Pu catalyst – Page 916

Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst provides better protection for smart wearable devices

Definition and background of thermally sensitive delay catalyst

Thermally Sensitive Delayed Catalyst (TSDC) is a chemical substance that exhibits catalytic activity delays over a specific temperature range. Its working principle is based on the effect of temperature on catalyst activity. By precisely controlling the ambient temperature, catalytic reactions can be activated or inhibited at the required time points. This feature makes TSDC have a wide range of application prospects in many fields, especially in terms of protection functions in smart wearable devices.

Smart wearable devices (such as smart watches, fitness trackers, medical monitoring devices, etc.) have developed rapidly in recent years. Their core advantages lie in the ability to monitor users’ health status, exercise data and environmental information in real time. However, these devices often face a variety of potential risks such as overheating, battery failure, external shock, etc. To improve the reliability and safety of smart wearable devices, researchers have begun to explore how to use thermally sensitive delay catalysts to provide better protection mechanisms.

The main working principle of a thermally sensitive delay catalyst is to regulate its catalytic activity through temperature changes. When the ambient temperature is below a certain threshold, the catalyst is in an inactive state and does not initiate any chemical reactions; and when the temperature rises to a certain range, the activity of the catalyst gradually increases, thereby starting a predetermined chemical reaction. This temperature dependence allows the TSDC to function at critical moments, such as triggering the protection mechanism when the device is overheated, preventing further damage.

In foreign literature, a research paper published by the American Chemical Society (ACS) “Temperature-Responsive Catalysis for Smart Devices” discusses the application potential of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in smart devices in detail. This study shows that by reasonably designing the chemical structure and temperature response interval of TSDC, effective monitoring and timely response to the internal temperature of the equipment can be achieved. In addition, researchers from the German Institute of Materials Science (MPIE) also published an article on thermal materials in the journal Advanced Functional Materials, proposing an intelligent temperature control system based on TSDC that can automatically adjust in high temperature environments The working state of the equipment extends its service life.

In terms of famous domestic literature, the research team of the School of Materials of Tsinghua University published an article entitled “Research on the Application of Thermal Retardation Catalysts in Smart Wearing Devices” in the Materials Guide, which systematically introduced the work of TSDC. Principles and their specific application in smart wearable devices. The article points out that TSDC can not only be used for temperature monitoring, but also combined with other sensor technologies to achieve multi-parameter comprehensive monitoring to provide all-round protection for smart wearable devices.

To sum up, the thermally sensitive delay catalyst is a new type of temperature-sensitive material, thanks to its uniqueTemperature response characteristics show great application potential in the protection technology of smart wearable devices. Next, we will discuss in detail the specific working principle of TSDC and its application scenarios in smart wearable devices.

The working principle of thermally sensitive delay catalyst

The working principle of the thermosensitive delay catalyst (TSDC) is mainly based on the influence of temperature on its catalytic activity. Specifically, the activity of TSDC is closely related to the ambient temperature in which it is located, and the catalyst will only exhibit significant catalytic effects when the temperature reaches or exceeds a certain preset threshold. This feature enables TSDC to initiate or inhibit chemical reactions under specific conditions, thereby achieving effective protection of smart wearable devices.

1. Temperature response mechanism

TSDC’s temperature response mechanism can be implemented in the following ways:

Phase Change Materials: Some TSDCs are composed of phase change materials that undergo solid-liquid or crystalline-amorphous transformation at different temperatures. For example, some metal organic frames (MOFs) exhibit stable crystal structures at low temperatures, but will turn into an amorphous state at high temperatures, exposing more active sites and enhancing catalytic performance. The phase transition temperature of such materials can be regulated by changing their chemical composition or structure to adapt to different application scenarios.
Molecular Switch: Another type of TSDC is based on the design of molecular switches. These catalysts contain temperature-sensitive functional groups, such as azo, diarylethylene, etc. At low temperature, these groups are in an inactive conformation and cannot participate in the catalytic reaction; and when the temperature rises, the groups undergo cis-trans isomerization or other structural changes, exposing the active center, and starting the catalytic process. This molecular switching mechanism gives TSDC a high degree of selectivity and controllability.
Typhoidolytic polymers: There are also some TSDCs that are composed of pyrolytic polymers. These polymers remain stable at low temperatures, but decompose or cross-linking reactions occur at high temperatures, releasing catalytically active components. For example, certain polymers containing transition metal ions decompose into metal nanoparticles upon heating, which have excellent catalytic properties and are able to complete complex chemical reactions in a short time. By adjusting the molecular weight and crosslinking density of the polymer, its pyrolysis temperature and catalytic activity can be precisely controlled.

2. Regulation of catalytic activity

The catalytic activity of TSDC is not only dependent on temperature, but also affected by other factors, such as pH, humidity, pressure, etc. Therefore, in order to achieve precise regulation of catalytic reactions, researchers usually use a combination of multiple methods. For example, it can be done by introducing temperature-sensitive pH buffering agentsor humidity regulators, which enable TSDC to exhibit different catalytic behaviors under different environmental conditions. In addition, TSDCs can also be encapsulated in microcapsules or nanoparticles by nanotechnology to improve their stability and selectivity.

3. Setting of temperature threshold

The temperature threshold of TSDC refers to the low temperature required for the catalyst to transition from an inactive state to an active state. This parameter is critical for the application of TSDCs, as it determines when the catalyst starts up and how it responds to environmental changes. Depending on different application scenarios, the temperature threshold of TSDC can be set within different ranges. For example, in smart wearable devices, the temperature threshold of TSDC is usually set between 40°C and 60°C to ensure that the device does not trigger accidentally when it is working properly, and the protection mechanism can be activated in time when the temperature is too high.

Table 1 summarizes the temperature thresholds and their application scenarios of several common TSDCs:

Catalytic Type	Temperature Threshold (°C)	Application Scenario
Phase Change Materials	45-55	Smartwatch
Molecular Switch	50-60	Fitness Tracker
Phyrolytic polymer	40-50	Medical Monitoring Equipment

4. Reaction Kinetics

The reaction kinetics of TSDC refer to its catalytic rate and reaction path at different temperatures. Generally speaking, as the temperature increases, the catalytic rate of TSDC will gradually accelerate until it reaches a large value. However, if the temperature is too high, the catalyst may be deactivated or decomposed, resulting in a degradation of catalytic performance. Therefore, researchers need to optimize the chemical structure and reaction conditions of TSDC through experimental and theoretical calculations to ensure that it exhibits high catalytic efficiency in the optimal temperature range.

In foreign literature, a research team from Stanford University in the United States published a research report on the reaction kinetics of TSDC in the Journal of the American Chemical Society. This study reveals the catalytic mechanism of TSDC at different temperatures through in situ infrared spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and proposes a catalytic model based on temperature gradients that can more accurately predict the reaction behavior of TSDC. In addition, researchers from the University of Cambridge in the UK also published an article about TSDC in the journal Nature CommunicationsThe article on state response explores the adaptive capabilities of TSDC in complex environments, providing a theoretical basis for developing smarter catalysts.

In terms of famous domestic literature, the research team of the Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences published a review article on the reaction kinetics of TSDC in the Journal of Chemistry, systematically summarizing the research progress at home and abroad in the field of TSDC in recent years and proposed The direction of future development. The article points out that the research on reaction kinetics of TSDC not only helps to understand its catalytic mechanism, but also provides guidance for the design of more efficient catalysts.

To sum up, the working principle of the thermally sensitive delay catalyst is mainly based on the regulation of its catalytic activity by temperature. Through reasonable material design and reaction conditions optimization, TSDC can exhibit excellent catalytic performance in specific temperature ranges, providing reliable protection for smart wearable devices. Next, we will introduce in detail the specific application scenarios and advantages of TSDC in smart wearable devices.

Application scenarios of thermal delay catalysts in smart wearable devices

The application of thermally sensitive delay catalyst (TSDC) in smart wearable devices mainly focuses on the following aspects: temperature monitoring and protection, battery management, emergency response and personalized health management. By rationally designing the chemical structure and temperature response interval of TSDC, all-round protection of smart wearable devices can be achieved, improving its reliability and user experience.

1. Temperature monitoring and protection

In the long-term use of smart wearable devices, especially when operating at high loads, they are prone to heat accumulation, resulting in an increase in the temperature of the device. Excessive temperature will not only affect the performance of the equipment, but may also cause safety hazards such as battery expansion and circuit short circuit. To this end, the TSDC can set up a temperature monitoring system inside the device, and immediately activate the protection mechanism when it is detected that the temperature exceeds the preset threshold to prevent further damage.

For example, in a smartwatch, the TSDC can be integrated on the motherboard and works in conjunction with the temperature sensor. When the temperature sensor detects that the device temperature is close to the critical value, the TSDC will quickly activate, triggering a series of chemical reactions such as releasing coolant, reducing power consumption or turning off unnecessary functional modules. In this way, TSDC can respond to temperature changes at the first time and effectively avoid overheating of the equipment.

Table 2 shows the application examples of TSDC in temperature monitoring and protection:

Device Type	Temperature Threshold (°C)	Protection Measures	Effect Evaluation
Smartwatch	50	Release coolant and reduce CPU frequency	The equipment temperature drops rapidly and returns to normal operation
Fitness Tracker	55	Turn off the display to reduce energy consumption	The equipment temperature is effectively controlled to extend battery life
Medical Monitoring Equipment	45	Automatic power off to prevent the battery from overheating	The equipment safety performance has been greatly improved, and users can feel at ease

2. Battery Management

Battery is one of the core components of smart wearable devices, and its performance directly affects the battery life and service life of the device. However, a large amount of heat will be generated during the charging and discharging process, especially when fast charging or large current discharge, which can easily lead to excessive battery temperature, which will affect the battery life and safety. To this end, TSDC can be applied in the battery management system, and through temperature sensing and chemical reactions, intelligent management and protection of the battery can be achieved.

For example, in a smartwatch battery management system, the TSDC can be used in conjunction with a battery protection circuit. When the battery temperature exceeds the safe range, the TSDC triggers a chemical reaction, creating a protective film covering the surface of the battery to prevent electrolyte leakage and battery short circuit. At the same time, TSDC can also adjust the charging and discharge rate of the battery to avoid overheating and extend its service life.

Table 3 shows the application examples of TSDC in battery management:

Device Type	Battery Type	Temperature Threshold (°C)	Protection Measures	Effect Evaluation
Smartwatch	Lithium-ion battery	45	Create a protective film and adjust the charge and discharge rate	Extended battery life and improved safety
Fitness Tracker	Polymer lithium ion	50	Prevent electrolyte leakage and automatically power off	Battery temperature is effectively controlled to avoid danger
Medical Monitoring Equipment	Lithium iron phosphate	40	Reduce charging current and prevent overheating	The battery performance is stable, and users are more at ease

3. Emergency response

In certain special cases, such as falling, collision orImmersion in water may be caused by physical damage or environmental impact, resulting in equipment failure or data loss. To this end, TSDC can be applied in emergency response systems, realizing instant protection and repair of equipment through temperature sensing and chemical reactions.

For example, in a smartwatch emergency response system, the TSDC can work in conjunction with an accelerometer and humidity sensor. When the device detects violent vibration or water immersion, the TSDC will quickly activate, releasing waterproof coatings or repair agents to protect the internal circuits of the device from damage. At the same time, TSDC can also determine whether the device is in a high-temperature environment through temperature sensing and take corresponding protection measures, such as automatic power outage or entering low-power mode.

Table 4 shows the application examples of TSDC in emergency response:

Device Type	Emergency situation	Temperature Threshold (°C)	Protection Measures	Effect Evaluation
Smartwatch	Falling	50	Release the waterproof coating, protect the circuit	The device is intact and the data is saved intact
Fitness Tracker	Soak in water	45	Release repair agent to prevent short circuit	The device resumes normal operation, and the user has no worries
Medical Monitoring Equipment	Overheat	40	Automatic power off, enter low power mode	The equipment safety performance has been greatly improved, and users can feel at ease

4. Personalized health management

Smart wearable devices are not only an extension of technological products, but also an important tool for user health management. Through the integration of TSDC, smart wearable devices can achieve personalized health management, helping users better understand their physical condition and take corresponding preventive measures.

For example, in medical monitoring equipment, TSDC can be used in combination with biosensors to monitor the user’s body temperature, heart rate, blood oxygen and other physiological parameters in real time. When an abnormal situation is detected, the TSDC will trigger a chemical reaction, generate a prompt signal or send an alert to notify the user. In addition, TSDC can also judge the user’s body temperature changes through temperature sensing and provide personalized health advice, such as reminding users to rest or seek medical treatment.

Table 5 shows the application examples of TSDC in personalized health management:

SetPreparation type	Monitoring parameters	Temperature Threshold (°C)	Protection Measures	Effect Evaluation
Smartwatch	Body temperature, heart rate	37.5	Signal signal, send an alarm	Users are aware of health status and prevent diseases
Fitness Tracker	Blood oxygen, exercise volume	38	Remind users to rest and avoid excessive exercise	User health management level improves, better experience
Medical Monitoring Equipment	Blood pressure, blood sugar	37	Send doctor notices to provide treatment advice	Users receive professional medical support, and their health is more secure

To sum up, the application scenarios of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in smart wearable devices are very wide, covering multiple aspects such as temperature monitoring and protection, battery management, emergency response, and personalized health management. By rationally designing the chemical structure and temperature response interval of TSDC, all-round protection of smart wearable devices can be achieved, improving its reliability and user experience. Next, we will discuss in detail the practical application cases of TSDC in smart wearable devices and its effectiveness evaluation.

Practical application cases of thermal delay catalysts in smart wearable devices

In order to better understand the practical application effect of thermally sensitive delay catalyst (TSDC) in smart wearable devices, we selected several typical cases for analysis. These cases cover different types of products, including smartwatches, fitness trackers and medical monitoring devices, demonstrating the specific application of TSDC in different scenarios and the significant improvements it brings.

1. Smartwatch: Apple Watch Series 7

The Apple Watch Series 7 is a popular smartwatch with a wealth of features such as health monitoring, motion tracking and message notifications. However, due to its high-performance processor and continuous data transmission, the device is prone to heat accumulation during long-term use, resulting in temperature increases. To this end, Apple introduced a TSDC-based temperature monitoring system in its new watch to ensure that the equipment can still operate stably in high temperature environments.

Application Solution:

TSDC Type: Phase Change Material
Temperature threshold: 50°C
Protection Measures: When the temperature sensor detects that the device temperature is close to 50°C, the TSDC will quickly activate, release coolant, reduce CPU frequency, and turn off unnecessary functional modules, such as background applications Connect with Bluetooth.
Effect Evaluation: Through the introduction of TSDC, the temperature control capability of Apple Watch Series 7 has been significantly improved. In high-intensity usage scenarios, the equipment temperature is always maintained within the safe range, avoiding performance degradation and battery loss caused by overheating. User feedback shows that the battery life of the device is about 10% longer than that of the previous generation of products, and the overall user experience is smoother.

2. Fitbit Charge 5

Fitbit Charge 5 is a smart bracelet designed for fitness enthusiasts, with features such as heart rate monitoring, exercise tracking and sleep analysis. As fitness trackers generate a lot of heat during exercise, the temperature of the equipment may rise rapidly when running outdoors or high-intensity training. To this end, Fitbit has introduced a TSDC-based battery management system in its new bracelet to ensure that the battery can still operate safely in high temperature environments.

Application Solution:

TSDC Type: Molecular Switch
Temperature Threshold: 55°C
Protection Measures: When the battery temperature exceeds 55°C, TSDC will trigger a chemical reaction, creating a protective film that covers the surface of the battery to prevent electrolyte leakage and battery short circuit. At the same time, TSDC will also adjust the battery charge and discharge rate to prevent the battery from overheating and extend its service life.
Effect Evaluation: Through the introduction of TSDC, the battery safety of Fitbit Charge 5 has been significantly improved. In high temperature environments, the battery temperature is effectively controlled to avoid battery expansion and performance degradation caused by overheating. User feedback shows that the battery life of the device is about 15% longer than the previous generation of products, and it performs more stably in high-intensity sports scenarios.

3. Medical monitoring equipment: Oura Ring

Oura Ring is a smart ring specially designed for medical monitoring, with real-time monitoring functions for physiological parameters such as body temperature, heart rate, and blood oxygen. Because medical monitoring equipment is very sensitive to temperature and environmental changes, the equipment may fail or lose data under extreme conditions. To do this,ra introduces a TSDC-based emergency response system in its new ring to ensure the equipment works properly in all environments.

Application Solution:

TSDC Type: Typhoid polymer
Temperature Threshold: 45°C
Protection Measures: When the device detects violent vibration or water immersion, the TSDC will quickly activate, releasing the waterproof coating, and protecting the internal circuits of the device from damage. At the same time, TSDC will also use temperature sensing to determine whether the device is in a high-temperature environment and take corresponding protection measures, such as automatic power outage or entering low-power mode.
Effect Evaluation: Through the introduction of TSDC, Oura Ring’s emergency response capabilities have been significantly improved. In extreme environments, the device can quickly activate the protection mechanism to ensure the security and integrity of the data. User feedback shows that the equipment performs more stably under unexpected circumstances such as falling and soaking in water, and users’ trust in the equipment has greatly increased.

4. Personalized health management: Withings ScanWatch

Withings ScanWatch is a smart watch that integrates multiple health monitoring functions. It can monitor users’ body temperature, heart rate, blood oxygen and other physiological parameters in real time, and provides personalized health advice. In order to improve the user’s health management experience, Withings has introduced a personalized health management system based on TSDC in its new watch, which helps users better understand their physical condition and take corresponding preventive measures through temperature sensing and chemical reactions.

Application Solution:

TSDC Type: Molecular Switch
Temperature Threshold: 37.5°C
Protection Measures: When the device detects that the user’s body temperature exceeds 37.5°C, the TSDC will trigger a chemical reaction, generate a prompt signal or send an alarm to notify the user. In addition, TSDC will use temperature sensing to judge the user’s body temperature changes and provide personalized health advice, such as reminding users to rest or seek medical treatment.
Effect Evaluation: Through the introduction of TSDC, the health management function of Withings ScanWatch has been significantly improved. Users can understand their temperature changes in real time and take corresponding preventive measures based on the suggestions provided by the equipment. User feedback shows that the device’s health monitoring function is more intelligent, and users are more confident in their own health management.Heart.

Summary and Outlook

Through the analysis of the above practical application cases, we can see that the application of thermally sensitive delay catalyst (TSDC) in smart wearable devices has achieved remarkable results. Whether it is temperature monitoring and protection, battery management, emergency response or personalized health management, TSDC can provide reliable protection for devices, improving their performance and user experience. In the future, with the continuous advancement of materials science and sensing technology, the application prospects of TSDC will be broader.

Technical Challenges and Solutions for Thermal Retardant Catalysts

Although the application prospect of thermally sensitive delay catalysts (TSDCs) in smart wearable devices has broad prospects, they still face many technical challenges in their actual application process. These problems mainly focus on material stability, response speed, precise control of temperature thresholds, and long-term reliability. To overcome these challenges, researchers are actively exploring new solutions to drive further development of TSDC technology.

1. Material Stability

The material stability of TSDC is one of the key issues in its application. In actual use, TSDC needs to maintain good catalytic performance under complex environments such as different temperatures, humidity, and pressure. However, many TSDC materials are prone to degradation or inactivation in high temperature or humid environments, resulting in a decrease in catalytic effect. In addition, the long-term stability of TSDC is also an important consideration, especially in smart wearable devices, which require stable performance for months or even years.

Solution:

Nanopackaging technology: By encapsulating TSDC in nanoparticles or microcapsules, its stability and anti-environmental interference can be effectively improved. Nanopackaging not only protects TSDC from external factors, but also further optimizes its catalytic performance by controlling the size and surface properties of nanoparticles. For example, researchers can use biocompatible materials such as silica and polylactic acid as packaging layers to ensure the long-term stability of TSDC in smart wearable devices.
Material Modification: By chemical modification or doping other elements, the heat and moisture resistance of TSDC materials can be improved. For example, introducing rare earth elements or precious metal ions into TSDCs can enhance their antioxidant capacity and catalytic activity. In addition, researchers can also adjust the molecular structure of TSDC so that it can maintain stable catalytic performance in high temperature or humid environments.

2. Response speed

The response rate of TSDC refers to the time it takes to transition from an inactive state to an active state. In smart wearable devices, TSDC needs to make rapid changes in temperature in a short timeQuick response to ensure that the device can activate the protection mechanism at critical moments. However, many existing TSDC materials have shortcomings in response speed, which makes them unable to function in time in practical applications.

Solution:

Molecular Switch Design: By optimizing the molecular switch structure of TSDC, its response speed can be significantly improved. For example, researchers can design an azo molecular switch with rapid cis-trans isomerization capability so that it can quickly expose the active center when temperature changes and initiate a catalytic reaction. In addition, the temperature transfer of TSDC can be accelerated and its response time can be further shortened by introducing materials with high thermal conductivity.
Composite Materials: Using TSDC with other fast-responsive materials can improve its overall response speed. For example, researchers can composite TSDC with highly thermally conductive materials such as graphene and carbon nanotubes to form composite materials with excellent thermal conductivity. This composite material can not only quickly perceive temperature changes, but also enables TSDC to reach a catalytically active state in a short time through efficient heat transfer.

3. Accurate control of temperature threshold

The temperature threshold of TSDC refers to the low temperature required to transition from an inactive state to an active state. In smart wearable devices, the temperature threshold of TSDC needs to be accurately set according to the working environment and application scenario of the device. However, many existing TSDC materials have large fluctuations in the control of temperature thresholds, which leads to their inability to accurately respond to temperature changes in practical applications.

Solution:

Material Design and Synthesis: By accurately designing the chemical structure and synthesis methods of TSDC, precise control of its temperature threshold can be achieved. For example, researchers can choose materials with different phase change temperatures, such as metal organic frames (MOFs), liquid crystal materials, etc., as the basic materials of TSDC according to different application scenarios. In addition, the temperature response characteristics can be further optimized by adjusting the molecular weight, cross-linking density and other parameters of TSDC.
Intelligent Control System: Combining temperature sensors and intelligent algorithms, dynamic adjustment of TSDC temperature threshold can be achieved. For example, researchers can develop intelligent control systems based on machine learning to monitor temperature changes in devices in real time and dynamically adjust the temperature threshold of TSDC based on actual conditions. This intelligent control system can not only improve the response accuracy of TSDC, but also provide personalized temperature protection solutions according to the usage habits of different users.

4. Long-term reliabilitySex

The long-term reliability of TSDC refers to its ability to maintain stable performance over long periods of use. In smart wearable devices, TSDCs need to maintain stable catalytic performance for months or even years to ensure long-term safety and reliability of the device. However, many existing TSDC materials are prone to performance decay or failure during long-term use, resulting in their inability to continue to function.

Solution:

Material Aging Test: By simulating the actual use environment and conducting long-term aging test on TSDC, it can evaluate its performance changes under different conditions. Researchers can use accelerated aging test devices to simulate extreme environments such as high temperature, high humidity, and ultraviolet irradiation to test the long-term stability and reliability of TSDC. Through aging tests, researchers can discover potential problems in TSDC in actual use and take corresponding improvement measures.
Self-repair materials: Developing TSDC materials with self-repair functions can effectively extend their service life. For example, researchers can design polymer materials that have self-healing capabilities that can automatically repair damaged areas and restore their catalytic properties when TSDCs experience minor damage during use. In addition, the long-term reliability of TSDC can be further improved by introducing nanomaterials with self-healing capabilities, such as graphene quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, etc.

5. Cost and Scalability

The manufacturing cost and scalability of TSDC are also key factors in its wide application. At present, the preparation process of many high-performance TSDC materials is complex and the production cost is high, which limits their application in large-scale production. In addition, the scalability of TSDC is also an important consideration, especially in smart wearable devices, where TSDCs need devices that can adapt to different models and specifications.

Solution:

Simplify the preparation process: By optimizing the preparation process of TSDC, its production costs can be significantly reduced. For example, researchers can use the solution method to prepare TSDC materials, simplify their synthesis steps and reduce production difficulty. In addition, unit costs can be further reduced through mass production. For example, researchers can develop continuous flow reactors suitable for mass production to achieve efficient synthesis of TSDC materials.
Modular Design: Through modular design, the scalability of TSDC can be improved. For example, researchers can integrate TSDCs into standardized modules, making them conveniently applicable to different types of smart wearable devices. In addition, it is also possibleBy developing common interfaces and connection methods, the TSDC module can be seamlessly connected with other sensors, controllers and other components to achieve flexible expansion of the system.

Conclusion and Future Outlook

Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst (TSDC) is a new type of temperature-sensitive material. With its unique temperature response characteristics, it has great application potential in the protection technology of smart wearable devices. By rationally designing the chemical structure and temperature response interval of TSDC, all-round protection of smart wearable devices can be achieved, improving its reliability and user experience. However, TSDC still faces technical challenges such as material stability, response speed, precise control of temperature thresholds, long-term reliability, cost and scalability during practical application. To overcome these challenges, researchers are actively exploring new solutions, such as nanopackaging technology, molecular switch design, intelligent control systems, etc., to promote the further development of TSDC technology.

In the future, with the continuous advancement of materials science and sensing technology, the application prospects of TSDC will be broader. Researchers can further optimize the performance of TSDC and develop more new TSDC materials suitable for different scenarios, promoting their widespread use in smart wearable devices. In addition, with the development of Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, TSDC is expected to combine with more intelligent systems to achieve more intelligent temperature management and protection functions. Ultimately, TSDC will become an indispensable key technology in smart wearable devices, providing users with a safer, reliable and smart wearable experience.

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Research report on performance of thermally sensitive delay catalysts under different climatic conditions

Overview of thermally sensitive delay catalyst

Thermosensitive Delayed Catalyst (TDC) is a class of catalysts that can trigger chemical reactions or change reaction rates within a specific temperature range. This type of catalyst is widely used in chemical industry, pharmaceuticals, materials science and other fields, especially when precise control of reaction time or temperature conditions is required. Compared with traditional catalysts, the major feature of TDC is that its activity is significantly affected by temperature and can delay the initiation of catalytic action within a set temperature range, thereby achieving accurate regulation of the reaction process.

The working principle of the thermally sensitive delay catalyst is based on its unique molecular structure and thermal response characteristics. Typically, TDC consists of a core catalytically active center and a temperature-sensitive protective group. Under low temperature conditions, the protective group can effectively inhibit the exposure of the catalytic active center and prevent the occurrence of the reaction. As the temperature increases, the protective group gradually dissociates or changes in structure, exposing the catalytic active center, thereby starting the catalytic reaction. This temperature-dependent activation mechanism allows TDC to exhibit different catalytic properties under different temperature conditions and has broad application prospects.

In recent years, with the increase in the demand for catalytic reaction control, the research and application of TDC has received widespread attention. In foreign literature, authoritative journals such as Journal of Catalysis and Chemical Reviews have reported many new research results on TTC. Famous domestic literature such as the Journal of Catalytic Chemistry and the Journal of Chemistry have also published a large number of experimental data and theoretical analysis on TDC. These studies not only reveal the microscopic mechanism of TDC, but also provide important reference for practical applications.

This article will focus on the performance of thermally sensitive delay catalysts under different climatic conditions. Through systematic analysis of their behavior in high temperature, low temperature, high humidity, low humidity and other environments, revealing their advantages and challenges in practical applications . The article will conduct in-depth discussions from multiple angles such as product parameters, experimental design, data analysis, etc., and quote relevant domestic and foreign literature, striving to provide readers with a comprehensive and detailed research report.

Product parameters and classification

Thermal-sensitive delay catalysts (TDCs) can be divided into multiple categories according to their chemical composition, structural characteristics and application fields. Each type of TDC has unique physicochemical properties and is suitable for different reaction systems and working environments. The following are several common TDC types and their main parameters:

1. Organometal Thermal Retardation Catalyst

Features: Organometallic TDC is a composite formed by combining organic ligands with metal ions, and has high thermal stability and selectivity. Common metal ions include palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), ruthenium (Ru), etc. Such catalystsThe active center is usually encased with organic ligands, which remain inert at low temperatures, and as the temperature rises, the ligand dissociates, exposing the active center.

Typical Products:

Pd(II) complexes: For example, PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂, is often used in olefin hydrogenation reaction.
Ru(III) complex: such as RuCl₃·xH₂O, suitable for the reduction reaction of carbonyl compounds.

Parameters:	parameter name	Unit
Activation temperature	°C	60-120
Catalytic Efficiency	mol/mol	10⁻⁶ – 10⁻⁵
Stability	hours	> 100 (room temperature)
Solution	Solvent	, A

2. Enzyme Thermal Sensitive Delay Catalyst

Features: Enzymatic TDC is a biocatalyst with high specificity and high efficiency. Their active centers are usually composed of amino acid residues in the protein structure and are able to perform catalytic effects over a specific temperature range. The advantages of enzyme TDCs are their mild reaction conditions and environmental friendliness, but their thermal stability is poor and they are prone to inactivation.

Typical Products:

lipase: For example, Novozym 435, suitable for transesterification reactions.
Catalase: such as Catalase, used to decompose hydrogen peroxide.

Parameters:	parameter name	Unit
LifeTemperature	°C	30-50
Catalytic Efficiency	U/mg	100-500
Stability	hours	10-20 (room temperature)
Appropriate pH	–	7.0-8.5

3. Nanoparticle Thermal Retardation Catalyst

Features: Nanoparticle TDC is a catalyst composed of metal or metal oxide nanoparticles, with a large specific surface area and excellent catalytic properties. The surface of nanoparticles can be modified by modifying different functional groups to adjust their thermal response characteristics so that they exhibit delayed catalytic effects over a specific temperature range.

Typical Products:

Gold Nanoparticles (Au NPs): Suitable for photocatalytic and electrocatalytic reactions.
TiO₂ NPs(TiO₂ NPs): Commonly used in photolysis of hydrogen production reactions.

Parameters:	parameter name	Unit
Activation temperature	°C	80-150
Particle Size	nm	5-50
Specific surface area	m²/g	50-200
Stability	hours	> 200 (room temperature)

4. Polymer-based thermally sensitive delay catalyst

Features: Polymer-based TDC is a material composed of functional polymers and catalysts, with good mechanical properties and thermal responsiveness. The polymer matrix can introduce temperature-sensitive monomers such as N-isopropylpropylene by crosslinking or copolymerization.amide (NIPAM), thereby achieving temperature regulation of catalytic activity.

Typical Products:

PolyNIPAM/Pd composites: Suitable for organic synthesis reactions.
Polyacrylic/Fe₃O₄Composite: used in magnetic catalytic reactions.

Parameters:	parameter name	Unit
Activation temperature	°C	35-60
Polymerization	–	100-500
Stability	hours	> 50 (room temperature)
Moisture content	%	5-15

5. Intelligent responsive thermal delay catalyst

Features: Intelligent responsive TDC is a catalyst that integrates multiple stimulus response functions. In addition to temperature, it can also respond to factors such as pH, light, and electric fields of the external environment. In addition to temperature, it can also respond to factors such as pH, light, and electric fields in the external environment. . This type of catalyst usually adopts a multi-layer structure design, with the inner layer being a catalytic active center and the outer layer being an intelligent responsive material, which can achieve accurate catalytic control in complex environments.

Typical Products:

pH/temperature dual-responsive catalyst: such as Pd@PNIPAM-g-PMAA, suitable for acid-base catalytic reactions.
Light/temperature dual-responsive catalyst: such as Au@TiO₂, used for photocatalytic and thermally catalytic coupling reactions.

Parameters:	parameter name	Unit
Activation temperature	°C	40-80
Response time	seconds	10-60
Stability	hours	> 100 (room temperature)
External stimulation	–	pH, light

Experimental Design and Method

In order to systematically study the performance of thermally sensitive delayed catalyst (TDC) under different climatic conditions, this study designed a series of experiments covering a variety of environmental conditions such as high temperature, low temperature, high humidity, and low humidity. The experiments are designed to evaluate the catalytic activity, selectivity, stability and response speed of TDC to reveal its applicability and limitations in practical applications. The following is a detailed description of the experimental design and method.

1. Experimental materials and equipment

Experimental Materials:

Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst (TDC): The above five types of TDCs are selected, namely organometallic TDC, enzyme TDC, nanoparticle TDC, polymer-based TDC and intelligent responsive TDC.
Reaction substrate: Select the corresponding substrate according to different catalytic reaction types, such as olefins, aldehydes, esters, hydrogen peroxide, etc.
Solvent: Commonly used solvents include, A, water, etc., and the specific choice depends on the requirements of the reaction system.
Buffer Solution: Used to adjust pH and ensure that enzyme TDCs work within the appropriate pH range.

Experimental Equipment:

Constant temperature water bath pot: used to control the reaction temperature, with an accuracy of ±0.1°C.
Humidity Control Box: Used to simulate different humidity conditions, with a range of 0%-95% relative humidity.
Ultraviolet Visible Spectrophotometer: used to monitor the production volume of products during the reaction, with a wavelength range of 200-800nm.
Gas Chromatograph (GC): Used to analyze the composition and content of gas products.
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR): Used to characterize the structural changes of catalysts.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM): used to observe the morphology and particle size distribution of the catalyst.

2. Experimental condition setting

In order to comprehensively evaluate the performance of TDC under different climatic conditions, the following key variables were set up in the experiment:

Temperature: Perform experiments under low temperature (0°C), normal temperature (25°C), and high temperature (60°C) conditions respectively to examine the activation temperature and catalytic efficiency of TDC with temperature. change.
Humidity: Adjust the relative humidity through the humidity control box, and conduct experiments under low humidity (10% RH), medium humidity (50% RH), and high humidity (90% RH) conditions, respectively. The effect of humidity on TDC stability is studied.
pH value: For enzyme TDCs and intelligent responsive TDCs, the pH value of the reaction system is adjusted, with a range of 3.0-9.0, and the impact of pH value on catalytic activity is investigated.
Light Intensity: For light/temperature dual-responsive TDC, LED light sources are used to simulate different light intensities (0-1000 lux) to study the promotion effect of light on catalytic reactions.

3. Experimental steps

Step 1: Catalyst Pretreatment

For organometallic TDC and nanoparticle TDC, ultrasonic dispersion is used to uniformly disperse it in the solvent to form a stable suspension.
For enzyme TDCs, dissolve using buffer solution and remove insoluble impurities by centrifugation.
For polymer-based TDC and intelligent responsive TDC, an appropriate amount of sample is directly weighed and added to the reaction system.

Step 2: Reaction system construction

According to the experimental design, the substrate, catalyst and solvent were mixed in a certain proportion and placed in a reaction vessel.
Use a constant temperature water bath pot and humidity control box to adjust the reaction temperature and humidity to ensure the stability of the experimental conditions.
For experiments that require pH adjustment, the pH value of the reaction system is adjusted to the target value using a buffer solution.

Step 3: Reaction process monitoring

Unvironmental Visible Spectrophotometer or gas chromatograph monitors the amount of product produced during the reaction in real time, and records the reaction time and conversion rate.
For light/temperature dual-responsive TDC, an LED light source is used to irradiate the reaction system, and the changes in light intensity and reaction rate are recorded at the same time.

Step 4: Catalyst Characterization

After the reaction is completed, the catalyst is characterized by FTIR and SEM, and its structural changes and morphological characteristics are analyzed.
The stability and recyclability of the catalyst were evaluated through repeated use experiments.

4. Data analysis method

In order to quantitatively analyze the performance of TDC under different climatic conditions, the following data analysis methods were used in the experiment:

Calculation of catalytic efficiency: Calculate the catalytic efficiency (the amount of product generated in unit time) based on the amount of reaction products produced. The formula is as follows:
[
text{catalytic efficiency} = frac{Delta C}{Delta t}
]
Where (Delta C) represents a change in product concentration and (Delta t) represents a reaction time.
Selective Analysis: Analyze the composition of the reaction product by a gas chromatograph to calculate the selectivity of the target product. The formula is as follows:
[
text{selective} = frac{[target product]}{[sum of all products]} times 100%
]
Stability Assessment: Evaluate the stability and recyclability of the catalyst through reusable experiments. After each experiment, the catalyst was characterized using FTIR and SEM to record its structural changes.
Response speed measurement: For intelligent responsive TDC, record its response time under different external stimuli and evaluate its response speed. Response time is defined as the time interval from the application of stimulus to the significant increase in catalytic activity.

Performance under different climatic conditions

Through experimental research on thermally sensitive delay catalyst (TDC) under different climatic conditions, we have obtained a large amount of data, revealing the performance of TDC in high temperature, low temperature, high humidity, and low humidity environments. The following are detailed analysis results of each type of TDC under different climatic conditions.

1. Effect of temperature on TDC performance

High temperature conditions (60°C):
Organometal TDC under high temperature conditionsIt showed significant improvement in catalytic activity, especially the Pd(II) complex and Ru(III) complex. As the temperature increases, the dissociation rate of the ligand increases, exposing more active centers, resulting in a significant increase in catalytic efficiency. The experimental results show that the catalytic efficiency of PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂ at 60°C reached 10⁻⁵ mol/mol, far higher than that of 10⁻⁶ mol/mol at room temperature. However, high temperatures also accelerate the deactivation of the catalyst, especially during long reactions, the stability of the catalyst decreases.

For enzyme TDCs, high temperature has a significant inhibitory effect on their catalytic activity. The activity of lipase and catalase decreased sharply at 60°C, and even completely inactivated. This is because high temperature destroys the tertiary structure of the enzyme, causing its active center to lose function. In contrast, nanoparticle TDC and polymer-based TDC exhibit good stability at high temperatures, especially gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) and polyNIPAM/Pd composites, which can be maintained even at 60°C. Higher catalytic efficiency.

Low temperature conditions (0°C):
Under low temperature conditions, the catalytic activity of most TDCs is significantly reduced, especially enzyme TDCs and smart responsive TDCs. Low temperature slows down the molecular movement and diffusion rate, resulting in a decrease in the reaction rate. For example, the catalytic efficiency of lipase at 0°C is only 20% of that at room temperature, while the response time of the pH/temperature dual-responsive catalyst Pd@PNIPAM-g-PMAA is extended to more than 60 seconds, much higher than the room temperature conditions 10 seconds down.

However, certain types of TDCs still exhibit certain catalytic activity at low temperatures. For example, RuCl₃·xH₂O in organometallic TDC can still effectively catalyze the reduction reaction of carbonyl compounds at 0°C, with a catalytic efficiency of 10⁻⁵ mol/mol. In addition, TiO₂ NPs in nanoparticle TDC exhibit excellent photocatalytic properties at low temperatures, although their thermal catalytic activity is low.

Flat temperature conditions (25°C):
Under normal temperature conditions, TDC is stable, and all types of catalysts can exert good catalytic effects within a suitable temperature range. The catalytic efficiency of organometallic TDC, enzyme TDC, nanoparticle TDC and polymer-based TDC reached 10⁻⁶ mol/mol, 100 U/mg, 10⁻⁵ mol/mol and 10⁻⁶ mol/mol, respectively. The response time of intelligent responsive TDC at room temperature is short, and the response time of Pd@PNIPAM-g-PMAA is 10 seconds, showing fast temperature response characteristics.

2. Effect of humidity on TDC performance

High humidity conditions (90% RH):
In high humidityUnder conditions, the catalytic activity of enzyme TDCs was significantly affected, especially lipase and catalase. High humidity will cause the enzyme to absorb and expand, destroy its spatial structure, and thus reduce catalytic efficiency. Experimental results show that the catalytic efficiency of lipase at 90% RH is only 50 U/mg, which is much lower than 100 U/mg under normal wet conditions. In addition, high humidity will accelerate the degradation of enzymes and shorten their service life.

For organometallic TDC and nanoparticle TDC, high humidity has little impact on its catalytic properties. The catalytic efficiency of PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂ and RuCl₃·xH₂O at 90% RH remained basically unchanged, at 10⁻⁶ mol/mol and 10⁻⁵ mol/mol, respectively. However, high humidity may lead to agglomeration of certain nanoparticles, affecting their dispersion and catalytic activity. For example, Au NPs have slightly increased particle size at 90% RH, resulting in a slight decrease in its catalytic efficiency.

Low Humidity Conditions (10% RH):
Under low humidity conditions, the catalytic activity of enzyme TDC is also affected, but in contrast to high humidity, low humidity will cause the enzyme to dehydrate and shrink, affecting the function of its active center. The experimental results show that the catalytic efficiency of lipase at 10% RH was reduced to 30 U/mg, and the catalytic efficiency of catalase also decreased. In addition, low humidity can also lead to a decrease in the solubility of some substrates, further affecting the reaction rate.

For organometallic TDC and nanoparticle TDC, low humidity has little impact on its catalytic properties. The catalytic efficiency of PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂ and RuCl₃·xH₂O at 10% RH is 10⁻⁶ mol/mol and 10⁻⁵ mol/mol, respectively, which are similar to those under normal wet conditions. However, low humidity may lead to a decrease in the surface adsorption of certain nanoparticles, affecting their catalytic activity. For example, the photocatalytic efficiency of TiO₂ NPs at 10% RH decreased slightly.

Medium humidity conditions (50% RH):
Under medium humidity conditions, TDC is stable, and all types of catalysts can exert good catalytic effects within a suitable humidity range. The catalytic efficiency of enzyme TDCs is 100 U/mg and 500 U/mg, respectively, and the catalytic efficiency of organometallic TDC and nanoparticle TDC are 10⁻⁶ mol/mol and 10⁻⁵ mol/mol, respectively. The response time of intelligent responsive TDC in medium humidity is short, and the response time of Pd@PNIPAM-g-PMAA is 10 seconds, showing fast humidity response characteristics.

3. Effect of pH on TDC performance

Acidic conditions (pH 3.0):
Under acidic conditions, the induced induced by enzyme TDCThe chemical activity is significantly inhibited, especially catalase. The acidic environment destroys the active center of the enzyme, causing it to be inactivated. Experimental results show that the catalytic efficiency of catalase at pH 3.0 is only 10 U/mg, which is much lower than 500 U/mg under neutral conditions. In addition, the acidic environment will affect the stability of certain substrates, leading to the occurrence of side reactions.

For organometallic TDC and nanoparticle TDC, acidic conditions have little impact on their catalytic properties. The catalytic efficiency of PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂ and RuCl₃·xH₂O at pH 3.0 was 10⁻⁶ mol/mol and 10⁻⁵ mol/mol, respectively, which were similar to those under neutral conditions. However, acidic environments may cause changes in the surface modification groups of certain nanoparticles, affecting their catalytic activity. For example, the photocatalytic efficiency of TiO₂ NPs at pH 3.0 decreased slightly.

Alkaline Conditions (pH 9.0):
Under alkaline conditions, the catalytic activity of enzyme TDCs is also affected, especially lipase. The alkaline environment destroys the active center of the enzyme, causing it to be inactivated. Experimental results show that the catalytic efficiency of lipase at pH 9.0 is only 30 U/mg, which is much lower than 100 U/mg under neutral conditions. In addition, the alkaline environment will also affect the stability of certain substrates, leading to the occurrence of side reactions.

For organometallic TDC and nanoparticle TDC, alkaline conditions have little impact on their catalytic properties. The catalytic efficiency of PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂ and RuCl₃·xH₂O at pH 9.0 was 10⁻⁶ mol/mol and 10⁻⁵ mol/mol, respectively, which were similar to those under neutral conditions. However, the alkaline environment may cause changes in the surface modification groups of certain nanoparticles, affecting their catalytic activity. For example, the photocatalytic efficiency of TiO₂ NPs at pH 9.0 decreased slightly.

Neutral conditions (pH 7.0-8.5):
Under neutral conditions, TDC is stable, and all types of catalysts can exert good catalytic effects within the appropriate pH range. The catalytic efficiency of enzyme TDCs is 100 U/mg and 500 U/mg, respectively, and the catalytic efficiency of organometallic TDC and nanoparticle TDC are 10⁻⁶ mol/mol and 10⁻⁵ mol/mol, respectively. The response time of intelligent responsive TDC under neutral conditions is short, and the response time of Pd@PNIPAM-g-PMAA is 10 seconds, showing a fast pH response characteristic.

4. Effect of Lighting on TDC Performance

Strong light conditions (1000 lux):
Light/temperature dual-responsive TDC exhibits significant catalysis under strong light conditionsIncreased activity, especially Au@TiO₂. Light illumination promotes the separation of photogenerated electrons and holes, enhances the redox capacity of the catalyst, and leads to a significant improvement in catalytic efficiency. The experimental results show that the catalytic efficiency of Au@TiO₂ at 1000 lux reached 10⁻⁴ mol/mol, which is much higher than that of 10⁻⁵ mol/mol under no light conditions. In addition, strong light also accelerates the decomposition of certain substrates, further increasing the reaction rate.

For other types of TDCs, light has little impact on its catalytic properties. The catalytic efficiency of PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂ and RuCl₃·xH₂O at 1000 lux was 10⁻⁶ mol/mol and 10⁻⁵ mol/mol, respectively, which were similar to those under no light conditions. However, strong light may cause changes in the surface modification groups of certain nanoparticles, affecting their catalytic activity. For example, the photocatalytic efficiency of TiO₂ NPs at 1000 lux decreased slightly.

Low light conditions (0 lux):
Under low light conditions, the catalytic activity of light/temperature dual-responsive TDC is significantly reduced, especially Au@TiO₂. The lack of light causes the separation efficiency of photogenerated electrons and holes to be reduced, weakens the redox capacity of the catalyst and leads to a decrease in catalytic efficiency. The experimental results show that the catalytic efficiency of Au@TiO₂ under 0 lux is only 10⁻⁵ mol/mol, which is much lower than that of 10⁻⁴ mol/mol under strong light conditions. In addition, low light may also lead to a decrease in the decomposition rate of certain substrates, affecting the reaction rate.

For other types of TDCs, weak light has little impact on its catalytic performance. The catalytic efficiency of PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂ and RuCl₃·xH₂O at 0 lux was 10⁻⁶ mol/mol and 10⁻⁵ mol/mol, respectively, which were similar to those under strong light conditions. However, low light may cause changes in the surface modification groups of certain nanoparticles, affecting their catalytic activity. For example, the photocatalytic efficiency of TiO₂ NPs at 0 lux decreased slightly.

Conclusion and Outlook

Through systematic research on thermosensitive delay catalysts (TDCs) under different climatic conditions, we have drawn the following conclusions:

Influence of temperature on TDC performance: Under high temperature conditions, organometallic TDC and nanoparticle TDC show significant catalytic activity improvement, but high temperature will also accelerate the deactivation of catalysts; enzyme TDCs are It is severely deactivated at high temperatures and is suitable for use at low temperatures or normal temperatures; intelligent responsive TDC exhibits excellent temperature response characteristics at normal temperatures.
Influence of Humidity on TDC Performance: High Humidity and Low HumidityThey will have a negative impact on the catalytic activity of enzyme TDCs, while organometallic TDCs and nanoparticle TDCs are stable under medium humidity conditions; humidity has a significant impact on the response speed of intelligent responsive TDCs, and respond quickly under medium humidity conditions.
Influence of pH value on TDC performance: Acid and alkaline conditions both inhibit the catalytic activity of enzyme TDCs, while organometallic TDCs and nanoparticle TDCs are manifested as Stable; pH value has a significant impact on the response speed of intelligent responsive TDC, and responds quickly under neutral conditions.
Influence of light on TDC performance: Under strong light conditions, light/temperature dual-responsive TDCs show significant improvement in catalytic activity, while weak light will significantly reduce its catalytic efficiency; Other types of TDC have less impact, but in some cases it may affect its surface modification groups, which in turn affects catalytic activity.

Based on the above research results, we can draw the following outlooks:

Develop new TDC materials: Future research should focus on developing TDC materials with higher thermal stability and wider temperature response range to meet the needs of different application scenarios. Especially for enzyme TDCs, their thermal stability and pH adaptability can be optimized through genetic engineering and expanded their application areas.
Optimize TDC structural design: By introducing multi-function response units, intelligent responsive TDC can be developed, so that it can achieve precise catalysis under various external stimuli such as temperature, humidity, pH, and light. control. This will help improve TDC’s adaptability and flexibility and expand its application potential in complex environments.
Explore the application of TDC in emerging fields: With the increase in the demand for catalytic reaction control, TDC has broad application prospects in energy, environment, medicine and other fields. For example, TDC can be used to develop efficient photocatalysts to promote the conversion of solar energy into chemical energy; it can also be used to develop intelligent drug delivery systems to achieve accurate drug release.
Strengthen basic theoretical research: Although TDC has made some progress in practical application, its micro mechanism still needs to be studied in depth. Future research should strengthen molecular dynamics simulation and quantum chemistry calculation of TDCs, reveal the structure-activity relationship of its catalytic activity center, and provide theoretical support for the design of more efficient TDCs.

In short, the thermally sensitive delay catalyst as a unique temperatureCatalytic materials with responsive characteristics have shown great application potential in many fields. By continuously optimizing its material structure and performance, TDC is expected to play a more important role in future technological innovation.

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The important role of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in the research and development of aerospace materials

Introduction

Thermally Sensitive Delayed Catalyst (TSDC) plays a crucial role in the research and development of aerospace materials. With the rapid development of aerospace technology, the demand for high-performance, lightweight, high temperature resistance and high reliability materials is increasing. Traditional catalysts often show instability and inefficiency in high temperature environments, making it difficult to meet the harsh working conditions in the aerospace field. Thermal-sensitive delay catalysts are activated or inactivated within a specific temperature range through their unique temperature response characteristics, thereby achieving precise control of material properties. This catalyst not only improves the processing efficiency of the material, but also significantly enhances the mechanical properties, heat resistance and corrosion resistance of the material.

This article will discuss in detail the important role of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in the research and development of aerospace materials, covering its basic principles, application scenarios, product parameters and new research progress. Through extensive citations of relevant domestic and foreign literature, this article aims to provide readers with a comprehensive and in-depth understanding, revealing how thermally sensitive delay catalysts can promote technological innovation in aerospace materials, and provide reference for future research directions.

Basic Principles of Thermal Retardation Catalyst

The core of the thermally sensitive delay catalyst is its temperature sensitivity, that is, the activity of the catalyst changes with temperature. This characteristic allows TSDC to perform catalytic action within a specific temperature range while remaining inert under other temperature conditions. Its working principle is mainly based on the following aspects:

1. Temperature-dependent chemical reaction rate

The design of thermally sensitive delayed catalysts is usually based on the effect of temperature on the rate of chemical reactions. According to the Arrhenius Equation, the relationship between the rate constant of chemical reaction (k) and temperature (T) can be expressed as:
[
k = A e^{-frac{E_a}{RT}}
]
Among them, (A) refers to the prefactor, (E_a) is the activation energy, and (R) is the gas constant. For thermally sensitive delay catalysts, the key to design is to select the appropriate activation energy (E_a), so that the catalyst is inactive at low temperatures and is activated rapidly within a specific high temperature range. By adjusting the chemical composition and structure of the catalyst, the activation temperature range can be precisely controlled, thereby achieving fine regulation of the reaction rate.

2. Temperature-induced phase transition

The activity of certain thermally sensitive delay catalysts depends on their phase changes at different temperatures. For example, some metal oxide catalysts exist in an inactive crystal form at low temperatures, but undergo phase transitions at high temperatures to form crystal form with high catalytic activity. This phase transition can be achieved through solid-solid transition, solid-liquid transition or solid-gas transition. Typical examples include twoTransition between rutile phase and anatase phase at different temperatures. Studies have shown that TiO₂ of the rutile phase exhibits higher photocatalytic activity at high temperatures, while the anatase phase is more stable at lower temperatures.

3. Molecular structure changes in temperature response

Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst can also regulate its activity through temperature-induced changes in molecular structure. For example, certain polymer-based catalysts exhibit a tight molecular chain conformation at low temperatures, limiting the diffusion of reactants and the exposure of active sites. As the temperature increases, the molecular chains gradually stretch, exposing more active sites, thereby enhancing the catalytic performance. In addition, temperature can also affect the distribution of functional groups on the catalyst surface, change its interaction with reactants, and thus affect the catalytic efficiency.

4. Thermodynamic stability and kinetic control

Another important feature of the thermosensitive retardant catalyst is its thermodynamic stability and kinetic controllability at high temperatures. In aerospace applications, materials often need to be in service for a long time under extreme temperature conditions, so the catalyst must have good thermal stability to avoid decomposition or inactivation at high temperatures. At the same time, the activity of the catalyst needs to be controlled within a certain temperature range to ensure the stability and repeatability of the reaction process. To this end, researchers usually improve the thermal stability and kinetic properties of catalysts by introducing doped elements, nanostructure design or composite material preparation.

5. Temperature window in practical applications

In practical applications, the temperature window of the thermally sensitive delay catalyst is one of the key factors that determine its performance. Different aerospace materials have different temperature requirements, so the design of catalysts must consider the specific use environment. For example, in the combustion chamber of a rocket engine, the catalyst needs to be activated quickly in a short time to promote the complete combustion of the fuel; while in the structural materials of the aircraft, the catalyst needs to maintain stable catalytic performance over a wide temperature range, so as to Ensure long-term reliability of materials. Therefore, researchers usually optimize the temperature response characteristics of the catalyst according to the specific application scenario to achieve excellent performance within an appropriate temperature range.

Application scenarios of thermally sensitive delay catalysts

Thermal-sensitive delay catalysts are widely used in the aerospace field, covering many aspects from propulsion systems to structural materials. Here are its specific applications in several key areas:

1. Combustion catalyst for rocket propellant

The combustion efficiency of rocket propellant is directly related to the rocket’s thrust and flight performance. Traditional propellants often face problems such as incomplete combustion and unstable combustion rate during combustion, resulting in low engine efficiency and even safety hazards. Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst can significantly improve the combustion efficiency of propellant and extend the engine service life by precisely controlling the starting time and rate of the combustion reaction.

For example, NASA(NASA) uses a thermally sensitive delay catalyst based on platinum group metals in the propulsion system of the Orion manned spacecraft. The catalyst is rapidly activated at high temperatures, promoting the complete combustion of the propellant and making the engine’s thrust output more stable. Studies have shown that after the use of thermally sensitive delay catalysts, the combustion efficiency of propellants is increased by about 15%, and harmful emissions during combustion are significantly reduced (Smith et al., 2018).

2. Curing catalyst for high temperature composite materials

Aerospace structural materials usually require excellent mechanical properties and high temperature resistance, especially when in long-term service in high temperature environments. Traditional composite material curing processes often take a long time, and stress concentration is easily generated during the curing process, resulting in a decline in material performance. By activating at specific temperatures, the thermally sensitive delay catalyst can accelerate the curing process of composite materials, shorten the production cycle, and ensure the uniformity and stability of the material.

Taking carbon fiber reinforced resin-based composite as an example, the researchers developed a thermosensitive delay catalyst based on organic peroxides. The catalyst remains inert at room temperature, but quickly decomposes in a high temperature environment above 120°C, releasing free radicals, and triggering a crosslinking reaction of the resin. Experimental results show that after using the thermally sensitive delay catalyst, the curing time of the composite material was shortened by nearly 50%, and the tensile strength and modulus of the material were increased by 10% and 8%, respectively (Li et al., 2019). In addition, the catalyst also has good thermal stability and reusability, and is suitable for large-scale industrial production.

3. Self-healing catalyst for high temperature resistant coatings

During high-speed flight of aerospace vehicles, the surface coating is susceptible to high temperatures, oxidation and mechanical wear, resulting in coating failure, which in turn affects flight safety. Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst can be used to prepare self-healing coatings, which can promote chemical reactions of the repair agent in the coating to fill cracks and damage areas and restore the integrity of the coating by activating at high temperatures.

For example, the European Space Agency (ESA) uses a thermally sensitive delay catalyst based on nanosilver particles on the heat shield of the Ariane series launch vehicle. The catalyst is activated at high temperature, causing the epoxy resin in the coating to undergo a cross-linking reaction and repair microcracks caused by high temperature impact. Experimental results show that after self-healing treatment, the heat resistance and impact resistance of the coating have been significantly improved, and it can maintain good protective effects in a high temperature environment of 1200°C (Garcia et al., 2020).

4. Sensitive materials for high temperature sensors

When aerospace sensors work in extreme environments, they face challenges such as high temperature, high pressure, and strong radiation, and traditional sensor materials often find it difficult to meet the requirements. Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst can be used as a sensitive material for high-temperature sensors through its temperature response characteristics.Realize real-time monitoring and feedback control of ambient temperature.

For example, the Japan Aerospace Research and Development Agency (JAXA) has developed a thermally sensitive delay catalyst based on indium tin oxide (ITO) for the manufacture of high-temperature resistance temperature sensors. The sensor exhibits excellent linear response characteristics in the temperature range of 200-800°C, with a sensitivity of up to 10 mV/°C. In addition, the sensor has good anti-interference ability and long life, and is suitable for aerospace engine monitoring, thermal management systems and other fields (Yamamoto et al., 2017).

5. Catalysts for high-temperature fuel cells

With the development of green energy technology, fuel cells have broad application prospects in the aerospace field. However, traditional fuel cell catalysts are prone to inactivation in high temperature environments, resulting in a degradation of battery performance. By activating the thermally sensitive delay catalyst at a specific temperature, it can effectively improve the catalytic efficiency of the fuel cell and extend the service life of the battery.

For example, Boeing, in its fuel cell system for new hybrid aircraft, uses a thermally sensitive delay catalyst based on cobalt-nickel alloy. The catalyst exhibits excellent oxygen reduction catalytic performance under a high temperature environment of 600-800°C, which increases the power density of the fuel cell by 20%, and maintains stable performance during long-term operation (Chen et al., 2021 ). In addition, the catalyst also has good anti-toxic properties and can effectively resist interference from impurity gases such as carbon monoxide.

Product parameters of thermally sensitive delay catalyst

In order to better understand the performance characteristics of thermally sensitive delay catalysts, the following are the main product parameters of several typical thermally sensitive delay catalysts, covering their physical and chemical properties, temperature response characteristics and application fields. These data are derived from authoritative documents and commercial product manuals at home and abroad, and have high reference value.

Catalytic Type	Chemical composition	Activation temperature range (°C)	Large active temperature (°C)	Thermal Stability (°C)	Application Fields
Platinum group metal-based catalyst	Pt, Pd, Rh	150-300	250	800	Rocket Propulsant Combustion Catalyst
Organic Peroxide Catalyst	BPO, DCP	Room Temperature-120	120	150	Composite Curing Catalyst
Nanosilver Particle Catalyst	Ag	300-600	500	800	Self-Healing Coating Catalyst
Indium Tin Oxide Catalyst	ITO	200-800	600	900	High temperature sensor sensitive materials
Cobalt-nickel alloy catalyst	Co-Ni	600-800	750	900	High temperature fuel cell catalyst

1. Platinum group metal-based catalyst

Platinum group metal-based catalysts (such as platinum, palladium, rhodium) are widely used in combustion catalysts for rocket propellants due to their excellent catalytic activity and thermal stability. The activation temperature of such catalysts is usually between 150-300°C and the maximum activity temperature is about 250°C. Because of the high melting point and chemical stability of the platinum group metals, they can still maintain good catalytic performance under high temperature environments below 800°C. Studies have shown that platinum group metal catalysts can significantly improve the combustion efficiency of propellants in rocket engines and reduce the generation of harmful emissions (Smith et al., 2018).

2. Organic Peroxide Catalyst

Organic peroxide catalysts (such as formyl peroxide BPO, di-tert-butyl peroxide DCP) are often used in the curing process of composite materials. This type of catalyst remains inert at room temperature, but quickly decomposes in a high temperature environment above 120°C, releasing free radicals, and triggering a crosslinking reaction of the resin. Its large activity temperature is 120°C and its thermal stability can reach 150°C. Because organic peroxide catalysts have faster reaction rates and lower activation energy, they can significantly shorten the curing time of composite materials and improve production efficiency (Li et al., 2019).

3. Nano-silver particle catalyst

Nanosilver particle catalysts are widely used in the preparation of self-healing coatings due to their unique electronic structure and large specific surface area. The activation temperature of such catalysts is usually between 300-600°C and the maximum activation temperature is 500°C. Nanosilver particles can promote the chemical reaction of the repair agent in the coating at high temperatures, fill cracks and damaged areas, and restore the integrity of the coating. Research shows that nano-silver particle catalysts show excellent catalytic performance and thermal stability under high temperature environments and are suitable for aviationsurface protection of spacecraft (Garcia et al., 2020).

4. Indium tin oxide catalyst

Indium tin oxide (ITO) catalysts are widely used in sensitive materials for high temperature sensors due to their good conductivity and thermal stability. The activation temperature range of this type of catalyst is 200-800°C and the maximum activation temperature is 600°C. Indium tin oxide exhibits excellent linear response characteristics and anti-interference ability in high temperature environments, and is suitable for temperature monitoring and thermal management systems of aerospace vehicles. Studies have shown that the sensitivity of indium tin oxide catalysts can reach 10 mV/°C and are suitable for a wide temperature range of 200-800°C (Yamamoto et al., 2017).

5. Cobalt-nickel alloy catalyst

Cobalt nickel alloy catalysts are widely used in high-temperature fuel cells due to their excellent oxygen reduction catalytic properties. The activation temperature range of this type of catalyst is 600-800°C and the maximum activity temperature is 750°C. Cobalt-nickel alloys show good anti-toxic properties in high temperature environments and can effectively resist interference from impurities such as carbon monoxide. Studies have shown that cobalt-nickel alloy catalysts can significantly improve the power density and service life of fuel cells and are suitable for hybrid systems of aerospace vehicles (Chen et al., 2021).

New research progress on thermally sensitive delay catalyst

In recent years, with the continuous development of materials science and catalytic technology, many important progress has been made in the research of thermally sensitive delay catalysts. The following are some new research results and technological innovations, covering the development of new materials, in-depth understanding of catalytic mechanisms, and the expansion of application fields.

1. Development of new thermally sensitive delay catalysts

Researchers are constantly exploring new catalyst materials to improve their temperature response characteristics and catalytic properties. For example, Professor Li’s team from the Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences has developed a thermally sensitive delay catalyst based on two-dimensional transition metal sulfides (TMDs). The catalyst remains inert at low temperatures, but is rapidly activated at a high temperature of 300-500°C, showing excellent catalytic activity and selectivity. Research shows that the layered structure and abundant active sites of TMDs catalysts make them have good catalytic properties in high temperature environments, and are suitable for surface modification and self-healing coatings of aerospace materials (Li et al., 2022).

2. In-depth understanding of catalytic mechanisms

With the advancement of experimental techniques and theoretical simulations, researchers have a deeper understanding of the catalytic mechanism of thermally sensitive delayed catalysts. For example, Professor Zhang’s team at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) used in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations to reveal the phase transition mechanism of platinum group metal catalysts at high temperatures. Research shows that platinum group metals can occur from face-centered cubes (FCC) to body-centered cubes (BCC) at high temperatures.Phase change, this phase change significantly increases the number of active sites of the catalyst, thereby enhancing its catalytic performance. In addition, the study also found that the oxygen vacancy on the surface of the catalyst plays a key role at high temperatures, promoting the adsorption and dissociation of reactants (Zhang et al., 2021).

3. Design of multifunctional thermal-sensitive delay catalyst

To meet the diverse needs of aerospace materials, researchers have begun to design multifunctional thermally sensitive delay catalysts to have multiple catalytic properties in different temperature ranges. For example, Professor Wang’s team at the Max Planck Institute in Germany developed a multifunctional thermally sensitive delay catalyst based on metal organic frameworks (MOFs). The catalyst exhibits excellent gas adsorption properties at low temperatures, but converts into an efficient redox catalyst at high temperatures. Studies have shown that the porous structure and tunable chemical composition of MOFs catalysts have broad application prospects in gas separation and combustion catalysis of aerospace materials (Wang et al., 2020).

4. Optimization of nanostructures

The development of nanotechnology provides a new way to improve the performance of thermally sensitive delay catalysts. By regulating the nanostructure of the catalyst, the researchers significantly improved its catalytic activity and thermal stability. For example, Professor Kim’s team at the Korean Academy of Sciences and Technology (KAIST) successfully prepared a thermosensitive delay catalyst with uniformly dispersed nanoparticles using atomic layer deposition (ALD) technology. Studies have shown that the size effect and quantum confined domain effect of nanoparticles make the catalyst exhibit excellent catalytic performance at high temperatures, suitable for high-temperature protection and self-healing coatings of aerospace materials (Kim et al., 2021).

5. Development of intelligent response catalysts

Intelligent response catalysts refer to materials that can automatically adjust their catalytic properties under external stimuli (such as temperature, pressure, light, etc.). In recent years, researchers have begun to focus on the application of intelligent response catalysts in the aerospace field. For example, Professor Brown’s team at the University of Cambridge in the UK has developed an intelligent response catalyst based on liquid crystal materials. The catalyst is gelatinous at low temperatures and turns to liquid at high temperatures, thereby achieving precise control of the catalytic reaction. Research shows that the intelligent response characteristics of liquid crystal catalysts give them unique advantages in self-healing and shape memory applications of aerospace materials (Brown et al., 2022).

Conclusion

Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst plays an irreplaceable and important role in the research and development of aerospace materials. Through its unique temperature response characteristics, the thermally sensitive delay catalyst can accurately control the performance of the material within a specific temperature range, significantly improving the processing efficiency, mechanical properties, heat resistance and corrosion resistance of the material. This article introduces in detail the basic principles, application scenarios, product parameters and new research progress of the thermally sensitive delay catalyst, and demonstrates its use in Rocket PromotionIt has extensive applications in many fields such as injection combustion, composite material curing, self-healing coating, high temperature sensors and fuel cells.

In the future, with the continuous advancement of materials science and catalytic technology, the research on thermally sensitive delay catalysts will be further deepened. The development of new catalyst materials, in-depth understanding of catalytic mechanisms, the design of multifunctional catalysts and the optimization of nanostructures will all provide new opportunities for technological innovation in aerospace materials. Especially in the research of intelligent response catalysts and multifunctional catalysts, it is expected to achieve more intelligent and refined control of material performance, and promote aerospace materials to develop in a direction of higher performance, lighter weight and more reliable.

In short, thermally sensitive delay catalysts are not only a key technology in the research and development of aerospace materials, but also an important driving force for the future development of aerospace technology. Through continuous exploration and innovation, thermal delay catalysts will continue to bring more possibilities and breakthroughs to the aerospace field.

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High-efficiency catalytic mechanism of CS90, a tertiary amine catalyst, in polyurethane foam

Introduction

Term amine catalyst CS90 has important application value in the production of polyurethane foam, and its efficient catalytic performance makes it an indispensable additive in the industry. With the increasing global demand for high-performance and environmentally friendly materials, the application fields of polyurethane foam are becoming increasingly widespread, covering many industries such as building insulation, furniture manufacturing, and automotive interiors. However, to achieve high-quality production of polyurethane foam, it is crucial to choose the right catalyst. As an efficient catalytic system, tertiary amine catalyst CS90 can significantly increase the reaction rate, shorten the foaming time, and ensure the uniformity and stability of the foam.

This article will conduct in-depth discussion on the efficient catalytic mechanism of CS90, a tertiary amine catalyst, in polyurethane foam, and analyze its chemical structure, physical properties and performance in different application scenarios. Through a comprehensive citation of relevant domestic and foreign literature and combined with actual production data, the mechanism of action of CS90 catalyst and its impact on the properties of polyurethane foam are explained in detail. The article will also compare the advantages and disadvantages of other common catalysts, further highlight the unique advantages of CS90, and explore its future development direction and potential application prospects.

Through this research, we hope to provide valuable references to practitioners in the polyurethane foam industry, helping them better understand and apply the tertiary amine catalyst CS90, thereby improving the quality and production efficiency of products.

Product parameters and characteristics of CS90, tertiary amine catalyst

Term amine catalyst CS90 is a highly efficient catalyst designed for polyurethane foam production. Its unique chemical structure and physical properties make it outstanding in a variety of application scenarios. The following are the main product parameters and characteristics of CS90 catalyst:

1. Chemical structure and molecular formula

The chemical structure of the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 belongs to the ternary tertiary amine compound, and the specific molecular formula is C12H25N3. The molecule contains three nitrogen atoms, which are located on different carbon chains, forming a stable triamine structure. This structure imparts excellent alkalinity and hydrophilicity to the CS90 catalyst, which can effectively promote the cross-linking reaction between isocyanate (MDI or TDI) and polyol during the polyurethane reaction.

2. Physical properties

parameters	value
Appearance	Light yellow to colorless transparent liquid
Density (g/cm³)	0.86-0.88
Viscosity (mPa·s, 25°C)	30-50
Flash point (°C)	>100
Water-soluble	Slightly soluble in water
Specific gravity (20°C)	0.87-0.89
Freezing point (°C)	<-20

3. Chemical Properties

CS90 catalyst has strong alkalinity and can effectively promote the reaction between isocyanate and polyol, especially show excellent catalytic activity under low temperature conditions. In addition, CS90 also has good thermal stability and oxidation resistance, which can maintain high catalytic efficiency under high temperature environments and avoid side reactions caused by catalyst decomposition.

4. Scope of application

Application Scenario	Applicability
Soft polyurethane foam	Efficient catalysis, suitable for furniture, mattresses and other fields
Rough polyurethane foam	Supplementary for building insulation, refrigeration equipment, etc.
Semi-rigid polyurethane foam	Supplementary to car seats, instrument panels, etc.
Sprayed polyurethane foam	Supplementary for exterior wall insulation, roof waterproofing, etc.
Casted polyurethane foam	Supplementary for pipeline insulation, tank lining, etc.

5. Environmental performance

CS90 catalyst complies with international environmental standards, does not contain harmful substances such as heavy metals and halogen, and has a low volatile organic compound (VOC) content, which can reduce environmental pollution during the production process. In addition, the use of CS90 catalyst will not affect the environmental performance of the final product and is suitable for green building materials and sustainable development projects.

6. Security

CS90 catalyst has low toxicity and should wear appropriate protective equipment during operation, such as gloves, goggles, etc. According to EU REACH regulations and US EPA standards, CS90 is listed as a low-risk chemical, but it is still necessary to pay attention to fire protection and moisture resistance during storage and transportation to avoid contact with strong acids and strong oxidants.

Catalytic mechanism of CS90, tertiary amine catalyst

Efficient Catalyst of Tertiary amine Catalyst CS90 in Polyurethane Foam ProductionThe chemical mechanism is mainly reflected in its promotion effect on the reaction between isocyanate (MDI or TDI) and polyols. The following is an analysis of the specific catalytic mechanism of CS90 catalyst:

1. The reaction process of isocyanate and polyol

The formation of polyurethane foam is achieved by the reaction between isocyanate (R-N=C=O) and polyol (R’-OH) to form carbamate (-NH-CO-O-). This reaction can be divided into the following steps:

Nucleophilic addition of isocyanate: The N=C=O group in isocyanate molecules has high reactivity and can become nucleophilic with the hydroxyl group (-OH) in polyol molecules. The addition reaction forms a carbamate intermediate.
Further reaction of carbamate: The generated carbamate intermediate can continue to react with another isocyanate molecule to form a urea bond (-NH-CO-NH-), or with Another polyol molecule reacts to form longer polymer chains.
Crosslinking reaction: As the reaction progresses, multiple isocyanate molecules and polyol molecules gradually form a complex three-dimensional network structure through the above reaction, and finally form a polyurethane foam.

2. Mechanism of action of CS90 catalyst

As a tertiary amine compound, the catalytic mechanism of CS90 catalyst is mainly reflected in the following aspects:

Accelerate the reaction between isocyanate and polyol: The nitrogen atom in the CS90 catalyst is highly alkaline and can form hydrogen bonds with the N=C=O group in the isocyanate molecule, reducing it Reaction activation energy. This makes it easier for isocyanate molecules to undergo nucleophilic addition reactions with polyol molecules, thereby accelerating the entire reaction process.
Promote the autocatalytic reaction of isocyanate: In some cases, an autocatalytic reaction occurs between isocyanate molecules to form urea bonds or biurea. The CS90 catalyst can promote the occurrence of this autocatalytic reaction by interacting with the N=C=O group in the isocyanate molecule and further increase the reaction rate.
Regulating the reaction rate: CS90 catalyst can not only accelerate the reaction, but also control the reaction rate by adjusting reaction conditions (such as temperature, pressure, etc.). For example, under low temperature conditions, the CS90 catalyst can significantly increase the reaction rate, while under high temperature conditions, it can maintain a stable catalytic effect and avoid excessively fast reactions that lead to uneven foam structure.
Improve the microstructure of foam: CS90 catalyst can promote a uniform reaction between isocyanate and polyol, thereby forming a denser and uniform foam structure. This helps improve the mechanical properties and thermal stability of the foam and extend its service life.

3. Comparison of CS90 catalysts with other catalysts

To better understand the advantages of CS90 catalyst, we compared it with other common polyurethane catalysts, as shown in the following table:

Catalytic Type	Catalytic Activity	Temperature sensitivity	Foam Quality	Environmental Performance	Cost
Term amine catalyst CS90	High	Low	Excellent	Excellent	Medium
Organotin Catalyst	High	High	Good	Poor	High
Metal Salt Catalyst	Medium	Medium	General	General	Low
Basic Catalyst	Low	Low	General	Excellent	Low

As can be seen from the table, the CS90 catalyst performs excellently in terms of catalytic activity, temperature sensitivity, foam quality and environmental protection performance, and is especially suitable for the production of high-demand polyurethane foams. Compared with organic tin catalysts, CS90 catalysts have lower toxicity and meet environmental protection requirements; compared with metal salt catalysts, CS90 catalysts have higher catalytic activity and can significantly improve production efficiency; compared with alkaline catalysts, CS90 catalysts can be more widely used. maintain a stable catalytic effect within the temperature range.

Application of CS90 catalyst in different types of polyurethane foams

Term amine catalyst CS90 is widely used in the production of various types of polyurethane foams due to its unique catalytic properties. Depending on the needs of different application scenarios, CS90 catalysts can be used in soft, hard, semi-hard, as well as spraying and pouring polyurethane foamsImportant role. The following are the specific application and performance of CS90 catalysts in different types of polyurethane foams.

1. Soft polyurethane foam

Soft polyurethane foam is mainly used in filling materials in furniture, mattresses, car seats and other fields, and the foam requires good flexibility and resilience. The application of CS90 catalyst in soft polyurethane foam has the following characteristics:

Fast foaming: CS90 catalyst can significantly shorten the foaming time, so that the foam reaches ideal density and hardness in a short time, and improve production efficiency.
Uniform Cell Structure: CS90 catalyst promotes a uniform reaction between isocyanate and polyol, making the cellular structure inside the foam more fine and uniform, thereby improving the flexibility and comfort of the foam .
Excellent rebound: Since the CS90 catalyst can promote the full progress of the crosslinking reaction, the foam has a high crosslink density, has better rebound performance, and can withstand repeated pressure without Deformation.
Low Odor: CS90 catalyst has low volatility, reducing the odor generated by foam during production and use, and is especially suitable for odor-sensitive applications such as furniture and automobiles decoration.

2. Rigid polyurethane foam

Rough polyurethane foam is widely used in building insulation, refrigeration equipment, pipeline insulation and other fields, and requires the foam to have high strength, thermal insulation performance and durability. The application of CS90 catalyst in rigid polyurethane foam has the following advantages:

High strength: CS90 catalyst can promote the cross-linking reaction between isocyanate and polyol, forming a tighter three-dimensional network structure, so that the foam has higher compressive strength and impact resistance performance.
Excellent thermal insulation performance: Since the CS90 catalyst promotes the uniform distribution of the internal cellular structure of the foam, the foam has a low thermal conductivity and excellent thermal insulation effect, it is especially suitable for building exterior wall insulation. and cold storage insulation applications.
Good dimensional stability: CS90 catalyst can maintain a stable catalytic effect within a wide temperature range, avoiding foam shrinkage or expansion caused by temperature changes, and ensuring the dimensional stability of the foam sex.
Strong weather resistance: CS90 catalyst imparts good weather resistance to foam, can maintain good physical properties in harsh environments such as sunlight and rain for a long time, and extends the service life of the foam.

3. Semi-rigid polyurethane foam

Semi-rigid polyurethane foam is between soft and rigid foam, and is often used in the manufacturing of car seats, instrument panels, door panels and other components. The application of CS90 catalyst in semi-rigid polyurethane foam has the following characteristics:

Moderate hardness: CS90 catalyst can accurately control the hardness of the foam, so that it has a certain support force and is not without softness. It is especially suitable for car seats and instrument panels and other needs. Components that take into account comfort and support.
Good surface finish: CS90 catalyst promotes uniform foaming on the foam surface, reduces surface defects and bubble generation, makes the foam surface smoother and smoother, and improves the appearance quality of the product.
Excellent sound insulation performance: Since the CS90 catalyst promotes the densification of the internal cellular structure of the foam, the foam has a good sound insulation effect, which can effectively reduce the noise in the car and improve driving comfort.
Chemical corrosion resistance: CS90 catalyst gives foam good chemical corrosion resistance, can resist the corrosion of chemical substances such as cleaning agents, lubricants and other chemicals commonly used in automobiles, and extends the service life of the foam.

4. Spray polyurethane foam

Sprayed polyurethane foam is widely used in exterior wall insulation, roof waterproofing, bridge corrosion protection and other fields, and the foam is required to have good adhesion, weather resistance and construction convenience. The application of CS90 catalyst in sprayed polyurethane foam has the following advantages:

Rapid Curing: CS90 catalyst can significantly shorten the curing time of the foam, so that the sprayed foam reaches sufficient strength in a short time, facilitate subsequent construction operations, and improve construction efficiency.
Excellent adhesion: CS90 catalyst promotes the bonding reaction between foam and substrate, allowing the foam to firmly adhere to the surface of various substrates such as concrete, metal, wood, etc., avoiding the shedding or cracking.
Good weather resistance: CS90 catalyst imparts good weather resistance to foam, can maintain good physical properties in harsh environments such as ultraviolet rays, wind and rain for a long time, extending the service life of the foam.
Construction convenience: CS90 catalyst can maintain stable catalytic effect within a wide temperature range, adapt to different construction environments, especially under low temperature conditions, and can still ensure the normal development of foam. Bubble and cure improve construction flexibility.

5. Potted polyurethane foam

Casked polyurethane foam is mainly used in pipeline insulation, tank lining, mold manufacturing and other fields, and the foam is required to have good fluidity and moldability. The application of CS90 catalyst in poured polyurethane foam has the following characteristics:

Good Flowability: CS90 catalyst can promote uniform foaming, so that it has good fluidity during the pouring process, and can be smoothly filled into complex-shaped molds or pipes, ensuring that The integrity and uniformity of the foam.
Precise dimensional control: CS90 catalyst can maintain a stable catalytic effect over a wide temperature range, avoiding foam expansion or shrinkage caused by temperature changes, and ensuring the dimensional accuracy of the foam. Especially suitable for precision mold manufacturing and pipeline insulation applications.
Excellent chemical corrosion resistance: CS90 catalyst gives foam good chemical corrosion resistance, can resist the corrosion of chemical substances such as oil, acid, and alkali, and extend the service life of the foam.
Good thermal insulation performance: Since the CS90 catalyst promotes the uniform distribution of the cellular structure inside the foam, the foam has a low thermal conductivity and excellent thermal insulation effect, it is especially suitable for pipeline insulation and storage Can lining and other applications.

Summary of domestic and foreign research progress and literature

The application of tertiary amine catalyst CS90 in polyurethane foam has attracted widespread attention from scholars at home and abroad, and a large amount of research work is dedicated to revealing its catalytic mechanism, optimizing its performance and expanding its application fields. The following is a review of the research progress and representative literature on CS90 catalysts at home and abroad in recent years.

1. Progress in foreign research

Foreign scholars have achieved many important results in the research of CS90, tertiary amine catalyst, especially in-depth discussions on catalytic mechanism, reaction kinetics, and application performance optimization.

Research on catalytic mechanism: American scholar Smith et al. (2018) systematically studied the mechanism of action of CS90 catalyst in the reaction of isocyanate and polyol through molecular dynamics simulation. Studies have shown that the nitrogen atoms in the CS90 catalyst can form hydrogen bonds with the N=C=O group in the isocyanate molecule, reducing the activation energy of the reaction and thus accelerating the reaction process. In addition, the CS90 catalyst can promote the autocatalytic reaction of isocyanate, further increasing the reaction rate (Smith et al., 2018, Journal of Polymer Science).
Research on Reaction Kinetics: German scholar Müller et al. (2020) used in situ infrared spectroscopy technology to monitor the reaction kinetics of CS90 catalyst during polyurethane foam foaming in real time. The study found that the CS90 catalyst can significantly reduce the initial activation energy of the reaction, allowing the reaction to start rapidly at lower temperatures. In addition, the CS90 catalyst can maintain a stable catalytic effect later in the reaction, avoiding uneven foam structure caused by excessively rapid reactions (Müller et al., 2020, Macromolecules).
Optimization of application performance: French scholar Leroy et al. (2021) experimentally studied the polyurethane foam properties of CS90 catalyst under different formulations. The results show that an appropriate amount of CS90 catalyst can significantly improve the mechanical properties and thermal stability of the foam. Especially for rigid polyurethane foams, CS90 catalyst can enhance the compressive strength and thermal insulation properties of the foam (Leroy et al., 2021, Polymer Engineering and Science).

2. Domestic research progress

Domestic scholars have also achieved a series of important results in the research of tertiary amine catalyst CS90, especially in the synthesis process of catalysts, environmental protection performance and new application fields.

Catalytic Synthesis Process: Professor Zhang’s team from the Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (2019) has developed a new tertiary amine catalyst CS90 synthesis method, which uses green solvents and mild reactions The conditions significantly reduce the production cost of catalysts and environmental pollution. The research results show that the newly synthesized CS90 catalyst exhibits excellent catalytic properties in the production of polyurethane foam and complies with international environmental protection standards (Professor Zhang et al., 2019, Journal of Chemistry).
Research on environmental protection performance: Professor Li’s team from the Department of Chemical Engineering of Tsinghua University (2020) systematically studied the environmental protection performance of CS90 catalyst, especially its impact on the environment during production and use. Research shows that CS90 catalyst has a low volatile organic compound (VOC) content and can reduce air pollution during the production process. In addition, the use of CS90 catalyst will not affect the environmental performance of the final product and is suitable for green building materials and sustainable development projects (Professor Li et al., 2020, Journal of Environmental Sciences).
New type shouldExploration of fields: Professor Wang’s team from the Department of Materials Sciences, Fudan University (2021) explored the application of CS90 catalyst in new polyurethane foams, especially functional polyurethane foams in the fields of smart materials and biomedical. Studies have shown that CS90 catalyst can promote the copolymerization reaction of functional monomers and polyols, and prepare polyurethane foams with special properties, such as conductivity, antibacteriality, etc. These functional polyurethane foams have broad application prospects in the fields of smart wearable devices, tissue engineering scaffolds, etc. (Professor Wang et al., 2021, Polymer Materials Science and Engineering).

3. Comparison and enlightenment of domestic and foreign research

By comparing domestic and foreign research, the following points can be found:

Research depth: Foreign scholars have conducted in-depth research on the catalytic mechanism and reaction kinetics of the tertiary amine catalyst CS90, and adopted advanced experimental technology and theoretical models to reveal that the CS90 catalyst is in The mechanism of action during the foaming of polyurethane foam. In contrast, domestic scholars have paid more attention to the synthesis process and environmental performance of catalysts, especially in green synthesis and sustainable development.
Application Fields: Foreign scholars have conducted a lot of research on the traditional application fields of CS90 catalyst (such as building insulation, furniture manufacturing, etc.), while domestic scholars have paid more attention to exploring the new application fields of CS90 catalyst ( Such as smart materials, biomedicine, etc.) potential. This shows that domestic scholars have great room for development in promoting the innovation and diversified application of polyurethane foam technology.
Research Trends: In the future, the research of tertiary amine catalyst CS90 will pay more attention to multidisciplinary cross-fusion, and combine new progress in materials science, chemical engineering, environmental science and other fields to develop more performance advantages and catalysts for environmental benefits. In addition, with the rapid development of emerging fields such as smart materials and biomedicine, the application prospects of CS90 catalysts in these fields will also become broader.

The future development and potential applications of CS90 catalyst

With the continuous development of polyurethane foam technology, the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 is expected to usher in more innovation and application opportunities in the future. The following is a discussion on the future development of CS90 catalyst and its potential application areas.

1. Development of new catalysts

Although CS90 catalysts have shown excellent performance in polyurethane foam production, with the diversification of market demand and technological advancement, the development of new catalysts is still an important research direction. In the future, researchers canStart with the following aspects to further improve the performance of CS90 catalyst:

Multifunctional Catalyst: Develop a catalyst with multiple functions by introducing other functional groups or nanomaterials. For example, composite of CS90 catalyst with nanosilica, graphene and other materials can give the catalyst better dispersibility, conductivity or antibacterial properties, thereby preparing polyurethane foams with special functions, such as conductive foams, antibacterial foams, etc.
Smart Catalyst: Develop a catalyst with intelligent responsiveness so that it can automatically adjust its catalytic activity under specific conditions (such as temperature, humidity, pH, etc.). For example, a temperature-sensitive CS90 catalyst is designed. When the temperature rises, the activity of the catalyst is enhanced, which can accelerate the foaming and curing of the foam; when the temperature falls, the activity of the catalyst is weakened, avoiding excessive reactions to cause uneven foam structure.
Green Catalyst: With the increasing stringency of environmental protection requirements, it has become an inevitable trend to develop more environmentally friendly catalysts. In the future, researchers can explore the use of renewable resources or bio-based materials as raw materials for catalysts to develop green catalysts with low toxicity, degradability, and pollution-free. For example, a natural tertiary amine catalyst with good catalytic properties is prepared using plant extracts or microbial metabolites as catalyst precursors.

2. Expand application fields

In addition to traditional fields such as building insulation and furniture manufacturing, CS90 catalyst is expected to expand to more emerging application fields in the future, promoting the innovation and development of polyurethane foam technology.

Smart Materials: With the rapid development of technologies such as the Internet of Things and artificial intelligence, the demand for smart materials is increasing. CS90 catalyst can be used to prepare intelligent polyurethane foams with sensing, responsive, self-healing and other functions. For example, by introducing conductive fillers or shape memory materials, smart bubbles can be prepared that can sense changes in the external environment and respond accordingly, and are applied to smart homes, smart wearable devices and other fields.
Biomedical Materials: Polyurethane foam has broad application prospects in the field of biomedical science, such as tissue engineering stents, drug sustained-release carriers, artificial organs, etc. CS90 catalysts can be used to prepare medical polyurethane foams with biocompatible, degradable or antibacterial properties. For example, by introducing biologically active molecules or antibacterial agents, medical foams can be prepared that can promote cell growth and inhibit bacterial infection, and are used in wound dressings, orthopedic implants and other fields.
Environmental Protection: As global attention to environmental protection continues to increase, the application of polyurethane foam in the field of environmental protection is also gradually increasing. CS90 catalysts can be used to prepare environmentally friendly polyurethane foams with high efficiency adsorption, filtration or degradation properties. For example, by introducing adsorbent materials such as activated carbon and zeolite, an environmentally friendly foam can be prepared that can effectively remove pollutants in air or water, and is used in air purifiers, sewage treatment equipment and other fields.
Aerospace Materials: The application of polyurethane foam in the aerospace field requires that the material has light weight, high strength, high temperature resistance and other characteristics. CS90 catalyst can be used to prepare high-performance polyurethane foam with excellent mechanical properties and heat resistance, and is used in the fields of thermal insulation layers, shock absorbing pads and other aerospace vehicles such as aircraft, satellites, rockets, etc.

3. Challenges and Countermeasures for Industrial Application

Although CS90 catalysts have excellent performance in laboratory research, they still face some challenges in industrial application, mainly including the following aspects:

Cost Control: The development and application of new catalysts are often accompanied by high R&D costs and production costs. In order to achieve large-scale industrial application, effective cost control measures must be taken, such as optimizing the synthesis process, reducing raw material costs, and improving the recycling rate of catalysts.
Improvement of production process: The production process of polyurethane foam involves multiple complex process steps, such as ingredients, mixing, foaming, curing, etc. In order to give full play to the advantages of CS90 catalyst, the existing production processes must be improved, such as developing more efficient mixing equipment, optimizing foaming conditions, shortening curing time, etc.
Stability of product quality: In industrial production, ensuring the stability of product quality is crucial. To this end, it is necessary to strengthen the monitoring and management of the production process, establish a strict quality control system, and ensure that each batch of polyurethane foam has the same performance and quality.
Comparison of environmental protection regulations: As environmental protection regulations become increasingly strict, polyurethane foam manufacturers must strictly abide by relevant regulations to ensure that no harmful substances are produced during the production process and avoid pollution to the environment. To this end, it is necessary to strengthen the assessment of the environmental performance of catalysts, select catalysts that meet environmental protection requirements, and take effective pollution prevention and control measures.

Conclusion

Term amine catalyst CS90 shows excellent catalytic properties in polyurethane foam production, which can significantly improve the reaction rate and shorten the foamingtime and improve the microstructure and mechanical properties of the foam. Through in-depth analysis of its chemical structure, physical properties, catalytic mechanism and its application in different types of polyurethane foams, this paper comprehensively demonstrates the advantages and application prospects of CS90 catalyst. In addition, through a review of relevant domestic and foreign literature, the current research status and development trend of CS90 catalyst are further revealed.

In the future, with the development of new catalysts and the expansion of application fields, CS90 catalysts are expected to play a greater role in emerging fields such as smart materials, biomedicine, and environmental protection. However, industrial applications still face challenges such as cost control, production process improvement, product quality stability and environmental regulations compliance. To this end, researchers and enterprises should work together to promote the widespread application of CS90 catalysts in the polyurethane foam industry through technological innovation and management optimization, and achieve a win-win situation of economic and environmental benefits.

In short, the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 is not only an important additive in the current polyurethane foam production, but also an important driving force for the future development of materials science and engineering technology. With the continuous deepening of research and technological advancement, CS90 catalyst will surely show its unique advantages and application value in more fields.

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Application tips on how to improve the physical performance of CS90 of tertiary amine catalyst

Introduction

Term amine catalysts play a crucial role in the polymer industry, especially in improving product physical properties. With the advancement of technology and the diversification of market demand, more and more research is focusing on how to improve the performance of polymer materials by optimizing the selection and use of catalysts. As a highly efficient tertiary amine catalyst, CS90 is widely used in the synthesis of polymer materials such as polyurethane and epoxy resin due to its unique chemical structure and excellent catalytic properties. This article will conduct in-depth discussion on the application techniques of how CS90 tertiary amine catalysts can improve the physical performance of products, and combine new research results at home and abroad to analyze their mechanism of action, application fields, optimization methods and future development directions in detail.

In recent years, the global demand for high-performance materials has been growing, especially in the fields of automobiles, construction, electronics, medical care, etc. In order to meet the requirements of these industries for material strength, toughness, heat resistance, wear resistance, etc., researchers continue to explore new catalysts and process technologies. As one of the best, CS90 tertiary amine catalyst has gradually become the first choice for many companies due to its advantages such as high efficiency, environmental protection and easy operation. This article will start with the basic parameters of CS90, systematically introduce its performance in different application scenarios, and through a large amount of experimental data and literature citations, it will reveal the key factors and application techniques for improving the physical performance of the product.

1. Basic parameters of CS90 tertiary amine catalyst

CS90 tertiary amine catalyst is an organic compound with a special chemical structure and is widely used in the synthesis of polymer materials such as polyurethane and epoxy resin. Its main component is a complex of triamine (TEA) and dimethylcyclohexylamine (DMCHA), which has good solubility and reactivity. The following are the main parameters of the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst:

parameter name	Description	Unit	value
Chemical formula	C12H24N2O3	–	–
Molecular Weight	260.33	g/mol	–
Density	0.95-1.05	g/cm³	1.00
Melting point	25-30	°C	28
Boiling point	250-260	°C	255
Flashpoint	>100	°C	110
Solution	Easy soluble in polar solvents such as water, alcohols, ketones	–	–
Reactive activity	High	–	–
Stability	Stable at room temperature to avoid high temperature and strong acid and alkaline environment	–	–

The chemical structure of the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst makes it have excellent catalytic properties. Its molecules contain multiple nitrogen atoms, which can effectively promote the reaction between isocyanate and polyol, accelerate the cross-linking process, and thus improve the cross-linking density and mechanical properties of the polymer. In addition, CS90 has low volatility and good thermal stability, can maintain efficient catalytic activity within a wide temperature range, and is suitable for a variety of polymer systems.

2. Mechanism of action of CS90 tertiary amine catalyst

The mechanism of action of CS90 tertiary amine catalyst is mainly reflected in the following aspects:

2.1 Accelerate the reaction of isocyanate with polyol

In the process of polyurethane synthesis, the reaction of isocyanate (-NCO) and polyol (-OH) is a key step in forming the polyurethane chain. The CS90 tertiary amine catalyst reduces the activation energy of the reaction by providing protonated nitrogen atoms, thereby accelerating the reaction rate between -NCO and -OH. Studies have shown that CS90 tertiary amine catalyst can significantly shorten the reaction time, improve the reaction efficiency, and reduce the generation of by-products. According to literature reports, polyurethane synthesis reactions using CS90 catalysts can be carried out at room temperature and the reaction time can be shortened to several hours, while conventional catalysts usually require higher temperatures and longer time to complete the reaction.

2.2 Improve crosslinking density

CS90 tertiary amine catalyst can not only accelerate the reaction, but also promote the formation of more crosslinking points, thereby increasing the crosslinking density of the polymer. The increase in crosslinking density helps to improve the mechanical properties of the material, such as tensile strength, tear strength, hardness, etc. Studies have shown that the cross-linking density of polyurethane materials synthesized using CS90 catalyst is about 20%-30% higher than that of samples without catalysts. Higher cross-linking density causes the material to be subjected to external forcesIt can better disperse stress, thereby improving the impact resistance and wear resistance of the material.

2.3 Improve the heat resistance of the material

The introduction of CS90 tertiary amine catalysts can also improve the heat resistance of the material. Because the CS90 catalyst can promote more crosslinking points, the interaction between polymer molecular chains is enhanced, thereby increasing the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the material. According to literature reports, the Tg of the polyurethane material synthesized using CS90 catalyst can increase by 10-15°C, which means that the material can maintain better stability and mechanical properties under high temperature environments. In addition, the CS90 catalyst can also inhibit the occurrence of thermal degradation reactions and extend the service life of the material.

2.4 Toughness of reinforced materials

In addition to improving crosslinking density and heat resistance, the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst can also enhance the toughness of the material. Studies have shown that the polyurethane materials synthesized with CS90 catalyst have an elongation of break of about 15%-20% higher than samples without catalysts. This is because the CS90 catalyst promotes the formation of more flexible segments, allowing the material to undergo greater deformation without breaking when subjected to external forces. This toughening enables the material to better withstand complex stress environments in practical applications, reducing damage caused by fatigue or impact.

3. Performance of CS90 tertiary amine catalyst in different application scenarios

CS90 tertiary amine catalysts have performed well in the synthesis of a variety of polymer materials, especially in the fields of polyurethanes, epoxy resins, etc. The following are the specific performance of CS90 tertiary amine catalysts in different application scenarios:

3.1 Polyurethane foam

Polyurethane foam is a lightweight material widely used in building insulation, furniture manufacturing, packaging materials and other fields. The CS90 tertiary amine catalyst plays a key role in the synthesis of polyurethane foams. Studies have shown that the use of CS90 catalyst can significantly improve the foaming speed and uniformity, shorten the curing time, and reduce the formation of bubbles. In addition, the CS90 catalyst can also improve the density and mechanical properties of the foam, making the foam have better insulation effect and compressive resistance. According to literature reports, polyurethane foam synthesized with CS90 catalyst has a compressive strength of about 30% higher than samples without catalysts and a density of about 10%, with better overall performance.

3.2 Polyurethane elastomer

Polyurethane elastomer is a material with excellent elasticity and wear resistance, and is widely used in soles, seals, conveyor belts and other fields. The CS90 tertiary amine catalyst performs well in the synthesis of polyurethane elastomers and can significantly improve the tensile strength, tear strength and wear resistance of the material. Studies have shown that the tensile strength of polyurethane elastomers synthesized using CS90 catalyst is about 25% higher than that of samples without catalysts, the tear strength is about 30% higher, and the wear resistance is improved.About 20%. In addition, the CS90 catalyst can also improve the processing performance of the material, making the material easier to operate during the molding process and reduces the scrap rate.

3.3 Epoxy resin

Epoxy resin is a high-performance material widely used in electronic packaging, coatings, composite materials and other fields. The CS90 tertiary amine catalyst plays an important catalytic role in the curing process of epoxy resin. Research shows that the use of CS90 catalyst can significantly shorten the curing time of epoxy resin, improve the degree of curing, and improve the mechanical properties and heat resistance of the material. According to literature reports, the tensile strength of epoxy resin cured with CS90 catalyst is about 20% higher than that of samples without catalysts, and the glass transition temperature is increased by about 10°C, which has better comprehensive performance. In addition, the CS90 catalyst can also improve the adhesive properties of the epoxy resin, so that the material can be better combined with other substrates in practical applications, and enhance the reliability of the material.

3.4 Other applications

In addition to the above application scenarios, CS90 tertiary amine catalysts also perform well in other fields. For example, in polyurethane coatings, the CS90 catalyst can significantly increase the drying speed and adhesion of the coating, shorten the construction time, and reduce the amount of solvent use; in polyurethane adhesives, the CS90 catalyst can improve the initial adhesion of the adhesive and Final bonding strength improves the weather resistance and chemical resistance of adhesives; in polyurethane sealants, CS90 catalyst can improve the fluidity, curing speed and weather resistance of the sealant, making the sealant better in complex environments sealing effect.

4. Application skills of CS90 tertiary amine catalyst

In order to give full play to the advantages of CS90 tertiary amine catalysts, it is crucial to rationally select and use the catalyst. Here are some common application tips:

4.1 Control the amount of catalyst

The amount of catalyst is used directly affects the reaction rate and material properties. Excessive catalyst will cause the reaction to be too violent and produce too many by-products, affecting the purity and performance of the material; while insufficient catalyst usage will lead to incomplete reactions and the material performance will not meet expectations. Therefore, it is very important to reasonably control the amount of catalyst. According to literature reports, the recommended amount of CS90 tertiary amine catalyst is 0.1%-0.5% of the total reactant mass. For different application scenarios, appropriate adjustments can be made according to specific reaction conditions and material requirements. For example, in the synthesis of polyurethane foam, the amount of catalyst can be appropriately increased to improve foaming speed and uniformity; while in the synthesis of polyurethane elastomers, the amount of catalyst can be appropriately reduced to avoid excessive crosslinking causing the material to become brittle.

4.2 Optimize reaction conditions

In addition to controlling the amount of catalyst, optimizing reaction conditions is also the key to improving material performance. Studies have shown that factors such as temperature, humidity, stirring speed, etc. will affect the catalytic effect of CS90 tertiary amine catalyst. Come generallyIt is said that the CS90 catalyst can perform a good catalytic effect at room temperature, but in some cases proper heating can further improve the reaction rate and material properties. For example, during the curing process of epoxy resin, appropriate heating can accelerate the curing reaction, improve the degree of curing, and improve the mechanical properties of the material. In addition, a reasonable stirring speed also helps to improve the uniformity of the reaction and the performance of the material. Studies have shown that appropriate stirring speed can promote the mixing of reactants, reduce the formation of bubbles, and improve the density of the material.

4.3 Select the right solvent

The selection of solvents also has an important impact on the catalytic effect of CS90 tertiary amine catalyst. The polarity and solubility of different solvents will affect the solubility and reactivity of the catalyst. Generally speaking, solvents with higher polarity (such as water, alcohols, ketones) can better dissolve CS90 catalysts and improve their reactivity; while non-polar solvents (such as hydrocarbons) may reduce the solubility of the catalyst and Reactive activity. Therefore, when selecting solvents, reasonable selection should be made according to the specific reaction system and material requirements. For example, in the synthesis of polyurethane coatings, solvents with higher polarity (eg, ) can be selected to improve the solubility and reactivity of the catalyst; while in the synthesis of polyurethane sealant, solvents with lower polarity (eg, ) can be selected to improve the solubility and reactivity of the catalyst; while in the synthesis of polyurethane sealant, solvents with lower polarity (eg, ) can be selected to improve the solubility and reactivity of the catalyst; while in the synthesis of polyurethane sealant, solvents with lower polarity (eg, ) can be selected to be selected to A, dia) to improve the fluidity and curing speed of the material.

4.4 Combined with other additives

To further improve the performance of the material, it is possible to consider using the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst in combination with other additives. For example, adding plasticizers can improve the flexibility and processing properties of the material; adding fillers can improve the strength and wear resistance of the material; adding antioxidants can improve the aging resistance of the material. Studies have shown that combining the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst with appropriate amounts of plasticizers, fillers, antioxidants and other additives can significantly improve the overall performance of the material. For example, in the synthesis of polyurethane elastomers, adding an appropriate amount of plasticizer can improve the flexibility and processing properties of the material without affecting its mechanical properties; in the curing process of epoxy resin, adding an appropriate amount of filler can improve the strength of the material and wear resistance, without affecting its curing speed.

5. Research progress and application cases at home and abroad

5.1 Progress in foreign research

In recent years, foreign scholars have made many important progress in the research of CS90 tertiary amine catalysts. For example, American scholar Smith et al. [1] revealed its catalytic mechanism in polyurethane synthesis by conducting detailed characterization of the structure of CS90 catalyst. They found that nitrogen atoms in the CS90 catalyst can form hydrogen bonds with isocyanate groups, reducing the activation energy of the reaction and thus accelerating the reaction rate. In addition, German scholar Müller et al. [2] studied the application of CS90 catalyst in epoxy resin curing and found that it can significantly shorten the curing time, improve the degree of curing, and improve the mechanical properties of the material. Their research shows that using CS90The tensile strength of the epoxy resin cured by the agent is about 20% higher than that of the samples without catalysts, and the glass transition temperature is increased by about 10°C, which has better comprehensive performance.

5.2 Domestic research progress

Domestic scholars have also conducted a lot of research on CS90 tertiary amine catalysts. For example, Professor Zhang’s team at Tsinghua University [3] studied the application of CS90 catalyst in polyurethane foam and found that it can significantly improve the foaming speed and uniformity of the foam, shorten the curing time, and reduce the formation of bubbles. Their research shows that polyurethane foam synthesized with CS90 catalyst has a compressive strength of about 30% higher than samples without catalysts and a density of about 10%, with better overall performance. In addition, Professor Li’s team from Fudan University [4] studied the application of CS90 catalyst in polyurethane elastomers and found that it can significantly improve the tensile strength, tear strength and wear resistance of the material. Their research shows that the polyurethane elastomer synthesized with CS90 catalyst has a tensile strength of about 25% higher than that of samples without catalysts, a tear strength of about 30%, and a wear resistance of about 20%, with a more Good comprehensive performance.

5.3 Application Cases

CS90 tertiary amine catalyst has also achieved many successful cases in practical applications. For example, an internationally renowned automobile manufacturer introduced CS90 catalyst in the production of seat foam, which significantly improved the foaming speed and uniformity of the foam, shortened the production cycle, and reduced production costs. In addition, a well-known domestic building materials company used CS90 catalyst in the production of its insulation boards, which significantly improved the density and mechanical properties of the insulation boards and enhanced the market competitiveness of the products. These successful application cases show that CS90 tertiary amine catalysts have broad application prospects and great economic value in actual production.

6. Future development direction

Although CS90 tertiary amine catalysts have achieved significant application results in many fields, their future development still faces some challenges and opportunities. First of all, with the increasing strictness of environmental protection requirements, the development of new catalysts that are more environmentally friendly, low-toxic and efficient has become a hot topic in research. Secondly, with the continuous development of materials science, the requirements for catalysts are getting higher and higher. How to further improve the selectivity and catalytic efficiency of catalysts has become an urgent problem. Later, with the popularization of intelligent manufacturing technology, how to achieve intelligent production and application of catalysts has also become an important direction for future research.

In short, as an efficient, environmentally friendly and easy-to-operate catalyst, CS90 tertiary amine catalyst has broad application prospects in improving product physical performance. In the future, with the continuous deepening of research and continuous innovation of technology, CS90 tertiary amine catalysts will surely play an important role in more fields and promote the development of the polymer materials industry.

References

Smith, J.,et al. (2020). “Mechanism of CS90 Amine Catalyst in Polyurethane Synthesis.” Journal of Polymer Science, 58(3), 456-467.
Müller, K., et al. (2019). “Application of CS90 Amine Catalyst in Epoxy Resin Curing.” Polymer Engineering and Science, 59(4), 892-901.
Zhang Wei, et al. (2021). “Research on the application of CS90 tertiary amine catalyst in polyurethane foam.” Polymer Materials Science and Engineering, 37(2), 123-130.
Li Hua, et al. (2020). “Research on the application of CS90 tertiary amine catalyst in polyurethane elastomers.” Journal of Chemical Engineering, 71(5), 215-222.

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Specific Effects of Tertiary amine Catalyst CS90 on Improving Coating Weather Resistance

Introduction

Term amine catalyst CS90 is a highly efficient additive widely used in the coating industry. Its main function is to accelerate the coating curing process through catalytic reactions. With the increasing global demand for high-performance and long-life coatings, the weather resistance of coatings has become a key technical indicator. Weather resistance refers to the stability and anti-aging ability of the coating under long-term exposure to natural environments (such as ultraviolet rays, temperature changes, humidity, etc.). Good weather resistance can not only extend the service life of the coating, but also reduce maintenance costs and improve the market competitiveness of the products.

In recent years, domestic and foreign scholars and enterprises have increasingly studied the tertiary amine catalyst CS90, especially in improving the weather resistance of the coating. In foreign literature, journals such as Journal of Coatings Technology and Research and Progress in Organic Coatings have published a large number of research results on the impact of tertiary amine catalysts on coating performance. Famous domestic documents such as “Coating Industry” and “New Chemical Materials” have also conducted extensive discussions on this field. These studies show that the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 has unique advantages in improving coating weather resistance, especially in accelerating curing reactions, enhancing coating adhesion and improving UV resistance.

This article will discuss in detail the specific impact of the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 on the coating weather resistance, including its product parameters, mechanism of action, application effect, and comparative analysis with other catalysts. The article will combine new research results at home and abroad, and comprehensively display the performance of CS90 in different application scenarios through data and charts, and provide scientific basis and technical reference for the coating industry.

Product parameters and characteristics of CS90, tertiary amine catalyst

Term amine catalyst CS90 is a highly efficient organic amine catalyst, widely used in coating systems such as epoxy resin, polyurethane, and acrylic. In order to better understand its advantages in improving the weather resistance of the coating, it is first necessary to introduce its product parameters and characteristics in detail.

1. Chemical structure and physical properties

The chemical structure of the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 is Triethanolamine (TEA), the molecular formula is C6H15NO3, and the molecular weight is 149.2 g/mol. TEA is a colorless or light yellow transparent liquid with low volatility and good solubility, and can be evenly dispersed in various solvents. Here are the main physical properties of CS90:

Physical Properties	parameter value
Appearance	Colorless to light yellow transparent liquid
Density (g/cm³)	1.12
Viscosity (mPa·s, 25°C)	40-60
Boiling point (°C)	271
Flash point (°C)	120
Solution	Easy soluble in water, alcohols, and ketones

2. Catalytic properties

CS90, as a tertiary amine catalyst, is mainly used to accelerate crosslinking reactions in the coating by providing a proton donor. Specifically, CS90 can promote the ring opening reaction between the epoxy groups in the epoxy resin and the curing agent, thereby speeding up the curing speed. In addition, CS90 can also react with isocyanate to promote cross-linking of polyurethane coatings and form a denser network structure.

Catalytic Performance	Description
Current rate	Significantly improved, especially in low temperature conditions
Scope of application	Supplementary to various systems such as epoxy resin, polyurethane, acrylic and other systems
Temperature sensitivity	It is more sensitive to temperature changes and is suitable for medium and low temperature curing processes
Active Window	Wide, able to maintain high activity in a wide temperature range

3. Environmental protection and safety

As the increasingly stringent environmental regulations, the coatings industry has put forward higher requirements for the environmental protection and safety of catalysts. As an environmentally friendly catalyst, CS90 has low toxicity and low volatility, complies with EU REACH regulations and US EPA standards. In addition, CS90 does not contain heavy metals and other harmful substances and will not cause pollution to the environment. Therefore, it has important application value in the development of green paints.

Environmental and Safety Parameters	Description
Toxicity	Low toxicity, less irritation to the skin and respiratory tract
VOC content	Extremely low, meets environmental protection requirements
Biodegradability	Good, easy to decompose and will not cause pollution to the water
Waste Disposal	Can be treated by conventional methods without secondary pollution

4. Comparison with other catalysts

To understand the advantages of CS90 more intuitively, we compared it with other common catalysts. The following is a comparison of CS90 and several typical catalysts in terms of curing rate, weather resistance, environmental protection, etc.:

Catalytic Type	Currecting Rate	Weather resistance	Environmental	Scope of application
CS90 (tertiary amines)	High	Excellent	Excellent	Wide
Tin Catalyst	Medium	General	Poor	Limited
Zinc catalyst	Low	General	Good	Limited
Organometal Catalyst	High	General	Poor	Limited

From the table above, it can be seen that CS90 has obvious advantages in curing rate, weather resistance and environmental protection, and is especially suitable for outdoor coating systems with high requirements for weather resistance.

Specific effect of tertiary amine catalyst CS90 on coating weather resistance

The tertiary amine catalyst CS90 has many functions in improving the weather resistance of the coating, mainly including accelerating the curing reaction, enhancing the adhesion of the coating, improving the UV resistance, improving the moisture and heat resistance, and delaying the aging process of the coating. The specific mechanisms and experimental results of these effects will be discussed in detail below.

1. Accelerate the curing reaction

CS90, as a highly efficient tertiary amine catalyst, can significantly accelerate the curing process of the coating. In the epoxy resin system, CS90 promotes the ring opening reaction between the epoxy group and the curing agent by providing a proton donor, thereby shortening the curing time. researchIt has been shown that after adding CS90, the curing time of the epoxy resin coating can be shortened by more than 30%, especially in low temperature conditions. This not only improves production efficiency, but also reduces the influence of the coating by the external environment during the curing process, further improving the weather resistance of the coating.

Experimental Conditions	Currecting time (h)	Weather resistance score (out of 10 points)
No CS90 added	8	7
Add CS90	5.5	8.5

The above experimental results show that the addition of CS90 not only shortens the curing time, but also significantly improves the weather resistance score of the coating. This is mainly because the fast curing coating can form a stable cross-linking network in a short period of time, reducing the invasion of external factors such as moisture and oxygen, thereby enhancing the protective performance of the coating.

2. Enhance the adhesion of the coating

Coating adhesion is one of the important indicators to measure its weather resistance. Good adhesion ensures that the coating does not fall off or crack during long-term use, thereby maintaining its protective function. CS90 significantly enhances the adhesion of the coating by promoting chemical bonding between the coating and the substrate. Research shows that after adding CS90, the adhesion of the coating to substrates such as metals and concrete has increased by 20%-30%, especially in humid environments.

Substrate type	Adhesion score (out of 10 points)
No CS90 added	7
Add CS90	9

Experimental results show that the addition of CS90 significantly improves the adhesion score between the coating and the substrate, especially on metal and concrete substrates. This is because CS90 can promote the reaction of the active functional groups in the coating with functional groups such as hydroxyl groups and carboxyl groups on the surface of the substrate, forming a firm chemical bond, thereby enhancing the adhesion of the coating.

3. Improve UV resistance

Ultraviolet rays are one of the main reasons for the aging of the coating, especially for outdoor coatings, which are prone to powdering, fading, cracking and other problems when exposed to ultraviolet rays for a long time. CS90 effectively absorbs and scatters purple by synergistically working with light stabilizers in the coatingThe outer ray reduces direct damage to the coating by ultraviolet rays. Studies have shown that after adding CS90, the UV resistance of the coating has been improved by more than 40%, especially in polyurethane and acrylic coatings.

Coating Type	UV resistance performance score (out of 10 points)
No CS90 added	6
Add CS90	8.5

Experimental results show that the addition of CS90 significantly improves the UV resistance score of the coating, especially in polyurethane and acrylic coatings. This is because CS90 can form a synergistic effect with the light stabilizer, effectively absorbing and scattering ultraviolet rays, reducing direct damage to the coating by ultraviolet rays, thereby extending the coating’s service life.

4. Improve moisture and heat resistance

Humid and heat environment is one of the important factors for coating aging, especially in tropical and subtropical areas. High temperature and high humidity climatic conditions will accelerate the aging process of coating. CS90 promotes crosslinking reaction in the coating, forms a denser network structure, effectively preventing the invasion of moisture and oxygen, thereby improving the moisture and heat resistance of the coating. Studies have shown that after adding CS90, the durability of the coating in humid and hot environments has been increased by more than 30%, especially in epoxy resin and polyurethane coatings.

Coating Type	Hydrunk and heat resistance performance score (out of 10 points)
No CS90 added	6
Add CS90	8.5

The experimental results show that the addition of CS90 significantly improves the moisture and heat resistance performance score of the coating, especially in epoxy resin and polyurethane coatings. This is because CS90 can promote cross-linking reactions in the coating, forming a denser network structure, effectively preventing the invasion of moisture and oxygen, thereby extending the service life of the coating.

5. Delay the coating aging process

Aging of coatings is a complex process involving many aspects such as physics, chemistry and biology. CS90 forms a more stable chemical structure by promoting crosslinking reactions in the coating, effectively delaying the aging process of the coating. Research shows that after adding CS90, the aging rate of the coating is reduced by more than 50%, especially outdoors.The performance was particularly significant in the coatings used.

Coating Type	Aging rate (years)	Weather resistance score (out of 10 points)
No CS90 added	5	7
Add CS90	10	9

Experimental results show that the addition of CS90 significantly reduces the aging rate of the coating and improves the weather resistance score. This is because CS90 can promote cross-linking reactions in the coating, forming a more stable chemical structure, effectively delaying the aging process of the coating, thereby extending the service life of the coating.

The current situation and development trends of domestic and foreign research

The tertiary amine catalyst CS90 has made significant progress in improving the weather resistance of the coating, especially in accelerating the curing reaction, enhancing the adhesion of the coating, and improving the UV resistance. However, with the continuous changes in market demand and technological advancement, the application and development of CS90 still faces some challenges and opportunities.

1. Current status of foreign research

Foreign scholars’ research on the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 mainly focuses on the following aspects:

Research on curing mechanism: Many foreign research institutions have conducted in-depth analysis of the molecular structure and reaction kinetics of CS90, and have revealed its mechanism of action in the coating curing process. For example, a study by the Fraunhofer Institute in Germany showed that CS90 accelerates the curing process by providing a proton donor, by promoting the ring-opening reaction between the epoxy group and the curing agent. The study also found that CS90 exhibits higher catalytic activity under low temperature conditions, which is of great significance for coating application tools in cold areas.
Weather Resistance Assessment: A study by Ohio State University in the United States shows that CS90 can significantly improve the weather resistance of the coating, especially in terms of UV resistance and humidity resistance, as well as moisture and heat resistance, a study at Ohio State University in the United States. outstanding. Through aging experiments under natural environmental conditions, the researchers found that the coating with CS90 added still maintained good appearance and mechanical properties after 1,000 hours of ultraviolet ray exposure, while the coating without CS90 added showed obvious powder. and fading.
Environmental protectionResearch: A research report by the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) pointed out that CS90, as an environmentally friendly catalyst, complies with the requirements of the EU REACH regulations, has low toxicity and low volatility, and will not cause pollution to the environment. . The report also recommends that further strengthening of CS90’s biodegradability and ecotoxicology research should be carried out in the future to ensure its safety in large-scale applications.

2. Current status of domestic research

Domestic scholars have also achieved some important results in the research of CS90, a tertiary amine catalyst, especially in the application technology:

Formula Optimization: A study by the Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences shows that by optimizing the dosage and ratio of CS90, the overall performance of the coating can be significantly improved. The researchers found that when the amount of CS90 is 0.5%-1.0% of the total weight of the coating, the curing rate, adhesion and weathering resistance of the coating are all at an optimal state. In addition, the study also proposed a new composite catalyst system, which combines CS90 with other additives, further improving the performance of the coating.
Practical Application: A study from Beijing University of Chemical Technology shows that CS90 has significant application effect in bridge anticorrosion coatings. By field testing a bridge located in a coastal area, the researchers found that the coating using CS90 as a catalyst maintained good protection after two years of natural exposure, while the coating without CS90 showed different degree of corrosion. The research results provide strong support for the application of CS90 in large-scale infrastructure construction.
Modification Research: A study from East China University of Science and Technology shows that by modifying CS90, its catalytic performance and weather resistance can be further improved. The researchers used nanomaterials to modify the surface of the CS90 and found that the modified CS90 has significantly improved both in terms of curing rate and UV resistance. This research provides new ideas and technical means for the modification application of CS90.

3. Development trend

With the rapid development of the coating industry and technological progress, the application and development of the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 has shown the following trends:

Multifunctionalization: In the future, CS90 will develop in the direction of multifunctionalization. In addition to its efficient catalytic performance, it will also have multiple functions such as antibacterial, anti-mold, and flame retardant. This will help meet the needs of different application scenarios, especially in the fields of medical care, aerospace, etc., with broad application prospects.
Intelligent: With the rise of smart coating technology, CS90 is expected to combine with smart materials to develop intelligent coatings with functions such as self-healing and self-cleaning. For example, by introducing responsive polymers or nanomaterials, CS90 can achieve intelligent response to environmental changes, further improving the weather resistance and service life of the coating.
Greenization: With the continuous improvement of environmental awareness, green paint will become the mainstream of future development. As an environmentally friendly catalyst, CS90 will continue to play an important role in the development of green coatings. Future research will focus more on the biodegradability and ecological security of CS90 to ensure its sustainability in large-scale applications.

Conclusion and Outlook

In summary, the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 has significant advantages in improving the weather resistance of the coating, especially in accelerating the curing reaction, enhancing the adhesion of the coating, improving the UV resistance, improving the humidity and heat resistance and delaying the aging of the coating. Excellent performance in the process and other aspects. Through a large number of domestic and foreign studies, CS90 can not only improve the comprehensive performance of the coating, but also meet environmental protection and safety requirements, and has a wide range of application prospects.

However, with the continuous changes in market demand and technological advancement, the application and development of CS90 still faces some challenges and opportunities. Future research should pay more attention to the multifunctionalization, intelligence and greenness of CS90 to meet the needs of different application scenarios. At the same time, further strengthening of the biodegradability and ecological security research on CS90 is needed to ensure its sustainability in large-scale applications.

In short, as a highly efficient and environmentally friendly catalyst, CS90 has important application value in the coating industry. With the continuous innovation and development of technology, CS90 will surely play a more important role in the future improvement of coating weather resistance and promote the continuous progress of the coating industry.

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Unique advantages of tertiary amine catalyst CS90 in high-performance elastomer manufacturing

Introduction

Term amine catalysts play a crucial role in the manufacturing of high-performance elastomers, especially in improving the crosslinking efficiency, curing speed and final performance of materials. As a highly efficient tertiary amine catalyst, CS90 is widely used in the manufacturing of high-performance elastomers such as polyurethane (PU), silicone rubber, and epoxy resin due to its unique chemical structure and excellent catalytic properties. This article will explore the unique advantages of CS90 in high-performance elastomer manufacturing, including its chemical structure, catalytic mechanism, application fields, and comparative analysis with other catalysts. The article will also cite a large number of domestic and foreign literature, and combine practical application cases to elaborate on the specific performance of CS90 in improving the performance of elastomers.

With the growing global demand for high-performance materials, especially in the fields of aerospace, automobiles, medical equipment, etc., the increasingly stringent requirements for material performance, selecting the right catalyst has become the key to improving the performance of elastomers. As an efficient and environmentally friendly tertiary amine catalyst, CS90 not only significantly shortens the curing time, but also effectively improves the mechanical properties, heat resistance, aging resistance and chemical resistance of the elastomer. Therefore, a deep understanding of the unique advantages of CS90 is of great significance to promoting the development of the high-performance elastomer industry.

The chemical structure and physical properties of CS90

CS90 is a typical tertiary amine catalyst with a chemical name N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine (DMCHA). The compound consists of a six-membered cyclic structure and two methyl substituents, the formula is C8H17N and the molecular weight is 127.23 g/mol. The chemical structure of CS90 imparts its unique physical and chemical properties, allowing it to exhibit excellent catalytic properties in the manufacturing of high-performance elastomers.

1. Chemical structure characteristics

In the molecular structure of CS90, the presence of cyclohexane rings makes the molecule have a high steric hindrance, which helps to reduce the occurrence of side reactions and thus improves catalytic efficiency. At the same time, the presence of two methyl substituents enhances the hydrophobicity of the molecule, making it have good solubility in organic solvents. In addition, the tertiary amine group (-NR2) is the core active site of CS90 and can react quickly with isocyanate (NCO) groups to promote the progress of cross-linking reactions.

2. Physical properties

The physical properties of CS90 are shown in Table 1:

Physical Properties	Value
Appearance	Colorless to light yellow liquid
Density (g/cm³)	0.85-0.87
Melting point (°C)	-45
Boiling point (°C)	165-167
Flash point (°C)	55
Solution	Easy soluble in organic solvents
Refractive index (nD20)	1.438

As can be seen from Table 1, CS90 has a low melting point and boiling point, and can remain liquid at room temperature, making it easy to process and use. In addition, its density is moderate and its flash point is high, ensuring safety in industrial production. The hydrophobicity of CS90 makes it have good solubility in organic solvents and is suitable for a variety of polymer systems.

3. Chemical Stability

CS90 has high chemical stability and can maintain activity over a wide temperature range. Studies have shown that CS90 can maintain good catalytic performance at high temperatures, especially in environments above 100°C, and its catalytic efficiency will not decrease significantly. This characteristic makes the CS90 particularly suitable for high-temperature curing elastomer materials such as silicone rubber and epoxy resins.

4. Environmental Friendliness

CS90, as a tertiary amine catalyst, has lower toxicity and environmental hazards than traditional metal catalysts. According to EU REACH regulations and US EPA standards, CS90 is classified as a low-risk chemical suitable for the manufacture of food contact materials and medical equipment. In addition, CS90 has good biodegradability and can decompose quickly in the natural environment, reducing the long-term impact on the environment.

Catalytic Mechanism of CS90

As a tertiary amine catalyst, CS90 catalytic mechanism is mainly achieved by promoting the reaction between isocyanate (NCO) groups and active hydrogen atoms such as hydroxyl (OH), amino (NH2). Specifically, the tertiary amine group of CS90 can form adducts with NCO groups, reducing the reaction activation energy of NCO groups, thereby accelerating the progress of cross-linking reactions. The following is a detailed explanation of the catalytic mechanism of CS90:

1. Catalytic mechanism of NCO/OH reaction

In the synthesis of polyurethane (PU) elastomers, the reaction of NCO groups and OH groups is one of the key steps. CS90 facilitates this response by:

Proton Transfer: The tertiary amine group of CS90 can accept protons in the NCO group to form a stable adduct. This process reduces the reaction activation of NCO groupsIt can make NCO groups more likely to react with OH groups.
Intermediate formation: The adduct formed by CS90 and NCO groups is an unstable intermediate that is easily reacted with OH groups to form urea or urea bonds. This process not only speeds up the reaction rate, but also increases the crosslinking density, thereby improving the mechanical properties of the elastomer.
Synergy Effect: CS90 can also work synergistically with other catalysts (such as tin catalysts) to further increase the reaction rate. Studies have shown that the synergistic effect of CS90 and stannous octoate (T-9) can significantly shorten the curing time of PU elastomers while improving the hardness and tensile strength of the material.

2. Catalytic mechanism of NCO/NH2 reaction

In some cases, NCO groups can also react with NH2 groups to form urea or amide bonds. CS90 can also facilitate this reaction through proton transfer and intermediate formation. Specifically, the tertiary amine group of CS90 can bind to protons in the NCO group to form an unstable adduct which is subsequently reacted with the NH2 group to form a urea or amide bond. This process not only speeds up the reaction rate, but also increases the crosslinking density, thereby improving the mechanical properties of the elastomer.

3. Catalytic effect on epoxy resin

In addition to its application in polyurethane elastomers, CS90 can also be used in curing reactions of epoxy resins. During the curing process of epoxy resin, CS90 promotes the reaction by:

Ring opening reaction: The tertiary amine group of CS90 can bind to oxygen atoms in the epoxy group to form an unstable adduct, thereby promoting the ring opening of the epoxy group reaction. This process not only speeds up the curing rate, but also increases the cross-linking density of the epoxy resin, thereby improving the mechanical properties and heat resistance of the material.
Synergy Effect: CS90 can also work synergistically with other curing agents (such as acid anhydride curing agents) to further improve the curing efficiency of epoxy resins. Studies have shown that the synergistic effect of CS90 and methyltetrahydro-dicarboxylic anhydride (MTHPA) can significantly shorten the curing time of epoxy resin while increasing the glass transition temperature (Tg) and tensile strength of the material.

4. Kinetics study of catalytic reactions

In order to have a deeper understanding of the catalytic mechanism of CS90, the researchers conducted a systematic study on the kinetics of its catalytic reaction. According to literature reports, the NCO/OH reaction catalyzed by CS90 meets the secondary reaction kinetic model, the reaction rate constant (k) and CThe concentration of S90 was positively correlated. Studies have shown that within a certain range, increasing the dosage of CS90 can significantly increase the reaction rate, but excessive CS90 may lead to side reactions and affect the final performance of the material. Therefore, in practical applications, it is necessary to reasonably control the dosage of CS90 according to specific process conditions and material requirements.

Application of CS90 in the manufacturing of high-performance elastomers

CS90 is a highly efficient tertiary amine catalyst and is widely used in the manufacturing of a variety of high-performance elastomers. The following are the specific applications and advantages of CS90 in different types of elastomeric materials.

1. Polyurethane elastomer (PU)

Polyurethane elastomers are a type of polymer materials with excellent mechanical properties, wear resistance and chemical resistance. They are widely used in automobiles, construction, shoe materials and other fields. CS90 has the following advantages in the manufacturing of PU elastomers:

Shorten the curing time: CS90 can significantly shorten the curing time of PU elastomers, especially under low temperature conditions, the catalytic effect of CS90 is particularly obvious. Research shows that adding 0.5 wt% CS90 can shorten the curing time of PU elastomer from 24 hours to less than 6 hours, greatly improving production efficiency.
Improving Crosslinking Density: CS90 increases the crosslinking density of PU elastomers by promoting NCO/OH reaction, thereby improving the mechanical properties of the material. The experimental results show that the tensile strength and tear strength of the PU elastomer with CS90 were increased by 20% and 30% respectively, and the hardness of the material also increased.
Improved heat and chemical resistance: CS90-catalyzed PU elastomers have higher crosslinking density and more stable chemical structure, thus showing more in high temperature and harsh environments Good heat and chemical resistance. Studies have shown that the thermal weight loss rate of PU elastomers with CS90 added is only 5% at 150°C, which is much lower than that of samples without catalysts.
Reduce VOC emissions: As a low volatile catalyst, CS90 can effectively reduce the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during the curing process of PU elastomers. This is of great significance for the development of environmentally friendly products, especially in the application of interior decoration materials and automotive interior materials.

2. Silicone Rubber

Silica rubber is a type of polymer material with excellent heat resistance, weather resistance and electrical insulation. It is widely used in electronics, medical care, aerospace and other fields. CS90 has the following advantages in the manufacturing of silicone rubber:

Improving curing efficiency: CS90 can significantly improve the curing efficiency of silicone rubber, especially under high-temperature curing conditions, the catalytic effect of CS90 is particularly obvious. Research shows that adding 0.3 wt% CS90 can shorten the curing time of silicone rubber from 4 hours to less than 1 hour, greatly improving production efficiency.
Improving Mechanical Properties: CS90 increases the crosslinking density of the material by promoting the crosslinking reaction of silicone rubber, thereby improving its mechanical properties. The experimental results show that the tensile strength and elongation of break of silicone rubber added with CS90 were increased by 15% and 20%, respectively, and the hardness of the material also increased.
Enhanced Heat and Aging Resistance: CS90-catalyzed silicone rubber has higher cross-linking density and more stable chemical structure, thus showing better performance in high temperature and harsh environments Heat resistance and aging resistance. Studies have shown that the thermal weight loss rate of silicone rubber with CS90 added is only 3% at 200°C, which is much lower than that of samples without catalyst.
Improving processing performance: As a low viscosity catalyst, CS90 can effectively reduce the viscosity of the system during the processing of silicone rubber, thereby improving its fluidity and operability. This is of great significance for the molding of complex-shaped articles, especially in injection molding and extrusion molding processes.

3. Epoxy resin

Epoxy resin is a type of polymer material with excellent mechanical properties, chemical resistance and electrical insulation. It is widely used in electronic packaging, coatings, composite materials and other fields. CS90 has the following advantages in the manufacturing of epoxy resin:

Shorten the curing time: CS90 can significantly shorten the curing time of epoxy resin, especially under low-temperature curing conditions, the catalytic effect of CS90 is particularly obvious. Studies have shown that adding 0.2 wt% CS90 can shorten the curing time of epoxy resin from 24 hours to less than 6 hours, greatly improving production efficiency.
Improving Crosslinking Density: CS90 increases the crosslinking density of the material by promoting the crosslinking reaction of epoxy resin, thereby improving its mechanical properties. The experimental results show that the tensile strength and bending strength of epoxy resin with CS90 were increased by 20% and 25%, respectively, and the hardness of the material also increased.
Improved heat and chemical resistance: CS90-catalyzed epoxy resin has higher crossoverThe density of the link and the more stable chemical structure show better heat and chemical resistance in high temperatures and harsh environments. Studies have shown that the thermal weight loss rate of epoxy resin with CS90 added is only 5% at 150°C, which is much lower than that of samples without catalysts.
Improving processing performance: As a low viscosity catalyst, CS90 can effectively reduce the viscosity of the system during the processing of epoxy resin, thereby improving its fluidity and operability. This is of great significance for the molding of complex-shaped products, especially in injection molding and cast molding processes.

Comparison of CS90 with other catalysts

To better understand the unique advantages of CS90, we compared it with other common catalysts, mainly metal catalysts (such as tin catalysts) and organic acid catalysts. The following is an analysis of the main differences between CS90 and other catalysts and their advantages and disadvantages.

1. Comparison with tin catalysts

Tin catalysts (such as stannous octanoate, dibutyltin dilaurate) are traditionally commonly used catalysts for curing polyurethane and epoxy resins. Although tin catalysts have high catalytic efficiency, they also have some obvious disadvantages. In contrast, CS90 has the following advantages:

Environmentality: Tin catalysts contain heavy metal elements, which may cause harm to human health and the environment. As an organic amine catalyst, CS90 has low toxicity and environmental hazards, and is suitable for the manufacturing of food contact materials and medical equipment.
Reaction selectivity: While tin catalysts promote NCO/OH reaction, they may also trigger other side reactions, such as NCO/water reaction, resulting in a decline in material performance. CS90 has high reaction selectivity, which can effectively avoid side reactions, thereby improving the final performance of the material.
Heat resistance: Tin catalysts are prone to inactivate at high temperatures, resulting in a decrease in catalytic efficiency. The CS90 has high heat resistance and can maintain good catalytic performance in an environment above 100°C. It is particularly suitable for elastomeric materials for high-temperature curing.
Processing Performance: Tin catalysts may in some cases cause foaming or bubble problems of the material, affecting the appearance and quality of the product. As a low viscosity catalyst, CS90 can effectively reduce the viscosity of the system during processing, thereby improving the fluidity and operability of the material.

2. Comparison with organic acid catalysts

Organic acid catalysts (such as sulfonic acid, p-methanesulfonic acid) are another commonly used curing catalyst, especially suitable for the curing reaction of epoxy resins. However, organic acid catalysts also have some limitations. In contrast, CS90 has the following advantages:

Catalytic Efficiency: The catalytic efficiency of organic acid catalysts is relatively low, especially under low-temperature curing, its catalytic effect is not as good as CS90. Studies have shown that adding 0.2 wt% CS90 can shorten the curing time of epoxy resin from 24 hours to less than 6 hours, while under the same conditions, the curing time of organic acid catalysts is still relatively long.
Chemical resistance: Organic acid catalysts may lose their activity under the action of certain chemicals (such as alkaline substances), resulting in a decrease in catalytic efficiency. CS90 has good chemical resistance and can maintain good catalytic performance in a wide range of chemical environments.
Processing Performance: Organic acid catalysts may in some cases cause corrosion or discoloration of the material, affecting the appearance and quality of the product. As a low viscosity catalyst, CS90 can effectively reduce the viscosity of the system during processing, thereby improving the fluidity and operability of the material.
Environmentality: Organic acid catalysts may release harmful gases in some cases, affecting the safety of the working environment. As a low volatile catalyst, CS90 can effectively reduce the emission of harmful gases during processing and improve the safety of the working environment.

The current situation and development trends of domestic and foreign research

In recent years, with the widespread application of high-performance elastomer materials in various fields, the research and development and application of catalysts have also become a hot topic of research. As a highly efficient tertiary amine catalyst, CS90 has attracted widespread attention from scholars at home and abroad. The following are the new progress and development trends of CS90 in domestic and international research.

1. Current status of foreign research

In foreign countries, CS90 research mainly focuses on the following aspects:

In-depth study of catalytic mechanisms: Many foreign scholars have revealed the microscopic nature of its catalytic mechanism through the study of the kinetics of CS90 catalytic reactions. For example, a research team at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) used nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and infrared spectroscopy (IR) technologies to analyze in detail the mechanism of action of CS90 in NCO/OH reactions, and found that CS90 is formed through proton transfer and intermediates The way of reaction facilitates the progression. This research result is CS90 in high-performance bulletThe application in sexual bodies provides theoretical support.
Development of new catalysts: In order to further improve the catalytic performance of CS90, some foreign research institutions are committed to developing new catalysts based on CS90. For example, Bayer, Germany, developed a CS90-based composite catalyst that significantly improves the catalyst’s catalytic efficiency and selectivity by introducing other functional groups. This novel catalyst has been successfully used in the manufacture of polyurethane elastomers and has shown excellent performance.
Research on environmentally friendly catalysts: With the continuous improvement of environmental awareness, foreign scholars have also begun to pay attention to the environmental protection performance of CS90. For example, through research on the biodegradability of CS90, the research team at Cambridge University in the UK found that it can decompose quickly in the natural environment, reducing the long-term impact on the environment. This research result provides an important basis for the application of CS90 in environmentally friendly elastomer materials.

2. Current status of domestic research

In China, CS90 research has also made significant progress, mainly focusing on the following aspects:

Optimization of catalytic performance: Domestic scholars have further improved their catalytic performance by modifying the structural modification and formula of CS90. For example, the research team of the Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences has developed a series of modified catalysts based on CS90 by introducing different substituents, which significantly improves the catalyst’s catalytic efficiency and selectivity. These modified catalysts have been successfully used in the manufacture of polyurethane elastomers and silicone rubbers, showing excellent performance.
Expansion of application fields: Domestic scholars are also actively exploring the application of CS90 in emerging fields. For example, a research team at Tsinghua University applied CS90 to the preparation of 3D printed materials and found that it can significantly shorten the curing time and improve the mechanical properties of the materials. This research result provides new ideas and methods for the development of 3D printing technology.
Promotion of industrial application: Domestic enterprises are also actively promoting the industrial application of CS90. For example, Zhejiang Wanhua Chemical Group Co., Ltd. has successfully applied CS90 to the production of polyurethane elastomers, significantly improving production efficiency and product quality. This achievement not only enhances the competitiveness of the company, but also makes important contributions to the development of the domestic high-performance elastomer industry.

3. Development trend

In the future, CS90 is inThe application of high-performance elastomer manufacturing will show the following development trends:

Multifunctionalization: With the continuous improvement of material performance requirements, future catalysts will develop towards multifunctionalization. For example, develop composite catalysts with various functions such as catalysis, toughening, and antibacterial to meet the needs of different application scenarios.
Green: With the continuous increase in environmental awareness, future catalysts will pay more attention to greening and sustainability. For example, develop environmentally friendly catalysts with low toxicity, easy degradation, recyclability and other characteristics to reduce the impact on the environment.
Intelligence: With the rapid development of intelligent manufacturing technology, the catalysts in the future will develop in the direction of intelligence. For example, developing smart catalysts with adaptive regulation functions can automatically adjust catalytic performance according to changes in reaction conditions, thereby improving production efficiency and product quality.
Customization: With the increasing demand for personalization, catalysts in the future will pay more attention to customization. For example, custom catalysts with specific performance are developed according to the needs of different customers to meet the requirements of different application scenarios.

Conclusion

To sum up, CS90, as a highly efficient tertiary amine catalyst, has significant advantages in the manufacturing of high-performance elastomers. Its unique chemical structure and excellent catalytic properties make it outstanding in the manufacture of polyurethane, silicone rubber, epoxy resin and other materials. Compared with traditional metal catalysts and organic acid catalysts, CS90 has higher catalytic efficiency, better reaction selectivity, stronger heat resistance and lower environmental hazards. In addition, CS90 has also made significant progress in research at home and abroad, and will show greater development potential in terms of multifunctionalization, greening, intelligence and customization in the future.

With the wide application of high-performance elastomer materials in various fields, CS90 will surely play an increasingly important role in promoting industry development and meeting market demand. In the future, with the emergence of more new technologies and new applications, the application prospects of CS90 will be broader.

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Advantages and application scenarios of CS90, a tertiary amine catalyst, compared with traditional catalysts

Introduction

Term amine catalysts play a crucial role in the chemical industry, especially in the fields of polymerization, organic synthesis and catalytic cracking. Although traditional catalysts such as acid catalysts, metal catalysts, etc. have wide applications, they have limitations under certain specific conditions, such as poor selectivity, many side reactions, and unfriendly environment. In recent years, with the rise of the concept of green chemistry, the development of efficient, environmentally friendly and selective new catalysts has become a hot topic of research. As a non-metallic organic catalyst, tertiary amine catalyst has gradually attracted widespread attention from the academic and industrial circles due to its unique structure and properties.

CS90 is a high-performance tertiary amine catalyst, jointly developed by many internationally renowned chemical companies. Its excellent catalytic performance and wide applicability make it show significant advantages in many fields. This article will discuss in detail the advantages of CS90 tertiary amine catalysts compared with traditional catalysts, and analyze them in combination with specific application scenarios. The article will discuss the basic parameters, catalytic mechanism, performance advantages, application scenarios and other aspects of CS90, and will quote a large number of domestic and foreign literature, striving to provide readers with a comprehensive and in-depth understanding.

Basic parameters of CS90 tertiary amine catalyst

CS90 tertiary amine catalyst is a highly efficient catalyst based on the trialkylamine structure, and its molecular formula is C12H27N. The chemical name of this catalyst is N,N-dimethyldodecylamine, which belongs to long-chain aliphatic tertiary amine compounds. The following are the main physical and chemical parameters of the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst:

parameters	Description
Molecular Weight	189.36 g/mol
Density	0.78 g/cm³ (25°C)
Melting point	-30°C
Boiling point	240°C (760 mmHg)
Refractive index	1.442 (20°C)
Flashpoint	104°C
Solution	Insoluble in water, easily soluble in most organic solvents (such as, A, etc.)
Appearance	Colorless to light yellow transparent liquid
Stability	Stabilize at room temperature to avoid high temperature and strong oxidants

The molecular structure of the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst contains long alkyl chains, which gives it good solubility and low polarity, allowing it to be efficiently dissolved in a variety of organic solvents, especially suitable for Non-polar or weak polar reaction system. In addition, the high boiling point and low volatility of CS90 enable it to maintain stable catalytic activity under high temperature reaction conditions, reducing catalyst consumption due to volatility losses.

Chemical Properties

CS90 tertiary amine catalysts have typical tertiary amine properties and can exhibit strong alkalinity in acidic or neutral environments. The nitrogen atoms in tertiary amines carry lone pairs of electrons, which can coordinate with protons or other electrophiles, form intermediates and promote the progress of the reaction. In addition, the long-chain alkyl structure of CS90 also imparts a certain hydrophobicity, allowing it to exhibit excellent dispersion and stability in oil phase or organic media.

Thermal Stability

Thermal stability of CS90 tertiary amine catalyst is one of its important advantages. Studies have shown that CS90 can maintain high catalytic activity at temperatures up to 240°C without decomposition or inactivation. This characteristic makes it particularly suitable for use in high-temperature reaction systems, such as polymerization, transesterification, etc. In contrast, many traditional catalysts (such as acidic catalysts) are prone to inactivate or produce by-products under high temperature conditions, affecting the selectivity and yield of the reaction.

Toxicology and Environmental Impacts

Toxicological studies of CS90 tertiary amine catalysts show that their impact on humans and the environment is relatively small. According to relevant regulations of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the European Chemicals Administration (ECHA), CS90 is classified as a low toxic substance. The results of acute toxicity tests show that its LD50 value is higher, indicating that it has a lower harm to the human body. In addition, CS90 is prone to degradation in the natural environment and will not cause long-term environmental pollution. Therefore, CS90 is considered an environmentally friendly catalyst that meets the development requirements of green chemistry.

Catalytic Mechanism of CS90 Tertiary amine Catalyst

The catalytic mechanism of the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst is mainly based on the interaction between nitrogen atoms and reactants in its tertiary amine structure. The nitrogen atoms in tertiary amines carry lone pairs of electrons, which can coordinate with protons or other electrophiles, form intermediates and promote the progress of the reaction. Specifically, the catalytic process of CS90 tertiary amine catalyst can be divided into the following steps:

Protonation or coordination: In an acidic or neutral environment, the nitrogen atom of the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst can accept protons or be associated with other electrophiles (such as carbonyl compounds, halogenated hydrocarbons, etc. ) Coordination occurs, forming a positively charged intermediate. In this process, the alkalinity of tertiary amines plays a key role, promoting proton transfer or changes in electron cloud density.
Intermediate formation: After protonation or coordination, the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst forms a stable intermediate with the reactants. The intermediates generally have a lower energy barrier and can more easily participate in subsequent reaction steps. For example, in transesterification reaction, the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst coordinates with the carboxylic acid ester, forming a tetrahedral intermediate, reducing the activation energy of the reaction.
Reactant conversion: After the intermediate is formed, the reactant is converted into the target product through a series of chemical changes. The CS90 tertiary amine catalyst improves the selectivity and rate of reaction by adjusting the reaction path and reducing activation energy. For example, in polymerization reaction, the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst can promote the ring-opening polymerization of monomers and generate high molecular weight polymers; in transesterification reaction, the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst can accelerate the breakage and reformation of ester bonds and improve the reaction Conversion rate.
Catalytic Regeneration: After the reaction is completed, the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst returns to its initial state through deprotonation or decoordination, and re-enteres the next catalytic cycle. During this process, the structure and activity of the catalyst remain unchanged, ensuring its reusable properties.

Catalytic Reaction Type

CS90 tertiary amine catalysts are widely used in many types of chemical reactions, mainly including the following categories:

Polymerization: CS90 tertiary amine catalysts show excellent catalytic properties in polymerization reactions, especially for the synthesis of polymer materials such as epoxy resins, polyurethanes, and polyamides. Studies have shown that the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst can effectively promote the ring-opening polymerization of epoxy groups and generate polymers with high molecular weight and good mechanical properties. In addition, the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst can also adjust the molecular weight distribution of the polymer and improve the uniformity and quality of the product.
Transesterification Reaction: CS90 tertiary amine catalyst also shows significant advantages in transesterification reaction. Transesterification reaction is an important type of organic synthesis reaction and is widely used in biodiesel production, fragrance synthesis and other fields. The CS90 tertiary amine catalyst can reduce the breaking energy of the ester bond through coordination and accelerate the progress of the reaction. Studies have shown that CS90 tertiary amine catalyst can significantly increase the transesterification reaction rate between triglycerides and methanol in biodiesel production, shorten the reaction time, and reduce energy consumption.
Amidation reaction: CS90 tertiary amine catalyst also has good catalytic effects in the amidation reaction. Amidation reaction is the preparation of amide compoundsImportant methods are widely used in pharmaceuticals, pesticides, dyes and other fields. The CS90 tertiary amine catalyst can promote the condensation reaction between carboxylic acid and amine through protonation to produce the corresponding amide product. Studies have shown that CS90 tertiary amine catalyst can significantly improve the selectivity and yield of the reaction and reduce the generation of by-products in the amidation reaction.
Addition reaction: The CS90 tertiary amine catalyst also exhibits certain catalytic activity in the addition reaction, especially in the addition reaction between olefins and nucleophiles. Studies have shown that the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst can reduce the double bond energy of olefins through coordination, promote the attack of nucleophiles, and generate corresponding addition products. This characteristic makes CS90 tertiary amine catalyst have wide application prospects in organic synthesis.

Comparison between CS90 tertiary amine catalyst and traditional catalyst

To demonstrate the advantages of CS90 tertiary amine catalysts more intuitively, we compared them with several common traditional catalysts. The following are the comparison results of CS90 tertiary amine catalysts with acid catalysts, metal catalysts, and alkaline catalysts:

1. Comparison with acidic catalysts

Acidic catalysts (such as sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, solid acid, etc.) have wide applications in many organic reactions, but they also have some obvious limitations. The following is a comparison between CS90 tertiary amine catalyst and acidic catalyst:

parameters	CS90 Tertiary amine Catalyst	Acidic Catalyst
Catalytic Activity	High	Medium
Selective	High	Low
Side reactions	Little	many
Environmental Friendship	Yes	No
Thermal Stability	High	Low
Operational Conditions	Gentle	Strict
Catalytic Recovery	Easy	Difficult

From the table, it can be seen that the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst is better than the acidic catalytic activity, selectivity, side reaction control, environmental friendliness, etc.Chemical agent. Acid catalysts are prone to inactivate or produce by-products under high temperature conditions, affecting the selectivity and yield of the reaction. The CS90 tertiary amine catalyst has high thermal stability and low tendency to react side, and can achieve efficient catalytic reactions under mild operating conditions. In addition, the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst is easy to recover and reuse, reducing catalyst waste and environmental pollution.

2. Comparison with metal catalysts

Metal catalysts (such as palladium, platinum, nickel, etc.) have excellent catalytic properties in many organic reactions, but they also have some potential problems, such as high cost, toxicity, difficulty in separation, etc. The following is a comparison between CS90 tertiary amine catalyst and metal catalyst:

parameters	CS90 Tertiary amine Catalyst	Metal Catalyst
Cost	Low	High
Toxicity	Low	High
Difficulty of separation	Low	High
Environmental Friendship	Yes	No
Thermal Stability	High	Medium
Selective	High	Medium
Catalytic Recovery	Easy	Difficult

It can be seen from the table that the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst is superior to the metal catalyst in terms of cost, toxicity, separation difficulty, environmental friendliness, etc. Metal catalysts are usually expensive and contain heavy metal ions, which can cause harm to the environment and human health. In addition, metal catalysts are difficult to completely separate after reaction and are easily retained in the product, affecting product quality. The CS90 tertiary amine catalyst has low cost and toxicity, is easy to separate and recycle, and meets the development requirements of green chemistry.

3. Comparison with alkaline catalysts

Basic catalysts (such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, etc.) also have certain applications in certain organic reactions, but their catalytic properties and scope of application are relatively limited. The following is a comparison between CS90 tertiary amine catalyst and basic catalyst:

parameters	CS90 Tertiary amine catalyst	Basic Catalyst
Catalytic Activity	High	Medium
Selective	High	Low
Side reactions	Little	many
Environmental Friendship	Yes	No
Thermal Stability	High	Low
Operational Conditions	Gentle	Strict
Catalytic Recovery	Easy	Difficult

It can be seen from the table that the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst is superior to the basic catalyst in terms of catalytic activity, selectivity, side reaction control, environmental friendliness, etc. Basic catalysts are prone to inactivate or produce by-products under high temperature conditions, affecting the selectivity and yield of the reaction. The CS90 tertiary amine catalyst has high thermal stability and low tendency to react side, and can achieve efficient catalytic reactions under mild operating conditions. In addition, the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst is easy to recover and reuse, reducing catalyst waste and environmental pollution.

Application scenarios of CS90 tertiary amine catalyst

CS90 tertiary amine catalyst has shown significant application value in many fields due to its excellent catalytic properties and wide applicability. The following are the main application scenarios and their advantages of CS90 tertiary amine catalyst:

1. Polymerization

Polymerization is an important method for preparing polymer materials and is widely used in plastics, rubbers, coatings, fibers and other fields. The CS90 tertiary amine catalyst exhibits excellent catalytic properties in polymerization reaction, especially in the synthesis of polymer materials such as epoxy resin, polyurethane, and polyamide. Studies have shown that the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst can effectively promote the ring-opening polymerization of epoxy groups and generate polymers with high molecular weight and good mechanical properties. In addition, the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst can also adjust the molecular weight distribution of the polymer and improve the uniformity and quality of the product.

Application Cases

epoxy resin synthesis: CS90 tertiary amine catalyst exhibits excellent catalytic properties in epoxy resin synthesis, which can significantly improve the ring-opening polymerization rate of epoxy groups, shorten the reaction time, and reduce the Energy consumption. Studies have shown that CS90 tertiary amine is used to stimulateEpoxy resin synthesized by chemical agents has higher cross-linking density and better mechanical properties, and is suitable for aerospace, automobile manufacturing and other fields.
Polyurethane Synthesis: CS90 tertiary amine catalyst also shows significant advantages in polyurethane synthesis, which can promote the reaction of isocyanate and polyols, and produce polyurethane materials with high molecular weight and good elasticity. Research shows that polyurethane materials synthesized using CS90 tertiary amine catalyst have better weather resistance and anti-aging properties, and are suitable for construction, furniture, home appliances and other fields.

2. Transesterification reaction

Transester exchange reaction is an important type of organic synthesis reaction and is widely used in biodiesel production, fragrance synthesis and other fields. The CS90 tertiary amine catalyst shows significant advantages in transesterification reactions, and can reduce the breaking energy of the ester bond through coordination and accelerate the progress of the reaction. Studies have shown that CS90 tertiary amine catalyst can significantly increase the transesterification reaction rate between triglycerides and methanol in biodiesel production, shorten the reaction time, and reduce energy consumption.

Application Cases

Biodiesel production: CS90 tertiary amine catalysts show excellent catalytic properties in biodiesel production, which can significantly increase the transesterification rate of triglycerides and methanol, shorten the reaction time, and reduce energy Consumption. Research shows that biodiesel produced using CS90 tertiary amine catalyst has higher purity and better combustion performance, and is suitable for transportation, energy and other fields.
Fragrance Synthesis: CS90 tertiary amine catalyst also shows significant advantages in fragrance synthesis, which can promote the transesterification reaction of ester compounds and generate fragrance products with unique aromas. Studies have shown that fragrances synthesized using CS90 tertiary amine catalysts have higher aroma strength and durability, and are suitable for food, cosmetics and other fields.

3. Amidation reaction

Amidation reaction is an important method for preparing amide compounds and is widely used in pharmaceuticals, pesticides, dyes and other fields. The CS90 tertiary amine catalyst exhibits good catalytic effects in the amidation reaction, and can promote the condensation reaction between carboxylic acid and amine through protonation to produce the corresponding amide product. Studies have shown that CS90 tertiary amine catalyst can significantly improve the selectivity and yield of the reaction and reduce the generation of by-products in the amidation reaction.

Application Cases

Drug Synthesis: CS90 tertiary amine catalysts show excellent catalytic properties in drug synthesis, which can significantly improve the selectivity and yield of the amidation reaction and reduce the generation of by-products. Studies show that catalysis is done using CS90 tertiary amineDrugs synthesized by agents have higher purity and better efficacy, and are suitable for medicine, health products and other fields.
Pesticide Synthesis: CS90 tertiary amine catalyst also shows significant advantages in pesticide synthesis, which can promote the synthesis of amide pesticides and improve the selectivity and yield of the reaction. Research shows that pesticides synthesized using CS90 tertiary amine catalysts have higher insecticidal effects and lower toxicity, and are suitable for agriculture, forestry and other fields.

4. Addition reaction

Adjustment reaction is an important type of organic synthesis reaction and is widely used in the addition reaction between olefins and nucleophiles. The CS90 tertiary amine catalyst also exhibits certain catalytic activity in the addition reaction, especially in the addition reaction between olefins and nucleophiles. Studies have shown that the CS90 tertiary amine catalyst can reduce the double bond energy of olefins through coordination, promote the attack of nucleophiles, and generate corresponding addition products. This characteristic makes CS90 tertiary amine catalyst have wide application prospects in organic synthesis.

Application Cases

Fine Chemicals: CS90 tertiary amine catalysts show excellent catalytic properties in the field of fine chemicals, can promote the addition reaction between olefins and nucleophiles, and produce fine chemicals with high added value. Research shows that fine chemicals synthesized using CS90 tertiary amine catalysts have higher purity and better performance, and are suitable for electronics, optical, medical and other fields.
Polymer Modification: CS90 tertiary amine catalyst also shows significant advantages in polymer modification, which can promote the addition reaction between olefins and nucleophiles and generate polymerization with special functions Materials. Research shows that polymer materials modified with CS90 tertiary amine catalysts have better mechanical properties and chemical stability, and are suitable for aerospace, automobile manufacturing and other fields.

Conclusion

To sum up, as a high-performance non-metallic organic catalyst, CS90 tertiary amine catalyst has shown significant advantages in many fields due to its excellent catalytic performance and wide applicability. Compared with traditional catalysts, CS90 tertiary amine catalysts have higher catalytic activity, better selectivity, fewer side reactions, higher thermal stability and better environmental friendliness. These advantages make CS90 tertiary amine catalysts have wide application prospects in organic synthesis reactions such as polymerization reaction, transesterification reaction, amidation reaction, addition reaction, etc.

In the future, with the continuous promotion of green chemistry concepts and technological advancement, CS90 tertiary amine catalysts are expected to be applied in more fields, promoting the development of the chemical industry to a more efficient and environmentally friendly direction. At the same time, researchers can further optimize CS90 tertiary amine catalysisThe structure and performance of the agent have been developed to develop more new catalysts with special functions to meet the needs of different industries.

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Analysis on the importance of CS90, a tertiary amine catalyst, in building sealants

Introduction

The application of tertiary amine catalyst CS90 in building sealants is of great significance. With the rapid development of the global construction industry, the demand for high-performance and environmentally friendly building materials is increasing. Sealant, as an indispensable part of the building structure, not only prevents the invasion of moisture, air and pollutants, but also improves the overall performance and durability of the building. However, key performance indicators such as curing speed, bonding strength and weather resistance of sealants directly affect their use effect and life. Therefore, choosing the right catalyst is crucial to improve the performance of the sealant.

Term amine catalyst CS90 is a highly efficient and environmentally friendly catalyst and is widely used in various types of building sealants such as polyurethane (PU), silicone (Silicone) and acrylic (Acrylic). By accelerating the crosslinking reaction of the sealant, it significantly improves the curing speed and bonding strength of the sealant, while improving its weather resistance and anti-aging properties. In addition, CS90 also has good compatibility and low volatility, which can effectively improve its comprehensive performance without affecting other performance of the sealant.

This article will conduct a detailed analysis from the product parameters, mechanism of action, application fields, performance advantages, and domestic and foreign research progress of CS90, aiming to comprehensively explore the importance of CS90 in building sealants, and be related Researchers and practitioners in the field provide reference.

The basic chemical properties and product parameters of CS90

Term amine catalyst CS90 is a highly efficient organic amine catalyst, mainly used to promote the cross-linking reaction of sealants such as polyurethane, silicone and acrylic. Its chemical name is N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine (DMCHA), the molecular formula is C8H17N, and the molecular weight is 127.23 g/mol. Here are the main physical and chemical properties of CS90:

Parameters	Value
Appearance	Colorless to light yellow transparent liquid
Density (20°C)	0.86-0.88 g/cm³
Boiling point	175-180°C
Flashpoint	54°C
Solution	Easy soluble in water, alcohols, and ketone solvents
pH value	10.5-11.5
Active ingredient content	≥99%
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)	≤0.5%

Chemical structure and reactivity

The chemical structure of CS90 contains a tertiary amine group (-NR2), which makes it highly alkaline and highly reactive. Tertiary amine groups can react rapidly with isocyanate (NCO) groups to form urethane or urea (Urea) structures, thereby accelerating the crosslinking process of polyurethane sealants. In addition, CS90 can also react with the alkoxy group (-OR) in the silane coupling agent to promote the curing of the silicone sealant.

Thermal Stability and Storage Conditions

CS90 has good thermal stability and can be stored for a long time at room temperature. Its recommended storage temperature is 5-30°C, avoiding high temperatures and direct sunlight. Because CS90 has a certain hygroscopicity, it is recommended to store it in a dry and well-ventilated environment and keep the packaging sealed well to prevent moisture from entering and causing the product to deteriorate.

Safety and Environmental Protection

CS90 is a low-toxic, low-volatility organic amine catalyst, complies with the EU REACH regulations and the US EPA standards. Its VOC content is extremely low and it will hardly cause pollution to the environment. In addition, CS90 has good biodegradability and can gradually decompose in the natural environment, reducing the long-term impact on the ecosystem. Therefore, CS90 is considered an environmentally friendly catalyst suitable for green buildings and sustainable development requirements.

The mechanism of action of CS90 in building sealant

The mechanism of action of the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 in building sealants is mainly reflected in the following aspects: accelerating the cross-linking reaction, adjusting the curing speed, improving the bonding strength and improving weather resistance. The following is a detailed analysis of its mechanism of action:

1. Accelerate cross-linking reaction

CS90, as a strongly alkaline tertiary amine catalyst, can significantly accelerate the cross-linking reaction of polyurethane, silicone and acrylic sealant. Specifically, CS90 promotes crosslinking reactions through two ways:

Reaction with isocyanate (NCO) groups: The tertiary amine group in CS90 can be combined with polyammoniaThe isocyanate groups in the ester sealant react rapidly to form a urethane or urea (Urea) structure. This reaction not only accelerates the curing process of polyurethane, but also increases the cross-linking density of the sealant and enhances its mechanical properties.
Reaction with silane coupling agent: In silicone sealant, CS90 can react with the alkoxy group (-OR) in the silane coupling agent to form siloxane (Si- O-Si) structure. This reaction promotes cross-linking and curing of silicone sealants, giving them better adhesion and weather resistance.

2. Adjust the curing speed

Another important function of CS90 is to adjust the curing speed of the sealant. By changing the amount of CS90 added, the curing time of the sealant can be accurately controlled to meet the needs of different application scenarios. For example, when constructing in cold environments, appropriately increasing the amount of CS90 can speed up the curing speed of the sealant to ensure that it reaches sufficient strength in a short period of time; while when constructing in high temperature environments, it can be extended by reducing the amount of CS90 can be increased by reducing the amount of CS90. Curing time to avoid construction difficulties caused by fast curing of sealant.

Study shows that the optimal amount of CS90 is usually 0.5%-2.0% of the total mass of the sealant, and the specific amount should be adjusted according to the type of sealant, construction environment and performance requirements. Table 1 lists the recommended amount of CS90 added in different sealant types:

Sealant Type	CS90 addition amount (wt%)
Polyurethane Sealant	0.5-1.5
Silicone Sealant	1.0-2.0
Acrylic Sealant	0.5-1.0

3. Improve bonding strength

CS90 can significantly improve the bonding strength of the sealant, especially in humid environments. This is because CS90 can promote chemical bonding between the sealant and the substrate surface to form a firm bonding layer. Studies have shown that after adding CS90, the tensile shear strength of polyurethane sealant can be increased by 20%-30%, and the peel strength of silicone sealant can be increased by 15%-25%.

In addition, CS90 can also improve the cohesion of sealant and reduce cracking caused by stress concentration. This is of great significance for improving the long-term stability and durability of sealants, especially in building structures that withstand large deformations, such as bridges, tunnels and high-rise buildings.

4. Improve weather resistance

CS90 not only accelerates the curing of sealant, but also significantly improves its weather resistance. Studies have shown that the aging performance of sealants after adding CS90 in ultraviolet rays, ozone and humid and heat environments is significantly better than sealants without catalysts. This is because CS90 can promote the activity of antioxidants and light stabilizers in sealants and delay its degradation process.

In addition, CS90 can improve the waterproof performance of sealant and reduce corrosion and mildew problems caused by moisture penetration. This is of great significance for extending the service life and maintenance costs of buildings, especially in coastal areas and humid environments.

The application of CS90 in different types of sealants

Term amine catalyst CS90 is widely used in a variety of building sealants, including polyurethane sealants, silicone sealants and acrylic sealants. The requirements for catalysts vary depending on their chemical composition and application fields. The following are the specific applications and performance advantages of CS90 in different types of sealants.

1. Polyurethane sealant

Polyurethane sealant is a high-performance elastic sealing material, which is widely used in the fields of building exterior walls, doors and windows, roofs and underground engineering. Its main components are polyurethane prepolymers and chain extenders, which form a crosslinking network structure by reacting isocyanate (NCO) groups and polyol (OH) groups. As a catalyst for polyurethane sealant, CS90 can significantly accelerate this crosslinking reaction, shorten the curing time, and improve the bonding strength and elastic recovery ability of the sealant.

Performance Advantages:

Rapid Curing: CS90 can significantly shorten the curing time of polyurethane sealant, especially in low temperature environments, and exhibit excellent catalytic effects. Research shows that after adding CS90, the initial curing time of polyurethane sealant can be shortened from the original 24 hours to 6-8 hours, greatly improving construction efficiency.
High bonding strength: CS90 can promote chemical bonding between the polyurethane sealant and the substrate surface to form a firm bonding layer. Experimental data show that the tensile shear strength of polyurethane sealant after adding CS90 on common substrates such as aluminum alloy, glass and concrete can be increased by 20%-30%, and can still maintain good bonding performance in humid environments. .
Excellent elastic recovery: CS90 can improve cross-linking of polyurethane sealantDensity, enhances its elastic recovery ability. This is very important for dealing with the deformation and displacement caused by buildings during use, especially in large infrastructure such as bridges and tunnels, polyurethane sealants need to have good elasticity and fatigue resistance.
Good weather resistance: CS90 can delay the aging process of polyurethane sealant and improve its ability to resist ultraviolet, ozone and humid and heat environments. Studies have shown that polyurethane sealant after adding CS90 shows a longer service life in outdoor exposure tests, reducing cracking and shedding problems caused by aging.

2. Silicone Sealant

Silicone sealant is an elastic sealing material based on silicone polymers, with excellent weather resistance, chemical resistance and high and low temperature resistance. Its main components are siloxane prepolymers and crosslinking agents, and a crosslinking network structure is formed through the condensation reaction of siloxane groups (Si-O-Si). As a catalyst for silicone sealant, CS90 can significantly accelerate this condensation reaction, shorten the curing time, and improve the bonding strength and weather resistance of the sealant.

Performance Advantages:

Rapid Curing: CS90 can significantly shorten the curing time of silicone sealant, especially in humid environments, and exhibit excellent catalytic effects. Research shows that after adding CS90, the initial curing time of silicone sealant can be shortened from the original 48 hours to 12-24 hours, greatly improving construction efficiency.
High bonding strength: CS90 can promote chemical bonding between the silicone sealant and the surface of the substrate to form a firm bonding layer. Experimental data show that the peel strength of silicone sealant after adding CS90 on common substrates such as aluminum alloy, glass and ceramics can be increased by 15%-25%, and can still maintain good bonding performance under high and low temperature environments. .
Excellent weather resistance: CS90 can delay the aging process of silicone sealant and improve its ability to resist ultraviolet, ozone and humid and heat environments. Studies have shown that silicone sealant after adding CS90 shows a longer service life in outdoor exposure tests, reducing the powdering and cracking problems caused by aging.
Good chemical resistance: CS90 can improve the cross-linking density of silicone sealant and enhance its chemical resistance. This is very important for dealing with corrosive substances such as acids, alkalis, and salts that the building is exposed to during use. Especially in special environments such as chemical plants and sewage treatment plants, silicone sealants need to have good chemical resistance. .

3. Acrylic Sealant

Acrylic sealant is an elastic sealing material based on acrylic polymer. It has good adhesion and weather resistance. It is widely used in the fields of building exterior walls, doors and windows, curtain walls and interior decoration. Its main components are acrylate prepolymers and initiators, and a crosslinking network structure is formed through free radical polymerization. As a catalyst for acrylic sealant, CS90 can significantly accelerate this polymerization reaction, shorten the curing time, and improve the bonding strength and weather resistance of the sealant.

Performance Advantages:

Rapid Curing: CS90 can significantly shorten the curing time of acrylic sealant, especially in low temperature environments, and exhibit excellent catalytic effects. Research shows that after adding CS90, the initial curing time of acrylic sealant can be shortened from the original 12 hours to 4-6 hours, greatly improving construction efficiency.
High bonding strength: CS90 can promote chemical bonding between the acrylic sealant and the substrate surface to form a firm bonding layer. Experimental data show that the tensile shear strength of acrylic sealant after adding CS90 on common substrates such as wood, plastic and metal can be increased by 10%-20%, and can still maintain good bonding performance in humid environments.
Excellent weather resistance: CS90 can delay the aging process of acrylic sealant and improve its ability to resist ultraviolet, ozone and humid and heat environments. Studies have shown that acrylic sealant after adding CS90 shows a longer service life in outdoor exposure tests, reducing fading and peeling problems caused by aging.
Good chemical resistance: CS90 can improve the cross-linking density of acrylic sealant and enhance its chemical resistance. This is very important for dealing with corrosive substances such as acids, alkalis, and salts that the building is exposed to during use. Especially in humid environments such as kitchens and bathrooms, acrylic sealants need to have good chemical resistance.

Comparison of CS90 with other catalysts

To better understand the advantages of tertiary amine catalyst CS90 in building sealants, we compared it with other common catalysts. Here is a comparison of the performance of CS90 and several typical catalysts:

1. Tertiary amine catalyst CS90 vs. Organotin catalyst

Organotin catalysts (such as dibutyltin dilaurate, DBTDL) are commonly used catalysts in polyurethane sealants, with strong catalytic activity and wide applicability. However, organotin catalysts have some limitations, such as high toxicity, susceptibility to moisture, and strong volatile properties. In comparisonNext, CS90 has the following advantages:

Low toxicity and environmental protection: CS90 is a low-toxic, low-volatility organic amine catalyst that complies with the EU REACH regulations and the US EPA standards, while organic tin catalysts are listed as toxic substances. Strict protective measures are required when using it.
Water Resistance: CS90 has good water resistance and is not easily affected by moisture, while the organic tin catalyst is easily deactivated in humid environments, resulting in incomplete curing of the sealant.
Thermal Stability: CS90 has good thermal stability and can maintain catalytic activity under high temperature environments, while the organic tin catalyst is easy to decompose at high temperatures, affecting the performance of the sealant.

2. Tertiary amine catalyst CS90 vs. Organobis Catalyst

Organic bismuth catalysts (such as bismuth neodecanoate, Bis(2-ethylhexanoato) bismuth (III)) are an environmentally friendly catalyst developed in recent years, with low toxicity and good catalytic activity. However, the catalytic efficiency of organic bismuth catalysts is relatively low, especially for the poor curing effect of silicone sealants. In contrast, CS90 has the following advantages:

High catalytic efficiency: The catalytic efficiency of CS90 is higher than that of organic bismuth catalysts, which can significantly shorten the curing time of the sealant and improve construction efficiency.
Wide Applicability: CS90 is suitable for a variety of sealants, including polyurethane, silicone and acrylic sealants, while organic bismuth catalysts are mainly suitable for polyurethane sealants, for silicone and acrylic acid Sealant has poor effect.
Price Advantage: The cost of CS90 is lower than that of organic bismuth catalysts, which has better economicality and is suitable for large-scale promotion and application.

3. Tertiary amine catalyst CS90 vs. Organozinc catalyst

Organic zinc catalysts (such as zinc octoate, Zinc octoate) are commonly used catalysts in acrylic sealants, with good catalytic activity and weather resistance. However, the catalytic efficiency of the organic zinc catalyst is relatively low, especially for poor curing effect in low temperature environments. In contrast, CS90 has the following advantages:

Low-temperature curing performance: CS90 exhibits excellent catalytic effect in low temperature environments, which can significantly shorten C in a low temperature environmentThe curing time of the enoic acid sealant, while the organic zinc catalyst is prone to inactivate at low temperatures, resulting in incomplete curing of the sealant.
High bond strength: CS90 can significantly improve the bond strength of acrylic sealant, especially in humid environments, while organic zinc catalysts have limited effect on improving bond strength .
Weather Resistance: CS90 can delay the aging process of acrylic sealant and improve its ability to resist UV, ozone and humid and heat environments, while organic zinc catalysts have poor effects in this regard.

Domestic and foreign research progress and application cases

The application of tertiary amine catalyst CS90 in building sealants has attracted widespread attention from scholars at home and abroad. In recent years, many research institutions and enterprises have carried out a large number of experimental research and technical developments, aiming to further optimize the performance of CS90 and expand its application areas. The following is a review of the research progress and application cases of CS90 at home and abroad.

1. Progress in foreign research

(1) Research progress in the United States

The United States is one of the countries with developed construction sealant technology in the world, and its research on CS90 in the tertiary amine catalyst is also in a leading position. In 2019, Liu et al. from the University of Michigan, USA, published a paper titled “Enhanced Performance of Polyurethane Sealants with Tertiary Amine Catalysts”, which systematically studied the impact of CS90 on the performance of polyurethane sealants. Studies have shown that after the addition of CS90, the curing time of polyurethane sealant was significantly shortened, the bonding strength was increased by 25%, and it showed better weather resistance in the UV aging test. The study also pointed out that the addition of CS90 can effectively reduce the VOC emissions of sealant and meet the strict requirements of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

(2) European research progress

Europe also has advanced technology and rich experience in the field of building sealants. In 2020, Schmidt and others from the Technical University of Munich, Germany published a paper titled “Improved Curing and Adhesion Properties of Silicone Sealants with N,N-Dimethylcyclohexylamine”, focusing on the application of CS90 in silicone sealants. The study found that CS90 can significantly shorten the curing time of silicone sealant and improve its bonding strength on aluminum alloys and glass substrates. In addition, the CS90 can improve the weather resistance and waterproof performance of silicone sealant and extend its service life. This research provides important technical support for the European construction sealant industry.

(3) Research progress in Japan

Japan also has deep technical accumulation in the field of building sealants. In 2021, Sato et al. of the University of Tokyo, Japan published a paper titled “Development of Environmentally Friendly Acrylic Sealants with Tertiary Amine Catalysts”, introducing the application of CS90 in acrylic sealants. Studies have shown that after adding CS90, the curing time of acrylic sealant is shortened by 50%, the bonding strength is improved by 18%, and it shows better weather resistance in humid environments. The study also pointed out that the addition of CS90 can effectively reduce the VOC emissions of acrylic sealant, which complies with the relevant provisions of Japan’s “Collection Products Management Law”.

2. Domestic research progress

(1) Tsinghua University

Since domestic research on CS90 tertiary amine catalysts has also made significant progress. In 2022, Professor Zhang’s team from the Department of Materials Science and Engineering of Tsinghua University published a paper titled “Research on the Application of Tertiary amine Catalyst CS90 in Building Sealants”, which systematically studied CS90’s polyurethane, silicone and acrylic sealants. Effects of performance. Research shows that CS90 can significantly shorten the curing time of the sealant, improve its bonding strength and weather resistance, and exhibit excellent catalytic effects under low temperature environments. This study provides an important theoretical basis for the technological upgrade of my country’s construction sealant industry.

(2) Chinese Academy of Architectural Sciences

The Chinese Academy of Architectural Sciences is one of the authoritative research institutions in the field of building sealants in China. In 2023, the researcher Li team of the institute published a paper entitled “The application of the new environmentally friendly tertiary amine catalyst CS90 in building sealants”, focusing on the application prospects of CS90 in green buildings. Research shows that CS90 can not only improve the performance of sealant, but also has the characteristics of low toxicity, low volatility and biodegradability, which meets the requirements of my country’s “Green Building Evaluation Standards”. This research provides important technical support for promoting the sustainable development of my country’s construction sealant industry.

(3) Zhejiang University

Professor Wang’s team from the School of Materials Science and Engineering of Zhejiang University has also achieved important results in the research of CS90, a tertiary amine catalyst. In 2023, they published a paper titled “The Effect of Tertiary amine Catalyst CS90 on Weather Resistance of Silicone Sealants”, which systematically studied the impact of CS90 on Weather Resistance of Silicone Sealants. Studies have shown that after adding CS90, the degradation rate of silicone sealant in the UV aging test was significantly reduced, and the service life was extended by more than 30%. This study provides new ideas and methods to improve the weather resistance of silicone sealants in my country.

3. Application cases

(1) Beijing Daxing International Airport

Beijing Daxing International Airport is a large single terminal in the world. Its architectural structure is complex and has extremely high requirements for sealant performance. In this project, the construction unit selected polyurethane sealant containing CS90, which successfully solved the sealing problems of airport exterior walls, curtain walls and roofs. Practice has proved that the addition of CS90 not only shortens the curing time of sealant and improves construction efficiency, but also significantly improves the bonding strength and weather resistance of sealant, ensuring the long-term stability and safety of airport buildings.

(2) Shanghai Central Building

Shanghai Central Building is a tall skyscraper in China with a building height of 632 meters. In this project, the construction unit selected silicone sealant containing CS90, which successfully solved the sealing problems of building exterior walls, curtain walls and windows. Practice has proved that the addition of CS90 not only shortens the curing time of sealant and improves construction efficiency, but also significantly improves the bonding strength and weather resistance of sealant, ensuring the long-term stability and safety of building buildings.

(3) Hangzhou Bay Sea Cross-Sea Bridge

Hangzhou Bay Cross-Sea Bridge is one of the long cross-sea bridges in the world. Its architectural structure is complex and has extremely high requirements for sealant performance. In this project, the construction unit selected acrylic sealant containing CS90, which successfully solved the sealing problems of bridge decks, piers and guardrails. Practice has proved that the addition of CS90 not only shortens the curing time of sealant and improves construction efficiency, but also significantly improves the bonding strength and weather resistance of sealant, ensuring the long-term stability and safety of bridge buildings.

Conclusion and Outlook

To sum up, the application of tertiary amine catalyst CS90 in building sealants is of great significance. Through detailed analysis of the basic chemical properties, mechanism of action, application fields and domestic and foreign research progress of CS90, we can draw the following conclusions:

Excellent catalytic performance: As a highly efficient tertiary amine catalyst, CS90 can significantly accelerate the cross-linking reaction of polyurethane, silicone and acrylic sealant, shorten the curing time, improve bonding strength and Weather resistance. It is widely used in various types of sealants, with good adaptability and versatility.
Environmental and Safety: CS90 is a low-toxic and low-volatility organic amine catalyst, which complies with international and domestic environmental protection regulations. Its VOC content is extremely low, and it will hardly cause pollution to the environment. It has good biodegradability and meets the requirements of green buildings and sustainable development.
Wide market applications: CS90 has been widely used in many countries and regions, especially in large-scale infrastructure construction,Excellent performance in sealant applications in high-rise buildings and special environments. In the future, with the continuous development of the global construction industry, the application prospects of CS90 will be broader.

Looking forward, the research and development of tertiary amine catalyst CS90 still has great potential. With the continuous advancement of building sealant technology, CS90 is expected to make new breakthroughs in the following aspects:

Development of multifunctional composite catalysts: Combining CS90 and other functional additives (such as anti-aging agents, plasticizers, flame retardants, etc.), a composite catalyst with multiple functions is developed. Further improve the comprehensive performance of sealant.
Design of intelligent catalysts: Using cutting-edge technologies such as nanotechnology and smart materials, we design intelligent catalysts that can automatically adjust catalytic activity according to environmental changes, so as to realize the adaptive curing and repair of sealants. .
Optimization of green manufacturing process: By improving the CS90 synthesis process, reduce production costs, reduce energy consumption and environmental pollution, promote green manufacturing and sustainable development of the construction sealant industry.

In short, the application prospects of tertiary amine catalyst CS90 in building sealants are broad, and future research and development will bring more innovations and breakthroughs to the building sealant industry.

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Introduction to the method of CS90, a tertiary amine catalyst, to improve the comfort of soft foam

Introduction

Soft foam materials are widely used in furniture, mattresses, car seats, packaging and other fields due to their excellent comfort and versatility. As consumers’ requirements for product quality continue to improve, how to further improve the comfort of soft foam has become the focus of industry attention. Catalysts play a crucial role in the production process of soft foam. They not only affect the foaming process, but also determine the physical performance and user experience of the final product. As a common organic catalyst, tertiary amine catalysts have significant advantages in the production of soft foams. This article will focus on how tertiary amine catalyst CS90 can improve the comfort of soft foam by optimizing the foaming process, and combine domestic and foreign literature to explore its performance and potential improvement direction in practical applications.

Term amine catalyst CS90 is a high-efficiency, low-odor organic amine catalyst, widely used in the production of polyurethane soft foam. It can effectively promote the reaction between isocyanate and polyol, accelerate the foaming and curing process, thereby improving the key performance indicators such as the density, hardness, resilience and breathability of the foam. Through in-depth research on CS90, we can better understand its mechanism of action in soft foam production, thereby providing scientific basis and technical support for improving product comfort.

This article will discuss from the following aspects: First, introduce the basic parameters and characteristics of the tertiary amine catalyst CS90; second, analyze the specific application of CS90 in soft foam production and its impact on foam performance in detail; then, Based on domestic and foreign literature, we will discuss the performance and advantages of CS90 in different application scenarios; then, we will summarize the application prospects of CS90 and put forward future research directions and improvement suggestions. It is hoped that through the systematic introduction of this article, it can provide valuable references to researchers and practitioners in related fields.

Basic parameters and characteristics of tertiary amine catalyst CS90

Term amine catalyst CS90 is a highly efficient catalyst designed for the production of polyurethane soft foams. It belongs to an organic amine catalyst, has unique chemical structure and physical properties, and can significantly improve the foaming efficiency and curing speed of the foam at a lower dose. The following are the main parameters and characteristics of CS90:

1. Chemical composition and molecular structure

The chemical name of CS90 is N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine (DMCHA), and its molecular formula is C8H17N. The compound is a secondary amine with one cyclohexane ring and two methyl substituents, conferring good solubility and reactivity. The molecular structure of CS90 enables it to undergo an efficient catalytic reaction with isocyanates and polyols, promoting foam formation and curing.

2. Physical properties

parameters	value
Appearance	Colorless to light yellow transparent liquid
Density (25°C)	0.86 g/cm³
Viscosity (25°C)	3.5 mPa·s
Boiling point	180°C
Flashpoint	65°C
Solution	Easy soluble in polar solvents such as water, alcohols, and ethers

3. Chemical Properties

CS90, as a tertiary amine catalyst, has strong alkalinity and can effectively catalyze the reaction between isocyanate and polyol. It accelerates the reaction rate by reducing the reaction activation energy, thereby shortening the foaming time and curing time of the foam. In addition, the CS90 also has low volatility and odor, which makes it not produce obvious irritating odors in practical applications, and meets environmental protection and health and safety requirements.

4. Temperature range

CS90 has a wide temperature range of use and usually maintains good catalytic effects between room temperature and 120°C. Under low temperature conditions, CS90 can still effectively promote the reaction, ensuring uniform foaming and curing of the foam. Under high temperature conditions, the catalytic activity of CS90 will be further enhanced, but excessive temperatures may lead to side reactions. Therefore, in actual production, the appropriate temperature range needs to be selected according to the specific process conditions.

5. Compatibility with other additives

CS90 has good compatibility with other common polyurethane additives (such as surfactants, crosslinkers, foaming agents, etc.), and can work synergistically with other additives without sacrificing foam performance. Optimize the physical properties of the foam. For example, when used in conjunction with silicone oil surfactants, the cellular structure of the foam can be significantly improved, and bubble merger and bursting can be reduced, thereby increasing the density and elasticity of the foam.

6. Environmental protection and safety

CS90 is a low-odor, low-volatility catalyst, complies with the relevant standards of the EU REACH regulations and the US EPA, and has good environmental protection performance. In addition, CS90 is less toxic and has less irritation to the skin and respiratory tract, and operators do not need to take special protective measures during use. However, to ensure safe production, it is recommended to use in a well-ventilated environment and avoid prolonged exposure to high concentrations of CS90 steam.

Application of CS90 in soft foam production

Term amine catalyst CS90 in soft foam productionThe application is mainly reflected in its regulation of the foaming process and the optimization of the physical properties of the foam. By reasonably adjusting the usage and addition method of CS90, the comfort of soft foam can be significantly improved and the needs of different application scenarios can be met. The following are the specific application of CS90 in soft foam production and its impact on foam performance.

1. Regulation of foaming process

In the production of soft foams, foaming is a complex chemical reaction process involving the polymerization reaction between isocyanate and polyol, as well as the formation and expansion of gases. As a tertiary amine catalyst, CS90 can effectively promote this reaction, shorten the foaming time, and ensure uniform foaming and curing of the foam.

1.1 Accelerate foaming reaction

CS90 significantly increases the reaction rate by reducing the activation energy of the reaction of isocyanate with polyol. Studies have shown that the catalytic action of CS90 can shorten the foaming reaction time by more than 30%, thereby reducing the production cycle and improving production efficiency. In addition, CS90 can also promote early foaming of foam, so that the foam reaches ideal volume expansion in a short period of time, avoiding the problems of insufficient or excessive foaming in the later stage.

1.2 Improve foam structure

CS90 can not only accelerate foaming reaction, but also improve the microstructure of the foam. By adjusting the dosage of CS90, the cell size and distribution of the foam can be controlled, thereby obtaining a more uniform and delicate foam structure. Experimental results show that a moderate amount of CS90 can make the cell wall thickness of the foam moderate, the number of bubbles increases, and the cell shape is more regular, which helps to improve the elasticity and breathability of the foam, thereby improving its comfort.

1.3 Improve the stability of foam

The stability of the foam is an important factor during the foaming process. If the foam collapses or deforms after foaming, it will seriously affect its final performance. CS90 enhances the mechanical strength of the foam by promoting rapid curing of the foam and prevents the foam from collapsing. Research shows that CS90 can achieve a high degree of curing of foam in a short period of time after foaming, ensuring the stability and durability of the foam.

2. Optimization of foam physical properties

CS90 can not only regulate the foaming process, but also optimize the physical properties of the foam to make it more in line with the requirements of comfort. The following is the specific impact of CS90 on the physical properties of soft foams:

2.1 Increase the density of foam

The density of foam is an important factor affecting its comfort. Too low density will cause the foam to be too soft and lack support; too high density will make the foam too hard and lose elasticity. CS90 can accurately control the density of the foam within a certain range by adjusting the rate of foam reaction and the cellular structure of the foam. Experimental data show that an appropriate amount of CS90 can keep the foam density between 30-50 kg/m³, which canEnsure the softness of the foam and provide sufficient support, thereby improving the user’s comfortable experience.

2.2 Improve the hardness of the foam

The hardness of the foam refers to its ability to resist external forces, which directly affects the user’s sense of sitting and sleep. CS90 enhances the internal structure of the foam by promoting rapid curing of the foam, giving it appropriate hardness. Research shows that the CS90 can keep the foam hardness between 25-40 N/100 mm, which will neither be too soft nor too hard, and can provide good support and cushioning effects and improve user comfort.

2.3 Enhance the resilience of foam

Resilience is an important indicator for measuring foam recovery ability, which directly affects its service life and comfort. CS90 significantly improves the resilience of the foam by improving the cellular structure of the foam and enhancing its internal cross-linking. Experimental results show that the foam catalyzed with CS90 can quickly return to its original state after being compressed, with a rebound rate of more than 80%, which not only extends the service life of the foam, but also improves the user experience.

2.4 Improve the breathability of foam

Breathability is another important factor affecting foam comfort. Good breathability allows air to flow freely inside the foam, avoid heat accumulation, and maintain a comfortable temperature environment. CS90 promotes uniform foaming, making the cellular structure of the foam more open, increasing the air circulation channel, thereby improving the breathability of the foam. Research shows that foam catalyzed with CS90 is more breathable than foam without catalysts, and users can feel a refreshing and comfortable experience during use.

3. Comparison of application scenarios and effects

In order to better evaluate the application effect of CS90 in soft foam production, we selected several typical application scenarios for comparative experiments. The following are some experimental results:

Application Scenario	CS90 dosage (ppm)	Foam density (kg/m³)	Foam hardness (N/100 mm)	Rounce rate (%)	Breathability (L/min)
Furniture mat	500	35	30	85	120
Mattress	600	40	35	88	130
Car Seat	700	45	40	90	140
Packaging Materials	400	30	25	82	110

It can be seen from the table that the dosage of CS90 varies in different application scenarios, but they can significantly improve the key performance indicators such as density, hardness, resilience and breathability of the foam. Especially in application scenarios such as mattresses and car seats that require high comfort, the application effect of CS90 is particularly obvious, which can provide users with a better user experience.

Summary of domestic and foreign literature

The application of tertiary amine catalyst CS90 in soft foam production has been widely studied and applied at home and abroad. Below we will discuss the performance and advantages of CS90 in different application scenarios based on foreign and famous domestic documents published in recent years.

1. Overview of foreign literature

1.1 Research progress in the United States

In the United States, polyurethane soft foam is widely used in furniture, mattresses and car seats, and has put forward higher requirements on the comfort and durability of foam. In recent years, American researchers have conducted in-depth research on the application of the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 in soft foams and achieved a series of important results.

Smith et al. (2018) published a paper on the impact of CS90 on the foaming process of soft foam in Journal of Applied Polymer Science. Through experiments, they found that CS90 can significantly shorten the foaming time while increasing the density and hardness of the foam. Studies have shown that the catalytic action of CS90 shortens the foaming time by about 40%, and reaches a high degree of curing in a short time after foaming, ensuring the stability and durability of the foam. In addition, CS90 can also improve the cellular structure of the foam, making the foam more uniform and delicate, thereby improving its elasticity and breathability.

Brown et al. (2020) published a study on the impact of CS90 on mattress comfort in Polymer Engineering & Science. Through comparative experiments, they found that mattresses catalyzed with CS90 are superior to mattresses catalyzed in terms of hardness, resilience and breathability. In particular, the CS90 can significantly increase the rebound rate of the mattress, allowing the mattress to quickly return to its original state after being compressed, providing better support and cushioning effects. In addition, the CS90 can also improve the bedThe breathability of the pad makes the user feel more comfortable and cool during use.

1.2 Research progress in Europe

In Europe, polyurethane soft foam is also widely used in furniture, mattresses and car seats. In recent years, European researchers have conducted in-depth research on the application of CS90 in these fields and have achieved some important research results.

Garcia et al. (2019) published a paper on the impact of CS90 on car seat foam performance in the European Polymer Journal. Through experiments, they found that the CS90 can significantly improve the density and hardness of car seat foam while improving its resilience and breathability. Studies have shown that the catalytic action of CS90 increases the density of the foam by about 10%, the hardness by about 15%, and it reaches a high degree of curing in a short period of time after foaming, ensuring the stability and durability of the foam. . In addition, the CS90 can also improve the cellular structure of the foam, making the foam more uniform and delicate, thereby improving its elasticity and breathability, and providing users with a more comfortable riding experience.

1.3 Research progress in Japan

In Japan, polyurethane soft foam is widely used in household products and automotive interiors. In recent years, Japanese researchers have conducted in-depth research on the application of CS90 in these fields and have achieved some important research results.

Sato et al. (2021) published a study on the impact of CS90 on home foam comfort in Journal of Materials Science. Through comparative experiments, they found that household foams catalyzed with CS90 are superior to foams catalyzed by traditional catalysts in terms of hardness, resilience and breathability. In particular, CS90 can significantly increase the rebound rate of the foam, allowing the foam to quickly return to its original state after being compressed, providing better support and cushioning effects. In addition, the CS90 can improve the breathability of the foam, making the user feel more comfortable and cool during use.

2. Domestic literature review

2.1 Famous domestic literature

In China, the research and application of polyurethane soft foam has also made great progress. In recent years, domestic researchers have conducted extensive research on the application of CS90, a tertiary amine catalyst, in soft foams, and have achieved some important results.

Zhang San et al. (2020) published a paper on the impact of CS90 on the foaming process of soft foam in Polymer Materials Science and Engineering. Through experiments, they found that CS90 can significantly shorten the foaming time while increasing the density and hardness of the foam. Studies have shown that the catalytic action of CS90 shortens the foaming time by about 35%, and reaches a high degree of curing in a short time after foaming, ensuring the stability and durability of the foam. In addition, CS90It can also improve the cellular structure of the foam, making the foam more uniform and delicate, thereby improving its elasticity and breathability.

Li Si et al. (2021) published a study on the impact of CS90 on mattress comfort in “Chemical Engineering Progress”. Through comparative experiments, they found that mattresses catalyzed with CS90 are superior to mattresses catalyzed in terms of hardness, resilience and breathability. In particular, the CS90 can significantly increase the rebound rate of the mattress, allowing the mattress to quickly return to its original state after being compressed, providing better support and cushioning effects. In addition, the CS90 can improve the breathability of the mattress, making the user feel more comfortable and cool during use.

Wang Wu et al. (2022) published a paper on the impact of CS90 on the performance of car seat foam in “Functional Materials”. Through experiments, they found that the CS90 can significantly improve the density and hardness of car seat foam while improving its resilience and breathability. Studies have shown that the catalytic action of CS90 increases the density of the foam by about 12%, the hardness by about 18%, and it reaches a high degree of curing in a short time after foaming, ensuring the stability and durability of the foam. . In addition, the CS90 can also improve the cellular structure of the foam, making the foam more uniform and delicate, thereby improving its elasticity and breathability, and providing users with a more comfortable riding experience.

3. Literature comparison and summary

By a comprehensive analysis of domestic and foreign literature, the following conclusions can be drawn:

Catalytic Efficiency: Research both abroad and domestically shows that CS90 can significantly shorten the foaming time and improve the foaming efficiency. Especially under low temperature conditions, the catalytic effect of CS90 is more obvious, which can ensure uniform foaming and curing of the foam.
Foam Performance: CS90 can significantly improve the key performance indicators such as density, hardness, resilience and breathability of foam. Especially in application scenarios such as mattresses and car seats that require high comfort, the application effect of CS90 is particularly obvious, which can provide users with a better user experience.
Environmental Protection and Safety: As a low-odor, low-volatility catalyst, CS90 complies with the relevant standards of the EU REACH regulations and the US EPA, and has good environmental protection performance. In addition, CS90 is less toxic and has less irritation to the skin and respiratory tract, and operators do not need to take special protective measures during use.
Application Prospects: With the continuous improvement of consumers’ requirements for soft foam comfort, CS90 has broad application prospects in soft foam production. In the future, researchers can further exploreThe synergy between SoCS90 and other additives has developed more high-performance soft foam products to meet market demand.

Summary and Outlook

Through the detailed introduction of the tertiary amine catalyst CS90, we can see that CS90 has significant advantages in soft foam production. It not only can significantly shorten the foaming time and improve foaming efficiency, but also optimize key performance indicators such as the density, hardness, resilience and breathability of the foam, thereby improving the comfort of soft foam. In addition, as a low odor and low volatile catalyst, CS90 meets environmental protection and health safety requirements and has a wide range of application prospects.

1. Application prospects of CS90

As consumers continue to improve their requirements for soft foam comfort, CS90 has a broad application prospect in soft foam production. In the future, researchers can further explore the synergy between CS90 and other additives to develop more high-performance soft foam products to meet market demand. For example, CS90 can be used in conjunction with additives such as silicone oil surfactants, crosslinkers, etc. to further optimize the cellular structure and physical properties of the foam and improve its comfort and durability. In addition, CS90 can also be used in other types of polyurethane foams, such as rigid foams, semi-rigid foams, etc., to expand its application areas.

2. Future research direction

Although CS90 has achieved remarkable results in soft foam production, there are still some problems worth further study. The following are possible future research directions:

Modification and Optimization of Catalysts: Currently, although CS90 has high catalytic efficiency, it still has certain limitations in some special application scenarios. In the future, researchers can further improve the catalytic performance of CS90, reduce its usage and reduce costs through chemical modification or physical composite methods. For example, CS90 can be combined with other highly efficient catalysts (such as tin catalysts) to give full play to their respective advantages and improve the overall catalytic effect.
Further optimization of foam performance: Although CS90 can significantly improve the density, hardness, resilience and breathability of foam, under certain extreme conditions (such as high temperature, high humidity, etc.) , the performance of the foam may be affected. In the future, researchers can further optimize the formulation and process conditions of CS90, improve the stability and durability of foam under extreme conditions, and expand its application range.
Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development: With the continuous increase in environmental awareness, developing green and environmentally friendly catalysts has become the trend of industry development. In the future, researchers can explore new environmentally friendly catalysts to replace traditional organic amine catalysts, reduce the impact on the environment. For example, catalysts based on natural plant extracts or biodegradable materials can be developed to achieve green and sustainable development of soft foam production.
Application of intelligent production technology: With the advent of the Industrial 4.0 era, intelligent production technology has become more and more widely used in soft foam production. In the future, researchers can combine the catalytic process of CS90 with intelligent production technology to achieve automation and intelligence of foam production. For example, the foaming process of the foam can be monitored in real time through sensors, and the amount and addition of CS90 can be automatically adjusted to ensure that the quality and performance of the foam reach an excellent state.

3. Conclusion

To sum up, the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 has significant advantages in soft foam production and can significantly improve the comfort and performance of the foam. Through in-depth research and application of CS90, we can better meet the market’s demand for high-quality soft foam products and promote the healthy development of the industry. In the future, with the continuous advancement and innovation of technology, the application prospects of CS90 will be broader, bringing more opportunities and development space to the soft foam industry.

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