The impact of UV Absorber UV-400 on the optical properties of clear polymers

The Impact of UV Absorber UV-400 on the Optical Properties of Clear Polymers

Introduction: A Sunny Day for Plastics

Imagine a beautiful summer day. The sun is shining, birds are chirping, and your favorite plastic sunglasses rest comfortably on your nose. But beneath that charming exterior lies a silent battle between ultraviolet (UV) radiation and the polymer materials we rely on every day. Enter stage left: UV-400, the unsung hero in the fight against UV degradation.

Polymers, especially clear ones like polycarbonate (PC), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET), are everywhere — from eyewear lenses to smartphone screens, from greenhouse panels to medical devices. However, exposure to sunlight can cause these materials to yellow, become brittle, or lose transparency over time. That’s where UV absorbers like UV-400 come into play.

In this article, we’ll take a deep dive into how UV-400 impacts the optical properties of clear polymers. We’ll explore its chemical nature, mechanisms of action, and most importantly, how it affects key optical parameters such as transmittance, haze, yellowness index, and refractive index. Along the way, we’ll sprinkle in some scientific jargon (but not too much), compare experimental results, and even throw in a few analogies to keep things light.

So grab your lab coat, put on your thinking cap (and maybe some sunscreen), and let’s get started!

1. What Is UV-400?

Before we talk about what UV-400 does, let’s first understand what it is. UV-400, chemically known as 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-methylphenol, is a member of the benzotriazole family of UV stabilizers. It’s commonly used in plastics, coatings, and textiles to absorb harmful UV radiation and convert it into harmless heat energy.

Key Characteristics of UV-400:

Property	Value
Chemical Name	2-(2H-Benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-methylphenol
Molecular Formula	C₁₄H₁₃N₃O
Molecular Weight	239.27 g/mol
Appearance	White to off-white powder
Solubility in Water	Insoluble
Melting Point	~136–140°C
UV Absorption Range	300–400 nm
Compatibility	Wide range of polymers including PC, PMMA, PET, PVC, PP

UV-400 is often preferred due to its broad absorption spectrum, thermal stability, and compatibility with many thermoplastic resins. It doesn’t just block UV; it absorbs it and dissipates it safely, protecting the polymer backbone from photodegradation.

2. Why Do Clear Polymers Need UV Protection?

Clear polymers owe their popularity to their excellent optical clarity, impact resistance, and lightweight nature. However, these materials are vulnerable to UV-induced degradation because they lack chromophores or conjugated systems that naturally dissipate UV energy.

Without protection, UV radiation initiates free radical reactions in the polymer chains, leading to:

Chain scission (breaking of molecular bonds)
Crosslinking (forming rigid, brittle structures)
Oxidation (formation of carbonyl groups and other chromophores)

These processes result in visible signs of aging, such as yellowing, cracking, loss of gloss, and reduced transparency — all of which spell trouble for applications requiring optical performance.

Enter UV-400: a molecular shield that intercepts UV photons before they wreak havoc on the polymer structure.

3. How Does UV-400 Work?

Think of UV-400 as a tiny bodyguard for your polymer molecules. When UV light hits the material, UV-400 absorbs the high-energy photons (especially in the 300–400 nm range) and converts them into vibrational energy — essentially heat — without undergoing significant chemical change itself.

This process is called photochemical stabilization, and it works through a mechanism known as intramolecular proton transfer. In simple terms, when UV-400 absorbs UV light, a hydrogen atom within the molecule shifts position, releasing energy in the form of heat rather than allowing it to damage the polymer.

Here’s a simplified version of the reaction:

UV-400 + hν → UV-400* (excited state) → UV-400 + Heat

Unlike UV blockers (which reflect or scatter UV light), UV-400 acts as an absorber — meaning it actively neutralizes UV threats from within the polymer matrix.

4. Impact on Optical Properties

Now, onto the main event: how does adding UV-400 affect the optical properties of clear polymers? Let’s break it down by property.

4.1 Light Transmittance

Transmittance refers to the percentage of visible light that passes through a material. For clear polymers, maintaining high transmittance (usually >90%) is crucial.

Effect of UV-400:
While UV-400 is effective at absorbing UV light, it must be carefully dosed so as not to interfere with visible light transmission. Studies have shown that concentrations below 0.5% typically do not significantly reduce transmittance in the visible range (400–700 nm).

Example Data:	Polymer	UV-400 (%)
PMMA	0	92.1
PMMA	0.2	91.8
PMMA	0.5	91.2
PC	0	90.5
PC	0.3	90.1

As seen above, even at moderate loadings, UV-400 maintains high transmittance. This makes it ideal for optical applications like lenses and display covers.

4.2 Haze

Haze measures the amount of scattered light passing through a transparent material. Lower haze means clearer vision.

Effect of UV-400:
Properly dispersed UV-400 should not increase haze. However, if the additive agglomerates or is incompatible with the polymer matrix, it may create microscopic imperfections that scatter light.

Best Practices:

Use compatibilizers or masterbatches
Ensure proper mixing during compounding
Keep loading levels under control

4.3 Yellowness Index (YI)

The yellowness index quantifies how much a material turns yellow upon UV exposure. A lower YI indicates better color stability.

Effect of UV-400:
UV-400 is highly effective at reducing yellowing. Several studies have demonstrated that UV-400-treated samples show significantly lower YI after accelerated weathering tests compared to untreated ones.

Example Data (After 1000 Hours of Xenon Arc Exposure):	Sample	YI Without UV-400
PC	12.7	3.2
PMMA	8.5	2.1
PET	15.3	4.8

That’s like going from a vintage sepia photo 📸 to a fresh digital snap ✨.

4.4 Refractive Index

Refractive index (RI) determines how light bends as it passes through a material. For optical components, consistency in RI is critical.

Effect of UV-400:
At low concentrations, UV-400 has negligible effect on RI. Some minor changes may occur due to slight alterations in polymer chain mobility, but these are generally within acceptable tolerances for most applications.

Polymer	RI Without UV-400	RI With UV-400 (0.3%)
PMMA	1.491	1.492
PC	1.585	1.584

In short, UV-400 plays nice with refractive indices — no need to recalibrate your lens designs.

5. Experimental Insights: What the Lab Says

Let’s take a closer look at some real-world experiments involving UV-400 and common clear polymers.

5.1 Accelerated Weathering Test

A 2021 study published in Polymer Degradation and Stability tested UV-400 in PMMA sheets under xenon arc lamp exposure for 1000 hours. The results were striking:

Control sample (no UV-400): Significant yellowing (YI increased from 1.2 to 9.8)
Sample with 0.3% UV-400: Minimal change in YI (from 1.1 to 2.3)
Transmittance remained above 91% in treated samples

Conclusion? UV-400 is a champion of color retention.

5.2 Long-Term Outdoor Exposure

A Japanese research team followed the performance of UV-400-doped polycarbonate panels exposed to natural sunlight in Okinawa for two years (Kobayashi et al., 2019). Their findings:

Untreated panels showed noticeable haze and yellowing after 6 months.
UV-400-treated panels maintained optical clarity and minimal discoloration throughout the study period.

This suggests that UV-400 isn’t just good in the lab — it delivers long-term protection in real-world conditions too.

6. Comparative Analysis: UV-400 vs. Other UV Stabilizers

No additive is perfect for every situation. Let’s compare UV-400 with other popular UV stabilizers in terms of optical performance.

Additive	UV Absorption Range	Effect on Transmittance	Yellowness Control	Compatibility	Thermal Stability
UV-400	300–400 nm	Low	Excellent	Good	High
UV-327	300–375 nm	Moderate	Moderate	Fair	Moderate
UV-531	300–380 nm	Moderate	Moderate	Poor	Moderate
Tinuvin 328	300–385 nm	Low	Good	Good	High
HALS (e.g., Tinuvin 770)	N/A (Radical Scavenger)	None	Good	Good	High

While HALS (hindered amine light stabilizers) are also effective, they don’t absorb UV directly and are more suited for long-term protection rather than immediate UV interception. UV-400, on the other hand, offers a balanced approach — absorbing UV while preserving optical clarity.

7. Dosage Matters: Finding the Sweet Spot

Like any good spice, UV-400 is best used in moderation. Too little, and you’re leaving your polymer exposed. Too much, and you risk blooming (migration to the surface), haze formation, or cost inefficiencies.

Most manufacturers recommend dosage levels between 0.1% to 0.5% by weight, depending on:

Type of polymer
End-use environment (indoors vs outdoors)
Desired level of protection
Processing method (extrusion, injection molding, etc.)

Application	Recommended UV-400 Loading (%)
Eyewear Lenses	0.1–0.2
Greenhouse Films	0.3–0.5
Automotive Glazing	0.2–0.4
Medical Devices	0.1–0.2
Display Covers	0.1–0.3

Using a masterbatch system (where UV-400 is pre-dispersed in a carrier resin) can help ensure uniform distribution and avoid processing issues.

8. Real-World Applications: Where UV-400 Shines Brightest

Now that we’ve covered the science, let’s take a peek at where UV-400 truly shines in practical use cases.

8.1 Sunglasses & Eyewear

Clear polycarbonate lenses are a staple in modern eyewear thanks to their impact resistance and lightweight properties. However, without UV protection, they’d yellow and degrade quickly. UV-400 ensures these lenses remain crystal clear and UV-safe for years.

8.2 Smartphones & Tablets

Display covers made of PMMA or polycarbonate benefit greatly from UV-400. Whether it’s a tablet screen in direct sunlight or a phone case exposed to ambient UV, UV-400 helps maintain aesthetics and functionality.

8.3 Greenhouses & Agricultural Films

Greenhouse films made from polyethylene or PET require UV protection to prevent premature embrittlement and opacity. UV-400 extends the service life of these materials, ensuring optimal plant growth and durability.

8.4 Automotive Lighting

Car headlamps and tail lights made from clear polymers must endure harsh environmental conditions. UV-400 protects these components from turning foggy or yellow, maintaining both safety and style.

8.5 Medical Devices

Devices like face shields, IV stands, and diagnostic equipment often use transparent polymers. UV-400 helps preserve sterility and clarity in environments where disinfectants and UV sterilization lamps are regularly used.

9. Challenges and Limitations

Despite its many advantages, UV-400 isn’t a miracle worker. Here are some limitations to keep in mind:

Migration Over Time: UV-400 can migrate to the surface of the polymer, especially in thin films or under high temperatures.
Limited IR Protection: While UV-400 handles UV well, it doesn’t protect against infrared radiation, which can contribute to thermal degradation.
Cost Considerations: Although relatively affordable, UV-400 adds to the overall formulation cost, particularly in large-scale production.
Need for Compatibilizers: To ensure dispersion and longevity, UV-400 often requires the addition of other additives like antioxidants or compatibilizers.

10. Future Outlook: What Lies Ahead for UV-400?

As demand for durable, optically clear materials grows across industries, so too does the need for effective UV protection. UV-400 remains a strong contender, but researchers are already exploring next-generation alternatives.

Some promising avenues include:

Hybrid UV absorbers combining UV-400 with HALS or nanoparticle-based systems for multi-layer protection.
Bio-based UV stabilizers derived from natural sources, aligning with sustainability goals.
Smart UV filters that adapt to changing UV intensity, similar to photochromic lenses.

Still, UV-400 holds a solid place in today’s market due to its proven performance, ease of use, and compatibility with existing manufacturing processes.

Conclusion: A Clear Winner Against UV

In conclusion, UV-400 proves itself as a reliable ally in preserving the optical integrity of clear polymers. Its ability to absorb harmful UV radiation without compromising transparency makes it indispensable in applications ranging from consumer electronics to automotive glazing.

By understanding how UV-400 interacts with polymers, how it affects optical properties, and how to optimize its use, manufacturers can ensure their products stand up to the test of time — and sunlight.

So next time you admire the clarity of your smartphone screen or the brilliance of your sunglasses, remember: there’s a tiny superhero working behind the scenes, soaking up UV rays like a champ 🦸‍♂️. And that hero’s name is UV-400.

References

Kobayashi, T., Sato, K., & Yamamoto, M. (2019). Long-term outdoor weathering of UV-stabilized polycarbonate panels. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 136(12), 47582.
Zhang, Y., Li, H., & Chen, W. (2021). Optical and thermal stability of PMMA with various UV absorbers. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 185, 109512.
Smith, J. R., & Patel, A. (2020). Performance evaluation of UV stabilizers in clear plastics. Industrial Polymer Science, 45(4), 213–225.
Wang, X., Liu, G., & Zhao, Q. (2018). Photostability of PET films with benzotriazole-based UV absorbers. Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 6(18), 5012–5021.
European Committee for Standardization. (2017). EN ISO 4892-3: Plastics – Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources – Part 3: Fluorescent UV lamps. Brussels: CEN.
American Society for Testing and Materials. (2018). ASTM D1925: Standard Test Method for Yellowness Index of Plastics. West Conshohocken: ASTM International.
Tanaka, K., & Nakamura, S. (2022). Additives for Polymer Stabilization: Principles and Applications. Tokyo: Nikkan Kogyo Shimbun.
Lee, B., Kim, J., & Park, H. (2020). Synergistic effects of UV-400 and HALS in polyolefins. Macromolecular Research, 28(9), 891–899.
Gupta, A., & Singh, R. (2019). UV protection in agricultural plastics: A review. Journal of Plastic Film and Sheeting, 35(3), 278–295.
Chen, L., Wu, Z., & Huang, Y. (2021). Recent advances in UV-absorbing additives for transparent polymers. Progress in Organic Coatings, 158, 106342.

If you found this article informative, feel free to share it with your colleagues, students, or anyone who appreciates the invisible heroes of materials science!

Sales Contact：[email protected]

Developing weather-resistant products with optimized UV Absorber UV-400 concentration

Developing Weather-Resistant Products with Optimized UV Absorber UV-400 Concentration

When we talk about weather-resistant products, we’re not just referring to umbrellas or raincoats. In today’s world, everything from outdoor furniture to automotive coatings, from smartphone cases to garden tools needs to withstand the relentless assault of sunlight, moisture, wind, and temperature fluctuations. Among these environmental stressors, ultraviolet (UV) radiation is arguably the most insidious. It may be invisible to the naked eye, but its effects on materials can be devastating—fading colors, weakening structural integrity, and accelerating degradation.

So how do manufacturers combat this silent enemy? One of the most effective strategies involves incorporating UV absorbers into product formulations. And among those, UV-400 stands out as a top-tier performer. But like any superhero ingredient, UV-400 isn’t a magic bullet—it needs to be used wisely, in the right concentration, under the right conditions, and in harmony with other components.

In this article, we’ll take a deep dive into what makes UV-400 so special, how it works, and why getting the concentration just right is crucial for developing durable, long-lasting products. We’ll also explore real-world applications across industries, compare it with other UV stabilizers, and share insights based on both scientific research and practical experience.

🌞 The Invisible Enemy: Understanding UV Degradation

Before we get into the specifics of UV-400, let’s first understand the problem it’s trying to solve. Ultraviolet radiation is divided into three main types: UVA, UVB, and UVC. While UVC is mostly absorbed by the Earth’s atmosphere, UVA and UVB reach the surface and wreak havoc on materials.

Polymers—especially plastics—are particularly vulnerable. When UV photons strike polymer chains, they break chemical bonds through a process called photodegradation, leading to:

Fading and discoloration
Cracking and brittleness
Loss of mechanical strength
Surface chalking

This isn’t just an aesthetic issue; it affects performance and safety. Imagine a children’s playground structure that becomes brittle and splinters, or a car bumper that cracks after years of sun exposure. These aren’t hypotheticals—they’re real concerns that engineers must address head-on.

🔬 What Is UV-400?

UV-400, chemically known as 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-bis(trichloromethyl)-1,3,5-triazine, is a hybrid UV absorber that combines two well-known mechanisms: benzotriazole-based UV absorption and triazine cross-linking properties. This dual functionality allows it to not only absorb harmful UV light but also form more stable molecular networks within the material matrix.

It belongs to the benzotriazole family, which is widely regarded as one of the most effective classes of UV stabilizers. Unlike some other UV absorbers, UV-400 is especially adept at protecting against wavelengths up to 400 nm, hence its name—a critical range where many materials are most vulnerable.

🧪 How Does UV-400 Work?

The science behind UV-400 is fascinating. Here’s a simplified breakdown:

Absorption: UV-400 molecules absorb UV radiation in the 300–400 nm range.
Energy Dissipation: Instead of allowing that energy to damage polymer chains, UV-400 converts it into harmless heat.
Cross-Linking Action: The triazine group helps form covalent bonds with polymer chains, enhancing thermal and oxidative stability.
Longevity: Due to its relatively high molecular weight and good compatibility with various resins, UV-400 tends to stay put rather than migrating or evaporating easily.

This combination of functions makes UV-400 especially valuable in products designed for prolonged outdoor use.

⚙️ Optimal UV-400 Concentration: The Sweet Spot

Now here’s where things get tricky—and interesting. Just because UV-400 is effective doesn’t mean you should go all-in and dump as much as possible into your formulation. Too little, and the protection is insufficient. Too much, and you risk side effects like:

Increased cost without proportional benefit
Reduced clarity in transparent materials
Possible interference with curing or processing
Migration or blooming on the surface

The ideal concentration depends on several factors:

Factor	Description
Material Type	Plastics like polyethylene, polypropylene, PVC, and acrylics have different sensitivities to UV.
Product Use Environment	Coastal areas vs. inland, tropical vs. temperate climates—all affect UV intensity and humidity.
Exposure Duration	A garden chair left outdoors year-round needs more protection than a shipping container used seasonally.
Processing Conditions	High-temperature molding or extrusion can degrade UV absorbers if not properly stabilized.

Based on industry standards and lab studies, the typical recommended dosage of UV-400 ranges between 0.1% and 1.0% by weight of the total formulation. However, this varies significantly depending on the application.

Here’s a handy table summarizing common applications and suggested UV-400 concentrations:

Application	Typical UV-400 Dose (% w/w)	Notes
Automotive Coatings	0.3 – 0.8	Often combined with HALS for synergistic effect
Polyolefin Films	0.2 – 0.5	Lower end preferred for transparency
Rigid PVC Profiles	0.5 – 1.0	Higher loadings needed due to rigidity and static exposure
Wood Coatings	0.3 – 0.7	Enhanced protection against color fading
Textile Finishes	0.1 – 0.3	Must maintain fabric softness and breathability
Marine Sealants	0.5 – 1.0	Saltwater and UV combine for harsher degradation

As you can see, there’s no one-size-fits-all approach. Formulators need to conduct accelerated aging tests and real-world trials to determine the optimal concentration for each specific case.

🧪 Testing Methods: From Lab to Life

To ensure that UV-400 is doing its job effectively, manufacturers rely on a variety of testing methods:

1. Accelerated Weathering Tests

These simulate real-world conditions using controlled environments. Common devices include:

QUV Accelerated Weathering Tester
Xenon Arc Test Chambers

They expose samples to cycles of UV radiation, moisture (spray or condensation), and temperature changes to mimic years of outdoor exposure in just weeks.

2. Color Change Measurement

Using spectrophotometers, researchers track ΔE values (a measure of color difference) over time. A higher ΔE indicates more significant fading or yellowing.

3. Tensile and Flexural Strength Testing

Mechanical properties are tested before and after UV exposure to assess degradation levels.

4. FTIR Spectroscopy

Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy helps identify chemical changes in polymers, such as carbonyl index increases—an indicator of oxidation.

5. Migration and Volatility Studies

To prevent issues like surface bloom or odor, migration tests are conducted to evaluate how UV-400 behaves over time.

🔄 Synergy with Other Additives

While UV-400 is powerful on its own, it often performs best when paired with other additives. For example:

HALS (Hindered Amine Light Stabilizers): These don’t absorb UV but instead trap free radicals formed during photodegradation. Combining UV-400 with HALS creates a layered defense system.
Antioxidants: Prevent oxidative degradation triggered by heat and oxygen, often acting alongside UV protection.
Light Stabilizers: Such as nickel quenchers, which help dissipate excited-state energy from UV exposure.

A classic example comes from the automotive industry, where paint systems often contain UV-400 + HALS + antioxidant blends to provide multi-level protection. According to a 2019 study published in Polymer Degradation and Stability, such combinations extended the service life of exterior car parts by up to 40% compared to single-agent formulations [1].

🏭 Industrial Applications of UV-400

Let’s now explore how UV-400 is being used across different sectors. Each industry has unique challenges and demands, and UV-400 adapts accordingly.

1. Construction and Building Materials

PVC pipes, window profiles, roofing membranes—these all face intense sunlight. UV-400 is often added at 0.5–1.0% to preserve structural integrity and aesthetics.

2. Automotive Sector

From bumpers to dashboards, interior and exterior parts are exposed to UV. UV-400 is frequently blended with HALS and antioxidants to protect rubber seals, painted surfaces, and plastic trims.

3. Marine Industry

Boat hulls, dock lines, and marine sealants endure extreme UV and saltwater. UV-400 enhances durability, preventing premature failure in these high-stakes environments.

4. Consumer Goods

Outdoor toys, patio furniture, and even smartphone cases benefit from UV-400. It keeps colors vibrant and prevents cracking, ensuring products last longer and look better.

5. Textiles

UV-400-treated fabrics offer enhanced protection against sun-induced fading and fiber degradation. Especially popular in awnings, tents, and outdoor apparel.

📊 Real-World Performance Data

Several studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of UV-400 in real-life scenarios:

Study	Material	UV-400 %	Exposure Time	Outcome
Zhang et al., 2018 [2]	Polyethylene Film	0.3%	12 months outdoor	Retained 92% tensile strength
Kim & Park, 2020 [3]	Automotive Paint	0.5% + HALS	QUV test (2000 hrs)	ΔE < 2.0 (minimal color change)
Gupta et al., 2017 [4]	PVC Pipes	0.8%	18 months coastal exposure	No visible cracking or chalking
Liang & Chen, 2021 [5]	Polyester Fabric	0.2%	Xenon arc test (1000 hrs)	65% less color fading vs. control

These results highlight not only UV-400’s efficacy but also the importance of proper dosing and complementary additive use.

💡 Tips for Product Developers

If you’re involved in product development, here are a few practical tips when working with UV-400:

Start Small: Begin with lower concentrations and scale up based on test results.
Know Your Base Resin: Some polymers interact differently with UV-400. Compatibility matters.
Use Combinations Wisely: Don’t rely solely on UV-400. Pair it with HALS or antioxidants for broader protection.
Monitor Processing Temperatures: UV-400 can degrade at very high temperatures. Ensure your manufacturing process accounts for this.
Test in Real Conditions: Accelerated tests are useful, but nothing beats actual field data.

Also, consider regional variations. For instance, products destined for Southeast Asia or the Middle East may require higher UV protection than those intended for Northern Europe.

🌍 Sustainability Considerations

With increasing environmental awareness, it’s important to ask: Is UV-400 eco-friendly?

Like many industrial chemicals, UV-400 isn’t inherently “green,” but its benefits in extending product lifespans and reducing waste make it a net positive in sustainability terms. That said, ongoing research is exploring bio-based UV stabilizers and recyclable polymer systems that could complement or replace traditional additives like UV-400 in the future.

One promising area is the development of bio-derived UV absorbers from sources like green tea extract or rosemary oil. While still in early stages, these alternatives show potential for niche applications where biodegradability is key [6].

🔚 Final Thoughts

In the battle against the elements, UV-400 is a quiet hero. It doesn’t shout about its achievements—it simply ensures that your garden chairs don’t crack, your car dashboard doesn’t fade, and your boat ropes don’t snap after a summer under the sun.

But like any good ingredient in a recipe, UV-400 works best when used thoughtfully. Finding the right concentration requires balancing performance, cost, and processing constraints. And while it’s not a miracle worker on its own, it shines brightest when part of a well-designed formulation strategy.

Whether you’re developing high-performance coatings or everyday consumer goods, understanding how to harness UV-400’s power can make all the difference between a product that lasts and one that fades away—literally.

So next time you’re enjoying a sunny day outside, take a moment to appreciate the unsung heroes in your surroundings—the ones that keep things looking fresh and functioning strong, even under the harshest rays of the sun. 🌤️

📚 References

[1] Wang, L., Liu, J., & Zhang, Y. (2019). Synergistic Effects of UV-400 and HALS in Automotive Coatings. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 165, 45–53.

[2] Zhang, H., Zhao, M., & Sun, T. (2018). UV Resistance of Polyethylene Films with Different UV Absorbers. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 135(12), 46012.

[3] Kim, S., & Park, J. (2020). Evaluation of UV Stabilizers in Automotive Clearcoat Systems. Progress in Organic Coatings, 140, 105472.

[4] Gupta, R., Sharma, A., & Mehta, P. (2017). Long-Term UV Aging of PVC Pipe Materials. Polymer Testing, 60, 123–131.

[5] Liang, X., & Chen, Y. (2021). UV Protection of Polyester Fabrics Using Benzotriazole-Based Additives. Textile Research Journal, 91(3-4), 334–345.

[6] Singh, K., & Roy, A. (2020). Natural UV Stabilizers for Polymers: A Review. Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 13(2), 112–124.

Sales Contact：[email protected]

UV Absorber UV-400 for long-term color stability and mechanical integrity in polymers

UV Absorber UV-400: Shielding Polymers from the Sun’s Wrath

When it comes to polymers, sunlight is a bit like that overly enthusiastic friend who insists on dragging you out for a beach day — fun at first, but eventually leaves you with sunburn, dehydration, and regret. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation, while invisible to the naked eye, can wreak havoc on polymer materials, causing them to fade, crack, and lose their mechanical strength over time. This is where UV stabilizers come into play — and among them, UV Absorber UV-400 stands out as one of the most effective defenders in the battle against UV degradation.

The Invisible Enemy: UV Radiation and Polymer Degradation

Before we dive into the specifics of UV-400, let’s take a moment to understand what exactly UV radiation does to polymers. Most plastics and synthetic materials are organic in nature, meaning they’re built from carbon-based molecules. These molecules absorb energy from UV light, which can cause chemical bonds to break or rearrange — a process known as photodegradation.

The consequences? Fading colors, yellowing, brittleness, loss of tensile strength, and overall material failure. In outdoor applications — think automotive parts, agricultural films, construction materials, or even garden furniture — this kind of degradation isn’t just unsightly; it can be costly and dangerous.

So how do we fight back?

One word: stabilization.

There are several types of UV stabilizers, including UV absorbers, hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS), quenchers, and more. UV-400 belongs to the UV absorber category — specifically, it’s a benzotriazole-type compound. It works by absorbing harmful UV photons and converting them into harmless heat, effectively shielding the polymer matrix from damage.

What Exactly Is UV-400?

UV-400, also known as 2-(2H-Benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-methylphenol, is a well-known and widely used UV absorber in the polymer industry. Its molecular structure allows it to efficiently absorb UV light in the range of 300–400 nm — right in the heart of the UV-A spectrum, where much of the damaging radiation lies.

Here’s a quick snapshot of its key characteristics:

Property	Description
Chemical Name	2-(2H-Benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-methylphenol
Molecular Formula	C₁₄H₁₃N₃O
Molecular Weight	~223.27 g/mol
Appearance	Light yellow powder or solid
Melting Point	136–140°C
Solubility in Water	Practically insoluble
UV Absorption Range	300–400 nm
Compatibility	Wide compatibility with most thermoplastics and elastomers

Why UV-400 Stands Out

Among the many UV absorbers available on the market, UV-400 has earned its stripes through a combination of effectiveness, versatility, and stability. Let’s break down some of its standout features:

✅ Broad UV Protection

UV-400 doesn’t just guard against one flavor of UV light — it offers protection across a wide wavelength range, particularly in the UV-A region (320–400 nm). This makes it ideal for long-term outdoor use, where cumulative exposure to sunlight can be relentless.

✅ Excellent Thermal Stability

Polymers often undergo high-temperature processing during manufacturing, such as extrusion or injection molding. UV-400 holds up well under these conditions, maintaining its protective properties without decomposing prematurely.

✅ Low Volatility

Unlike some other UV absorbers that can evaporate during processing or service life, UV-400 stays put. This means less reapplication and longer-lasting protection — a win-win for manufacturers and consumers alike.

✅ Colorless and Non-Staining

You wouldn’t want your white car bumper turning yellow just because it’s protected from the sun, would you? UV-400 is colorless and non-staining, making it suitable for transparent or light-colored formulations.

✅ Good Compatibility

UV-400 blends well with a variety of polymers, including polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and even engineering plastics like polyesters and polyamides.

Applications: Where Does UV-400 Shine?

UV-400 finds its place in a broad array of industries and products, wherever polymer longevity and aesthetics matter. Here are some of the major application areas:

Industry	Application Examples
Automotive	Dashboards, bumpers, exterior trims
Packaging	Films, bottles, containers
Agriculture	Greenhouse films, mulch films
Construction	PVC pipes, window profiles, roofing membranes
Consumer Goods	Toys, garden furniture, sports equipment
Textiles	UV-protected fabrics, outdoor gear

In each of these cases, UV-400 helps preserve not only the appearance but also the structural integrity of the polymer product.

Let’s take a closer look at a few specific examples.

🚗 Automotive Sector

Cars spend a lot of time under the sun — sometimes literally. Dashboard components made from polyurethane or polyolefins can degrade quickly without proper stabilization. UV-400 helps maintain flexibility and prevents cracking or fading, ensuring that your dashboard doesn’t turn into a brittle relic after a few summers.

🌱 Agricultural Films

Greenhouses rely heavily on plastic films to regulate temperature and humidity. However, constant exposure to sunlight can cause these films to degrade within months if unprotected. Adding UV-400 extends film life significantly, reducing replacement costs and environmental waste.

🧺 Consumer Products

Think about your favorite patio chair or your child’s toy left outside. Without UV protection, these items might start looking tired and worn after just one season. UV-400 ensures that color remains vibrant and materials stay durable, enhancing customer satisfaction and product lifespan.

Performance Comparison with Other UV Absorbers

To better appreciate UV-400’s strengths, let’s compare it with some other common UV absorbers:

UV Stabilizer	Type	UV Range (nm)	Volatility	Color Stability	Cost Level
UV-400	Benzotriazole	300–400	Low	Excellent	Medium
UV-327	Benzotriazole	300–375	Moderate	Good	High
UV-P	Benzotriazole	300–385	Low	Very Good	Medium
Tinuvin 328	Benzotriazole	300–390	Low	Excellent	High
Cyasorb UV 5411	Benzophenone	280–340	High	Fair	Low

As seen above, UV-400 strikes a good balance between cost, performance, and volatility. Compared to benzophenone-based absorbers like UV-5411, UV-400 offers broader absorption and better thermal stability. And while alternatives like Tinuvin 328 may offer similar performance, they tend to be more expensive and harder to source in some regions.

How Much Should You Use?

Dosage matters — too little, and you’re leaving your polymer exposed; too much, and you risk compromising physical properties or increasing costs unnecessarily.

Generally, UV-400 is recommended at levels between 0.1% to 1.0% by weight, depending on the polymer type and the expected level of UV exposure. For example:

Polymer Type	Recommended UV-400 Loading (%)
Polyethylene (PE)	0.2 – 0.5
Polypropylene (PP)	0.2 – 0.5
PVC	0.1 – 0.3
Polystyrene (PS)	0.2 – 0.5
Polyurethane (PU)	0.3 – 1.0

These values are not set in stone — they should be adjusted based on formulation needs, processing conditions, and end-use requirements. Some high-performance applications, especially those involving prolonged outdoor exposure, may require higher concentrations or the addition of synergistic stabilizers like HALS.

Synergy with Other Stabilizers

While UV-400 is powerful on its own, combining it with other types of stabilizers can create a multi-layer defense system against UV damage. One popular pairing is with hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS), which work differently than UV absorbers.

Where UV-400 blocks UV light before it reaches the polymer, HALS intercepts and neutralizes free radicals — the unstable molecules generated during photodegradation. Together, they form a formidable duo: UV-400 takes care of the incoming UV threat, while HALS handles any residual damage that slips through.

A study by Li et al. (2018) demonstrated that combining UV-400 with HALS in polypropylene significantly improved both color retention and tensile strength after accelerated weathering tests compared to using either additive alone^[1]^.

Another effective synergy partner is antioxidants, which help prevent oxidative degradation caused by heat and oxygen — two additional enemies of polymer longevity.

Environmental and Safety Considerations

With increasing awareness around chemical safety and sustainability, it’s important to ask: is UV-400 environmentally friendly?

According to data from the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), UV-400 is classified as non-toxic and non-hazardous under normal handling and use conditions^[2]^. It has low acute toxicity and is not classified as a carcinogen or mutagen. That said, as with any chemical additive, proper industrial hygiene practices should be followed during handling.

From an environmental standpoint, UV-400 has relatively low water solubility and tends to bind well to polymer matrices, reducing leaching into the environment. However, its biodegradability is limited, so disposal considerations remain relevant, especially for single-use plastics.

Researchers are actively exploring bio-based UV stabilizers as greener alternatives, but UV-400 still holds strong in terms of performance and availability.

Real-World Performance: Case Studies

📊 Case Study 1: Polyethylene Pipes in Desert Conditions

In a field trial conducted in Saudi Arabia, UV-400 was added to HDPE (high-density polyethylene) pipes used for irrigation in arid regions. After 3 years of continuous exposure to intense sunlight and high temperatures, the UV-400-treated pipes showed minimal signs of surface cracking or discoloration, whereas the untreated control samples exhibited significant degradation.

🏘️ Case Study 2: PVC Window Profiles in Europe

A European manufacturer tested the durability of PVC window frames treated with UV-400 versus those without. After simulated aging equivalent to 10 years of exposure, UV-400-treated profiles retained over 90% of their original impact strength, compared to less than 60% for the untreated ones.

🎣 Case Study 3: Fishing Nets in Coastal Waters

Fishing nets made from polyamide were treated with UV-400 and monitored over two fishing seasons. The results showed a 40% increase in net lifespan and reduced fiber breakage compared to traditional nets without UV protection.

Challenges and Limitations

Despite its many benefits, UV-400 is not without limitations. Here are a few things to keep in mind:

⚠️ Not Suitable for All Polymers

While UV-400 works well with many thermoplastics, it may not be compatible with certain reactive resins or highly polar polymers. Always conduct compatibility testing before large-scale production.

⚠️ Limited Effectiveness in Thick Sections

In thick polymer sections, UV light penetration is limited, which reduces the need for high levels of UV absorber. However, uneven distribution or insufficient dosage can lead to surface degradation while the interior remains intact.

⚠️ Regulatory Variations

Different countries have different regulations regarding chemical additives in consumer goods. While UV-400 is generally approved for use in food-contact materials (at low concentrations), compliance must be verified according to local standards.

Future Outlook and Innovations

The demand for UV-400 is expected to grow steadily, driven by the expansion of the polymer industry and increasing emphasis on product durability and sustainability. Researchers are exploring ways to improve UV-400’s performance through nano-encapsulation, hybrid systems, and controlled release technologies.

For instance, recent studies have shown that encapsulating UV-400 in silica or polymer nanoparticles can enhance its dispersion in the matrix and reduce migration, leading to longer-lasting protection^[3]^.

Moreover, efforts are underway to develop UV-400 analogs with enhanced water resistance and biodegradability, addressing some of the current environmental concerns.

Conclusion: UV-400 — A Silent Hero in Polymer Protection

In the world of polymers, UV-400 plays the role of a quiet guardian — not flashy, not loud, but absolutely essential. It works behind the scenes to ensure that the products we use every day don’t fall apart under the sun’s gaze.

Whether it’s keeping your garden chair from cracking, preserving the clarity of a greenhouse film, or protecting your car’s dashboard from fading, UV-400 is there — absorbing the invisible enemy, photon by photon.

It may not get the headlines, but in the grand story of polymer science, UV-400 deserves a standing ovation. Because in a world increasingly dependent on plastics, longevity and durability aren’t just nice-to-have features — they’re necessities.

References

[1] Li, X., Zhang, Y., Wang, H., & Liu, J. (2018). Synergistic effects of UV-400 and HALS on the photostability of polypropylene. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 154, 123–130.

[2] European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). (2021). Substance Registration Dossier for UV-400.

[3] Chen, L., Zhao, M., & Zhou, T. (2020). Nano-encapsulation of UV absorbers for enhanced photostability of polymer materials. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 137(12), 48556.

[4] Smith, R., & Patel, N. (2019). Advances in UV stabilizers for outdoor polymer applications. Materials Today: Proceedings, 12(3), 456–464.

[5] Wang, Y., & Huang, Z. (2022). Comparative study of benzotriazole and benzophenone UV absorbers in polyethylene films. Polymer Testing, 108, 107489.

If you found this article enlightening — or at least mildly entertaining — then mission accomplished. Now go check if that old garden chair really needs a UV shield… or maybe just a new coat of paint 😊.

Sales Contact：[email protected]

Application of UV Absorber UV-400 in synthetic fibers, films, and sheets

The Marvel of UV Protection: Understanding the Application of UV Absorber UV-400 in Synthetic Fibers, Films, and Sheets

Introduction: The Invisible Guardian

Imagine a world where your favorite clothes don’t fade after just one summer, where plastic sheets stay flexible and clear under the relentless sun, and where packaging doesn’t yellow or crack even after months of exposure. Sounds like science fiction? Well, it’s not — it’s the power of UV absorbers, and at the heart of this revolution lies UV-400, a synthetic compound that acts as an invisible guardian against ultraviolet radiation.

In this article, we’ll dive into the fascinating world of UV-400, exploring how it protects synthetic fibers, films, and sheets from the damaging effects of sunlight. We’ll break down its chemical properties, explain how it works, and take a look at real-world applications across various industries. Whether you’re a materials scientist, a textile engineer, or just someone curious about what keeps your outdoor gear looking new, there’s something here for everyone.

Let’s begin by understanding why UV protection is so important — especially for synthetic materials.

Why UV Protection Matters: A Silent Threat

Sunlight may be essential for life, but it also contains harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays that can wreak havoc on polymers. Prolonged exposure leads to degradation — a process known as photodegradation — which manifests as discoloration, loss of tensile strength, brittleness, and cracking.

Synthetic fibers (like polyester, nylon, and polypropylene), polymer films, and plastic sheets are particularly vulnerable. These materials are often used outdoors — think awnings, banners, fishing nets, greenhouse covers, and packaging materials — making them prime targets for UV damage.

Enter UV-400, a benzotriazole-based UV absorber specifically designed to intercept UV photons before they cause molecular chaos. It’s like sunscreen for plastics and fabrics.

What Exactly Is UV-400?

UV-400 belongs to the benzotriazole family of UV stabilizers, widely recognized for their efficiency and compatibility with a range of polymers. Its full name is 2-(2’-Hydroxy-4’-octyloxyphenyl) benzotriazole, and it has been a go-to additive for manufacturers seeking long-term durability in their products.

Here’s a snapshot of its basic properties:

Property	Value/Description
Chemical Name	2-(2’-Hydroxy-4’-octyloxyphenyl) benzotriazole
Molecular Formula	C₂₁H₂₇N₃O₂
Molecular Weight	~357.46 g/mol
Appearance	White to light yellow powder
Solubility in Water	Insoluble
Melting Point	~108–112°C
UV Absorption Range	300–400 nm
CAS Number	1843-05-6
Recommended Usage Level	0.1–1.0% depending on application

Source: Plastics Additives Handbook, Hans Zweifel, 2001; Polymer Degradation and Stability, vol. 96, no. 5, 2011.

UV-400 functions by absorbing UV radiation and converting it into harmless heat energy. This prevents the initiation of photochemical reactions that lead to polymer chain scission and crosslinking — the two main culprits behind material degradation.

Mechanism of Action: How UV-400 Fights the Sun

When UV-400 is incorporated into a polymer matrix, it gets embedded within the material structure. As UV light strikes the surface, the molecule absorbs the high-energy photons and enters an excited state. But instead of transferring that energy to the polymer chains, UV-400 undergoes internal conversion — essentially releasing the energy as heat without causing damage.

This process is both reversible and repeatable, allowing UV-400 to offer long-lasting protection over time. Unlike some other additives that get consumed during the stabilization process, UV-400 remains active throughout the product’s lifespan — provided it is properly formulated and dispersed.

Think of UV-400 as the secret agent of the polymer world — silent, efficient, and always on duty.

Applications in Synthetic Fibers

Why Synthetic Fibers Need Help

Synthetic fibers such as polyester, nylon, polypropylene, and acrylics are staples in the textile industry due to their strength, elasticity, and cost-effectiveness. However, these materials tend to degrade when exposed to UV light, leading to color fading, fiber weakening, and loss of luster.

Outdoor textiles — including awnings, flags, tents, and fishing nets — are particularly susceptible. Without proper UV protection, these products might only last a season or two before showing visible signs of wear.

How UV-400 Comes to the Rescue

By incorporating UV-400 directly into the fiber during the spinning process, manufacturers can significantly enhance the longevity of the fabric. The additive migrates to the surface of the fiber, where it forms a protective barrier against UV radiation.

Studies have shown that adding UV-400 at concentrations between 0.2% and 0.5% can extend the outdoor lifespan of synthetic textiles by up to two to three times compared to unprotected versions.

Fiber Type	UV-400 Concentration	Improvement in UV Resistance
Polyester	0.3%	+150%
Polypropylene	0.5%	+200%
Nylon	0.2%	+120%

Source: Textile Research Journal, vol. 79, no. 12, 2009.

One notable example is in marine-grade ropes made from polypropylene. Without UV protection, these ropes would degrade rapidly when left exposed to sunlight. With UV-400, they maintain structural integrity for years — a crucial factor for safety in maritime operations.

Applications in Polymer Films

The Challenge of Film Degradation

Polymer films are thin layers of plastic used in a variety of applications — from agricultural mulch and greenhouse covers to food packaging and industrial wrapping. Their thinness makes them especially prone to UV-induced embrittlement and cracking.

For instance, greenhouse films made from polyethylene can become brittle and opaque within months if not protected. This reduces crop yield and increases replacement costs.

UV-400 to the Rescue Again

Adding UV-400 to film formulations helps preserve clarity, flexibility, and mechanical strength. In agricultural settings, this means longer-lasting films that allow optimal light transmission for plant growth.

Moreover, UV-400 improves the anti-fogging properties of certain films when combined with surfactants, enhancing usability in humid environments.

Film Type	Typical Thickness	UV-400 Use Level	Expected Lifespan Increase
LDPE (Low-Density PE)	100–200 microns	0.2–0.5%	Up to 2 years
HDPE (High-Density PE)	150–300 microns	0.3–0.6%	Up to 3 years
PVC Films	50–150 microns	0.1–0.3%	1.5–2 years

Source: Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 105, no. 4, 2007.

A study conducted in southern China showed that polyethylene films treated with UV-400 retained 85% transparency after 18 months outdoors, whereas untreated films dropped to 50% transparency in the same period.

Applications in Plastic Sheets

When Durability Meets Design

Plastic sheets — typically made from polycarbonate, acrylic (PMMA), ABS, or PVC — are widely used in construction, signage, automotive components, and consumer goods. While these materials are strong and versatile, they’re not immune to UV degradation.

Yellowing, cracking, and loss of gloss are common symptoms of UV damage in plastic sheets. This is particularly problematic in architectural applications such as skylights, greenhouses, and bus shelters, where aesthetics and functionality must coexist.

UV-400: The Clear Choice

UV-400 is often added during the sheet extrusion process to provide lasting protection. Because it does not interfere with the optical clarity of transparent plastics, it’s ideal for use in clear or colored sheets.

In fact, many polycarbonate sheet manufacturers include UV-400 as part of a dual-layer system — applying it as a co-extruded top layer to maximize performance.

Material	UV-400 Use Level	UV Protection Duration	Notes
Polycarbonate	0.2–0.5%	10+ years	Often co-extruded
PMMA (Acrylic)	0.1–0.3%	5–8 years	Excellent optical clarity
PVC	0.2–0.4%	3–5 years	Used in rigid and flexible sheets
ABS	0.3–0.6%	4–6 years	Ideal for industrial panels

Source: Polymer Engineering & Science, vol. 50, no. 9, 2010.

An interesting case comes from the automotive industry, where UV-400 is commonly used in dashboard components and exterior trim pieces made from ABS. Without UV protection, these parts would fade and crack under prolonged sun exposure — leading to costly repairs and customer dissatisfaction.

Compatibility and Processing Considerations

While UV-400 is highly effective, its success depends heavily on proper formulation and dispersion within the polymer matrix. Here are some key considerations:

Thermal Stability: UV-400 is stable up to around 200°C, making it suitable for most thermoplastic processing methods.
Solubility: It is compatible with non-polar and moderately polar polymers, such as polyolefins, polyesters, and PVC.
Migration: UV-400 exhibits low volatility and minimal migration, ensuring long-term performance.
Synergistic Effects: It works well in combination with hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS) and antioxidants, providing multi-layered protection.

Factor	UV-400 Performance
Heat Resistance	Good
Light Fastness	Excellent
Migration Tendency	Low
Volatility	Very Low
Compatibility	High with most thermoplastics

Source: Additives for Plastics Handbook, edited by Laurence W. McKeen, 2015.

It’s worth noting that while UV-400 is generally safe for use, regulatory compliance (e.g., REACH, FDA approvals) should always be verified, especially for food-contact applications or medical devices.

Environmental and Safety Profile

As environmental concerns grow, the impact of additives like UV-400 on ecosystems is increasingly scrutinized. Fortunately, studies suggest that UV-400 has low toxicity and minimal environmental persistence when used as intended.

According to a European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) report, UV-400 does not bioaccumulate and poses limited risk to aquatic organisms when applied at recommended levels.

That said, best practices in handling and disposal should always be followed to minimize any potential ecological footprint.

Comparative Analysis: UV-400 vs Other UV Stabilizers

There are several types of UV stabilizers on the market today, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. Let’s compare UV-400 with other common classes:

Stabilizer Type	Mode of Action	UV-400 vs Others
Benzophenones	UV absorption	Less efficient, higher volatility
HALS ( Hindered Amine )	Radical scavenging	Works synergistically with UV-400
Triazines	UV quenching	Often used in combination
Oxanilides	UV absorption	Limited thermal stability

Source: Progress in Polymer Science, vol. 36, no. 6, 2011.

What sets UV-400 apart is its balanced performance — excellent UV absorption, good thermal stability, and broad polymer compatibility. When paired with HALS, it becomes part of a powerful defense system that can protect materials for decades.

Real-World Case Studies

1. Agricultural Greenhouse Covers

In a field trial in Spain, UV-400-treated polyethylene films were installed alongside untreated ones. After 24 months, the treated films showed no significant yellowing, maintained over 90% light transmission, and exhibited no cracks or brittleness. In contrast, the untreated films had to be replaced after just 12 months.

2. Marine Ropes in Australia

A manufacturer of marine ropes reported a 300% increase in service life after incorporating UV-400 at 0.5%. Customer complaints related to rope failure dropped sharply, and the company gained a reputation for producing premium, long-lasting products.

3. Outdoor Signage in California

A billboard printing company switched to UV-400-treated PVC banners and saw a dramatic improvement in print longevity. Where previously signs faded in 6 months, the new ones lasted over 18 months with minimal color loss.

These cases illustrate the practical value of UV-400 across diverse sectors — from farming to advertising.

Future Trends and Innovations

As sustainability becomes a global priority, researchers are exploring ways to enhance UV-400’s performance while reducing its environmental impact. Some promising directions include:

Nanoencapsulation: Encapsulating UV-400 in nanoscale particles to improve dispersion and reduce required dosage.
Bio-based UV Absorbers: Developing eco-friendly alternatives inspired by natural compounds.
Smart UV Protection Systems: Responsive coatings that adapt UV protection based on light intensity.

One recent study published in ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering explored combining UV-400 with graphene oxide to create a hybrid UV shield with improved thermal conductivity and mechanical strength.

Conclusion: A Quiet Hero in the World of Materials

UV-400 may not make headlines, but its role in preserving the integrity of synthetic fibers, films, and sheets cannot be overstated. From the tent you pitch under the stars to the billboard you pass on the highway, UV-400 is quietly working behind the scenes to keep things looking fresh and performing reliably.

Its versatility, effectiveness, and compatibility with a wide range of polymers make it a cornerstone of modern materials science. And as technology advances, UV-400 will likely continue to evolve — adapting to new challenges and finding new applications in the ever-expanding world of plastics and textiles.

So next time you admire a vibrant flag fluttering in the sun or pull out a tarp that still looks brand new after years outdoors, remember the unsung hero: UV-400 — the invisible shield standing between your materials and the relentless rays of the sun.

☀️🛡️

References

Zweifel, H. (Ed.). (2001). Plastics Additives Handbook. Hanser Publishers.
Polymer Degradation and Stability, Volume 96, Issue 5, 2011.
Textile Research Journal, Vol. 79, No. 12, 2009.
Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 105, No. 4, 2007.
Polymer Engineering & Science, Vol. 50, No. 9, 2010.
McKeen, L. W. (Ed.). (2015). Additives for Plastics Handbook. Elsevier.
Progress in Polymer Science, Vol. 36, No. 6, 2011.
European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). (2020). Substance Evaluation Report: UV-400.
ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2022. "Graphene-Oxide Hybrid UV Shielding Composites."

Let me know if you’d like a version tailored to a specific industry or audience!

Sales Contact：[email protected]

UV Absorber UV-400 for durable transparent materials like glazing and lenses

UV Absorber UV-400: A Shield for Transparent Durability

When we think about the sun, we often imagine a warm embrace on our skin or the golden light filtering through leaves. But beneath that comforting glow lies an invisible threat—ultraviolet radiation. While we humans can cover up with hats and sunscreen, materials like glazing, lenses, and other transparent polymers aren’t so lucky. That’s where UV absorbers step in, and one of the most reliable players in this arena is UV Absorber UV-400.

In this article, we’ll take a deep dive into what makes UV-400 such a popular choice for enhancing the durability of transparent materials. We’ll explore its chemical structure, how it functions, why it’s preferred over other UV blockers, and where it’s commonly applied—from eyewear to automotive windows. And because no technical journey should be dry, we’ll throw in some metaphors, analogies, and maybe even a pun or two to keep things lively.

What Exactly Is UV-400?

Let’s start with the basics. UV-400, also known as 2-(2′-Hydroxy-4′-methoxyphenyl)benzotriazole, is a benzotriazole-based ultraviolet light stabilizer. In simpler terms, it’s a molecule designed to absorb harmful UV rays before they wreak havoc on the material it’s embedded in.

Think of it like sunscreen—but for plastics and glass. Just as we slather on SPF to prevent sunburns, UV-400 gets mixed into materials during manufacturing to protect them from degradation caused by sunlight exposure.

Property	Description
Chemical Name	2-(2′-Hydroxy-4′-methoxyphenyl)benzotriazole
CAS Number	2440-22-8
Molecular Formula	C₁₄H₁₁N₃O₂
Molecular Weight	~253.26 g/mol
Appearance	Light yellow powder or granules
Solubility (in water)	Practically insoluble
UV Absorption Range	310–400 nm
Melting Point	~147°C

UV-400 is particularly effective in the UV-A and UV-B range, which are the primary culprits behind photochemical degradation. This makes it ideal for applications where clarity and longevity are key—like in sunglasses, greenhouse panels, and even smartphone screens.

How Does UV-400 Work?

Now that we know what UV-400 is, let’s talk about how it does its job. Imagine you’re sitting outside on a sunny day with a cold drink. The sun feels good at first, but after a while, your skin starts to feel tight, maybe even red. That’s UV radiation breaking down the proteins in your skin.

Transparent materials go through a similar process when exposed to sunlight. Over time, UV radiation causes polymer chains to break down—a phenomenon known as photodegradation. This leads to discoloration, brittleness, cracking, and loss of transparency.

Enter UV-400. It acts like a molecular sponge, soaking up UV photons before they can damage the material. Once absorbed, the energy is converted into harmless heat, which dissipates without causing structural harm. It’s like having a tiny bodyguard inside your plastic lens or windowpane, always on alert for UV troublemakers.

But not all UV absorbers are created equal. Some might offer broad protection but leach out over time. Others may degrade under prolonged exposure. UV-400, however, strikes a balance between performance and stability, making it a favorite among manufacturers.

Why Choose UV-400?

You might be wondering: with so many UV absorbers on the market, why choose UV-400? Well, here’s the thing—it checks a lot of boxes:

✅ High UV Absorption Efficiency

UV-400 covers the critical UV spectrum from 310 to 400 nm, effectively blocking both UV-A and UV-B rays. That’s the sweet spot where most photodegradation happens.

✅ Excellent Thermal Stability

It doesn’t easily decompose even under high processing temperatures, which is important during manufacturing processes like injection molding or extrusion.

✅ Low Volatility

Once incorporated into a material, UV-400 stays put. Unlike some other additives that evaporate over time, UV-400 maintains its protective presence throughout the product’s lifespan.

✅ Compatibility with Polymers

It works well with a wide variety of resins, including polycarbonate (PC), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polyurethane (PU).

✅ Colorless and Transparent

One of the biggest concerns when adding anything to transparent materials is maintaining optical clarity. UV-400 doesn’t change the color or transparency of the host material, which is crucial for lenses, windows, and displays.

Here’s a quick comparison table to highlight how UV-400 stacks up against other common UV absorbers:

UV Absorber	UV Range (nm)	Volatility	Color Impact	Typical Use Case
UV-400	310–400	Low	None	Lenses, Glazing, Films
UV-9	300–385	Medium	Slight Yellowing	Coatings, Paints
Tinuvin 328	300–375	Low	None	Plastics, Automotive
Chimassorb 944	N/A (Hindered Amine)	Very Low	None	Textiles, Outdoor Plastics

As you can see, UV-400 offers broad coverage and minimal drawbacks, especially when used in clear or lightly tinted products.

Applications of UV-400

Now that we’ve covered what UV-400 is and why it’s useful, let’s look at where it’s actually used. Spoiler: it’s more than just sunglasses.

🌟 Eyewear and Optical Lenses

This is perhaps the most obvious application. Whether it’s prescription glasses, sunglasses, or safety goggles, UV-400 is frequently added to the lens material (usually polycarbonate or CR-39 resin) to block harmful UV radiation.

In fact, the term "UV-400" has become somewhat of a marketing buzzword in the eyewear industry. When you see “UV-400 Protection” on a pair of sunglasses, it means they block all UV rays up to 400 nanometers—which includes both UV-A and UV-B, and even some UV-C wavelengths.

🏗️ Construction and Glazing

Windows, skylights, and even greenhouses benefit from UV-400-infused materials. Without UV protection, plastic glazing would yellow and become brittle within months. With UV-400, these materials can last years without significant degradation.

For example, polycarbonate sheets used in roofing or conservatories often contain UV-400 to maintain their clarity and mechanical strength. In hot climates, this additive helps reduce interior fading of furniture and flooring caused by UV penetration.

🚗 Automotive Industry

Car windshields, side windows, and dashboard components made from transparent plastics are prime candidates for UV protection. UV-400 is commonly used in these parts to prevent cloudiness, warping, and premature aging.

Some car manufacturers even use UV-400 in headlight covers to prevent yellowing—a common issue with older vehicles.

📱 Consumer Electronics

Your smartphone screen, tablet display, or smartwatch face isn’t immune to UV damage either. Although indoor lighting isn’t as harsh as direct sunlight, prolonged exposure—especially if you’re using your device near a window—can still cause issues.

UV-400 is sometimes included in the protective films or acrylic layers covering screens to extend their life and maintain visual quality.

🧴 Cosmetics and Personal Care

Believe it or not, UV-400 also finds niche applications in cosmetic formulations, especially in clear packaging materials like bottles and jars. These containers often hold products sensitive to light, such as essential oils or serums, and UV-400 helps preserve their integrity.

Technical Considerations: Dosage and Processing

Using UV-400 isn’t as simple as just throwing it into the mix. There are technical nuances to consider, especially when working with different materials and manufacturing methods.

🔬 Recommended Dosage

The typical dosage of UV-400 varies depending on the base resin and the desired level of protection. Here’s a general guideline:

Material	Recommended Loading (%)
Polycarbonate (PC)	0.1 – 0.5
PMMA (Acrylic)	0.1 – 0.3
PVC	0.2 – 0.6
Polyurethane (PU)	0.1 – 0.4
Polyester	0.1 – 0.3

Too little, and the protection won’t be sufficient. Too much, and you risk affecting the optical properties or mechanical strength of the final product.

⚙️ Processing Conditions

UV-400 is generally stable under normal processing conditions. However, care should be taken with temperature-sensitive materials. For instance, in injection molding or extrusion, the processing temperature should ideally stay below 280°C to avoid decomposition.

Also, since UV-400 is not very soluble in water, it’s usually added in masterbatch form or pre-dispersed in a compatible carrier resin to ensure uniform distribution.

🔄 Migration and Leaching

One concern with any additive is whether it will migrate or leach out over time. UV-400 has relatively low volatility and low migration tendency, especially when properly compounded. Still, in applications involving repeated washing or solvent exposure, additional measures may be needed to lock it in place.

Environmental and Safety Profile

Anytime we introduce chemicals into consumer goods, it’s only natural to ask: are they safe?

According to available toxicological data, UV-400 is considered non-toxic and non-irritating under normal usage conditions. It does not bioaccumulate and breaks down under environmental conditions.

However, like any industrial chemical, proper handling is required during production. Dust inhalation should be avoided, and appropriate PPE (personal protective equipment) is recommended when working with raw UV-400 powder.

From an environmental standpoint, UV-400 is not classified as hazardous waste and can be disposed of via standard industrial protocols.

Future Trends and Innovations

As technology evolves, so do the demands on materials. The future of UV protection is leaning toward multifunctional additives—those that not only absorb UV but also provide anti-static, anti-scratch, or antimicrobial properties.

Researchers are also exploring nanoencapsulation techniques to improve the dispersion and efficiency of UV-400 in various matrices. By encapsulating UV-400 in nanoscale carriers, scientists hope to enhance its performance while reducing the required concentration.

Another exciting development is the integration of UV-400 into smart materials—polymers that respond to external stimuli like temperature or light. Imagine a window that automatically adjusts its UV-blocking capacity based on the intensity of sunlight. While still in early research phases, such innovations could redefine how we interact with our environment.

Conclusion: A Clear Choice for Longevity

In the world of UV protection, UV-400 stands out not just for its effectiveness, but for its versatility and reliability. From shielding our eyes to protecting our homes and gadgets, it plays a quiet but critical role in extending the life of countless transparent materials.

Its ability to absorb harmful UV radiation without compromising clarity or durability makes it a top choice across industries. Whether you’re wearing a pair of sunglasses, driving through a sun-drenched desert, or growing tomatoes in a greenhouse, UV-400 is likely there, doing its silent job behind the scenes.

So next time you admire a crystal-clear lens or enjoy the view through a sunroof, remember: there’s a bit of chemistry keeping that clarity alive—and it goes by the name UV-400.

References

George Wypych. Handbook of Ultraviolet Degradation and Stabilization, ChemTec Publishing, 2018.
B. Singh, R. Sharma. “UV Stabilizers in Polymer Materials: A Review.” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 135, no. 15, 2018.
T. Kowalczyk, M. Żenkiewicz. “Effectiveness of UV Stabilizers in Polymeric Materials.” Polymer Degradation and Stability, vol. 94, no. 6, pp. 959–966, 2009.
European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). Benzotriazole Derivatives: Properties and Applications. 2021.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Chemical Fact Sheet: UV-400. 2020.
Y. Li, H. Zhang. “Photostability of UV Absorbers in Transparent Plastic Materials.” Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 45, no. 3, 2017.
BASF SE. Product Datasheet: UV-400 (Tinuvin 326 Equivalent). Ludwigshafen, Germany, 2022.
Clariant AG. Technical Guide for UV Absorbers in Polymers. Switzerland, 2021.
J. Wang, X. Liu. “Recent Advances in UV Protection Additives for Polymers.” Progress in Organic Coatings, vol. 112, pp. 1–12, 2017.
A. Kumar, S. Chauhan. “Application of UV Stabilizers in Automotive Polymers.” Journal of Materials Engineering, vol. 40, no. 4, 2022.

If you found this article informative, feel free to share it with someone who appreciates both science and style. After all, UV-400 might be invisible, but its impact sure isn’t! 😎

Sales Contact：[email protected]

The role of UV Absorber UV-400 in high-temperature processing of plastics

The Role of UV Absorber UV-400 in High-Temperature Processing of Plastics

Plastics have become an inseparable part of our modern world. From the packaging that wraps your morning coffee to the dashboard of your car, plastic is everywhere — and for good reason. It’s versatile, lightweight, durable, and cost-effective. But like all materials, it has its Achilles’ heel: sunlight.

Yes, believe it or not, something as natural and life-giving as sunlight can be a real villain when it comes to plastics. Prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun can cause plastics to degrade, crack, yellow, and lose their mechanical properties. That’s where UV absorbers come into play — and among them, UV-400 stands out like a sunscreen for polymers.

In this article, we’ll take a deep dive into UV Absorber UV-400, focusing specifically on its role during high-temperature processing of plastics. We’ll explore how it works, why it’s important, what types of plastics benefit most from it, and even compare it with other UV stabilizers. Along the way, you’ll find some handy tables, practical examples, and references to scientific studies that back up everything we say.

So grab a cup of tea, put on your science hat, and let’s unravel the mystery behind UV-400!

What Is UV-400?

UV-400, also known by its chemical name 2-(2H-Benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-methylphenol, is a benzotriazole-based UV absorber. Its primary function is to absorb harmful UV radiation and convert it into harmless heat energy before it can damage the polymer structure.

Think of UV-400 as a bodyguard for your plastic material — it steps in front of the UV rays so your product doesn’t have to. And unlike some other additives, UV-400 doesn’t just work under direct sunlight; it plays a crucial role even during the manufacturing process, especially when high temperatures are involved.

Basic Properties of UV-400

Property	Value
Chemical Name	2-(2H-Benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-methylphenol
CAS Number	2440-22-8
Molecular Formula	C₁₃H₁₁N₃O
Molecular Weight	225.25 g/mol
Appearance	White to light yellow powder
Melting Point	~136°C
Solubility in Water	Insoluble
UV Absorption Range	300–400 nm
Recommended Usage Level	0.1–1.0% by weight

As you can see, UV-400 is designed to handle UV radiation in the critical 300–400 nm range — which is where most polymer degradation begins. Its melting point is relatively low compared to many industrial processing temperatures, but that doesn’t mean it’s not suitable for high-heat applications. In fact, more on that shortly.

Why UV Protection Matters During High-Temperature Processing

You might be wondering: if UV-400 protects against UV light, why does it matter during high-temperature processing? After all, there’s no sun shining inside an extruder or injection molding machine.

Great question! The answer lies in thermal stability and photochemical reactions.

Even though the processing environment may not expose the polymer directly to sunlight, the combination of high temperature and oxygen can accelerate oxidative degradation, which mimics UV-induced breakdown. This phenomenon is sometimes referred to as "dark aging" or "thermal oxidation".

Moreover, once the plastic product is made, it will likely be exposed to sunlight eventually. So adding UV protection during processing ensures long-term durability.

Let’s break it down:

1. High Temperature Accelerates Degradation Reactions

Polymers are sensitive to heat. When subjected to high temperatures during extrusion, blow molding, or injection molding, they start to undergo chain scission — a breaking of molecular bonds. If left unchecked, this weakens the material significantly.

UV-400 helps mitigate this by acting as a stabilizer. It doesn’t stop the heat, but it reduces the side effects caused by UV-sensitive groups in the polymer being activated at elevated temperatures.

2. Oxidation Becomes a Problem

Heat + oxygen = oxidation. Many plastics, especially polyolefins like polyethylene and polypropylene, are prone to oxidative degradation. UV-400, when used alongside antioxidants like hindered phenols or phosphites, forms a protective barrier that slows down this reaction.

3. Color Stability and Aesthetic Appeal

No one wants their white garden chair turning yellow after a few months outside. UV-400 helps preserve color and clarity in transparent or light-colored plastics. This is particularly important in automotive parts, outdoor furniture, and packaging.

How UV-400 Works: A Closer Look

At the heart of UV-400’s effectiveness is its molecular structure. The benzotriazole ring system is key — it’s excellent at absorbing UV photons. Once absorbed, the energy is dissipated as heat through intramolecular hydrogen bonding, preventing it from initiating destructive free radical reactions.

Here’s a simplified version of the mechanism:

UV photon hits the polymer surface.
UV-400 molecules intercept the photon due to their absorption spectrum.
The energy is converted into heat via molecular vibration.
Polymer remains intact, no bond-breaking occurs.

This is a non-reactive, passive form of protection — meaning UV-400 doesn’t chemically change the polymer itself. It simply shields it from harm.

UV-400 vs Other UV Stabilizers

While UV-400 is highly effective, it’s not the only game in town. Let’s compare it with other common UV stabilizers:

Type	Mechanism	Pros	Cons	Best Used For
Benzotriazoles (e.g., UV-400)	Absorb UV radiation	Excellent UV absorption, good thermal stability	Can migrate over time	Polyolefins, PVC, polycarbonate
Hindered Amine Light Stabilizers (HALS)	Radical scavengers	Long-lasting protection, synergistic with UV absorbers	Less effective alone	Automotive coatings, agricultural films
Benzophenones	UV absorbers	Low cost, broad absorption	Lower efficiency than benzotriazoles	Coatings, adhesives
Metal Deactivators	Neutralize metal ions	Prevents catalytic degradation	Limited use cases	Wire & cable insulation

From this table, you can see that UV-400 shines in terms of UV absorption efficiency and compatibility with a wide range of polymers. However, for optimal performance, it’s often combined with HALS or antioxidants to provide multi-layered protection.

Applications in High-Temperature Plastic Processing

Now let’s get into the nitty-gritty: how UV-400 is actually used during high-temperature processing. This includes processes like:

Extrusion
Injection Molding
Blow Molding
Thermoforming

Each of these methods involves heating the polymer above its melting point, typically between 180°C and 300°C depending on the resin type.

1. Polyolefins (PE, PP)

Polyolefins are among the most widely used plastics globally, but they’re also among the most vulnerable to UV degradation. UV-400 is commonly added at levels of 0.2–0.5% to protect products like pipes, containers, and agricultural films.

Resin Type	Typical Processing Temp	UV-400 Additive Level	Notes
HDPE	200–230°C	0.2–0.5%	Good compatibility
LDPE	180–220°C	0.2–0.4%	Slight migration possible
PP	200–250°C	0.3–0.6%	Excellent retention

2. PVC

PVC is notoriously unstable under UV and heat. UV-400 is often used in combination with light stabilizers and heat stabilizers (like Ca/Zn compounds) to improve weathering resistance.

Resin Type	Typical Processing Temp	UV-400 Additive Level	Notes
Rigid PVC	160–200°C	0.1–0.3%	Often blended with HALS
Flexible PVC	140–180°C	0.2–0.4%	Migration risk higher here

3. Polystyrene (PS)

PS tends to yellow quickly when exposed to UV. UV-400 provides significant improvement in both color stability and mechanical integrity.

Resin Type	Typical Processing Temp	UV-400 Additive Level	Notes
GPPS	200–240°C	0.2–0.5%	Reduces yellowing index
HIPS	200–240°C	0.3–0.6%	Enhances impact resistance too

4. Engineering Plastics (PC, PET, PA)

These materials are used in demanding environments and often require UV protection. UV-400 is less commonly used here due to potential interactions with other additives, but it still offers value.

Resin Type	Typical Processing Temp	UV-400 Additive Level	Notes
Polycarbonate (PC)	260–300°C	0.1–0.3%	Helps prevent haze formation
PET	270–290°C	0.2–0.4%	Improves outdoor durability
Nylon (PA6)	240–280°C	0.1–0.2%	Synergistic with antioxidants

Challenges and Considerations

Like any additive, UV-400 isn’t without its quirks. Here are a few things to keep in mind when using it in high-temperature environments:

⚠️ Volatility at High Temperatures

Although UV-400 starts to volatilize around its melting point (~136°C), most industrial processes operate well above that. To counteract loss, it’s often added in slightly higher concentrations or encapsulated to reduce evaporation.

🧪 Compatibility with Other Additives

UV-400 generally plays well with others, but caution is advised when mixing with acidic components or certain pigments. For example, titanium dioxide (TiO₂) — a common white pigment — can catalyze photodegradation unless properly coated.

💧 Moisture Sensitivity

UV-400 is hydrophobic, but moisture can affect its dispersion in aqueous systems. Proper drying and pre-blending techniques help ensure uniform distribution.

🔄 Migration and Extraction

Over time, UV-400 can migrate to the surface or be extracted by solvents. This is especially relevant in food-contact applications. Using low-migration grades or co-stabilizers can help minimize this issue.

Real-World Examples and Case Studies

Let’s bring theory into practice with a couple of real-world applications.

Case Study 1: Agricultural Films

A major manufacturer of greenhouse films noticed premature embrittlement and discoloration in their PE films after six months in the field. Upon analysis, they found that UV stabilizer levels were insufficient for prolonged UV exposure.

After incorporating UV-400 at 0.5% along with a HALS package, the film showed a 50% increase in service life and significantly reduced yellowing.

Source: Zhang et al., “Stabilization of Polyethylene Films for Agricultural Use,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2018.

Case Study 2: Automotive Dashboards

An automotive supplier faced complaints about dashboard cracking and fading after vehicles were parked in direct sunlight for extended periods. Their solution? Adding UV-400 to the PC/ABS blend used for interior components.

Post-treatment testing showed no visible degradation after 1000 hours of accelerated weathering, proving UV-400’s effectiveness even in complex engineering resins.

Source: Yamamoto et al., “UV Protection in Automotive Interior Components,” Polymer Degradation and Stability, 2020.

UV-400 in the Global Market

UV-400 is produced by several global chemical companies, including BASF, Clariant, and Everlight. While there are alternatives, UV-400 remains popular due to its balance of performance, cost, and availability.

Major Suppliers of UV-400

Company	Product Name	Key Features
BASF	Tinuvin 326	High purity, good thermal stability
Clariant	Hostavin PR-25	Low volatility, good compatibility
Everlight	Sandysoft UV-400	Cost-effective, widely available
Solvay	Cyasorb UV 400	Good dispersibility in polyolefins

Future Outlook

With increasing demand for sustainable and long-lasting materials, UV protection will only grow in importance. Researchers are now exploring nano-encapsulation and hybrid UV/HALS systems to enhance performance further.

One promising development is the integration of UV-400 into masterbatch formulations, making it easier for processors to incorporate without compromising quality.

Source: Lee & Park, “Advancements in UV Protection Technologies for Plastics,” Progress in Polymer Science, 2022.

Final Thoughts

So, to wrap it all up — UV-400 may not be a household name, but it’s quietly doing the heavy lifting in countless plastic products we use every day. Whether it’s shielding your kid’s playground toys from sunburn or keeping your car’s dashboard from cracking, UV-400 is the unsung hero of polymer durability.

Its role in high-temperature processing might seem subtle, but it’s essential. By protecting plastics during manufacturing and extending their lifespan outdoors, UV-400 adds real value across industries — from agriculture to automotive, packaging to construction.

And while it has its challenges — volatility, migration, compatibility — those can be managed with proper formulation and application techniques.

So next time you’re enjoying a sunny day and notice how your plastic patio furniture looks brand new, remember: somewhere in that mix, UV-400 is hard at work, playing defense against the invisible enemy — UV radiation.

☀️🛡️

References

Zhang, Y., Liu, J., & Wang, Q. (2018). Stabilization of Polyethylene Films for Agricultural Use. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 135(20), 46321.
Yamamoto, T., Sato, K., & Tanaka, H. (2020). UV Protection in Automotive Interior Components. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 178, 109182.
Lee, J., & Park, S. (2022). Advancements in UV Protection Technologies for Plastics. Progress in Polymer Science, 122, 101567.
Smith, R., & Gupta, A. (2019). Additives for Plastics: Principles and Applications. Hanser Publishers.
European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). (2021). Benzotriazole Derivatives: Safety and Environmental Impact Assessment.
BASF Technical Data Sheet. (2020). Tinuvin 326 – UV Absorber for Polymers.
Clariant Product Information. (2021). Hostavin PR-25: UV Stabilizer for Polyolefins.

If you enjoyed this article and want more insights into polymer additives, feel free to share or leave a comment below. Until next time — stay protected, both under the sun and in the lab! 😊

Sales Contact：[email protected]

Comparing UV Absorber UV-1130 with other liquid hydroxyphenylbenzotriazole UV absorbers

Comparing UV Absorber UV-1130 with Other Liquid Hydroxyphenylbenzotriazole UV Absorbers

When it comes to protecting materials from the relentless assault of ultraviolet radiation, UV absorbers are like the unsung heroes of the polymer and coatings world. Among them, hydroxyphenylbenzotriazoles (HPBTs) stand tall—especially in their liquid forms. One such rising star is UV-1130, a compound that’s been quietly making waves in industries ranging from automotive paints to sunscreen formulations.

But how does UV-1130 stack up against its peers? In this article, we’ll take a deep dive into UV-1130 and compare it with other liquid HPBT UV absorbers such as Tinuvin 326, Tinuvin 328, Tinuvin 350, and Uvinul 3039. We’ll explore their molecular structures, performance characteristics, compatibility with various systems, environmental profiles, and even some behind-the-scenes chemistry that makes each one unique.

So buckle up, grab your lab coat (or at least a cup of coffee), and let’s step into the world of UV protection!

🧪 A Quick Primer: What Are Hydroxyphenylbenzotriazoles?

Hydroxyphenylbenzotriazoles (HPBTs) are a class of organic compounds known for their ability to absorb UV light and dissipate it as harmless heat. They’re widely used in plastics, coatings, adhesives, and personal care products to prevent degradation caused by sunlight exposure.

These molecules typically feature:

A benzotriazole ring (the core structure responsible for UV absorption),
One or more hydroxyl groups (which enhance solubility and reactivity),
Substituents like alkyl chains or ester groups (to modify solubility, volatility, and compatibility).

The "liquid" versions of these UV absorbers are especially useful because they can be easily incorporated into formulations without the need for additional solvents or dispersants—making them ideal for applications like waterborne coatings or polyurethane systems.

🔬 Introducing UV-1130: The New Kid on the Block

UV-1130, chemically known as 2-(2-hydroxy-4-(octyloxy)phenyl)benzotriazole, is a relatively new entrant in the family of HPBT UV absorbers. It’s marketed as a liquid, high-performance UV stabilizer with excellent compatibility in both polar and non-polar systems.

Let’s break down what makes UV-1130 tick:

Property	Value
Chemical Structure	Benzotriazole derivative with octyloxy substitution
Molecular Weight	~367 g/mol
Appearance	Light yellow to amber-colored liquid
Solubility	Soluble in most organic solvents; compatible with many resins
Boiling Point	>250°C
Density	~1.02 g/cm³ at 20°C
UV Absorption Range	300–380 nm
Volatility	Low
Thermal Stability	High

One of the standout features of UV-1130 is its long-chain alkoxy substituent, which enhances its solubility and reduces volatility compared to traditional solid HPBTs. This makes it particularly suitable for use in high-solid and solvent-free systems.

🧾 Comparative Analysis: UV-1130 vs. Other Liquid HPBTs

To better understand where UV-1130 fits in the broader landscape of UV absorbers, let’s compare it side-by-side with several other commonly used liquid HPBTs:

1. Tinuvin 326

Chemical Name: 2-(2-Hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)benzotriazole
Supplier: BASF

2. Tinuvin 328

Chemical Name: 2-(2-Hydroxy-3,5-di-tert-amylphenyl)benzotriazole
Supplier: BASF

3. Tinuvin 350

Chemical Name: 2-(2-Hydroxy-4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl)benzotriazole
Supplier: BASF

4. Uvinul 3039

Chemical Name: 2-(2-Hydroxy-4-octyloxyphenyl)benzotriazole
Supplier: BASF (formerly Bayer)

Note: Some of these compounds may exist in both solid and liquid forms depending on formulation and carrier systems.

Now let’s look at how they compare across key parameters.

📊 Side-by-Side Comparison Table

Parameter	UV-1130	Tinuvin 326	Tinuvin 328	Tinuvin 350	Uvinul 3039
Form	Liquid	Solid/Paste	Solid	Liquid	Liquid
Molecular Weight	~367 g/mol	~297 g/mol	~387 g/mol	~403 g/mol	~367 g/mol
Solubility in Water	Insoluble	Slightly soluble	Insoluble	Insoluble	Insoluble
UV Absorption Peak	345–350 nm	~345 nm	~348 nm	~349 nm	~348 nm
Compatibility with Resins	Excellent	Good	Moderate	Excellent	Excellent
Volatility	Low	Medium	High	Low	Low
Thermal Stability	High	Moderate	Low	High	High
Migration Resistance	High	Moderate	Low	High	High
Environmental Concerns	Minimal	Moderate	Moderate	Low	Low
Application Range	Coatings, plastics, sunscreens	Paints, plastics	Polyolefins, agricultural films	Automotive coatings, electronics	Plastics, cosmetics

⚠️ Note: Values may vary slightly based on supplier data and testing conditions.

🧪 Performance Breakdown

Let’s now go beyond the table and dig into what these numbers really mean in real-world applications.

🌞 UV Absorption Efficiency

All these compounds operate in the UV-A range (320–400 nm), which is crucial for preventing photooxidative degradation. UV-1130, Tinuvin 350, and Uvinul 3039 all show strong absorption around 345–350 nm, making them effective at blocking harmful UV-A rays.

However, Tinuvin 328, while having a similar absorption peak, tends to degrade faster under prolonged UV exposure due to its branched tert-amyl groups, which are less thermally stable than long-chain alkoxy groups.

💧 Solubility and Compatibility

This is where UV-1130 truly shines. Its long octyloxy chain makes it highly compatible with a wide range of resin systems, including:

Acrylics
Polyesters
Polyurethanes
Epoxy resins

In contrast, Tinuvin 326, with its methoxy group, has limited solubility in non-polar media, often requiring co-solvents or surfactants to ensure proper dispersion.

Uvinul 3039 and Tinuvin 350 share similar structural advantages to UV-1130, but UV-1130 has an edge in terms of low color formation, which is critical in clear coatings and cosmetic applications.

🔥 Thermal and Volatility Profile

Thermal stability and low volatility are essential for processes involving elevated temperatures, such as extrusion or baking cycles in coatings.

UV-1130 and Tinuvin 350 exhibit excellent thermal stability, with decomposition temperatures above 250°C.
Tinuvin 328, on the other hand, starts to volatilize significantly above 180°C, leading to potential losses during processing.
Tinuvin 326 falls somewhere in the middle—it’s not overly volatile but still shows signs of sublimation under high-temperature curing conditions.

🐟 Environmental & Toxicological Considerations

Environmental impact and safety are increasingly important factors in material selection.

Tinuvin 328 has raised some concerns regarding aquatic toxicity, and its persistence in the environment has led to increased scrutiny in Europe under REACH regulations.
UV-1130, Tinuvin 350, and Uvinul 3039 have lower ecotoxicity profiles, largely due to their higher molecular weight and lower water solubility, which reduce bioavailability.
Tinuvin 326, while generally safe, has shown moderate effects on aquatic organisms in some studies.

From a human health standpoint, all these compounds are considered low hazard when used within recommended concentrations (<0.5%–2%), though skin contact should be avoided.

🧰 Application-Specific Comparisons

Let’s zoom in on specific applications and see how UV-1130 compares to its counterparts in real-world scenarios.

🎨 Coatings Industry

In architectural and industrial coatings, UV protection is key to maintaining gloss, color, and mechanical integrity over time.

UV-1130 excels in waterborne and high-solid systems due to its liquid form and excellent compatibility.
Tinuvin 350 is also a top performer here, especially in automotive OEM coatings, where durability is paramount.
Tinuvin 328 is still used in some coil coating applications, but its volatility limits its use in thin-film systems.

💡 Tip: For UV-curable coatings, UV-1130 offers superior stability and minimal interference with photoinitiator systems.

🛠️ Plastic and Polymer Applications

Whether it’s polyethylene mulch film or polycarbonate lenses, UV protection is vital to prevent embrittlement and discoloration.

UV-1130 works well in polyolefins, PVC, and engineering plastics, offering good migration resistance and long-term stability.
Tinuvin 328 is popular in agricultural films due to its cost-effectiveness, though its volatility means it may need to be replenished periodically.
Uvinul 3039 is often used in cosmetic packaging and medical devices thanks to its low color and regulatory acceptance.

☀️ Personal Care and Sunscreen Formulations

Here, UV absorbers must meet stringent safety standards and offer broad-spectrum protection.

UV-1130 is approved for use in European and Asian markets under certain concentration limits and is valued for its low irritation profile.
Uvinul 3039 is perhaps the most widely used HPBT in sunscreens, particularly in Asia.
Tinuvin 350 is also used but tends to be more expensive and harder to formulate due to its higher viscosity in some forms.

⚠️ Note: None of these compounds are approved for use in the U.S. FDA-approved sunscreen monograph, but they are commonly used in non-U.S. markets and in cosmetic formulations.

📈 Market Trends and Future Outlook

As sustainability becomes a driving force in chemical innovation, UV absorbers like UV-1130 are gaining favor due to their:

Low environmental impact
High efficiency at low dosage
Improved processing behavior

Moreover, with the rise of green chemistry and circular economy initiatives, there is growing interest in UV absorbers that can be recycled or reused without compromising performance.

Recent studies suggest that UV-1130, along with Tinuvin 350 and Uvinul 3039, could be integrated into bio-based resins and renewable polymers without significant loss of efficacy—a promising development for the future.

🧪 Laboratory Insights: Real-World Testing Results

While datasheets give us a snapshot, real-world testing tells the full story. Several comparative studies have evaluated UV-1130 alongside other HPBTs in accelerated weathering tests (e.g., QUV aging chambers). Here’s a summary of findings:

Test Condition	UV-1130	Tinuvin 326	Tinuvin 328	Tinuvin 350	Uvinul 3039
Gloss Retention after 1000 hrs	90%	78%	65%	92%	89%
Color Change (ΔE)	1.2	2.1	3.5	1.0	1.3
Mechanical Integrity	Excellent	Good	Fair	Excellent	Excellent
Migration Tendency	Low	Moderate	High	Low	Low
Film Cracking Resistance	High	Moderate	Low	High	High

These results align with expectations: UV-1130 performs admirably, especially in gloss retention and color stability, rivaling Tinuvin 350 and outperforming older-generation absorbers like Tinuvin 328.

📚 References (Selected Literature)

Below are some references consulted during the preparation of this article. These include manufacturer technical data sheets, peer-reviewed research papers, and industry reports.

BASF Technical Data Sheet – Tinuvin 326, 328, 350, Uvinul 3039
Cytec Industries Inc. – UV Absorbers and Stabilizers for Polymers (2018)
Zhang, Y. et al. “Photostability of Polypropylene Films Stabilized with Different UV Absorbers.” Polymer Degradation and Stability, Vol. 94, Issue 10, 2009.
European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) – REACH Registration Dossiers for Tinuvin 328 and Tinuvin 350
Lee, K. M. et al. “Evaluation of UV Absorbers in Cosmetic Emulsions.” Journal of Cosmetic Science, Vol. 68, No. 4, 2017.
Iwata, H. et al. “Synthesis and Photostability of Novel Benzotriazole UV Absorbers.” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 102, Issue 3, 2006.
ISO 4892-3:2016 – Plastics — Methods of Exposure to Laboratory Light Sources — Part 3: Fluorescent UV Lamps
OECD Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals – Screening Tests for Endocrine Disruptors (2018)
Wang, X. et al. “Performance Evaluation of UV Absorbers in Automotive Clearcoats.” Progress in Organic Coatings, Vol. 123, 2018.
Liu, J. et al. “Comparative Study of Benzotriazole UV Stabilizers in Polyurethane Systems.” Polymer Engineering & Science, Vol. 59, Issue 2, 2019.

✅ Final Thoughts

In the ever-evolving world of UV protection, UV-1130 stands out as a versatile and effective solution, especially for applications demanding low volatility, high compatibility, and environmental responsibility. While stalwarts like Tinuvin 328 and Tinuvin 350 still hold strong positions, UV-1130 and Uvinul 3039 represent the next generation of UV absorbers—cleaner, smarter, and more adaptable.

Whether you’re formulating a durable automotive clearcoat, a flexible plastic film, or a gentle skincare product, choosing the right UV absorber is more than just a technical decision—it’s a commitment to quality, longevity, and sustainability.

And if you ask me, UV-1130 might just be the quiet hero your next project needs. 🦸‍♂️☀️

Stay tuned for our upcoming article comparing UV-1130 with HALS (Hindered Amine Light Stabilizers)—because sometimes, teamwork makes the dream work.

Sales Contact：[email protected]

UV Absorber UV-400 for high-performance plastics requiring superior UV protection

UV Absorber UV-400: The Invisible Guardian for High-Performance Plastics

When it comes to protecting high-performance plastics from the sun’s relentless rays, there’s one unsung hero that deserves a standing ovation — UV Absorber UV-400. It may not wear a cape or appear in blockbuster movies, but this little compound is a real-life superhero when it comes to preserving the integrity and longevity of plastic materials.

In today’s world, where plastics are everywhere — from automotive parts to outdoor furniture, from medical devices to smartphone cases — their degradation due to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a serious concern. Sunlight might be essential for life on Earth, but for polymers? Not so much. That’s where UV-400 steps in like a bodyguard, shielding these materials from the invisible yet destructive power of UV light.

Let’s dive into what makes UV-400 such an indispensable ally in the battle against UV degradation, how it works, where it shines brightest, and why it’s the go-to choice for engineers and formulators working with high-performance plastics.

🌞 Why Do Plastics Need UV Protection?

Before we get into the specifics of UV-400, let’s take a moment to understand why UV protection is so crucial for plastics in the first place.

Polymers — especially those used outdoors — are vulnerable to UV-induced degradation. When UV photons strike the surface of a polymer, they can break chemical bonds, leading to:

Discoloration: Once-vibrant colors fade into dullness.
Brittleness: Flexible materials become rigid and prone to cracking.
Loss of mechanical strength: Plastic components weaken over time.
Surface chalking: A powdery residue appears on the surface.

This isn’t just cosmetic damage; it’s structural compromise. In industries like aerospace, automotive, and construction, such deterioration can lead to safety issues, costly repairs, or even product recalls.

That’s where UV absorbers come in — and UV-400 is among the most effective.

🔬 What Exactly Is UV-400?

UV-400, chemically known as 2-(2′-Hydroxy-4′-octyloxyphenyl)benzotriazole, is part of the benzotriazole family of UV stabilizers. This class of compounds has been widely studied and used for decades due to its excellent ability to absorb harmful UV radiation and convert it into harmless heat energy.

Here’s a quick look at its basic properties:

Property	Value
Chemical Name	2-(2′-Hydroxy-4′-octyloxyphenyl)benzotriazole
CAS Number	3147-66-6
Molecular Formula	C₂₁H₂₇N₃O₂
Molecular Weight	~353.46 g/mol
Appearance	Light yellow powder or solid
Solubility	Insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents
Melting Point	~98–102°C
UV Absorption Range	300–400 nm
Compatibility	Good with polyolefins, PVC, polycarbonate, etc.

What sets UV-400 apart from other UV absorbers is its broad absorption spectrum, especially in the UV-B and UV-A range (290–400 nm), which includes the most damaging wavelengths. Its long alkyl chain (octyloxy group) enhances compatibility with non-polar polymers like polyethylene and polypropylene, making it ideal for both indoor and outdoor applications.

🧪 How Does UV-400 Work?

To understand how UV-400 does its magic, think of it as a molecular sunscreen. Just like how you apply sunscreen to protect your skin, UV-400 gets incorporated into the plastic matrix during processing. Once embedded, it starts doing its job silently and efficiently.

Here’s the science behind the sorcery:

Absorption of UV Photons: UV-400 molecules absorb high-energy UV photons before they can damage the polymer chains.
Energy Conversion: Instead of letting that energy wreak havoc, UV-400 converts it into low-level thermal energy — basically heat.
Non-Reactive Release: Importantly, UV-400 doesn’t react chemically with the polymer or degrade easily itself. It remains stable and effective over time.

Unlike some other UV blockers that simply reflect UV light (like titanium dioxide), UV-400 works by absorbing and dissipating the energy — a far more efficient mechanism for long-term protection.

And here’s the best part: UV-400 doesn’t interfere with the aesthetic qualities of the material. You won’t notice any change in color, clarity, or texture — just a longer-lasting, more durable product.

🏗️ Applications Where UV-400 Shines

UV-400 is not a one-trick pony. Its versatility allows it to be used across a wide range of high-performance plastics and environments. Let’s explore some of the key sectors where UV-400 plays a starring role:

🚗 Automotive Industry

Cars spend a lot of time under the sun — literally. Dashboards, bumpers, exterior trims, and headlights all rely on UV-400 to maintain their appearance and function.

Example Application: Polypropylene-based bumpers treated with UV-400 show significantly less yellowing and cracking after prolonged exposure to sunlight compared to untreated ones.

🏘️ Construction & Outdoor Infrastructure

From PVC pipes to roofing membranes and garden furniture, UV-400 helps keep construction materials strong and aesthetically pleasing.

Case Study: A 2019 study published in Polymer Degradation and Stability found that PVC sheets containing 0.3% UV-400 showed 60% less discoloration after 1,000 hours of accelerated weathering tests than control samples without UV protection.

📱 Consumer Electronics

Smartphones, laptops, and smart home devices often have plastic housings that need to stay looking sleek. UV-400 ensures that the casing doesn’t turn yellow or brittle after months of use near windows or under fluorescent lighting.

🛸 Aerospace and Defense

High-altitude exposure means intense UV radiation. Components made from polycarbonate or acrylics in aircraft interiors or drone casings benefit greatly from UV-400’s protective qualities.

🧴 Medical Devices

While medical equipment isn’t always outdoors, many sterilization processes involve UV exposure. UV-400 helps maintain material integrity during repeated disinfection cycles.

🧪 Formulation Tips: Using UV-400 Effectively

Like any good ingredient, UV-400 works best when used correctly. Here are some formulation tips based on industry best practices:

Parameter	Recommended Value
Typical Loading Level	0.1% – 1.0% by weight
Processing Temperature	Below 260°C (to avoid thermal degradation)
Best Used With	HALS (Hindered Amine Light Stabilizers) for synergistic effect
Suitable Polymers	PP, PE, PVC, PC, ABS, PMMA, TPU
Shelf Life	Up to 2 years if stored properly (cool, dry place)

One important thing to note is that UV-400 should ideally be used in combination with other stabilizers, particularly HALS. While UV-400 absorbs UV radiation, HALS act as radical scavengers that prevent oxidation reactions once UV damage begins. Together, they create a powerful defense system.

Also, UV-400 is not suitable for transparent coatings that require optical clarity, as it may slightly reduce transparency. For such applications, alternatives like hydroxyphenyltriazines might be better suited.

⚖️ Safety and Environmental Considerations

As with any chemical additive, safety and environmental impact are critical concerns.

According to data from the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) and U.S. EPA reports, UV-400 is generally considered low in toxicity. It shows minimal irritation to skin and eyes and has no evidence of carcinogenicity or mutagenicity in standard testing protocols.

However, as with most industrial chemicals, proper handling and ventilation are advised during manufacturing. Additionally, while UV-400 is relatively stable and doesn’t leach easily from polymer matrices, its long-term environmental fate is still under study.

Some researchers have expressed interest in improving the biodegradability of UV stabilizers, including UV-400, to meet future sustainability goals. But for now, UV-400 remains a safe and effective option for UV protection in engineered plastics.

📈 Market Trends and Global Demand

The global demand for UV absorbers has been growing steadily, driven by the expansion of the plastics industry and increasing awareness of UV-related degradation issues.

According to a 2022 report by MarketsandMarkets™, the UV absorber market was valued at USD 1.3 billion in 2021 and is projected to reach USD 1.9 billion by 2027, growing at a CAGR of around 6.2%. Benzotriazole-based absorbers like UV-400 continue to dominate this market due to their proven performance and broad applicability.

Asia-Pacific is currently the largest consumer of UV absorbers, thanks to rapid industrialization and booming automotive and electronics manufacturing sectors in countries like China, India, and South Korea.

Europe and North America also remain significant markets, particularly in the automotive and construction industries, where regulatory standards increasingly emphasize durability and environmental compliance.

📚 Scientific Literature Supporting UV-400

Several studies have validated the effectiveness of UV-400 in various polymer systems. Here are a few notable references:

Wang et al. (2018)
"Effect of UV stabilizers on the photodegradation of polypropylene", Journal of Applied Polymer Science
- Found that UV-400 significantly improved the tensile strength retention of polypropylene films after UV exposure.
Lee & Park (2020)
"Synergistic effects of UV-400 and HALS in PVC composites", Polymer Testing
- Demonstrated that combining UV-400 with HALS provided superior protection compared to using either alone.
Zhang et al. (2019)
"Photostability of polycarbonate blends with different UV absorbers", Materials Science and Engineering B
- UV-400-treated samples retained 85% of initial impact strength after 2,000 hours of UV aging.
Smith & Patel (2021)
"Outdoor durability of plastic building materials: Role of UV absorbers", Construction and Building Materials
- Highlighted UV-400 as a preferred additive for long-term protection in architectural plastics.

These studies confirm that UV-400 is not only effective but also versatile across multiple polymer types and application conditions.

🧩 UV-400 vs. Other UV Absorbers: A Comparative Look

There are several UV absorbers on the market — each with its own strengths and weaknesses. Here’s how UV-400 stacks up against some common competitors:

Feature	UV-400	UV-327	UV-531	TINUVIN 328	TINUVIN 1130
UV Absorption Range	300–400 nm	300–375 nm	310–375 nm	300–385 nm	300–400 nm
Thermal Stability	Good	Moderate	Low	Good	Excellent
Migration Resistance	High	Moderate	Low	Moderate	High
Cost	Medium	Low	High	High	Very High
Polymer Compatibility	Broad	Narrow	Broad	Moderate	Limited
Toxicity	Low	Low	Moderate	Moderate	Low
Synergy with HALS	Strong	Weak	Moderate	Strong	Strong

From this table, it’s clear that UV-400 strikes a good balance between cost, performance, and compatibility. While products like TINUVIN 1130 offer higher thermal stability and lower migration, they come at a premium price. UV-400 provides a practical, cost-effective solution for most high-performance plastic applications.

🧠 Final Thoughts: UV-400 — The Silent Protector

In the grand theater of materials science, UV-400 may not grab headlines or win awards, but it quietly goes about its business, ensuring that the plastics we rely on every day don’t fall apart under the sun’s harsh glare.

It’s a testament to how a single molecule can make a big difference — extending product lifespans, reducing waste, and ultimately saving money and resources. Whether it’s in your car dashboard, garden chair, or smartphone case, UV-400 is working hard behind the scenes to keep things looking fresh and functioning well.

So next time you step outside on a sunny day, take a moment to appreciate the invisible shield that protects your favorite plastic gadgets and gear. Chances are, UV-400 is the unsung hero standing between them and UV-induced ruin.

📚 References

Wang, L., Zhang, Y., & Chen, H. (2018). Effect of UV stabilizers on the photodegradation of polypropylene. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 135(12), 46034.
Lee, J., & Park, S. (2020). Synergistic effects of UV-400 and HALS in PVC composites. Polymer Testing, 84, 106378.
Zhang, R., Liu, M., & Zhao, X. (2019). Photostability of polycarbonate blends with different UV absorbers. Materials Science and Engineering B, 245, 114321.
Smith, K., & Patel, D. (2021). Outdoor durability of plastic building materials: Role of UV absorbers. Construction and Building Materials, 275, 122145.
MarketsandMarkets™. (2022). UV Absorber Market – Global Forecast to 2027.
European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). (n.d.). Benzotriazole UV stabilizers: Safety assessment summary.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2020). Chemical Fact Sheet: UV-400 (CAS No. 3147-66-6).

If you’re involved in polymer formulation, product development, or materials engineering, UV-400 is definitely worth considering. It’s not just a chemical additive — it’s a long-term investment in quality, performance, and customer satisfaction.

Stay protected. Stay UV-safe.

Sales Contact：[email protected]

Protecting automotive interior and exterior parts from UV radiation with UV Absorber UV-400

Protecting Automotive Interior and Exterior Parts from UV Radiation with UV Absorber UV-400

When you park your car under the blazing summer sun, do you ever wonder what’s happening to its paint job? Or why your dashboard feels like it belongs in a sauna? The culprit behind these automotive woes is none other than ultraviolet (UV) radiation — invisible yet insidious.

In this article, we’ll explore how UV radiation affects both the interior and exterior of vehicles, and how UV Absorber UV-400 can serve as a powerful shield against this silent saboteur. We’ll dive into technical details, real-world applications, and even some surprising analogies that will make understanding UV protection as easy as rolling down your car window on a warm day.

🌞 What Exactly Is UV Radiation?

Ultraviolet radiation is part of the electromagnetic spectrum emitted by the sun. While visible light allows us to see, UV radiation is just beyond our visual range — and much more energetic. There are three main types:

Type of UV Radiation	Wavelength Range	Penetration Level	Effects
UVA	315–400 nm	Deep skin layers	Premature aging, indirect DNA damage
UVB	280–315 nm	Outer skin layers	Sunburn, direct DNA damage
UVC	100–280 nm	Atmosphere blocked	Generally not harmful

While UVC rays are mostly absorbed by the Earth’s atmosphere, UVA and UVB reach the surface and wreak havoc on materials — especially those used in automobiles.

⚙️ How UV Radiation Damages Your Car

🧱 Exterior Damage: Fading Paint and Cracked Plastics

Exposure to UV radiation over time causes chemical bonds in polymers and coatings to break down. This degradation leads to:

Paint fading or chalking: Once-vibrant colors lose their luster.
Plastic yellowing: Bumpers, mirror housings, and trim turn unsightly shades of amber.
Rubber cracking: Seals, wiper blades, and gaskets become brittle and prone to failure.

Think of your car’s finish like a loaf of bread left too long in the toaster — eventually, it turns brown, dries out, and crumbles.

💺 Interior Damage: From Leather to Electronics

Inside the cabin, UV radiation isn’t just uncomfortable — it’s destructive.

Leather seats crack and fade: Much like human skin, leather dehydrates and ages prematurely.
Vinyl and plastic components warp: Dashboards and steering wheels can become sticky or discolored.
Glues and adhesives weaken: Panels may rattle or separate.
Electronics degrade faster: Heat and UV exposure shorten lifespans of sensitive components.

It’s like leaving your favorite book in direct sunlight — after a while, the pages turn yellow and fall apart.

🛡️ Enter UV Absorber UV-400

To combat the ravages of UV radiation, engineers and chemists have developed a class of additives known as UV absorbers, and among them, UV-400 stands out for its effectiveness, stability, and compatibility with a wide range of materials.

🔬 What Is UV-400?

UV-400, also known by its chemical name 2-(2′-Hydroxy-4′-octyloxyphenyl) benzotriazole, is a benzotriazole-based UV absorber. It functions by absorbing UV radiation and converting it into harmless heat energy through a process called photochemical quenching.

This compound is widely used in the plastics, coatings, and automotive industries due to its high performance and low volatility.

🧪 Technical Properties of UV-400

Let’s take a closer look at what makes UV-400 tick:

Property	Value / Description
Chemical Name	2-(2’-Hydroxy-4’-octyloxyphenyl)benzotriazole
Molecular Formula	C₂₁H₂₇N₃O₂
Molecular Weight	357.46 g/mol
Appearance	White to light yellow powder
Solubility in Water	Insoluble
UV Absorption Range	300–400 nm (hence the name “UV-400”)
Thermal Stability	Stable up to 250°C
Compatibility	Works well with polyolefins, polyurethanes, acrylics, PVC, and ABS
Regulatory Compliance	Complies with REACH, RoHS, and FDA standards (for food contact materials)

One of the standout features of UV-400 is its broad absorption spectrum, which covers most of the harmful UVB and UVA wavelengths. This ensures comprehensive protection without altering the color or transparency of the material it’s protecting.

🚗 Where Is UV-400 Used in Automobiles?

UV-400 isn’t limited to one part of the car — it’s a versatile protector found throughout the vehicle:

Application Area	Material Type	Role of UV-400
Paint Clear Coat	Acrylic or urethane resins	Prevents oxidation and yellowing
Plastic Trim & Bumpers	Polypropylene, ABS	Inhibits UV-induced embrittlement and discoloration
Dashboard Components	PVC, TPO, Polyurethane foam	Reduces cracking and maintains flexibility
Seat Covers	Leather, vinyl, fabric	Slows fading and drying out
Headlight Lenses	Polycarbonate or PMMA	Prevents fogging and yellowing
Rubber Seals & Gaskets	EPDM rubber	Delays cracking and hardening

By incorporating UV-400 directly into manufacturing processes, automakers ensure that cars maintain their appearance and functionality for years.

📈 Benefits of Using UV-400 in Automotive Applications

Using UV-400 isn’t just about keeping your car looking good — it’s an investment in longevity, safety, and customer satisfaction.

✅ Prolongs Material Lifespan

Materials treated with UV-400 last significantly longer under UV stress. For example, studies show that polypropylene parts containing UV-400 retain up to 90% of their tensile strength after 1,000 hours of accelerated UV testing, compared to less than 50% without protection.

🎨 Maintains Aesthetic Appeal

No one wants a car that looks like it’s been marinating in the sun for a decade. UV-400 helps keep colors vibrant and surfaces smooth.

🧯 Enhances Safety

Cracked dashboards, brittle seals, and degraded wiring insulation can all pose safety risks. UV-400 helps prevent such failures.

💰 Increases Resale Value

Cars that hold up better over time command higher prices on the used market. UV-400-treated interiors and exteriors help maintain that showroom shine.

🧪 Real-World Performance: Case Studies and Test Results

Several independent and manufacturer-led studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of UV-400 in automotive settings.

📊 Study 1: UV Exposure Testing on Dashboard Materials

A 2020 study conducted by the Automotive Polymer Research Institute tested dashboard materials made from PVC with and without UV-400.

Condition	UV-400 Added	UV Damage After 1,200 Hours
Gloss Retention (%)	Yes	92%
	No	58%
Surface Cracking	Yes	None
	No	Severe
Color Change (ΔE value)	Yes	1.2
	No	6.8

As you can see, the difference is dramatic. UV-400 clearly preserves both appearance and integrity.

📊 Study 2: Headlight Lens Yellowing

Headlights are particularly vulnerable to UV degradation. In a comparative test between two identical polycarbonate lenses (one treated with UV-400), the results were striking.

Metric	With UV-400	Without UV-400
Light Transmission (%)	91%	74%
Haze Increase (%)	2%	28%
Yellowing Index (after 2,000 h)	+3.1	+17.5

The lens with UV-400 maintained clarity and brightness far better than its unprotected counterpart.

🏭 Manufacturing Integration: How UV-400 Is Applied

UV-400 can be incorporated into automotive materials during the manufacturing process in several ways:

1. Compounding with Polymers

UV-400 is typically added during the compounding phase of polymer production. This ensures uniform distribution throughout the material.

2. Coating Additive

For paints and clear coats, UV-400 is mixed into the resin before application. This method protects the outer layer of painted surfaces.

3. Post-Treatment Sprays (Limited Use)

Although not as effective as built-in protection, UV-400 sprays are available for aftermarket use. However, they tend to wear off faster and require frequent reapplication.

Recommended Dosage

Material Type	Suggested UV-400 Concentration
Polyolefins	0.1 – 0.5%
Polyurethanes	0.2 – 0.8%
PVC	0.1 – 0.3%
Coatings	0.5 – 1.5%

Too little UV-400 means insufficient protection; too much can lead to blooming (where the additive migrates to the surface). Balance is key.

🔄 UV-400 vs. Other UV Protection Methods

There are several ways to protect automotive materials from UV damage. Let’s compare UV-400 with other common methods.

Method	Pros	Cons	Longevity	Cost
UV-400 Additive	Long-lasting, integrated protection	Requires proper formulation	Excellent	Medium
UV Stabilizers	Synergistic with UV absorbers	May not provide full protection alone	Good	Low
Carbon Black Fillers	Strong UV blocking properties	Limited to black/dark-colored materials	Good	Low
UV Reflective Coatings	Can reflect UV away from surface	May alter optical properties	Fair	High
Aftermarket UV Films	Easy DIY application	Prone to peeling, bubbling, fading	Fair	Medium

UV-400 stands out because it works invisibly within the material, doesn’t affect aesthetics, and provides long-term molecular-level protection.

🌍 Environmental and Safety Considerations

UV-400 has undergone extensive testing for environmental impact and human safety.

According to the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), UV-400 is considered non-toxic to humans and aquatic life when used within recommended concentrations.

Parameter	Status
Skin Irritation	Non-irritating
Eye Contact Risk	Mild irritant (with prolonged exposure)
Aquatic Toxicity	Low (LC50 > 100 mg/L in fish tests)
Bioaccumulation	Low potential
VOC Emissions	Negligible

Moreover, UV-400 does not contain heavy metals or ozone-depleting substances, making it environmentally friendly.

🧠 Tips for Consumers: How to Maximize UV Protection

Even if your car already uses UV-400-treated materials, there are steps you can take to further protect your investment.

1. Park in the Shade Whenever Possible

It might sound obvious, but parking in a garage or under a tree can reduce UV exposure by up to 80%.

2. Use Windshield Sunshades

These inexpensive tools reflect sunlight and reduce interior temperatures significantly.

3. Apply UV-Blocking Window Tint

High-quality tint films can block up to 99% of UV radiation, offering extra protection for both occupants and interior components.

4. Clean Regularly with UV-Protective Products

Some car care products include UV inhibitors. These can extend the life of your car’s finish and interior surfaces.

5. Avoid Harsh Chemical Cleaners

Harsh solvents can strip protective layers from surfaces, making them more vulnerable to UV attack.

🔮 Future Outlook: UV Protection in Next-Gen Vehicles

As automotive technology evolves, so too does the need for advanced UV protection. Electric vehicles (EVs), with their large glass roofs and high-tech interiors, present new challenges — and opportunities.

Researchers are now exploring:

Hybrid UV protection systems combining UV-400 with HALS (Hindered Amine Light Stabilizers)
Nano-coatings that offer enhanced UV reflection
Smart materials that adapt to UV intensity

According to a 2023 white paper published by the International Society of Automotive Engineers, future vehicles may integrate multi-layer UV defense strategies, embedding UV-400 deeper into composite structures and pairing it with self-healing polymers.

🧾 Summary: Why UV-400 Matters

UV radiation is a relentless force that silently erodes the beauty and durability of your car. UV-400 acts as a molecular bodyguard, intercepting harmful UV photons before they can damage your vehicle’s surfaces and components.

From maintaining aesthetic appeal to enhancing safety and resale value, UV-400 offers a compelling return on investment. Whether you’re an OEM manufacturer or a consumer looking to preserve your ride, understanding and utilizing UV-400 can make all the difference between a car that fades fast and one that stays fresh for years.

So next time you admire a car that still looks sharp after a decade in the sun, tip your hat — not just to the design team, but to the unsung hero working behind the scenes: UV Absorber UV-400.

📚 References

European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). "Benzotriazole Derivatives: Safety and Environmental Impact." ECHA Technical Report, 2021.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). "Chemical Fact Sheet: UV-400." EPA.gov, 2022.
Automotive Polymer Research Institute. "Long-Term UV Resistance of Interior Automotive Materials." Journal of Polymer Engineering, Vol. 40, Issue 3, 2020.
International Society of Automotive Engineers. "Future Trends in Automotive UV Protection Technologies." ISAE White Paper WP-2023-05.
Zhang, Y., et al. "Photostability of Polycarbonate Headlight Lenses with UV-400 Additive." Polymer Degradation and Stability, Elsevier, 2019.
Lee, K., & Tanaka, M. "Comparative Analysis of UV Absorbers in Automotive Coatings." Progress in Organic Coatings, Vol. 132, 2019.
World Health Organization (WHO). "Health and Environmental Effects of UV Radiation." WHO Press Release, 2020.

🚗 Stay protected. Stay stylish. And remember — the sun may never set, but with UV-400, your car doesn’t have to age with it.

Sales Contact：[email protected]

The effectiveness of UV Absorber UV-400 in polycarbonate, acrylics, and polyamides

The Effectiveness of UV Absorber UV-400 in Polycarbonate, Acrylics, and Polyamides

When it comes to plastics, one thing is certain: sunlight can be their worst enemy. Left unprotected, many polymers degrade under the relentless bombardment of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. This degradation can lead to discoloration, loss of mechanical strength, and ultimately, failure of the material. Enter UV absorbers, the unsung heroes of polymer science that help these materials withstand the sun’s harmful rays.

Among the various UV stabilizers available on the market, UV-400 has emerged as a popular choice for protecting engineering thermoplastics like polycarbonate (PC), acrylics (PMMA), and polyamides (PA). But why? What makes UV-400 so effective? And how does it perform across different polymer matrices?

In this article, we’ll take a deep dive into the world of UV protection, focusing specifically on UV-400 and its behavior in three widely used plastics. We’ll explore the chemistry behind UV degradation, explain how UV-400 works, compare its performance across PC, PMMA, and PA, and even throw in some practical insights from real-world applications. Buckle up — it’s going to be a sunny ride! ☀️

Understanding UV Degradation in Polymers

Before we delve into UV-400 itself, let’s first understand what UV degradation really means. When polymers are exposed to sunlight, especially the UV portion of the spectrum (280–400 nm), they undergo chemical changes. These changes include:

Chain scission: Breaking of polymer chains, leading to reduced molecular weight and mechanical properties.
Oxidation: Formation of carbonyl groups and other oxidative products, causing yellowing or embrittlement.
Crosslinking: In some cases, UV exposure causes unintended crosslinking, which can make the material stiff or brittle.

The rate and severity of degradation depend on several factors:

Chemical structure of the polymer
Additives present
Environmental conditions (humidity, temperature, pollution)
Duration of exposure

Some polymers are more susceptible than others. For instance:

Polycarbonate (PC) is prone to yellowing and surface cracking.
Acrylic (PMMA) may turn yellow and lose transparency over time.
Polyamide (PA) tends to become brittle and chalky.

This is where UV absorbers like UV-400 come into play.

What Is UV-400?

UV-400, chemically known as 2-(2′-hydroxy-4′-octyloxyphenyl)benzotriazole, is a member of the benzotriazole family of UV absorbers. It’s designed to absorb UV light in the 300–400 nm range and convert it into harmless heat energy before it can damage the polymer matrix.

Key Features of UV-400:

Property	Description
Chemical Class	Benzotriazole
Molecular Formula	C₂₁H₂₅N₃O
Molecular Weight	~323 g/mol
Appearance	Light yellow powder
Solubility in Water	Insoluble
Solubility in Organic Solvents	High solubility in common organic solvents
Typical Additive Level	0.1% – 1.0% by weight
UV Absorption Range	300 – 400 nm
Thermal Stability	Stable up to 250°C

UV-400 is particularly favored because of its broad absorption range, good compatibility with many polymers, and low volatility during processing. It’s also non-reactive with most additives, making it easy to incorporate into formulations.

How Does UV-400 Work?

Let’s break it down in simple terms. Imagine UV light as tiny hammers constantly pounding on your plastic surface. Over time, those hammers cause cracks, dents, and structural failures.

UV-400 acts like a protective shield. Here’s how it does it:

Absorption: UV-400 molecules absorb the incoming UV photons.
Energy Conversion: The absorbed energy is converted into vibrational energy (heat).
Release: The heat is dissipated safely without damaging the polymer chains.

It’s a bit like sunscreen for plastics — except instead of protecting skin, it protects molecules!

And here’s the kicker: unlike some UV blockers that reflect or scatter light, UV-400 doesn’t interfere much with visible light transmission. That makes it ideal for transparent materials like acrylics or polycarbonates used in windows, lenses, or outdoor signs.

Performance of UV-400 in Different Polymers

Now that we’ve covered the basics, let’s get specific. Let’s look at how UV-400 performs in three major engineering plastics: polycarbonate (PC), acrylic (PMMA), and polyamide (PA).

1. UV-400 in Polycarbonate (PC)

Polycarbonate is a go-to material for applications requiring high impact resistance and optical clarity — think helmets, greenhouses, and automotive headlamps. However, PC is notoriously vulnerable to UV-induced degradation, especially when exposed outdoors.

Benefits of UV-400 in PC:

Prevents yellowing and surface crazing
Maintains impact strength over time
Enhances long-term durability in outdoor environments

Recommended Dosage:

Studies suggest that adding 0.3% to 0.5% UV-400 provides excellent protection without compromising transparency or processability.

Parameter	Without UV-400	With 0.5% UV-400
Yellowing Index (after 1000 hrs)	+20	+3
Tensile Strength Retention (%)	60%	90%
Clarity Loss (%)	15%	<2%

A 2018 study published in Polymer Degradation and Stability found that UV-400 significantly outperformed other benzotriazoles in PC films exposed to accelerated weathering tests. After 2000 hours of xenon arc lamp exposure, samples with UV-400 showed minimal change in color and mechanical integrity compared to untreated samples.

“UV-400 demonstrated superior stabilization efficiency in PC, maintaining nearly original tensile strength and optical clarity.”
— Zhang et al., 2018

2. UV-400 in Acrylic (PMMA)

Acrylic, or polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), is prized for its glass-like transparency and weather resistance. Yet, even this tough cookie isn’t immune to UV damage, especially in long-term outdoor use.

Benefits of UV-400 in PMMA:

Reduces yellowing and haze formation
Preserves light transmission
Delays surface cracking and chalking

Recommended Dosage:

For optimal performance, 0.2% to 0.6% UV-400 is typically added during extrusion or casting.

Property	Unprotected PMMA	With 0.4% UV-400
Haze Increase (%)	20%	<5%
Color Change (Δb*)	+8.0	+1.5
Tensile Strength Loss	25%	<5%

A comparative analysis by Lee and Park (2019) in Journal of Applied Polymer Science showed that UV-400-treated PMMA panels retained 97% of their initial light transmission after 1500 hours of accelerated aging, whereas untreated samples dropped to 80%.

Moreover, UV-400 didn’t compromise the aesthetic qualities of the material — always a plus when dealing with clear plastics.

3. UV-400 in Polyamide (PA)

Polyamides, such as nylon 6 and nylon 66, are used extensively in textiles, automotive parts, and industrial components. While they offer excellent mechanical properties, UV exposure can severely reduce their service life, especially in outdoor applications.

Challenges in PA:

UV-induced chain scission leads to brittleness
Color fading in dyed materials
Surface chalking and loss of gloss

Benefits of UV-400 in PA:

Slows down oxidative degradation
Maintains flexibility and color retention
Improves weather resistance in molded parts

Recommended Dosage:

For polyamides, a loading level of 0.5% to 1.0% UV-400 is often recommended due to their higher crystallinity and tendency to trap UV radiation.

Performance Metric	Without UV-400	With 0.8% UV-400
Elongation at Break (% loss)	40%	<10%
Gloss Retention (%)	50%	85%
Color Difference (ΔE)	6.0	1.2

According to a 2020 report in Polymer Testing, UV-400 was found to be more effective than hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS) in preserving mechanical properties of nylon 66 exposed to Florida sunshine equivalent conditions.

“UV-400 offered better protection against tensile strength loss and maintained better surface appearance than HALS-based systems.”
— Wang et al., 2020

However, the authors noted that combining UV-400 with HALS provided the best overall protection, suggesting a synergistic effect between UV absorption and radical scavenging mechanisms.

Comparative Summary Table

To give you a quick side-by-side comparison of UV-400’s effectiveness in PC, PMMA, and PA:

Polymer Type	UV Sensitivity	Recommended UV-400 Loading	Key Benefit	Longevity Improvement
Polycarbonate (PC)	High	0.3% – 0.5%	Prevents yellowing & maintains clarity	Up to 2× longer outdoor life
Acrylic (PMMA)	Moderate	0.2% – 0.6%	Preserves optical properties	Up to 3× less haze buildup
Polyamide (PA)	Medium-High	0.5% – 1.0%	Maintains flexibility & color	Up to 1.5× longer mechanical life

Factors Affecting UV-400 Performance

While UV-400 is highly effective, its performance can vary depending on several external and internal factors:

1. Processing Conditions

High temperatures during extrusion or injection molding can affect the stability of UV-400. Fortunately, UV-400 is relatively stable up to 250°C, making it suitable for most thermoplastic processes.

2. Co-Additives

As mentioned earlier, combining UV-400 with HALS or antioxidants can enhance overall protection. Think of it as forming a superhero team — each brings unique strengths to the fight against UV damage.

3. Exposure Environment

Urban vs. rural, coastal vs. inland — environmental conditions matter. Salt air, pollutants, and high humidity can accelerate degradation, so UV-400 levels might need to be adjusted accordingly.

4. Film Thickness / Part Geometry

Thicker parts generally require higher UV-400 concentrations because UV light penetrates deeper into the material. Thin films or coatings may need only a small amount to provide full coverage.

Real-World Applications of UV-400

Now that we’ve looked at lab data, let’s bring it back to reality. Where do we actually see UV-400 in action?

Automotive Industry

From headlamp covers to sunroof panels, UV-400 helps maintain the clarity and durability of polycarbonate components. Many car manufacturers specify UV-400 in their material specifications to ensure long-term performance.

Construction & Architecture

Skylights, greenhouse panels, and outdoor signage made from PMMA or PC often contain UV-400 to prevent fogging and yellowing, ensuring aesthetics and function remain intact for years.

Textiles and Industrial Components

Polyamide fibers used in outdoor tents or carpets benefit from UV-400’s protection, staying strong and vibrant despite prolonged sun exposure.

Consumer Goods

Everything from sunglasses to smartphone cases uses UV-400-infused plastics to resist aging and maintain product appeal.

Cost-Benefit Analysis

Is using UV-400 worth the investment? Let’s crunch the numbers.

Aspect	Impact
Material Cost Increase	~5–10% higher per kg of polymer
Processing Complexity	Minimal — easily incorporated during melt blending
Product Lifespan Extension	2–3× longer service life
Warranty Claims Reduction	Significant decrease in returns due to UV failure
Brand Reputation Protection	Maintained product quality = satisfied customers

In most cases, the incremental cost of adding UV-400 is far outweighed by the savings in product longevity and customer satisfaction. It’s like buying insurance for your plastic — cheap compared to the cost of recalls or reputational damage.

Alternatives and Synergies

While UV-400 is an excellent performer, it’s not the only game in town. Other UV stabilizers include:

Benzophenones (e.g., UV-9): Effective but can cause discoloration.
Tinuvin series (from BASF): Commercially available UV absorbers with similar profiles to UV-400.
Hindered Amine Light Stabilizers (HALS): Don’t absorb UV but scavenge free radicals formed during degradation.

As previously noted, combining UV-400 with HALS creates a dual defense system — UV-400 blocks the initial attack, while HALS mops up any residual damage.

Here’s a simplified synergy chart:

Layered Protection	Mechanism	Example Additive
Primary Defense	Absorb UV photons	UV-400
Secondary Defense	Scavenge free radicals	Tinuvin 770 (HALS)
Tertiary Defense	Neutralize acidic species	Antioxidants (Irganox)

This multi-layer approach is commonly used in high-performance outdoor applications where failure is not an option.

Environmental and Safety Considerations

Like all chemical additives, UV-400 must be evaluated for safety and environmental impact.

Toxicity

UV-400 has low acute toxicity and is generally considered safe for industrial use. According to the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), it is not classified as carcinogenic, mutagenic, or toxic to reproduction.

Environmental Fate

UV-400 is not readily biodegradable and has moderate persistence in the environment. However, since it’s typically used in small quantities and bound within the polymer matrix, leaching into the environment is minimal.

Still, proper disposal and recycling practices should be followed to minimize ecological footprint.

Conclusion: UV-400 — A Sunny Side Up for Plastics

In summary, UV-400 stands out as a reliable and versatile UV absorber for a wide range of engineering plastics. Whether it’s shielding polycarbonate from turning yellow, keeping acrylic crystal clear, or helping polyamide stay flexible under the sun, UV-400 delivers consistent performance across different applications.

Its ability to blend well with various polymers, maintain optical clarity, and extend product lifespan makes it a favorite among formulators and engineers alike. While it may not be a magic bullet on its own, when combined with other stabilizers and good design practices, UV-400 becomes a powerful ally in the battle against UV degradation.

So next time you’re admiring a clear skylight, a sleek car headlamp, or a durable outdoor chair, remember — there’s probably a little molecule named UV-400 working hard behind the scenes to keep things looking fresh and functioning well.

After all, nobody wants their plastic to go gray before its time. 🌞🕶️

References

Zhang, Y., Li, M., & Chen, L. (2018). "Photostabilization of Polycarbonate Films Using Benzotriazole UV Absorbers." Polymer Degradation and Stability, 154, 123–130.
Lee, K., & Park, J. (2019). "Effect of UV Absorbers on the Weathering Resistance of PMMA Sheets." Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 136(12), 47389.
Wang, H., Zhao, R., & Liu, X. (2020). "Synergistic Effects of UV-400 and HALS in Nylon 66 Exposed to Artificial Weathering." Polymer Testing, 85, 106412.
European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). (2021). "Benzotriazole Derivatives: Risk Assessment Report."
BASF Technical Bulletin. (2022). "UV Stabilizers for Engineering Plastics: Selection Guide."
Smith, J. P., & Brown, T. (2017). "Practical Approaches to UV Protection in Thermoplastics." Plastics Additives and Compounding, 19(3), 45–52.
ISO 4892-3:2013. Plastics — Methods of Exposure to Laboratory Light Sources — Part 3: Fluorescent UV Lamps.
ASTM G154-16. Standard Practice for Operating Fluorescent Ultraviolet (UV) Lamp Apparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials.

Sales Contact：[email protected]