quietly doing its job.

And now you know its name: Primary Antioxidant 1035 🧪✨.

References

Zhang, Y., Li, J., & Liu, H. (2018). Effect of Antioxidants on Dimensional Stability of Polypropylene. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 135(45), 46823.
Wang, X., Chen, Z., & Sun, L. (2020). UV Aging Behavior of Polyethylene Stabilized with Irganox 1035. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 178, 109182.
Lee, K., & Park, S. (2019). Color Stability of Polypropylene Exposed to Artificial Weathering. Journal of Materials Science, 54(12), 8876–8889.
BASF Technical Bulletin. (2021). Stabilization of Polyethylene Pipes with Irganox 1035.
Chen, R., Zhao, W., & Gao, Y. (2021). Dielectric Stability of LDPE with Antioxidant Additives. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 28(3), 874–881.
Fujimoto, T., Yamada, M., & Nakamura, H. (2017). Synergistic Effects of Antioxidant Blends in Automotive PP Parts. Polymer Engineering & Science, 57(5), 489–496.
Ciba Specialty Chemicals. (2016). Technical Data Sheet: Irganox 1035. Now available via BASF documentation archives.

Note: All references are cited based on published scientific literature and publicly available technical documentation. External links are omitted as requested.

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Primary Antioxidant 1035 for automotive components, meeting stringent requirements for heat aging and durability

Primary Antioxidant 1035 for Automotive Components: Meeting the Demands of Heat Aging and Durability

In the world of automotive engineering, materials are more than just structural necessities—they’re the unsung heroes that keep your car running smoothly under extreme conditions. One such hero is Primary Antioxidant 1035, a chemical compound that plays a crucial role in enhancing the longevity and performance of rubber and plastic components used throughout modern vehicles.

Let’s take a journey through the fascinating realm of antioxidants in the automotive industry, with a particular focus on Primary Antioxidant 1035—its properties, applications, and why it’s become a go-to solution for engineers facing the relentless challenges of heat aging and material degradation.

What Exactly Is Primary Antioxidant 1035?

Primary Antioxidant 1035, also known by its chemical name N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N’-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine, or simply 6PPD, is a widely used antioxidant in the rubber and polymer industries. It belongs to the family of p-phenylenediamine (PPD) antioxidants, which are particularly effective at preventing oxidative degradation caused by exposure to oxygen, ozone, and elevated temperatures.

This compound has a molecular weight of approximately 246.37 g/mol, melts between 90–105°C, and is generally insoluble in water but soluble in common organic solvents like ethanol and toluene. Its structure allows it to act as a free radical scavenger, effectively halting the chain reactions that lead to polymer breakdown.

Property	Value
Chemical Name	N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N’-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine
CAS Number	101-72-4
Molecular Weight	~246.37 g/mol
Melting Point	90–105°C
Appearance	Dark brown to black crystalline powder
Solubility	Insoluble in water; soluble in organic solvents

Why Oxidation Is a Big Deal in Automotive Components

Automotive components—especially those made from rubber and thermoplastic elastomers—are constantly exposed to harsh environmental conditions. Think about it: your tires, hoses, seals, bushings, and even dashboard materials all face:

High operating temperatures (especially under the hood)
Ozone exposure
UV radiation
Mechanical stress

These factors can accelerate oxidation, leading to cracking, hardening, loss of elasticity, and ultimately, failure of the component. In the worst-case scenario, this could result in system failures or safety hazards.

Antioxidants like 1035 are added during the compounding stage of polymer processing to inhibit or delay oxidation reactions. They work by reacting with free radicals formed during oxidation, essentially “mopping up” these reactive species before they can cause significant damage.

The Role of Primary Antioxidant 1035 in Automotive Applications

So what makes 1035 stand out among the dozens of available antioxidants? Let’s break it down.

1. Exceptional Heat Aging Resistance

One of the most critical tests for rubber compounds in the automotive sector is heat aging resistance. This involves exposing samples to elevated temperatures (typically 70–120°C) over extended periods and measuring changes in physical properties like tensile strength, elongation, and hardness.

Primary Antioxidant 1035 shines in this area due to its high thermal stability and ability to maintain mechanical integrity in rubber blends even after long-term exposure.

Test Condition	Tensile Strength Retention (%)	Elongation Retention (%)
No antioxidant	~40%	~30%
With 1035 (1.5 phr)	~85%	~75%

(phr = parts per hundred rubber)

As shown above, the presence of 1035 significantly improves both tensile and elongation retention after heat aging, making it ideal for under-the-hood applications where temperatures can soar.

2. Ozone Resistance

Ozone cracking is a well-known enemy of rubber products. Even small amounts of ozone in the air can cause surface cracks that propagate under stress, leading to premature failure.

Thanks to its aromatic amine structure, 1035 acts as an ozone scavenger, forming a protective layer on the rubber surface that prevents ozone from attacking the double bonds in diene-based rubbers like SBR (styrene-butadiene rubber), BR (butadiene rubber), and NR (natural rubber).

This property is especially valuable for tire sidewalls, engine mounts, and sealing systems that are exposed to outdoor environments or high-ozone industrial areas.

3. Compatibility with Common Rubber Types

Another feather in 1035’s cap is its broad compatibility with various rubber matrices:

Rubber Type	Compatibility with 1035
Natural Rubber (NR)	Excellent
Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR)	Excellent
Butadiene Rubber (BR)	Excellent
Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM)	Good
Chloroprene Rubber (CR)	Moderate

While EPDM and CR show slightly lower compatibility, 1035 still offers meaningful protection when used within recommended dosage ranges.

Dosage Recommendations and Processing Tips

The effectiveness of any additive depends not only on its intrinsic properties but also on how it’s used. For 1035, typical loading levels range from 1 to 3 parts per hundred rubber (phr) depending on the application severity and expected service life.

Here’s a quick guide to dosage based on component type:

Component	Recommended Dose (phr)	Notes
Tires (sidewall & tread)	1.5 – 2.5	Often combined with wax for synergistic ozone protection
Engine Mounts	1.0 – 2.0	Used in combination with other antioxidants
Seals & Gaskets	1.0 – 1.5	Requires good dispersion for uniform protection
Underhood Hoses	1.5 – 3.0	High-temp environment demands higher loading

Processing-wise, 1035 is typically added during the mixing stage of rubber compounding. It should be introduced early enough to ensure uniform dispersion, but care must be taken not to add it too soon, as it may react prematurely with peroxides or sulfur cure systems.

Also worth noting: 1035 tends to stain light-colored rubber compounds, so it’s usually reserved for dark-colored or black formulations where discoloration isn’t a concern.

Comparative Performance with Other Antioxidants

There are several antioxidants commonly used in the automotive industry, including:

Primary Antioxidant 6PPD (1035)
Primary Antioxidant 77PD (IPPD)
Secondary Antioxidants (e.g., thioureas, phosphites)
Hindered phenols

Each has its own strengths and weaknesses. Here’s a side-by-side comparison:

Property	1035 (6PPD)	IPPD (77PD)	Phenolic AO	Thiourea AO
Ozone Resistance	★★★★★	★★★★☆	★★☆☆☆	★★★☆☆
Heat Aging Resistance	★★★★☆	★★★★☆	★★★★☆	★★★☆☆
Staining	★★☆☆☆	★☆☆☆☆	★★★★★	★★★★☆
Cost	Medium	High	Low	Medium
Application Range	Wide	Narrower	Limited	Specialized

From this table, we can see that while 1035 may not be the cheapest option, it offers the best overall balance between performance, versatility, and cost-effectiveness, especially in demanding automotive environments.

Real-World Applications in the Automotive Industry

Now that we’ve covered the science and performance metrics, let’s look at how Primary Antioxidant 1035 is actually being used in real-world automotive manufacturing.

🚗 Tire Manufacturing

Tires are perhaps the most iconic application of antioxidants. The sidewall and tread areas are continuously exposed to UV light, ozone, and flex fatigue. Without proper protection, micro-cracks can form and grow into full-blown failures.

In tire compounds, 1035 is often used alongside paraffinic waxes, which bloom to the surface and create a physical barrier against ozone. Together, they provide dual-layer protection: one chemical, one physical.

🔧 Engine Mounts and Bushings

Modern engine mounts and suspension bushings are made from rubber-metal composites designed to absorb vibration and noise. These components are located near the engine, meaning they endure continuous heat cycles.

By incorporating 1035 into the rubber formulation, manufacturers can extend the service life of these parts, reducing the risk of noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) issues later in the vehicle’s life.

🛠️ Underhood Hoses

Radiator hoses, heater hoses, and vacuum lines all live in a hot, cramped space under the hood. They’re exposed to coolant vapors, oil mists, and temperature swings that can degrade rubber over time.

Using 1035 in these hose compounds helps maintain flexibility and sealing performance, ensuring reliable fluid transfer and minimizing the risk of leaks or bursts.

🧱 Interior Trim Components

Believe it or not, even interior trim pieces made from thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) benefit from antioxidants. While they don’t face the same ozone threat as exterior parts, UV exposure through windows can still cause discoloration and embrittlement.

Though 1035 isn’t typically used here alone (UV stabilizers are more appropriate), it may be part of a synergistic package aimed at preserving appearance and tactile feel over the vehicle’s lifespan.

Regulatory and Environmental Considerations

With increasing global emphasis on sustainability and environmental responsibility, it’s important to address the ecological footprint of additives like 1035.

According to recent studies (Zhang et al., 2022; Smith & Patel, 2021), 1035 itself is not classified as highly toxic, though prolonged exposure can cause skin irritation or allergic reactions in sensitive individuals. As such, proper handling protocols and PPE (personal protective equipment) are recommended during production.

However, there’s been some concern raised about the breakdown products of 6PPD, particularly a compound called 6PPD-quinone, which has shown toxicity to aquatic organisms in certain environmental scenarios (Wang et al., 2023). While research is ongoing, regulatory bodies are beginning to monitor its use more closely.

Concern	Status	Notes
Human Toxicity	Low	May cause skin sensitization
Aquatic Toxicity	Moderate	6PPD-quinone is a growing concern
VOC Emissions	Low	Minimal volatile emissions during curing
Biodegradability	Poor	Not readily biodegradable

Manufacturers are now exploring greener alternatives and controlled release systems to reduce environmental impact while maintaining performance standards.

Future Trends and Innovations

The future of antioxidants in automotive applications looks promising, with several exciting developments on the horizon:

Nano-encapsulation: Encapsulating antioxidants in nanostructures to improve dispersion and controlled release.
Bio-based antioxidants: Derived from renewable resources, offering better environmental profiles.
Hybrid systems: Combining primary and secondary antioxidants for multi-mode protection.
Smart polymers: Materials that respond to environmental cues and release antioxidants on demand.

While 1035 remains a cornerstone today, tomorrow’s solutions may involve tailored antioxidant blends optimized for specific applications using machine learning and predictive modeling.

Conclusion: A Silent Guardian of Automotive Reliability

In summary, Primary Antioxidant 1035 may not grab headlines or win design awards, but its contribution to automotive reliability cannot be overstated. From tire treads to engine mounts, this unassuming compound stands guard against the invisible forces of oxidation and degradation, ensuring that your car keeps rolling smoothly for years.

Its excellent heat aging resistance, strong ozone protection, and broad compatibility make it a favorite among engineers striving to meet ever-tighter durability standards. And while new environmental concerns remind us that no material is perfect, ongoing innovation promises a future where performance and sustainability can coexist.

So next time you hit the road, remember: there’s more than just steel and horsepower keeping you safe—it’s chemistry working quietly behind the scenes. 🚙💨

References

Zhang, Y., Liu, J., & Chen, X. (2022). Environmental Impact of Rubber Antioxidants: A Review. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 139(15), 51234–51245.
Smith, R., & Patel, M. (2021). Advances in Antioxidant Technologies for Automotive Polymers. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 189, 109582.
Wang, L., Huang, F., & Zhao, K. (2023). Toxicity Assessment of 6PPD and Its Derivatives to Aquatic Organisms. Environmental Science & Technology, 57(8), 3124–3132.
ASTM D2229-20. Standard Specification for Rubber Compounding Materials—Antioxidants. American Society for Testing and Materials.
ISO 1817:2022. Rubber, vulcanized—Determination of resistance to liquids. International Organization for Standardization.
Rubber Manufacturers Association (RMA). Rubber Product Formulation Guidelines, 2020 Edition.
Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology (2021). Antioxidants in Rubber Compounding.

If you enjoyed this article, feel free to share it with fellow gearheads, engineers, or anyone who appreciates the little things that keep our machines running. After all, sometimes the smallest ingredients make the biggest difference. 🔧🔬

Sales Contact：[email protected]

Enhancing the processability and maximizing property retention in recycled polymers using Primary Antioxidant 1035

Enhancing the Processability and Maximizing Property Retention in Recycled Polymers Using Primary Antioxidant 1035

Introduction: The Plastic Paradox

Plastic, that ever-present companion of modern life, is both a marvel and a menace. It’s light, durable, versatile—and yet, its persistence in the environment has become a global crisis. Recycling has long been touted as one of the solutions to this dilemma. But here’s the catch: recycled polymers often don’t perform like their virgin counterparts. Why? Because every time you process a polymer—melting, reshaping, extruding—it ages a little more than a wine-soaked philosopher at a book club meeting.

This aging isn’t metaphorical; it’s chemical. Thermal and oxidative degradation during processing can significantly reduce mechanical properties, color stability, and overall performance of recycled plastics. Enter antioxidants, the unsung heroes of polymer preservation. Among them, Primary Antioxidant 1035 (also known as Irganox 1035) stands out for its ability to enhance processability and retain key properties in recycled materials.

In this article, we’ll dive into how Primary Antioxidant 1035 works its magic on recycled polymers, why it matters, and what science says about its efficacy. Along the way, we’ll explore case studies, compare it with other antioxidants, and even throw in a few numbers to keep things grounded. So buckle up—we’re going down the rabbit hole of polymer chemistry, recycling challenges, and antioxidant salvation.

Chapter 1: Understanding Polymer Degradation During Recycling

The Aging of Plastics – A Chemical Tale

Polymers are made of long chains of repeating monomers. These chains give plastics their strength and flexibility. However, when exposed to heat, oxygen, shear stress, or UV radiation during reprocessing, these chains start breaking down—a process called thermal-oxidative degradation.

The consequences? Reduced molecular weight, chain scission, crosslinking, discoloration, embrittlement, and loss of impact resistance. In short, your once supple polyethylene bag becomes brittle and prone to cracking.

Let’s break it down:

Type of Degradation	Cause	Effect
Thermal degradation	High temperatures during melting	Chain scission, viscosity changes
Oxidative degradation	Oxygen exposure at high temps	Formation of hydroperoxides, carbonyl groups
Mechanical degradation	Shear forces during extrusion	Physical breakdown of polymer chains

This triple threat makes recycling a delicate balancing act. You want to reuse material without compromising performance. That’s where antioxidants come in.

Chapter 2: What Exactly Is Primary Antioxidant 1035?

Primary Antioxidant 1035, chemically known as Thiodiethylene bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate), is a hindered phenolic antioxidant widely used in polymer stabilization. Its primary role is to scavenge free radicals formed during oxidation, thereby halting the degradation chain reaction before it spirals out of control.

Key Features of Primary Antioxidant 1035:

Feature	Description
Chemical Name	Thiodiethylene bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate)
CAS Number	31570-04-4
Molecular Weight	~687 g/mol
Appearance	White to off-white powder
Solubility	Insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents
Melting Point	90–100°C
Recommended Use Level	0.05% – 1.0% by weight
Compatibility	Polyolefins, PVC, ABS, PS, rubber compounds

Unlike secondary antioxidants such as phosphites or thioesters, which focus on decomposing hydroperoxides, Primary Antioxidant 1035 acts early in the degradation pathway by donating hydrogen atoms to peroxy radicals, effectively stopping the propagation of oxidative damage.

Chapter 3: How Does It Improve Recycled Polymers?

Now, let’s get real. When you recycle a polymer like HDPE or PP, you’re essentially giving it a second life—but not without some wrinkles. Each melt cycle introduces new opportunities for degradation. This is where Primary Antioxidant 1035 steps in like a polymer bodyguard.

Here’s how it helps:

✅ Delays Onset of Thermal Degradation

By neutralizing free radicals, it increases the thermal stability of the polymer during processing.

✅ Maintains Melt Viscosity

Without antioxidant protection, repeated heating causes chain scission, lowering melt viscosity. With PAO 1035, the viscosity remains more consistent across cycles.

✅ Reduces Discoloration

Yellowing or browning of recycled polymers is a common issue. Antioxidants help preserve the original color longer.

✅ Preserves Mechanical Properties

Tensile strength, elongation at break, and impact resistance stay closer to virgin levels.

To illustrate, consider the following data from a 2018 study conducted at the University of Leuven on recycled HDPE:

Parameter	Virgin HDPE	Recycled HDPE (3 cycles)	+ PAO 1035 (0.3%)
Tensile Strength (MPa)	22.5	17.2	20.1
Elongation at Break (%)	650	420	570
Melt Flow Index (g/10min)	0.32	0.58	0.41
Color Change (ΔE)	—	5.2	2.1

As shown, adding just 0.3% of Primary Antioxidant 1035 significantly improved mechanical and aesthetic properties compared to untreated recycled HDPE after multiple processing cycles.

Chapter 4: Comparative Analysis – PAO 1035 vs Other Antioxidants

Antioxidants aren’t one-size-fits-all. Let’s see how Primary Antioxidant 1035 stacks up against other commonly used stabilizers.

Antioxidant	Type	Mechanism	Typical Use Level	Pros	Cons
Irganox 1010	Phenolic	Radical scavenger	0.1% – 0.5%	Excellent long-term stability	Slightly higher cost
Irganox 1035	Phenolic	Radical scavenger	0.1% – 1.0%	Good balance of volatility and efficiency	Slight odor possible
Irgafos 168	Phosphite	Hydroperoxide decomposer	0.1% – 0.8%	Synergistic with phenolics	Less effective alone
DSTDP	Thioester	Secondary antioxidant	0.1% – 1.0%	Cost-effective	Volatile, may bloom
Vitamin E (α-tocopherol)	Natural	Free radical inhibitor	0.2% – 2.0%	Eco-friendly	Lower efficiency at high temps

From this table, it’s clear that while Irganox 1035 might not be the most efficient antioxidant per se, it offers a good compromise between performance, volatility, and compatibility with various resins. For applications where moderate antioxidant demand exists and recyclability is a priority, it’s an ideal candidate.

Chapter 5: Case Studies and Real-World Applications

🧪 Case Study 1: Recycled Polypropylene in Automotive Components

A major European automotive supplier tested the use of recycled PP in interior trim parts. Without additives, the material showed significant embrittlement and yellowing after three reprocessing cycles. By incorporating 0.5% Primary Antioxidant 1035, they were able to extend the usable life of the material by two additional cycles, reducing reliance on virgin resin and cutting costs.

📦 Case Study 2: HDPE Bottles in Packaging Industry

An American packaging company sought to increase the recycled content in HDPE bottles from 25% to 50%. Initial trials showed poor tensile strength and increased brittleness. After introducing 0.3% PAO 1035 into the formulation, the mechanical properties stabilized, allowing them to meet FDA requirements for food contact materials.

🏗️ Case Study 3: Recycled LDPE in Agricultural Films

LDPE films used in agriculture degrade quickly due to UV exposure and thermal stress. Researchers at the Chinese Academy of Sciences found that blending 0.2% PAO 1035 with UV absorbers extended film lifespan by over 30%, even after two recycling passes.

These examples highlight the versatility and effectiveness of Primary Antioxidant 1035 across industries.

Chapter 6: Formulation Tips and Best Practices

Using Primary Antioxidant 1035 effectively requires attention to dosage, mixing conditions, and compatibility with other additives. Here are some practical tips:

🔬 Dosage Guidelines

Polymer Type	Recommended Loading (% by weight)
Polyolefins (PP, HDPE, LDPE)	0.2 – 0.5
PVC	0.3 – 0.8
Styrenics (PS, ABS)	0.1 – 0.4
Engineering Resins (PET, POM)	0.2 – 0.6

Note: Higher dosages may be needed for heavily recycled or post-consumer waste streams.

🧃 Mixing Techniques

Use a twin-screw extruder for uniform dispersion.
Add antioxidant early in the mixing sequence to ensure even distribution.
Avoid excessive shear rates to prevent premature activation.

⚖️ Synergy with Other Stabilizers

PAO 1035 works well with:

Phosphite-based secondary antioxidants (e.g., Irgafos 168)
UV stabilizers (e.g., HALS like Tinuvin 770)
Metal deactivators (to suppress metal-catalyzed oxidation)

A typical synergistic blend might include:

0.3% PAO 1035
0.2% Irgafos 168
0.1% Tinuvin 770

This combination provides broad-spectrum protection against both thermal and photo-oxidative degradation.

Chapter 7: Environmental and Safety Considerations

While antioxidants improve polymer longevity, it’s important to consider their environmental footprint and safety profile.

🌱 Toxicity and Regulatory Status

According to the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), Primary Antioxidant 1035 is not classified as carcinogenic, mutagenic, or toxic to reproduction under current REACH regulations. It is approved for food contact applications in the EU and US when used within recommended limits.

♻️ Impact on Recyclability

Adding antioxidants doesn’t hinder recyclability—in fact, it enhances it by prolonging the useful life of recycled materials. Some researchers have even proposed including antioxidants directly in municipal recycling processes to improve overall output quality.

📉 Volatility and Migration

PAO 1035 has moderate volatility, so care should be taken during high-temperature processing. Migration into packaged goods is minimal at recommended loadings, making it suitable for food-grade applications.

Chapter 8: Future Outlook and Emerging Trends

As sustainability becomes non-negotiable, the demand for effective, safe, and affordable polymer stabilizers will only grow. Primary Antioxidant 1035 is well-positioned to play a key role in this transition, especially as circular economy models gain traction.

Emerging trends include:

Bio-based antioxidants: Research into plant-derived alternatives (e.g., lignin derivatives, natural tocopherols) is ongoing, though they currently lag behind synthetic options in performance.
Nanocomposite antioxidants: Embedding antioxidants into nanomaterials could offer controlled release and enhanced protection.
Digital monitoring systems: Inline sensors and AI-assisted formulations may optimize antioxidant usage in real-time.

But until those technologies mature, PAO 1035 remains a reliable workhorse in the battle against polymer degradation.

Conclusion: Giving Old Plastics New Life

Recycling polymers is not just about diverting waste from landfills—it’s about preserving the intrinsic value of materials. Primary Antioxidant 1035 plays a critical role in this effort by enhancing processability and retaining the functional and aesthetic properties of recycled plastics.

From automotive interiors to food packaging, its benefits are both measurable and meaningful. While newer alternatives are emerging, PAO 1035 continues to hold its ground thanks to its proven track record, versatility, and compatibility with existing processes.

So next time you toss a plastic bottle into the recycling bin, remember: there’s a good chance it’s getting a second life—with a little help from a chemical guardian named Irganox 1035.

References

Zweifel, H., Maier, R. D., & Schiller, M. (2014). Plastics Additives Handbook. Hanser Publishers.
Pospíšil, J., & Nešpůrek, S. (2005). "Stabilization of polymeric materials: A challenge for twenty-first century materials chemistry." Polymer Degradation and Stability, 87(3), 385–404.
Wang, Y., Li, J., & Zhang, W. (2018). "Effect of antioxidants on the properties of recycled HDPE." Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 135(20), 46321.
European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). (2021). IUPAC Name: Thiodiethylene bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate). Retrieved from official ECHA database.
Klemchuk, P. P., & Gande, M. E. (2001). "Antioxidants in polymer stabilization." ACS Symposium Series, 777, 1–18.
Liang, X., Zhou, B., & Chen, L. (2016). "Synergistic effects of antioxidant blends in recycled polypropylene." Polymer Testing, 56, 123–130.
Zhang, Q., Zhao, Y., & Liu, H. (2020). "Natural antioxidants in polymer stabilization: Progress and challenges." Green Chemistry, 22(11), 3402–3418.
ASTM D3835-18. (2018). Standard Test Method for Determination of Rheological Properties of Thermoplastics in the Melt Phase Using Capillary Rheometry.
ISO 1817:2022. Rubber, vulcanized — Determination of resistance to liquids.
University of Leuven, Department of Materials Engineering. (2018). Internal research report on recycled HDPE properties.

If you enjoyed this deep dive into polymer chemistry and sustainability, feel free to share it with a fellow materials enthusiast—or someone who still thinks all plastic is bad. 😄

Sales Contact：[email protected]

Primary Antioxidant 1035 ensures superior color stability in both transparent and opaque polymer systems

Primary Antioxidant 1035: The Color Keeper of Polymer Systems

When it comes to polymers, whether they’re used in packaging, automotive parts, or even the clothes we wear, one thing is certain: no one wants them fading away like a forgotten pair of jeans left too long in the sun. That’s where Primary Antioxidant 1035 steps in — not just as a chemical compound with a fancy name, but as a real guardian angel for polymer color stability.

In this article, we’ll take a deep dive into what makes Primary Antioxidant 1035 such a powerful ally in both transparent and opaque polymer systems. We’ll explore its chemical nature, how it works at the molecular level, and why it’s trusted across industries worldwide. Along the way, we’ll sprinkle in some scientific facts, practical applications, and maybe even a few polymer-related puns (because science doesn’t have to be boring).

What Exactly Is Primary Antioxidant 1035?

Primary Antioxidant 1035, also known by its chemical name Irganox 1035, is a hindered phenolic antioxidant developed by BASF (formerly Ciba). It belongs to a class of antioxidants that primarily function by scavenging free radicals — those pesky little molecules that wreak havoc on polymer chains, causing degradation, discoloration, and loss of mechanical properties.

But let’s not get ahead of ourselves. First, let’s break down what exactly an antioxidant does in polymers.

Why Do Polymers Need Antioxidants?

Polymers are long-chain molecules made up of repeating units called monomers. While they’re incredibly versatile, they’re also vulnerable to oxidation — especially when exposed to heat, light, or oxygen. This oxidative degradation leads to:

Yellowing or browning of the material
Loss of tensile strength
Brittleness
Cracking

Antioxidants like Primary Antioxidant 1035 work by interrupting the chain reaction of oxidation, effectively “putting out the fire” before it spreads.

Key Features of Primary Antioxidant 1035

Let’s take a look at what sets this antioxidant apart from others in the market:

Property	Value
Chemical Name	Thiodiethylene bis(3-(dodecylthio)propionate)
CAS Number	98-29-3
Molecular Weight	~733 g/mol
Appearance	White to off-white solid
Melting Point	45–55°C
Solubility in Water	Insoluble
Recommended Usage Level	0.05–1.0% by weight
Compatibility	Excellent with polyolefins, PVC, ABS, etc.

One of the standout features of Primary Antioxidant 1035 is its dual functionality. It not only acts as a primary antioxidant (radical scavenger), but also provides secondary antioxidant effects through sulfur-containing moieties that help decompose hydroperoxides — another source of polymer degradation.

How Does It Work? A Molecular Love Story

To understand how Primary Antioxidant 1035 protects polymers, imagine a dramatic scene: oxygen molecules attack the polymer backbone under heat and UV exposure, creating unstable free radicals. These radicals then react with more oxygen, forming a chain reaction that leads to degradation.

Enter our hero, Primary Antioxidant 1035. With its phenolic hydroxyl group, it donates a hydrogen atom to the free radical, neutralizing it and halting the chain reaction. Meanwhile, the sulfur atoms in its structure mop up any peroxides formed during processing or use.

This dynamic duo of phenolic and thioester groups gives Primary Antioxidant 1035 a unique edge over other antioxidants. It’s like having both a firefighter and a cleanup crew working together — efficient, effective, and reliable.

Performance in Transparent vs. Opaque Systems

Now here’s where things get interesting. Not all polymer systems are created equal. Some are transparent, like acrylic windows or PET bottles, while others are opaque, like black rubber seals or colored injection-molded parts.

Let’s see how Primary Antioxidant 1035 performs in each:

Parameter	Transparent Systems	Opaque Systems
Light Exposure	High	Low
Heat Resistance Required	Moderate	High
Color Stability Needs	Critical	Important
Processing Temperatures	Lower	Higher
Typical Applications	Bottles, lenses, films	Automotive parts, hoses, cables
Effectiveness of 1035	Excellent	Very Good
Staining Potential	Minimal	Slight risk if overused

In transparent systems, maintaining optical clarity is key. Any discoloration becomes immediately visible, so antioxidants must be clean-burning and non-staining. Primary Antioxidant 1035 excels here due to its low volatility and minimal color contribution.

In opaque systems, thermal stability during processing (especially extrusion and molding) is more important than optical clarity. Here, Primary Antioxidant 1035 shines again, offering excellent protection against heat-induced degradation without compromising mechanical integrity.

Real-World Applications: Where 1035 Makes a Difference

From food packaging to high-performance automotive components, Primary Antioxidant 1035 finds a home in a wide range of polymer applications. Let’s explore a few:

🍎 Food Packaging Films

Transparent polyethylene or polypropylene films need to stay clear and colorless, even after months on the shelf. Oxidation can lead to yellowing and off-flavors. Adding 0.1–0.3% of 1035 helps maintain freshness and appearance.

🚗 Automotive Seals and Gaskets

These often opaque rubber parts endure extreme temperatures and UV exposure. Primary Antioxidant 1035 improves their longevity and prevents premature cracking or hardening.

🧴 Cosmetic Containers

Clear plastic jars and bottles demand both aesthetic appeal and functional performance. Antioxidants ensure the container doesn’t interact with the product inside or change color over time.

🔌 Electrical Cable Insulation

PVC or PE-based insulation must resist environmental stress without degrading. 1035 offers long-term protection against oxidation and thermal breakdown.

Comparative Analysis: 1035 vs Other Antioxidants

How does Primary Antioxidant 1035 stack up against its peers? Let’s compare it with some commonly used antioxidants:

Feature	Irganox 1035	Irganox 1010	Irganox 1076	Irganox 1098
Type	Phenolic + Thioester	Phenolic	Phenolic	Amide-Phenolic
Volatility	Low	Medium	Medium	Low
Melt Point	45–55°C	119–123°C	50–55°C	140–145°C
Color Stability	Excellent	Very Good	Good	Fair
Process Stability	Good	Excellent	Good	Excellent
Cost	Moderate	High	Moderate	High
Best For	Films, bottles, general purpose	Engineering plastics, high-temp processes	Flexible packaging, wires	High-temp applications

As you can see, Primary Antioxidant 1035 strikes a nice balance between performance and cost. It may not be the best at every single property, but it’s definitely the Swiss Army knife of antioxidants — versatile, dependable, and always ready to protect.

Dosage and Handling Tips

Using the right amount of antioxidant is crucial. Too little, and your polymer might degrade. Too much, and you could end up with blooming (where the additive migrates to the surface) or unnecessary cost increases.

Here are some dosage recommendations based on application:

Application	Recommended Dose (%)
Polyolefins	0.1–0.5
PVC	0.1–0.3
Rubber	0.2–0.5
Engineering Plastics	0.3–1.0
Adhesives & Sealants	0.1–0.5

Pro Tip: Always conduct small-scale trials before full production. And remember — antioxidants work best when combined with UV stabilizers or metal deactivators for comprehensive protection.

Safety and Environmental Considerations

Safety first! Primary Antioxidant 1035 has been extensively tested and is generally considered safe for industrial use. According to BASF’s safety data sheet (SDS), it has:

No known carcinogenic effects
Low acute toxicity
Non-corrosive to skin and eyes (but still handle with care!)
Biodegradable under certain conditions

It complies with major regulatory frameworks including:

REACH (EU)
TSCA (USA)
FDA regulations for food contact materials

That said, proper PPE should be worn during handling, and ventilation is recommended in enclosed spaces.

Future Trends and Innovations

The world of polymer additives is ever-evolving. As sustainability becomes a top priority, researchers are looking into bio-based antioxidants and synergistic blends that offer similar protection with lower environmental impact.

However, Primary Antioxidant 1035 remains a go-to solution for many manufacturers due to its proven track record, broad compatibility, and ease of use. Its future looks bright — perhaps even brighter than a well-preserved white polymer part!

Final Thoughts

So there you have it — a detailed yet engaging journey through the world of Primary Antioxidant 1035. From its chemistry to its real-world applications, this antioxidant proves itself as a vital player in ensuring polymer systems maintain their structural and visual integrity over time.

Whether you’re formulating transparent films or durable automotive components, Primary Antioxidant 1035 offers a balanced blend of performance, versatility, and reliability. It may not make headlines like the latest nanomaterials or bioplastics, but behind the scenes, it’s quietly keeping things stable — and colorful — one polymer chain at a time.

So next time you pick up a crystal-clear water bottle or admire the sleek finish of a car bumper, remember: there’s a good chance Primary Antioxidant 1035 had a hand in keeping it looking fresh.

References

BASF Corporation. (2022). Product Safety Summary – Irganox 1035. Ludwigshafen, Germany.
Zweifel, H., Maier, R. D., & Schiller, M. (2014). Plastics Additives Handbook. Hanser Publishers.
Gachter, R., & Müller, H. (Eds.). (2008). Plastics Additives: An Industrial Guide. Springer Science & Business Media.
Smith, J. A., & Lee, K. (2019). "Stabilization of Polyolefins Against Thermal and Oxidative Degradation." Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 136(12), 47632.
Wang, Y., Chen, L., & Zhang, H. (2021). "Comparative Study of Phenolic Antioxidants in PVC Stabilization." Polymer Degradation and Stability, 189, 109582.
European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). (2023). REACH Registration Dossier – Irganox 1035.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2020). TSCA Chemical Substance Inventory.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (2021). Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS).

Got questions about Primary Antioxidant 1035 or want to know which antioxidant suits your specific application? Drop a comment below or reach out — because when it comes to polymer protection, knowledge is the best additive of all. 💡

Sales Contact：[email protected]

The application of Primary Antioxidant 1035 extends the service life of pipes and profiles in outdoor environments

Title: The Long and Winding Pipe – How Primary Antioxidant 1035 Protects Your Outdoor Infrastructure

When it comes to outdoor infrastructure, durability is the name of the game. Whether we’re talking about irrigation pipes in a sun-baked farm or PVC profiles used in window frames exposed to relentless rain and UV radiation, materials face a constant battle against time, weather, and chemistry.

Enter Primary Antioxidant 1035, a compound that might not be a household name, but plays a vital role behind the scenes in extending the life of polymer-based products. In this article, we’ll take a deep dive into what makes this antioxidant so effective, how it works, where it’s applied, and why it matters—not just for engineers and chemists, but for anyone who benefits from long-lasting infrastructure.

So, grab your favorite beverage (preferably something cool and refreshing), settle in, and let’s explore the fascinating world of antioxidants—specifically, the unsung hero known as Primary Antioxidant 1035.

A Little Chemistry Never Hurt Anyone

Before we get too far ahead of ourselves, let’s start with the basics. What exactly is an antioxidant?

In simple terms, an antioxidant is a substance that inhibits oxidation. Oxidation is a chemical reaction that can cause materials to degrade over time. Think of rust on metal, or fruit turning brown after being cut open—it’s all part of the same process. For polymers like polyethylene (PE) or polyvinyl chloride (PVC), which are commonly used in outdoor piping and construction profiles, oxidation can lead to cracking, brittleness, and loss of mechanical strength.

Now, there are different types of antioxidants, but they generally fall into two categories:

Primary antioxidants (also called chain-breaking antioxidants)
Secondary antioxidants (often referred to as peroxide decomposers)

Primary Antioxidant 1035 belongs to the first group. It acts by interrupting the oxidative chain reaction before it spirals out of control, effectively slowing down—or even halting—the degradation process.

What Exactly Is Primary Antioxidant 1035?

Also known by its chemical name Irganox 1035 (a brand name from BASF), this antioxidant is a thioester-type hindered phenolic antioxidant. Its full chemical designation is Pentaerythrityl tetrakis(3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate)—which sounds more like a tongue-twister than a helpful additive, but bear with me.

Its molecular structure allows it to efficiently scavenge free radicals—those pesky reactive molecules that initiate and propagate the oxidation process. By doing so, it protects the polymer matrix from thermal and oxidative degradation during both processing and long-term exposure to environmental stressors.

Here’s a quick summary of its key characteristics:

Property	Description
Chemical Name	Pentaerythrityl tetrakis(3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate)
CAS Number	42757-03-3
Molecular Weight	~1114 g/mol
Appearance	White to off-white powder or granules
Melting Point	~68–72°C
Solubility	Insoluble in water; soluble in organic solvents like toluene and chloroform
Function	Chain-breaking antioxidant
Typical Use Level	0.05% to 0.5% by weight

One of the reasons Primary Antioxidant 1035 is so popular is because of its versatility. It works well in a variety of polymer systems, including polyolefins, PVC, ABS, and engineering plastics. And thanks to its low volatility and high extraction resistance, it stays put once incorporated into the material—unlike some additives that tend to migrate or evaporate over time.

Why Outdoor Environments Are So Tough on Polymers

Let’s talk about the enemy: oxidative degradation. In outdoor environments, polymers are subjected to a cocktail of damaging factors:

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun
Temperature fluctuations
Moisture and humidity
Pollutants and chemicals in the air

These elements work together like a team of mischievous gremlins, slowly chipping away at the integrity of plastic materials. UV light, in particular, kicks off the degradation process by breaking chemical bonds in the polymer chain, creating free radicals. Once those radicals form, they start a chain reaction that leads to cross-linking or chain scission—both of which spell trouble for structural integrity.

This is where Primary Antioxidant 1035 steps in. Like a skilled goalkeeper, it intercepts the incoming free radicals before they can do damage. By donating hydrogen atoms to stabilize these radicals, it breaks the chain reaction and keeps the polymer intact for much longer.

Real-World Applications: Where Does It Shine?

The beauty of Primary Antioxidant 1035 lies in its wide range of applications, especially in outdoor-use polymer products. Here are some of the most common ones:

🚰 Water Pipes and Irrigation Systems

Polyethylene (PE) pipes used in agricultural irrigation and municipal water distribution are constantly exposed to sunlight, temperature changes, and sometimes aggressive soil chemicals. Without proper protection, these pipes would begin to crack and leak within a few years.

Studies have shown that incorporating antioxidants like 1035 can extend the service life of PE pipes by up to 50%. One such study published in Polymer Degradation and Stability (Zhang et al., 2019) found that adding 0.3% Irganox 1035 significantly improved the UV resistance and tensile strength retention of HDPE pipes after prolonged exposure to simulated sunlight.

🏗️ PVC Profiles in Window Frames and Building Materials

PVC profiles used in window frames, siding, and fencing are often left outdoors year-round. They must withstand everything from freezing winters to blistering summers. Over time, without antioxidants, these profiles become brittle and discolored.

A 2020 paper in the Journal of Applied Polymer Science (Chen & Liu) demonstrated that PVC formulations containing Irganox 1035 showed better color stability and impact resistance after accelerated weathering tests compared to those without. This means fewer replacements and repairs for homeowners and builders alike.

🚧 Industrial and Underground Cables

Even underground cables made from polyolefin sheathing benefit from antioxidants. While they’re shielded from direct sunlight, they still face heat from electrical loads and potential moisture ingress. Primary Antioxidant 1035 helps prevent premature insulation failure, reducing the risk of short circuits and costly maintenance.

🌿 Agricultural Films and Greenhouse Covers

Plastic films used in agriculture, particularly greenhouse covers, need to last several seasons. These films are under constant UV assault and mechanical stress. Adding antioxidants like 1035 helps maintain flexibility and transparency, ensuring optimal plant growth conditions.

Performance Comparison: With vs. Without Antioxidant

To really understand the difference Primary Antioxidant 1035 makes, let’s compare the performance of polymer materials with and without it. The table below summarizes key findings from various studies:

Property	Without Antioxidant	With 0.3% Irganox 1035	Improvement (%)
Tensile Strength Retention after 1000 hrs UV exposure	~40%	~82%	+105%
Elongation at Break	~120%	~210%	+75%
Color Change (ΔE value)	8.6	2.1	-75.6%
Time to Brittle Failure (accelerated aging)	800 hrs	>2000 hrs	+150%
Melt Flow Index Stability	Rapid increase	Minimal change	—

As you can see, the presence of Primary Antioxidant 1035 dramatically improves the longevity and mechanical properties of polymer materials. This translates directly into cost savings and reduced environmental waste.

Compatibility and Processing Considerations

Now, while Primary Antioxidant 1035 is a rockstar when it comes to performance, it’s also important to consider how easy it is to work with. Fortunately, it scores high marks here too.

It blends well with other stabilizers and additives commonly used in polymer formulations, such as UV absorbers (like benzotriazoles), HALS (hindered amine light stabilizers), and phosphite antioxidants. This compatibility allows manufacturers to create multi-layered protection systems tailored to specific environmental conditions.

From a processing standpoint, it has excellent thermal stability and doesn’t interfere with extrusion or molding temperatures typically used for polyolefins and PVC. Plus, since it’s non-staining and odorless, it won’t affect the aesthetics or usability of the final product.

Environmental and Safety Profile

You might be wondering: “Is this stuff safe?” Good question. Anytime we introduce additives into materials, especially those used in food contact or drinking water systems, safety becomes a top priority.

According to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and U.S. FDA regulations, Irganox 1035 is approved for use in food-contact materials at appropriate levels. Toxicological studies indicate low toxicity and no evidence of carcinogenic or mutagenic effects (BASF Product Safety Report, 2018).

Environmentally, it does not bioaccumulate and degrades relatively quickly in soil and water systems. However, like any industrial chemical, it should be handled responsibly and disposed of according to local regulations.

Case Studies: Real Impact in Real Projects

Let’s look at a couple of real-world examples where Primary Antioxidant 1035 made a tangible difference.

🇨🇳 China: Municipal Water Pipeline Upgrade

In a 2017 project in Sichuan Province, engineers were tasked with upgrading the city’s aging water distribution system using HDPE pipes. Concerned about the region’s intense solar exposure and fluctuating temperatures, they opted to include 0.3% Irganox 1035 in the pipe formulation.

After five years of operation, field inspections showed minimal signs of degradation, and pressure testing confirmed consistent flow rates. The city reported a 40% reduction in maintenance costs compared to previous pipe installations without antioxidant protection.

🇺🇸 USA: Desert Solar Farm Enclosures

A large solar energy facility in Arizona needed durable enclosures for its inverters and transformers. Given the extreme daytime temperatures and intense UV radiation, the manufacturer chose a modified PVC blend with added Irganox 1035.

Over a three-year period, the enclosures maintained their structural integrity and color stability far better than standard PVC housings installed elsewhere on the site. The result? Fewer replacements and less downtime.

Future Outlook and Innovations

As global demand for sustainable and long-lasting infrastructure grows, so too does the importance of additives like Primary Antioxidant 1035. Researchers are now exploring hybrid antioxidant systems that combine multiple protective mechanisms—such as UV screening, radical scavenging, and peroxide decomposition—for even greater performance.

Moreover, there’s increasing interest in developing biodegradable antioxidants derived from natural sources. While Primary Antioxidant 1035 remains a synthetic compound, future generations may incorporate similar functionality from plant-based compounds, offering both performance and eco-friendliness.

Conclusion: A Quiet Hero in a Harsh World

In the grand theater of polymer science, Primary Antioxidant 1035 may not be the loudest performer, but it’s certainly one of the most reliable. From irrigation pipes in dusty fields to sleek PVC windows in modern buildings, this unassuming compound ensures that our materials stand strong against the elements.

So next time you walk past a building, turn on a garden hose, or admire a solar farm, remember: somewhere inside those structures, quietly doing its job, is a little molecule named Irganox 1035—holding the line between durability and decay.

References

Zhang, Y., Wang, L., & Li, H. (2019). "Effect of Antioxidants on UV Resistance of High-Density Polyethylene Pipes." Polymer Degradation and Stability, 162, 118–125.
Chen, X., & Liu, J. (2020). "Stabilization of PVC Profiles Under Accelerated Weathering Conditions." Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 137(18), 48552.
BASF SE. (2018). Product Safety Report: Irganox 1035. Ludwigshafen, Germany.
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). (2017). Scientific Opinion on the Safety Assessment of Antioxidants in Food Contact Materials. EFSA Journal, 15(3), 4710.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (2021). Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS). Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition.
Smith, R. J., & Patel, N. (2021). "Synergistic Stabilizer Systems for Long-Term Polymer Protection." Polymer Engineering & Science, 61(5), 987–995.
Kim, H., Park, J., & Lee, K. (2022). "Development of Biodegradable Antioxidants for Sustainable Polymer Applications." Green Chemistry, 24(7), 2980–2991.

💬 Got questions about antioxidants or polymer stabilization? Drop them in the comments below!
🛠️ Need help choosing the right antioxidant for your application? Let’s chat.
🌱 Interested in eco-friendly alternatives? Stay tuned for Part II.

Until next time—keep your polymers protected! 🔬🧱💧

Sales Contact：[email protected]

Primary Antioxidant 1035 efficiently scavenges free radicals, minimizing polymer chain scission and crosslinking

Primary Antioxidant 1035: The Silent Hero Behind Long-Lasting Polymers

In the world of polymers, where materials are expected to perform under pressure—whether it’s scorching heat, freezing cold, or relentless UV exposure—the real unsung hero often goes unnoticed. That hero is none other than Primary Antioxidant 1035, a powerful compound that stands between polymer degradation and material longevity.

Let’s dive into the fascinating story behind this chemical warrior. We’ll explore how it works, why it matters, and what makes it stand out in the crowded field of antioxidants. Along the way, we’ll take a peek at its performance data, compare it with other common antioxidants, and even hear from some of the experts who’ve put it through its paces in labs and production lines around the globe.

What Exactly Is Primary Antioxidant 1035?

Primary Antioxidant 1035, also known by its chemical name Pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate), is more commonly referred to as Irganox® 1010 (though there are similar analogs). It belongs to the class of hindered phenolic antioxidants, which are widely used in polymer stabilization to prevent oxidative degradation.

Its primary role? To scavenge free radicals—those highly reactive molecules that wreak havoc on polymer chains. Left unchecked, these radicals can cause chain scission (breaking of polymer chains) and crosslinking (unwanted bonding between chains), both of which compromise the mechanical properties and lifespan of plastics and rubbers.

Think of Primary Antioxidant 1035 as the bodyguard of your polymer—it doesn’t ask for credit, but without it, things could go south fast.

Why Free Radicals Are the Enemy

Before we get too deep into the virtues of Primary Antioxidant 1035, let’s talk about what exactly it’s fighting against.

Free radicals are like uninvited party crashers—they show up unannounced and start causing chaos. In the case of polymers, they’re typically generated during thermal processing or under prolonged UV exposure. Once formed, they initiate a chain reaction:

Initiation: Heat or light kicks off radical formation.
Propagation: Radicals attack polymer chains, creating new radicals and perpetuating the cycle.
Termination: Eventually, something has to stop the madness—or else you end up with degraded, brittle plastic.

This process leads to:

Loss of tensile strength
Discoloration
Cracking
Reduced flexibility

And no one wants their car bumper turning into a cracker after a summer in the sun.

How Primary Antioxidant 1035 Fights Back

Here’s where our hero steps in. As a hindered phenolic antioxidant, Primary Antioxidant 1035 donates hydrogen atoms to free radicals, effectively neutralizing them before they can do damage. This breaks the chain reaction early and prevents widespread molecular mayhem.

The key here is efficiency. Unlike some antioxidants that wear out quickly, Primary Antioxidant 1035 is designed to be long-lasting. Its bulky molecular structure slows down volatilization and migration, making it ideal for high-temperature applications and extended use.

Let’s break it down:

Property	Description
Chemical Class	Hindered Phenolic
Molecular Weight	~1178 g/mol
Appearance	White powder or granules
Solubility	Insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents
Melting Point	~120°C
Volatility	Low
Migration Resistance	High

Applications Across Industries

Primary Antioxidant 1035 isn’t just a one-trick pony. It finds use across a broad spectrum of polymer-based products, including:

Polyolefins (e.g., polyethylene, polypropylene)
ABS and polystyrene
Thermoplastic elastomers
Adhesives and sealants
Coatings and films

It’s particularly popular in outdoor applications like agricultural films, automotive components, and industrial hoses—places where durability under harsh conditions is non-negotiable.

Let’s look at a few specific examples:

🛠️ Automotive Industry

Car interiors and exteriors face extreme temperature swings and constant UV exposure. Without proper antioxidant protection, dashboard plastics can become brittle and crack within months. Primary Antioxidant 1035 helps ensure that your steering wheel doesn’t fall apart after a few summers in the garage.

🧪 Industrial Films

Agricultural films, especially those used in greenhouses, must withstand years of sunlight and weather. Studies have shown that films containing Primary Antioxidant 1035 exhibit significantly slower yellowing and embrittlement compared to those without (Zhang et al., 2019).

🏗️ Construction Materials

Pipes, insulation foams, and roofing membranes made from polyethylene benefit greatly from the addition of this antioxidant. It enhances service life and reduces maintenance costs—a win for both contractors and homeowners.

Performance Comparison: Primary Antioxidant 1035 vs. Others

To understand just how good Primary Antioxidant 1035 really is, let’s stack it up against some of its competitors. Here’s a comparison table based on stability, volatility, and cost-effectiveness:

Antioxidant Type	Stability	Volatility	Migration Resistance	Cost (approx.)	Recommended Use
Primary Antioxidant 1035	⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐	⭐⭐⭐⭐	⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐	Medium	Long-term, high-temp
Irganox 1076	⭐⭐⭐⭐	⭐⭐⭐	⭐⭐⭐	Low	General-purpose
BHT	⭐⭐	⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐	⭐⭐	Very low	Short-term, low-cost
Irganox 1330	⭐⭐⭐⭐	⭐⭐⭐	⭐⭐⭐	Medium	Food contact, flexible
Primary Antioxidant 168 (Synergist)	⭐⭐⭐	⭐⭐⭐⭐	⭐⭐⭐	Medium	Often used with 1035

As you can see, Primary Antioxidant 1035 holds its own—and then some. While slightly more expensive than basic antioxidants like BHT, its superior performance in critical areas justifies the investment.

Real-World Testing and Literature Review

Let’s turn now to what the scientific community has found through lab testing and industrial trials.

🔬 Study 1: Thermal Aging of Polyethylene (Chen et al., 2017)

Researchers tested the effects of different antioxidants on low-density polyethylene (LDPE) under accelerated thermal aging conditions (80°C for 1000 hours). The results were clear:

Sample	Tensile Strength Retention (%)	Elongation at Break Retention (%)
Unstabilized LDPE	32%	18%
With BHT	54%	39%
With Irganox 1076	71%	58%
With Primary Antioxidant 1035	89%	82%

Conclusion: Primary Antioxidant 1035 provided the best overall protection against thermal degradation.

🌞 Study 2: UV Exposure of Agricultural Films (Zhang et al., 2019)

In this study, agricultural polyethylene films were exposed to natural sunlight over a 2-year period. Films treated with Primary Antioxidant 1035 showed:

30% less yellowing index increase
45% lower rate of embrittlement
Significantly better retention of mechanical properties

This translates directly into longer product life and reduced environmental waste.

💼 Industrial Case Study: Automotive Plastic Components (Toyota R&D, 2020)

Toyota conducted internal tests on interior trim pieces using various antioxidant packages. The formulation with Primary Antioxidant 1035 passed all accelerated aging tests with flying colors, while cheaper alternatives failed due to surface cracking and color fading.

Dosage and Formulation Tips

Using Primary Antioxidant 1035 effectively requires attention to dosage and compatibility. Here are some general guidelines:

Polymer Type	Recommended Loading Level	Notes
Polyethylene	0.1–0.5%	Higher loading for outdoor use
Polypropylene	0.1–0.3%	Works well with UV stabilizers
ABS	0.1–0.2%	Good synergy with phosphite co-stabilizers
Rubber	0.2–0.5%	Especially useful in EPDM formulations

💡 Tip: For best results, consider combining it with secondary antioxidants like Primary Antioxidant 168 (a phosphite-type antioxidant) to create a synergistic system that offers both radical scavenging and peroxide decomposition.

Also, make sure to disperse it evenly during compounding. Poor dispersion can lead to uneven protection and potential weak spots in the final product.

Environmental and Safety Profile

One of the concerns when working with any additive is its impact on health and the environment. Fortunately, Primary Antioxidant 1035 checks out pretty well in this department.

According to the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), it is not classified as carcinogenic, mutagenic, or toxic to reproduction. It also has low aquatic toxicity, making it safer for disposal compared to some older-generation additives.

However, as with any industrial chemical, safe handling practices should be followed, including the use of protective gloves and goggles, and avoiding inhalation of dust during mixing.

Market Availability and Suppliers

Primary Antioxidant 1035 is available globally from several reputable suppliers, including:

BASF – Under brand names like Irganox® 1010
Songwon Industrial Co., Ltd. – Offers SONGNOX® 1010
Clariant – Hostanox® series
Addivant – Various formulations

Prices vary depending on region and supplier, but generally fall in the range of $15–$25 per kg, which is competitive given its performance profile.

Final Thoughts: A Must-Have in Modern Polymer Formulations

Primary Antioxidant 1035 might not be a household name, but in the world of polymers, it’s a staple. It does the heavy lifting behind the scenes, ensuring that everything from your car parts to greenhouse covers stays strong and resilient over time.

Its ability to efficiently scavenge free radicals, resist migration, and work synergistically with other stabilizers makes it a versatile and reliable choice. Whether you’re formulating for the automotive industry, agriculture, or consumer goods, it’s hard to go wrong with this antioxidant in your toolkit.

So next time you marvel at how your garden hose hasn’t cracked after five summers in the sun, give a silent nod to the invisible guardian—Primary Antioxidant 1035—keeping things together, one radical at a time. 🛡️

References

Chen, L., Wang, Y., & Liu, H. (2017). Thermal Oxidative Degradation of Polyethylene Stabilized with Different Antioxidants. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 134(12), 44815.
Zhang, W., Li, M., & Sun, Q. (2019). UV Stability of Agricultural Films with Hindered Phenolic Antioxidants. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 162, 123–130.
Toyota Central R&D Labs. (2020). Internal Report on Interior Trim Component Durability.
European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). (2021). Safety Data Sheet for Pentaerythritol Tetrakis(3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate).
BASF Technical Bulletin. (2018). Stabilization Solutions for Polyolefins.
Clariant Product Datasheet. (2019). Hostanox® 1010 – Processing and Long-Term Stabilizer.
Songwon Industrial Co., Ltd. (2020). SONGNOX® 1010 Product Specification.

If you’re involved in polymer manufacturing or formulation, investing time in understanding and properly utilizing Primary Antioxidant 1035 could mean the difference between a product that lasts and one that fails prematurely. After all, in the world of chemistry, sometimes the smallest players make the biggest impact.

Sales Contact：[email protected]

Understanding the very low volatility and excellent extraction resistance of Primary Antioxidant 1035

Understanding the Very Low Volatility and Excellent Extraction Resistance of Primary Antioxidant 1035

Antioxidants — those unsung heroes of chemical stability — often work quietly behind the scenes, preserving materials from the slow decay caused by oxidation. Among them, Primary Antioxidant 1035, also known as Irganox 1035, stands out like a seasoned bodyguard in the world of polymer stabilization. It’s not flashy, doesn’t demand attention, but when it’s on duty, you can rest easy knowing your product is protected from oxidative degradation.

In this article, we’ll take a closer look at what makes Irganox 1035 so special — particularly its very low volatility and excellent extraction resistance. These two properties may sound technical, but they’re crucial for ensuring that antioxidants stay where they’re needed: embedded within the material they’re protecting, rather than evaporating into thin air or being washed away during processing.

Let’s dive into the science, the structure, the performance, and even some real-world applications of this remarkable compound.

What Exactly Is Primary Antioxidant 1035?

Before we get too deep into its properties, let’s first understand what we’re dealing with.

Primary Antioxidant 1035, chemically known as Thiodiethylene bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate), is a hindered phenolic antioxidant. It belongs to the family of phenolic antioxidants, which are widely used in plastics, rubber, adhesives, and other organic materials prone to oxidative degradation.

It’s produced by BASF under the brand name Irganox, and it’s commonly used in combination with secondary antioxidants (like phosphites or thioesters) to provide a synergistic protective effect.

Key Features of Irganox 1035:

Property	Description
Chemical Name	Thiodiethylene bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate)
Molecular Formula	C₃₉H₅₀O₆S
Molecular Weight	~647 g/mol
Appearance	White to off-white powder or granules
Melting Point	~120–125°C
Solubility in Water	Practically insoluble
Typical Use Level	0.1% – 1.0% depending on application

The Two Superpowers: Low Volatility & High Extraction Resistance

Now, here’s where things get interesting.

When an antioxidant is added to a polymer or formulation, it needs to stick around long enough to do its job. If it evaporates too easily (high volatility), or gets leached out during washing or exposure to solvents (low extraction resistance), then its effectiveness plummets.

So why does Irganox 1035 perform so well in both these areas? Let’s break it down.

1. Low Volatility: Staying Power You Can Count On

Volatility refers to how easily a substance turns into vapor. In industrial terms, this matters because many polymers are processed at high temperatures — think extrusion, injection molding, or compounding. During these processes, any volatile additive can be lost, reducing its concentration and effectiveness.

Irganox 1035 shines here. Its relatively high molecular weight (around 647 g/mol) contributes significantly to its low vapor pressure, meaning it doesn’t readily evaporate, even at elevated temperatures.

Let’s compare it to some common antioxidants:

Antioxidant	Molecular Weight (g/mol)	Approximate Boiling Point	Volatility (at 200°C)
Irganox 1035	~647	>300°C	Very Low
Irganox 1010	~1178	>400°C	Very Low
BHT	~220	~200°C	Moderate
Irganox 1076	~535	~290°C	Low

As shown above, while Irganox 1010 has an even higher molecular weight and lower volatility, Irganox 1035 strikes a good balance between processability and retention. It’s not so heavy that it becomes difficult to disperse, yet not so light that it volatilizes easily.

This makes it especially useful in applications like polyolefins, rubber, and adhesives, where moderate thermal processing is involved.

Moreover, its thioether linkage — the sulfur-containing bridge connecting the two antioxidant moieties — adds structural rigidity without compromising performance. This kind of molecular architecture tends to reduce volatility compared to more flexible molecules.

2. Excellent Extraction Resistance: Not Going Anywhere

Extraction resistance refers to how well an antioxidant resists being removed from the polymer matrix by external agents such as water, oils, or solvents. This is especially important in applications like food packaging, medical devices, or automotive parts, where contact with fluids or environmental exposure is inevitable.

Irganox 1035 excels here due to its low polarity and high hydrophobicity. Its bulky, branched tert-butyl groups shield the active hydroxyl group, making it less likely to interact with polar substances like water or ethanol. Additionally, its overall non-polar nature means it blends well with non-polar polymers like polyethylene and polypropylene, further enhancing its retention.

A study by Zhang et al. (2018) compared the extraction behavior of several antioxidants in polypropylene films after immersion in various solvents. They found that Irganox 1035 showed minimal loss (<5%) in hexane and ethanol, whereas antioxidants like BHT and Irganox 1076 showed losses exceeding 20% under similar conditions.

Antioxidant	% Loss in Hexane	% Loss in Ethanol	% Loss in Water
Irganox 1035	<5%	<5%	<2%
BHT	~25%	~30%	~15%
Irganox 1076	~15%	~20%	~10%
Irganox 1010	<5%	<5%	<2%

Source: Zhang et al., Polymer Degradation and Stability, 2018.

What’s fascinating is that Irganox 1035 achieves this level of extraction resistance without being overly large or immobile, unlike Irganox 1010, which can sometimes lead to poor dispersion in certain matrices.

Molecular Structure: The Secret Behind the Performance

Let’s zoom in on the molecule itself.

Irganox 1035 consists of two hindered phenolic groups connected by a thiodiethylene linker. Each phenolic ring is substituted with two tert-butyl groups in the 3 and 5 positions and a hydroxyl group in the 4 position — classic features of hindered phenols designed to stabilize free radicals.

Here’s a simplified breakdown:

HOOC–CH₂–CH₂–S–CH₂–CH₂–COOH
       /           
      /             
(Ring A)         (Ring B)

Each ring has:

Two tert-butyl groups (bulky, electron-donating)
One hydroxyl group (active hydrogen donor)

The thioether bridge (S) enhances flexibility without compromising stability. It allows the molecule to adopt conformations that improve compatibility with the polymer matrix while maintaining the spatial separation necessary for effective radical scavenging.

The presence of ester linkages also plays a role. While esters can be susceptible to hydrolysis, the steric hindrance provided by the bulky tert-butyl groups helps protect the ester bond, contributing to enhanced hydrolytic stability.

Applications Where Irganox 1035 Shines

Thanks to its dual strengths — low volatility and high extraction resistance — Irganox 1035 finds use in a variety of demanding applications.

1. Polyolefins (PP, HDPE, LDPE)

Polyolefins are among the most widely used thermoplastics globally. However, their susceptibility to oxidative degradation during processing and service life makes stabilization essential.

Irganox 1035 is frequently used in these materials due to its ability to remain embedded in the polymer even after repeated heating cycles. Its low volatility ensures minimal loss during melt processing, while its extraction resistance prevents migration into food or liquids in packaging applications.

2. Rubber and Elastomers

Rubber products — whether natural or synthetic — degrade rapidly when exposed to oxygen and heat. Irganox 1035 helps extend their lifespan by preventing chain scission and crosslinking reactions caused by oxidative stress.

Its compatibility with non-polar rubbers like EPDM, SBR, and NR is excellent, and its extraction resistance is particularly valuable in automotive seals and hoses that come into contact with engine fluids.

3. Adhesives and Sealants

In adhesive formulations, additives must not only stabilize the polymer base but also resist being pulled out by solvents or moisture. Irganox 1035’s performance in this area makes it a preferred choice in hot-melt adhesives and construction sealants.

4. Food Contact Materials

Regulatory compliance is critical in food packaging. Irganox 1035 meets numerous international standards (e.g., FDA, EU Regulation 10/2011) for use in food-contact polymers. Its low extraction rate minimizes the risk of antioxidant migration into food, ensuring safety without sacrificing protection.

Synergistic Effects with Other Additives

While Irganox 1035 is a capable primary antioxidant on its own, it truly shines when used in combination with secondary antioxidants.

Common synergists include:

Phosphite esters (e.g., Irgafos 168)
Thioesters (e.g., DSTDP)

These secondary antioxidants typically function by decomposing peroxides formed during oxidation, complementing the radical-scavenging action of Irganox 1035.

A study by Patel and Kumar (2020) demonstrated that a blend of Irganox 1035 and Irgafos 168 extended the induction time of polypropylene under accelerated aging conditions by over 60% compared to using either additive alone.

Additive Combination	Oxidative Induction Time (minutes)
Irganox 1035 only	35
Irgafos 168 only	28
Irganox 1035 + Irgafos 168	56

Source: Patel & Kumar, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2020.

This synergy allows manufacturers to achieve better performance with lower total additive loading, which is always a win for cost and regulatory reasons.

Environmental and Safety Considerations

When evaluating any chemical additive, safety and environmental impact are paramount.

Irganox 1035 has been extensively studied and is generally regarded as safe for industrial use when handled according to recommended practices. It shows low acute toxicity, is not classified as carcinogenic, and poses minimal risk to aquatic organisms at typical usage levels.

However, like all additives, proper handling and disposal are essential. Waste containing Irganox 1035 should be treated in accordance with local environmental regulations.

From a sustainability perspective, efforts are underway in the industry to develop bio-based alternatives to traditional antioxidants. But for now, Irganox 1035 remains a reliable standard-bearer for performance and efficiency.

Comparative Analysis with Other Antioxidants

To fully appreciate Irganox 1035, it helps to see how it stacks up against its peers.

Feature	Irganox 1035	Irganox 1010	Irganox 1076	BHT
Molecular Weight	647 g/mol	1178 g/mol	535 g/mol	220 g/mol
Volatility	Very Low	Extremely Low	Low	Moderate
Extraction Resistance	Excellent	Excellent	Good	Poor
Cost	Moderate	High	Moderate	Low
Processability	Good	Slightly Lower	Good	Easy
Compatibility	Broad	Narrower (due to size)	Good	Fair
Regulatory Status	Approved for food contact	Approved for food contact	Approved	Limited

Source: BASF Technical Datasheet; Zhang et al., 2018

As seen above, Irganox 1035 offers a balanced profile — not the cheapest, not the heaviest, but a solid performer across multiple criteria. For many applications, that’s exactly what you want.

Future Outlook and Emerging Trends

As polymer technologies evolve, so too do the demands placed on antioxidants. With increasing interest in bio-based polymers, recycled materials, and electric vehicle components, the need for stable, durable, and safe additives like Irganox 1035 continues to grow.

Researchers are also exploring ways to enhance the performance of existing antioxidants through nanoencapsulation, surface modification, and controlled release mechanisms. While these approaches could one day reduce reliance on traditional antioxidants, for now, compounds like Irganox 1035 remain indispensable.

Moreover, as global regulations tighten — especially regarding food safety and environmental impact — antioxidants that combine low volatility, low extractability, and regulatory approval will continue to dominate the market.

Final Thoughts: The Quiet Guardian of Polymers

If antioxidants were superheroes, Irganox 1035 would be the steady, dependable type — not flashy, not loud, but always there when you need it. It doesn’t vanish into the ether like BHT, nor does it hog space like Irganox 1010. Instead, it does its job efficiently, quietly, and reliably.

Its low volatility ensures it stays put during processing, and its excellent extraction resistance guarantees it won’t wash away when exposed to harsh environments. That makes it a go-to choice for engineers, formulators, and manufacturers who value consistency and performance.

So next time you open a plastic container, drive a car, or apply an adhesive, remember — somewhere inside that material, a humble molecule called Irganox 1035 is hard at work, keeping things stable and safe.

🛡️

References

Zhang, L., Wang, Y., & Chen, H. (2018). "Comparative Study on Extraction Resistance of Phenolic Antioxidants in Polypropylene Films." Polymer Degradation and Stability, 156, 123–130.
Patel, R., & Kumar, S. (2020). "Synergistic Effects of Irganox 1035 and Phosphite Esters in Polyolefin Stabilization." Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 137(12), 48567.
BASF SE. (2021). Technical Data Sheet: Irganox 1035. Ludwigshafen, Germany.
European Commission. (2011). Commission Regulation (EU) No 10/2011 on Plastic Materials and Articles Intended to Come into Contact with Food.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (2022). Indirect Additives Used in Food Contact Substances. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21.

If you enjoyed this article and want more deep dives into polymer additives, feel free to share it with your colleagues — or just keep it handy for the next time someone asks, “Why do we use Irganox 1035 again?” 🤓

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